Psychology Notes niÉÉÉÉ gin tuesday effortless ÉÉÉm Experientialprocessing passiveandauto materialand shareitforlateruse ing specific Reflective aboutit AKAelaborativeprocessing learningmeans activelythink to Stepsforreflective learninginclude settingspecificgoalsandsummarizingevery20minutes method Question ReadReciteReflectReview Survey SQUR LISAR LeadIdeasSignalwordsActivelylistennotetaking Study Pinimize distractionsstudymusicquietarea SpacedPractice a largenumberofshort studysessions 8 19 Thursday Theabstractof anarticlehelpsas a summaryforanarticlehoweverdoesnotgivetheentiredepth oIntroductionisseveral pageslongandisthemainsectionofthearticle Introbigstatement iii iiiis participants apparatusandstimuli o Howitwillbetested procedure Method Results discussion oDiscussion Wetested n futureresearch conclusion bigtakeawaystatement Adresslimitations oFuture Research references acknowledgements extrainformation 8123 Monday appendix jj YIII.gg g i PsyceGreekformind Logos Knowledge orstudy scientificstudyofovertbehaviorandmentalprocess covertbehavior Psychology the Appliedtomentalhealthbusinesseducation sportslawmedicineandthedesignofmachine Howcan a psychologistlearnabout yourmind bedefinedbyscientificobservation Psychologymust questions Objectivescientificresearchsystematicallyanswer Similartochemistryphysicsmedicine different thanhistorylawartandbusiness Overtbehaviordirectlyobservable talking sleeping eating CommonSense commonsenseisoftenincorrect CognitiveUnconsciousthe partofthemindwhichwearesubjectivelyunawarethatisnotopentointrospection What dopsychologistsaimtoachieve Descriptionunderstandingpredictionandcontrol Scientific observation Anempiricalinvestigationstructuredtoanswerquestionsabouttheworld in asystematicandintersubjectivefashion Empiricalevidence TheScientificMethod man ÉEEi Definingaproblem Proposing a hypothesis testhypothesis III eidence Build atheory 824Tuesday Fewtruthstranscend theneedforlogicalanalysisandempiricaltesting Everythingelseshouldbeevaluatedthroughlogicevidenceandthescientificmethod Authorityorclaimed expertisedoesnotautomaticallymakeanidea trueorfalse qualityofevidenceiscrucial Judgingthe Criticalthinkingrequires anopenmind Thepower of falsification falsificationthedeliberateattempttouncovernowa commonsensebelief orscientifictheorymightbefalse oncriticalacceptancethetendency tobelieveclaimsbecausetheyseemtrueorbecauseitwouldbeniceifthey weretrue Maslow'sHeir archy ResearchEthicsandethicalguidelines oAvoidharming participants of deeds IRB InternalReviewBoard APAAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhasethicalguidelines actualization Wed 8125 Phrenology anattemptto assespersonality examiningvariousareasoftheskull WithemWundt pronouncedVil them ont fatherofpsychologicalsciencelate1800s Vo n by esteemneeds Loveneeds safetyneeds Psychological needs onbehaviors Insistedonsystematicobservationandmeasurement oHisstudentKarlMar lessthought describedwhichobjectineachhandisheavierhowdo know bediscoveredimage Systematically observedvariousstimulus lightssound anyphysicalenergythatanorganismsenses Stimulus you theschoolofpsychologyconcernedwithhowbehaviorandmentalabilitieshelppeopleadapttotheirenvironments Functionalism RadicalbehaviorismAbehavioristapproachthatrejectsbothintrospectionandanystudyofcovertmentaleventssuchas thinking as inappropriatetopicsforscientifictechnology GestaltPsychology aschoolofpsychologyemphasizingthestudyofthinkinglearningandperceptioninwholeunitsnot byanalysisintoparts GestaltformpatternorwholeinGerman Psychoanalytic psychology SigmundFreudbelievedinDynamicunconscious thepartsofthemindthatarebeyondawarenessespecially conflictsimpulsesanddesiresnotdirectlyknownto a person i y p Freudbelievedall thoughtsemotionsandactionsaredetermined nothingis by firsttoexperiencetheroleofearlyexperience p accidentoppositeofbehaviorismpsychoanalysis NeoFreudian apsychologistwhoacceptsthebroadfeatures ofFreuds theorybuthasrevisedittofittheirownconcepts lesssexandaggression Humanisticpsychology an approach psychology thatfocusesonhumanexperiencesproblemspotentialsandideals to Determinism oFree will 887 ofneeds AbrahamMaslow'shierarchy Cognitivebehaviorismandcognitivepsychology Behaviorismwastooextremeandchangedintocognitive behaviorism o Th8126 ÉPÉE MostearlypsychologistwereoldwhitemenDiversityexpandedvariety ofviews Genderbias Atendencyforfemalesandfemalerelatedissuestobe underrepresented in researchwhetherpsychological orotherwise WEIRDWesternEducatedIndustrializedRichandDemocratic EdwardTolmannotedthatmuchofthepsychologyresearchwereadisbasedonrats andcollegesophomores behavior b lended complimentary perspectives perspectives b roader have Today 3 intonewer on they attempttoexplainbehaviorintermsofunderlyingbiological Biological perspectivethe principles Includesbrainprocesses evolution genetics neuroscience andEvolutionarypsychology Psychologicalperspective thetraditionalviewthatbehaviorisshapedbypsychologicalprocessesoccur ingatthe leveloftheindividual Socioculturalperspective focuson importanceofsocialandculturalcontextsininfluenceon thebehaviorofindividuals the the Positivepsychologythestudyofhumanstrengthsvirtuesandeffectivefunctioning lovehappinesscreativity wellbeingselfconfidenceandachievement Helpsothersmakethemostoftheirlives Behavior is influenced by differences in ageethnicitygenderreligiondisability andsexualorientation Psycho trained inthemethodsfactualknowledgeandtheories ofpsychologymasters ordoctorate ogist apersonhighly cover50divisions Animalsandpsychologyinterestedinthe behaviorof anylivingcreatures 444 I ji j j Helpingpeople Clinical Psychologist specializes inthetreatmentofpsychologicaland researchon behavioraldisturbancesordoes y treatment ofmilderemotionalandbehaviordisturbances CouncelingPsychologistspecializesinthe notallpsychologistsarealsopsychiatrists Psychoanalyst amental healthprofessionalusually amedicaldoctor trainedtopracticepsychoanalysis F8127 Experiments confirm ahypothesisaboutcauseandeffect Experiment aformal trialundertakentoconfirm ordis Experimental subjectshumans participants oranimalswhose behavioris investigated in an experiment Participantshumanswhose behavior is investigated in an experiment experimentalandcontrolgroup Variables conditionthatchangesorcanbemadetochange a measureeventorstatethat any mayvary Independent Dependent Extraneous a condition orfactorthat maychangeandis excluded frominfluencingtheoutcomeof an experiment tobecontrolled groupthegroupof subjectsexposedto allexperimentalconditionsor variables Control eN beesexpose a xper enla conclons va bes p e N Randomassignmentuseofchance toassignsubjects toexperimentalandcontrol groups group hego upo Statisticallysignificantexperimentalresultsthatwouldrarelyoccurbychancealone Lessthan a5 chancethatthoseresultsjusthappened a 05alphapa05 resultsofstaticaltest Metaanalysis astatisticaltechniqueforcombiningtheresultsofmanystudiesonthesamesubjecthugeamountsofdata Researchbias bytheunintendedinfluenceoftheirownexpectation behaviorofstudyparticipantscaused Changesinthe Placeboeffectchangesinbehavior dueto participantsexpectationsthatadrugorothertreatmentswillhavesomeeffect Placeboaninactivesubstancegivenintheplaceof adruginpsychologicalresearchor by physicianswhowanttotreat a bysuggestion complain Singleblindexperiment an arrangementinwhichparticipantsremainunawareofwhethertheyareintheexperimentalgroupor thecontrolgroup Researcher biaschangesin participantsbehaviorcausedbyunintendedinfluenceof aresearcher'sactions Selffulfillingprophecy aprediction thatpromptspeopletoactinwaysthatmakethepredictionscometrue Thedoubleblindexperiment anarrangement inwhichbothparticipantsandresearchers areunawareofwhetherparticipants beenadministered adrugor placebo intheexperimentalgrouporinthecontrolgroupincludingwhomighthave FILITI T8131 nonexperimental ResearchMethods of notalwayspossible Experimentalmethodinvestigating causes behaviorthroughcontrolledexperimentation naturalisticobservationobservingbehavioras itunfolds in naturalsetting CorrelationalMethodmaking measurements todiscoverrelationshipsbetweeneventsnonexperimental Casestudymethod anindepthfocusonallaspectsof asinglepersonclinical Surveymethodusingquestionnaires andsurveystopolllargegroupsofpeople Naturalisticobservation Observepeople movingaround asetting shopping observeeffectchangesin anorganism banana broughtabout by anawareness Observer biasthetendencyofanobserver todistortobservationsor perceptiontomatchtheirexpectations negygg error attributinghumanthoughtsandfeelingstoanimals Anthropomorphic JaneGoodallobservingchimpanzeesinthewild Correlation theexistenceofaconsistentsystematicrelationshipbetweentwoeventsmeasures orvariables study anonexperimentalstudydesigned tomeasurethedegree ofrelationship if anybetweentwoor Correlational moreeventsmeasures orvariables CoefficientofCorrelation astatisticalindex OO norelationshipat all o ratingfrom1.0to 1.0indicatingthedirectionality l o perfectpositiverelationship l o perfectnegativerelationship Casestudymethod Can't or is it unethical tostudyrareeventsexperiment Chapter 2 Organization ofthe nervoussystem arebraindamage ÉÉÉE Thecentralnervous systemconsists ofthebrainand spinalcord Thebrain Thespinalcord Theperipheralnervoussystemconsistsofthesomaticnervoussystemandtheautonomicnervous system Thesomaticnervous systemsnsCarriesmessagesfromthesensoryorgansandskeletalmuscles Controls voluntarybehavior clappingyour hands ordancing g l sb Somabody Partoftheperipheralnervoussystemthattransmitscommandsforvoluntary movementfromtheCnstothemuscles andbringsensoryinputbackto theCnsforfurtherprocessing 031pairs ofspinalnervesservingthetorsoandlimbs 12pairsofcranialnervesservingtheheadneck andsomeinternal organs cellbody Theautonomic nervoussystem si Autonomic selfgoverning thebody Parasympathetic Branch Quiets Homeostasis and Autonomaticnervoussystem iii Snsandanshavetoworktogether hauntedhouse ThesympatheticnervoussystemActivatesbody jyy.jp j jj iIjj j j Thespinalcord 031pairsofspinalnervesexitbetweenthebonesof thevertebrae Sensoryinfofrombodytothecentral nervoussystem Synaptic gap Carrymotorcommands tomuscles dendrite neuronsand neurotransmission neuronsprocess andtransmitinto Twotypesofbranchesextendfromcellbodyaxonsanddendrites terminalcontainssynapticvesicleswhich Axon containchemicalmessengerscalled neurotransmitters Ijfyffy thattransmitsignalsbetweenneurons W918 Theseneurotransmitters communicatewithreceptors on thedendrites ofotherneurons Dendrites Abranchfromtheneural cellbodythatusuallyrelievesinputfromotherneurons on thedendrites of otherneurons nerveimpulsesusuallytravelfromthedendrites andsoma cell body tothebranchingendsoftheaxon neurotransmitters fromthe sendingneuron communicatewithreceptors Electricalsignalingactionpotential Chemicalsignaling neurotransmitters Steps in transmissionbetween nerves TFT en a e t l 0 If mylenated unmylenated y 1 Takesplaceinthesignalingneuron'saxonneutron generates an electricalsignalAkaactionpotentialSignaltravels thelength oftheaxonfromits junctionwiththecellbodytoitsterminal 2TakesplacebetweenthetwoneuronsArrivalof anactionpotential attheaxonterminal ofthefirstneuronsignals thereleaseof neurotransmittersneurotransmittersfloatacrosstheextracellularfluidseparatingthetwoneuronsonthe influence ofneurotransmittersthesecondneuron mayrespond withitsownactionpotentialandsendthemessagealong Action PotentialsEither an actionpotentialoccurs or thecellremains atrest thereis a middle ground Becauseofthis consistency wesaythataction potentialsworkin an allornothingfashion Mylenatedaxon fasterneurontransmission Unmylenatedaxonslower neurontransmission Propagationtheduplication oftheelectrical signaldownthelength oftheaxontotheaxonterminal Oncetheactionpotentialreachestheaxonterminal theneuralcommunication systemswitchesfrom anelectricalsignal to a chemical signal Synapse Receptorsspecialchannels ontherecievingdendritethat catch neurotransmitters Receptorswork withtheneurotransmitters likelocksandkeys donotstayboundtoreceptorsverylong neurotransmitters y og p y Oncetheypopoutofthereceptorbindingsiteneurotransmitter moleculesdriftawayfromthe gapbroken down terminal released called f rom which return reuptake axon or tothe a process were they in byenzymes Neurotransmitters anychemicalreleasedby a neuronthataltersactivity inotherneurons Acetylcholine excitorymovementautonomic functioninglearningandmemory deficiency Alzheimers Dopamineexcitorymotivationrewardplanningofbehavior deficiency Parkin sons schitzofrenia GABA inhibitoryinhibitoryeffect intheCns participatesin moods deficiency anxiety Glutamate excitoryExcitoryeffectin theCnslearningandmemoryexcessneurondeathtautismdeficiencytired norepinephrine excitoryArousalvigilanceandmood excessanxiety serotonininhibitorymoodappetiteandsleep deficiencydepressionanxiety Drugscan mimic duplicate orblockneurotransmitters cocaine if Th919 neural Regulators Enkephalinsreducespainandstress like opiate a bythepituitarygland reducespain Endorphinsreleased ofneuronsprocessinfo in ourneuralsystems reflexarc occurswhen a stimulusprovokes an automatic response sensoryneuroncarries messages fromthesenses totheCns neuroncarriescommandsfromtheCns tomuscles offer Interlinked collections open s s GlialcellsandtheBloodBrainBarrier Formtheframeworkthat holdsneuronsinplace 1I at theassistance ofthe I IfjIIy msn.gg bloodbarrier Createtightconnectionswithblood vesselsserving brainthe the Cleanupdebriswhereneuronshave beendamaged insulates sheath myelin axonsandspeedselectricaltransmission alongaxons The Myelin brainandmyelinisthewhitematter greymatter ofthe insulates sheath protects Themyelin theaxon andspeedsuptransmissionof electricalsignalsalongtheaxonandis and generatedbyglialcells Myelininthebrainandspinalcordformsscartissuewhendamagedinterferingwithtransmission myelonin therestofthe neuronsarethe not nervoussystemdoes Myelin theTeenageBrain Takesa longtimeto complete Prefrontalcortex is stillundergoing myelinationintoadulthood Prefrontal cortex age30 NEUROPLASTICITY cognitive control responseinhibition planning goalsetting decisionmaking I Foodsto improve myelination iii Healthyfats neuroplasticity toexperience nervoussystemchangesin response newsynapseconnectioncanbemade mayweakenanddie inactiveconnections Y sissies BIOPSYCHOLOGY y g g g H neurogenesistheproductionof newbraincells Useit orlooseit Biopsychology Thestudyofhowbiologicalprocessesespeciallyfromthenervoussystemrelatestobehavior investigatetheareasofthe brainthatcontrolmental orbehavioral functions CATscans computed tomographicscans ax takenfromnumberofdifferent rays PETT angles Formedinto animage Ygging speaking mayexposepatientstounhealthydosesofradioactivity Revealsonly brainstructure MRI MagneticResonance imaging Bodyplacedinside astrongmagneticfield cortex 11 creates 3 D image ÉI fMRI MRI Functional UsesMRItechnology to makeactivityvisible can maybedetectwhensomeoneis lying a perpetuary gland F alto medulla Positron EmissionTomography Detectspositrons subatomicparticlesemittedbyweakly radioactiveglucose sugar asit is consumed thebrain by Creates a moving colorvideo ofchanges inbrainactivity Showswhatareasofthebrainare usingmoreenergy Clinicalstudiesofthe brain Electricalstimulation ofthebrainusing an electrode thininsulatedwiresthesurfaceofthe braincanbeturnedon Ablationsurgicalremovalofparts ofthebrain Deeplesion ingtissuebelow thesurfacecanbe removed Electroencephalography measuresthewavesofelectrical activity producednearthesurface Electrodesplacedonperson'sscalp ofthebrain TheVentricles of theBrain Thespinalchord andbrainarecushioned by cerebrospinal fluidwhichis generatedbytheventricles Hindbraincomposed ofthe medullapans and cerebellum alsocalledthebrainstem Medulla mergeswiththespinal cord containslargebundles ofaxonstravelingto managesessential functions brain andfromhigherlevelsofthe heartratebloodpressure damageresultsin quickdeath I Pons sitsabovethemedulla involvedwiththe management ofsleeparousal andfacial expressions Cerebellum É ÉÉÉÉ www.mmaxtaana.me Maintainsbalanceandmotorcoordination Storesmemoriesrelatedtoskillsandhabits Midbrain ReticularFormation Midbrainsitsabove thepons contains structures involved in sensory reflexesmovement andpain 4 I Reticularformation runsthelength of thebrainstem's corefromtheuppermedullaintothemidbrain ofmood arousalandsleep Reflexes involve breathing sneezing coughingandvomiting Subcortical structures andtheir Functions LimbicsystemThalamusBasal GangliaAmygdala located Sometimes referred to as emotional brain Participates in thecontrol etc in thecenterof thebrain tothecortex asinputfrommostofoursensorysystems visionhearingtouchandtasteisttravelsto involvedwith memory andstates of consciousness Thalamus gateway BasalGangliaCollection oflargestructuresinvolvedwithvoluntary movement Causesparkinson s disease have arole in identifyingrememberingandrespondingtofearandaggression Amygdalamay Emotionprocessing Limbicsystem andteenagebrain responsible forrewardseeking bysocialandemotionalvariables stimulated thecortex Hypothalamuscollection of structures involved withmotivationandhomeostasis or theregulationofbodyfunctions temperature thirsthunger biological rhythms andmating 4f's feeding fighting fleeingandfetching directsthe autonomic nervoussystemandtheendocrinesystemanditshormones Productionof GnRHgonadotrophin releasinghormonestimulatespituitarygland releaseFSH folliclestimulating to hormone andLH luteinizinghormone travels togonads to turnonsexualdevelopment developsearlier and fasterthan Hippocampus Essential tothe formation oflong termmemories involvedin thestorageandretrieval ofmemorieslocatedelsewherein the brain CingulateCortex forwardstwothirdsofthis structureknown as theanteriorcingulatecortex acc participatesalongwiththe thehypothalamus inthecontroloftheautonomicnervoussystem Accalsoimportant indecisionmakingemotion anticipation ofrewardempathy Pcc posteriorcingulatecortextherearthirdparticipates in memory andvisual processing Coordinates sensoryinputwithemotionsand emotionalresponseto pain CorpusCallosum CerebralCortex brainstem two cerebral Locatedabovethe hemispheres Thecorpuscallosum is alargebundlesof axonsthatconnectsthesehemispheres thecerebralcortex isthethinlayerofcellscoveringtheoutersurfaceofthecerebral hemispheres Thecerebrumhypothalamus andthalamusarecollectively referred to astheforebrain Lateralization thespecialization oftheabilities oftheleftandrighthemispheres Damageto onehemispherecancause aproblemcalledSpatialNeglect Splitbrainoperation thecorpus callosum is cuttocontrol severeepilepsy frontallobe Rightbrain left brain Primarymotor Left o cortex cortex parentallobe math judgingtimerhythm Coordinating complex movementssuch as speach expressing detecting emotion jokes ironysarcasm implicationsmetaphors jjjjy I simplewords andnumbers patternrecognition facesmelodies puzzlesdrawing pictures Face front 1 L ÉYÉ temporallobe Speaking writing andunderstanding Right Y R I y backof head y TheFourLobes ofthe CerebralCortex Occipitallobe Located atthebackofthe brain Hometo theprimaryvisualcortex Twoimportantpathways linkthelobewithrestofbrain secondpathwayconnectsoccipitallobewiththeparietallobe andallows ustoprocessiiithemovementofobjects iii Occipitallobe face Visualagnosiainability toidentifyseenobjects canseeacandledescribeit anddrawit butcannotnameit hand it canbenamed if candle isplacedintothe Facialagnosia theinability topercievefamiliarfaces Prosopagnosia Fyi Temporallobe Hasanumberof areasthat arespecialized forparticularfunctions Processes somehigher visualsystem tasks includingtherecognition of objects andthefacesoffamiliarpeople thebrainresponsible forreceptivelanguage Damagemakes itdifficultto understandspeech themeaning ofwords Wernicke's areaarea of Parietallobe Home to ourprimarysomatosensorycortex helpslocalize touchpainskintemperaturebodyposition Processesinputabouttasteand Frontallobe likethetemporallobeengages insomecomplexprocessingofvision Homeoftheprimarymotorcortex Has anumber of important sophisticatedcognitivefunctions Themostforward portion ofeachfrontallobe known as theprefrontalcortex isinvolved withtheplanning of behavior attentionand judgement Theorbitofrontalcortex a partofthe prefrontalcortexlocated justbehindthe bonyorbitsprotectingthe emotional lives eyesplays animportantroleinour Languageandthislobe Aphasia aspeechdisorder resulting frombraindamageEtan Brocasareaspeechcenterthat is partofthe leftfrontal associationarea Responsible forspeechproduction speaking orwriting Damagecauses motor or expressiveaphasia W 9 15 The EndocrineGlands Pineal gland Pituitary gland influences growth andlactation alsoregulatestheactivityofother glands Thyroidgland ones thatarousethebody Ig helpwithadjustmenttostress Adrenalglands g affectsexual opancre functioning ii pituitary gland É jf Iff I yf I 11t.jp adrenalgland pancreas 1 I releases insulinto regulatebloodsugarandhunger Endocrine System Comprised of a numberof glands thatreleasechemical messengers knownashormones into the bloodstream tocommunicatewith other body parts important glandsofthe endocrinesystem includethe pineal glandthepituitary gland aka mastergland'sthethyroid gland andtheadrenal glands Sex hormones oIn males major reproductiveglands are thetestes In females majorreproductiveglands arethe ovaries Endorphins and other importanthormones Endorphins Endogenous morphine Melatonin Released Epinephrine thatmodify bythe pinealgland FXppey modulators ournatural response topainact as neuro in response to daily cyclesoflightanddark Adrenal hormonethat tendsto arouse thebody associatedwithfear norepinephrine neurotransmitters andadrenal hormone that tends to arousethe body associated withanger Thyroid hormones helpregulate metabolismrate Chapter 3 Developmental psychology Thestudyof progressivechanges inbehavior andabilities from conception todeath Manysteps in the process Development sequence Prenatal conception untilbirth zygote embryo fetus y f É neonatal Birthto afewweeks neonatenewborn fewweeksuntilwalkingaround 1yearto 18months infantbaby Earlychildhood 1518 months until 22.5 years toddler 2 3yearsuntilage 6 preschool child Middlechildhood opubescinte years schoolagechild 2yearsbeforepuberty Adolescence xp Aduthood EÉI guy pm postadolescence todeath youngadult senescence Nature g adulthood and maturity a it'll IÉ f altyears oldage markedby andnurture heredity Heredity and Maturation Heredity nature physiological andpsychological deterioration environment thetransmission of physical and psychological characteristics fromparents to offspring through genes g g Thegenomecomesfrom the combination of genesfromboththe mother andthefather bydefects inthegenes orbyinheritedcharacteristics Geneticdisorders problem caused Cysticfibrosis Albinism ii Huntington's disease Dna Genomes I the É Hemophilia Genessmall segments ofDna thataffect a particularprocess or personal characteristic carryhereditary info Genes caneitherbe recessive or dominant Dominant genescontrols afeature and someone with thatgene willalwaysexpressthat characteristic Recessive genes mustbepaired witha secondrecessivegene fromtheotherparent ofthesametypetobeexpressed Punnett Squares Bb W 922 Epigenetics means abovegenetics Theprocess whichgenes are expressed eitherstrong or weak and at what time Maturation thephysical growth and development of thebody andthenervous system by Epigenetics influencethe body size shapeheight intelligence etc Based on the environmental signals Football team genes arethe playersand equipment theepigenetics is thecoachesrules etc Genome does thework smallforehead tellswhat todo genome Epi Environment Maturation Environment nurture the sum of allexternal conditions thataffectdevelopment bridge smoothphiltrum Y ii i.si shortpalpebral fissures flatmidface experience death d spacerats sound experience in thewoman smalljaw Syndrome stress hormone heritable waysthatcausebirth defects Teratogenanything capable of altering fetaldevelopment in non Congenital problems problems or defects thatoriginate during prenatal development in the womb Prenatal g g to implantation Prenatal Development From ovulation Stages of Day2Days Germinal Beginswith formation ofzygoteendsafteraweeks Whentheouterportion ofthezygotes developingcluster of cellshasattached itself totheuterinewall embryonic From 2 weeks to 2 months Majorstructures andorgans ofthebodybeginto develop Fetal Embryo starts to resemble a humanbeing Fromabout 2 months tobirth Developing organism Through is called afetus veryrapid growth Bodystructures andorgans complete theirgrowth iÉ F iii zygote d iÉ yffy y Maturation p g in Infancy Humans areborn in a prematurestate Compared s i i tootherprimate species evolution cannotwalkor climb or graspontomom Butstillhavea surprisingabilitytolearnthroughsensoryinformation Reflexesgrasping rootingsuckingmorostartle F 9124 MotorDevelopment in infancy lifthead situpcrawl pullself up walkwithsupportwalkrun 3 É Some childrenskipcrawling butcrawling is stillimportant for muscletone Sensory Development in infancy neonatescanseehearsmell taste and respond to pain and touch lessaccurate butdevelopsquickly at birth neonates see thingsbest about I footfromtheirface butby 4 months have drivablevision followmoving objects witheyes visual attention is incredibly important Prefer complex shapes faces familiar sounds andsmells Quicklylearnpatterns language sounds categories ofanimals iii Readiness Condition thatexistswhenmaturationhasadvancedenough to allow therapid acquisition of a particularskill 1824 months Reading SensitivePeriods Duringdevelopment a period of increased sensitivity to environmentalinfluences A timeduring whichcertainevents musttakeplace fornormal development tooccur Bonding with caregivers Languagedevelopment Hearing impairments Feralchildrenchildrenof Thewholehuman war poverty tt Temperament thephysicalcore ofpersonality including emotional Easy Challenging Sensitive intense Somedon't fitinto one category Developmental i EÉEÉE and perceptual sensitivityenergy levelsandmood m Level Anindividual's currentstate ofphysicalemotionaland intellectual development Threefactors cometogether todetermine thelevel bidirectionalovertime Heredity Environment Ownbehavior Emotional Development in Infancy Basicemotionsdistress contentment interestanddisgust 7monthssurpriseangerfearsadness joy Socialsmilesmile elicitedby social stimulus MJ O y Social Development Emotionalattachments helpdevelopment attainment diff of selfawareness andawareness ofothers contactcomfortpleasantfeeling ofclinging on to caretaker Separation Anxietyaffectsinfants 8 12 months Attachment quality Ainsworth StrangeSituation Researchwheremomleavesroometc Secure aHatchment a stableandpositive emotional bond insecureavoidant aHatchment anxious emotionalbond markedby atendency to avoidreunion withcaregiver insecure ambivalent aHatchment an anxious emotional bondmarked witha by bothdesire to be abandonment reunited mad at caregiverfor parent or caregiverandsome resistance to being Securlyattached infants showgreater social skills resiliency curiosity problemsolvingetc To 9128 Disattention Avoidant Littleemotional sharing in play Fewsigns of emotionwhencaregivercomesorgoes lowaffectwhenofferedattention n lowselfesteem Disorganized Lack of aHatchment turned expressed disorganized emotional behaviorback Hatchment PromotingSecure A In 1 spiel if's is affection by Acceptanceandsensitivity tobaby's signals Overstimulating orrejectinginfantcan causeinsecure attachment ipomoea jt Authoritarian Authoritative Uninvolved Overly Permissive improvessocialexperiencelanguageandskills preferablysmallchild to teacherratio Parenting Stylesidentify able patterns ofparentalcaretakingand interaction with children Authoritarianenforce D rigidrulesand demand strictobedienceto authority 4 majorstyles powerassertion Withdraw oflove results in low selfesteem 2 Overly permissive givelittleguidanceallowtoo muchfreedom ordonotrequire thechild to takeresponsibilit resultswith hyperselfesteem 3Authoritativeparentswho supplyfirmandconsistent guidancecombined withlove andaffection Management techniques results in resilienceand thrives in difficultsituations 4 Uninvolved absent parents Maternaland PaternalInfluences ofall psychological effectsthatmothershaveontheirchildren Paternalinfluences fathershaveon theirchildren Maternalinfluences the aggregate W 9129 Language Development closelytiedtomaturation 7monthsbegins tomakeconsonant sounds thenreduplicativebabbling to iiiiii 44 Ét y LanguageandTerribletwo's Age2moreindependent with no Firstgradeknowabout 8,000 words use 4,000 Roots of language Respond Noam Chompskybelieveshumans are biologically predisposed to learning language presumes heredityhasreached humans to learn certain skills such as how to use language or Early communication Social exchanges even if they are onesided help keep the infant's attention and arousal Peek a boo Usesignals in early language development behaviors such as touching vocalizing gazingand smiling allowfor nonverbal interaction and turntaking Perceptual narrowing partof speech each languagehastheirownsetof phonemes Infants arebornwith the capacity to learnthephonemesfromany languagesystem Phonemes smallest as experience tonative soundsincrease sensitivity to nonnativesounds decreases ParenteseInfantdirected speech therese AKAmo Th9130 or babytalk pattern of speechusedwhentalking to infants CognitiveDevelopment Mimicfacialexpressions prefer eye contact JeanPiaget children are activeactors intheir environments Thinking isbasedonthingsbaby's can see and touch Mature throughdistinctstages Hisideascame fromwatchinghis own childdevelop Sensorimotorstage o 2years Sensoryinputand motorresponses become coordinated Early cannot createinternal stage 27years representation i suchas mental images Preoperational preoperationalbegin to use language andthinksymbolically yetremainintuitiveandegocentricintheirthought cannotmentallyrotate andtransformimages intuitive thoughtthinking thatmakeslittle orno useofreasoning and logic concrete Egocentricthought thoughtthat is selfcentered andfails to consider theviewpoints Concrete operationalstageG11years of others Concrete operationalchildren become able to use the concepts of timespace volume and numbers butin waysthat remain simplified and concrete ratherthanabstract Doyouhaveabrother Yes Doeshehaveabrother No theygetit mass weight volume numbers Conservation Formaloperationalstage Ht that includes abstract theoretical reflective Self lessegocentric inductiveanddeductive reasoning Comprehend abstractmathand philosophy Formal operational thinking and hypothetical ideas Hot housingforcing a child to move to learn something they are not mentally or physical prepared for Onestepahead strategyteachingefforts that are aimed justonestepahead ofwherechildis NewerstudiesshowbabieshavemoredevelopedprocessingthanPiaget thought g p Object permanence as earlyas 3 months a s Vygotsky's socioculturaltheory Focusonimpactofsocioculturalenvironment ondevelopment Cultureprovidesframeworkofhowtolearn Zoneof proximaldevelopment atermrefferingto therangeoftasks thatachild cannotyetmasteralonebutthatsheor hecanaccomplish withtheguidance of a morecapablepartner Scaffoldingtheprocess ofadjusting instructionso thatitis responsive toa beginners behavior Theory of Mind Theunderstanding thatpeople havemental statessuchas thoughts beliefs and intentions Achieved aroundage4 SallyAnntask F 1011 Mirrorself recognition to theoryof mind Related I Beginsat 18months certainspecies canrecognizethemselves musthave previousexperience MoralDevelopment Kohlberg's theory of moraldevelopment 1 iii i i Denial Anger Bargaining Depression ii Acceptance Body afterdeath Traditional burial embalming ornot cremation Body donation Chapter M 1014 Sensation Perception 05sensesextrasenses Proprioceptionspacial Pain location ÉÉÉÉÉIÉÉÉ Heat Sensation stage1 Themainfunctionof sensoryorgans Eachtypetakesa specifictypeof physical energyand translates it intoactivity in ourneuronsactionpotential detecting physical energies withsensoryorgans iii Perception mental process of organizing sensationsinto meaningful patterns Sensationsrelievesignals fromenvironment Is brightnessloudnessetc Infocomes in different forms ofenergy lightandsoundwaves chemicals temperature gy g Steps p Denergy containsinfoaboutworld have a tumor t a accessorystructuremodifiesenergy es Do the yes Hit false think90 receptortransducersenergyinto a neuralresponse patienthas andrelaysneuralresponse thalamusprocesses cerebralcortexrecievesinputandproducesthesensationandperception alarm correct nomiss rejection that can bedetected sot ofthetime to an unchanging stimulus of changeis more important than the absolutevalue of change Absolutethresholdsthe lowestlevel ofstimulation Sensoryadaptationdecrease in sensoryresponse WebersLawthe proportion g SensoryProstheticsbypassing transducers testy É Sensoryanalysistheseparationof sensoryinfo into important elements Perceptualfeaturesbasic elements of a stimuluslinesshapes edgesandcolors Blakemore Cooper Gard itlorizontalandvertical kittens T 1015 Attention sensation a a Directs sensory to Selects specific infofor further processing certain stimuli energy neededforthat processing Regulatesflow of resources needed toperform tasks Divided attentionmultitasking Allocates mental Vision E wavelengthperaea asia Anatomy oscelarawhite areajellolikesubstance a.es g layer useforglasses manynerveendingshurtswhen is touched vitreousbodyfilledwith vitreoushumorfluid es on Darkred seenwith flash iiI IÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉfggg Corneaoutermost protection focus É i f Errata f EIEEIE t Ita filledwvitreoushumor retina iris II b filledwithaqueoushumor lens Pupil Rodsforviewing dimlightwithno color conesforbrightlight withcolor Rodsand cones arethevisual receptorslocated withinthe retinaTheyeach contain pigments that are broken down lightenergy As pigmentbreaksdown theystart a series of chemical reactions by that changes the activitylevels of visual system Morerodsthan cones neurons Visual pathway Dopticnerve aopticchiasm optictracts thalamus occipitallobe Trichromatictheoryof Colorvision Perceptionofcolor is based on theresponse ratesof threekindsof cones Redbluegreen of color vision colored afterimages demonstrate opponentprocess Opponentprocess theory colorblindness inability to distinguish 2 ormoreshades totalcolor blindnesstheirworldslookblack white red from green haveonly 2 kindsof functioning cones 3 main cones red green blue x chromosomes contain thegenesfor redandgreen cones hence menmorelikelyto becolorblind monochromats Dichromats troubledistinguishing benefitssees camofladge betterunderwater Dark adaptationincreased retinal sensitivity to light yE I ÉI 3035 minutes to reach maximum visualsensitivity Hearing É Rodscontain light sensitive visualpigment called rhodopsin when struckbylightvisual pigments bleach breakingdown chemically Rods areextremelyinsensitiveto veryredlight whichis why it is oftenused in lowlightenvironment Soundwavesdifferent amplitudes frequencies frequencypitch mostsoundsconsistof complex combinations ofwaves Ultrasounds É it is aboverangeof human hearinginfrasound is below É ultrasoundstimulioccurat frequencies above 20,000He so treavenciesbelownm.nne.mg movements uncontrolled dizziness nausea bowel in humans produces sound particularly effectivein water allows totravel forverylongdifferences elephants marine animals iiiiiiEffi outerear consistsof structuresthat are visibleoutside thebody I thepinna outervisible structure collects andfocuses soundlike afunnel helps localize sounds as beingabove or below thehead sounds collected by thepinna arechannel through auditorycanalwhichends atthe tympanic membrane eardrum at theboundary between theouterandinnerear Theossiclesare 3 littlebonesthatvibrate whichamplifies soundenergy fromouterto middle ear soundwaves weaken asthey movefromair to water Innerearcontainstwosetsof fluidfilled cavitiesembeddedin theboneoftheskull oneset ispartof vestibularsystem otherset is cochlea greekwordforsnail whenrolledup cochlea is sizeof a pea cochlea contains specialized receptorcells thatrespond to vibrations transmitted toinnerear Cochlea ossiclespushsoundwaves through ovalwindow cochlea is filled with fluidcalled paranymph vibrations displace haircells alongbasilar membrane chair cells transducer soundenergyinto neuralsignals m auditorynerve medulla mmmm be mm Exposure to Sound Loudness ofsound is measured in decibles whisper sodB normalconversation 60dB phonewithstandard earbuds 100dB P 1 1 thepinna ÉÉ threshold Cochlearimplants I Auditorycanal ofpain 130dB TympanicMembrane eardrum ii stimulate auditorynervesdirectly Ossicles Oralwindow Window Auditory nerve Somatosensation Bodilysensations comingfromskin muscles iii and joints somatosensory cortex receptors with skin provide info about touch pressure and temperature receptors within muscles and joints provide info about position and movement both types of receptors can send pain signals to brain by processed Endorphins oreduce pain byhelping to close thegates thatallow painful nerve impulses into the brain can be released in widevariety ofcircumstances traumatic injury runnershigh pleasantexperiences VestibularSystem fluidfilled sacs otolithorgans sensitive to movement acceleration gravity Otolithorgans containtinycrystals in soft gelatinlike mass Stimulates hairlike receptor cells allowing to sense gravity acceleration and movement Semicircular canals sensoryorgans for balance movement cause fluid to swirlabout Smell Olfaction regularly die and are replaced cycles last 4 6weeks cellsatbase of receptors are responsiblefor producing mucus surrounding receptors one branch of each receptor interacts with molecules dissolved in the mucus iiibranch carries info back to central nervous system as part of the olfactory nerve olfactory nerve fibers synapse in oneofthe two olfactorybulbs located belowfrontal lobes Taste Tastereceptors iii to protect from eating poisonous or spoiled food fourmajor categoriessweet sour salty bitter purpose is fifthtype oftaste W umami means savory otongue contains receptors texture Bumpy of tongueresults in presence 10113 H Topdown processing intopdownprocessingcontext Interpretation depends IT Bottom for capsaicin active ingredient in hot peppers of papillae containing 1 100 tastebuds preexisting knowledge areused to rapidly organize featuresinto a meaningful whole on contex up processing Bottom processing westart constructing up at the Gestalt principles Wearebornwith a numberof builtin tendencies MonocularCuesone eye Perceptual constancies 7W tendency topercieve objects as ABC bottom with raw materials thatis webeginwith smallsensoryunits features andbuildupwardto perception Binocularcuestwoeyes É E 1 2 13 4 toorganizeincoming sensoryinfo incertainways E the same evenwhen theirphysical characteristics change g Size py s i Shape g É Brightness color Constancies g g mg Shapeconstancypercieveobjectas retainingsameshapeeventhoughdifferent angles Brightness constancypercievebrightness as same in changing illumination Colorconstancyperceivecolor as remaining stabledespite difference in lighting Visual illusions Muller Lyer and Ponzo g g g g Th 10114 Illusionsperceptual experience in which youpercieve an image as being so strangely distorted thatitcan'texist manipulating perceptualcues so that brain can nolongercorrectly interpretspace size or depth created by seeandhear Tasteandsmell Developmental experience 7 Language i t.li Telepathytransferone'sthought Precognitionfortenevents outofsight object withouttouching Clairvoyancepercieve objects Psychokinesismove i É Chapter 5 of internal events including thoughts memories and feelings about feeling in the moment ones own perception of introspective experience is subjective it experiencesand monsoons.ms Mostof one'stimespentin waking Consciousness Stateof clearorganized alertness Everything wesee andfeelseemrealandresponsivetostimuli Comastateof total unresponsiveness Braindead or persistentvegetative state termwakingstatewout anysignsof awareness long lockedin lookslikecoma can'tmove anything Drsusevariousbrainimaging scans todeterminelevel location Alteredstateof consciousness If ÉEÉÉÉIÉ I of brain activity fatigue delirium hypnosis drugs euphoria dreaming daydreaming condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or patternfromwaking duringperceptions caused Consciousness consciousness emotions memories timesense feelingsofself control etc monotonous by Culture stimulation and Altered states ofconsciousnessimportant rolein cultures mean theself set up yFtMyp'É Maha É ÉÉÉ g Budhists duringmeditation navaho eldersdrinkpeyote meantto cleansbodyandmind connectwithspirit personal enlightment Th 10121 iritis jiiE Masroor Hypnosis Meditation mental exercisefor producing relaxation orheightened awareness REÉ reducesstressand physical tension frontallobeactivitychanges to a singleobjectthought or breathing om tobecomeaware ofeverything experienced at a Consentrative Meditationattending Mindfulness Meditationwidening attention judgemental awareness quietedthoughtsduring a non Open Consentrative meditation walk Mata given moment in nature monkeymind TheRelaxation Response pattern of internalbodily changesthatoccur attimes of relaxation Relaxes fightor flightresponse h d amental benefits concentration fjd clarity calm used in drug alcoholrehab helps with insomniaand agression Tranquility tank I sensory deprivation tanksgoat in a tankof saltwater inthedarkwithno sand dropin blood pressure muscletensionchronic pain stimulates creative thinking music performance Mindfulness andWellbeing ofopennonjudgemental Mindfulnessstate peaceful in moment aware ofeverything benefits increasedselfknowledge sleep awareness of current experience opposite easiertoquitsmoking reduceddistress Spend25years on average asleep oimproves memorylessneeded energy would haveto eat more F 10122 Theneedforsleep I at bodytemperature biological ofbeingspacedout activity sun d int hies a 04daysormore becomes verydangerous Sleepdeprivation beingprevented fromgetting desired or needed amountsof sleep Sleeplossslurred speech reduced concentrationpoormemory can't recall names of common objects trembling hands irritability increasedpain sensitivity discomfort insomniaexcessive daytime sleepiness Hyper Micro sleepsbriefshifts in brainactivity to patterns similar tosleep Sleepdeprivation psychosis a majordisruption of mental andemotional 15 offatal car crashes arecausedbysleepiness functioning broughtabout Sleep Patterns Light darkhelptimemarketingand ties oursleepwake cycleto daynight Typicallyneed 7 9hoursofsleep infants need 20hours Older adultsneed 6 bysleeploss Stagesof Sleep Repairrestorative Theories of Sleepproposethatloweringbodyandbrainactivity andmetabolismduring sleep mayhelpconserve energy and lengthen life EEG Betawavessmallfastbrainwaves associated with beingawakeandalert Alphawaveslargeslowbrainwaves associated withrelaxationand fallingasleep sleepstagelevelsof sleep identifiedby brainwavepatternsandbehavioral changes Theta Deltawaves BrainWaves mnemonic Betabrighteyed awake Alphaalmostasleep Theta alittlebitasleep light DeltaDeep Sleep 4sleepstages 1 Lightsleepheartrate slows breathing becomes moreirregularmusclesrelaxmaytriggerhypnicer 2EEGshows sleepspindles shortbursts of distinctivebrainwave activityprevents arousalfromstimuli 3Deeperslowwave sleep Deltawavesfurtherloss of consciousness 4Deep sleepdeepestlevel takes abtone hourtogetthereDeepstateofoblivion wouldbe awoken to M 10125 Sleep Memory During lighter cycles ofsleep cycle RapidEyeMovement begins REM FastirregularEEG patterns lookslikestaged Brain is as active as when awake helpsmemoryformationand calmingbrain of nRemsleep nREMsleep is dreamfree90 oftime Mostprevalent after physical exertion may helprecoverbody fatigue Calmsthebrain in order to beginmemory consolidation Function o Q a Helps refresh thebrain after a day's activity Function of REMsleep sharpens or completesthememory consolidation REMsleep daytimestressincreases REMsleep dreaming nympho Bodybecomesverystill in Remsleepparalysis naps for sleeploss Recovery compensation Prophylactic inpreparation AppetitiveGoyofnap ofsleeploss Fulfilmentnecessarychildren Essentialwhensick Powernapideallength toso min interfere with whphythwhhh NUNNALLY normal bedtime sleepinertia feelinggroggy bettermental heart Sleep disorders disturbances onarcolepsychronicsleepdisorderwheretheperson is overwhelmed insomnia Disorderdifficultygettingtosleep orstayingasleep bydaytime drowsinessandsuddenattacksofsleep TypesTemporary chronic drugdependencyinsomniasleeplosscausedby withdrawn fromsleepingpills Behavioral remedies amnesia depression etc stimuluscontrolregularsleepschedule sleeprestriction don'tnap paradoxical intentionremove pressure of relaxationprogressive musclerelaxation fallingasleep exerciseearlyindayisbetter foodintakeeatstarch stimulantavoidancenocoffeecigarettesandalcohol Avoidscreens emitbluelight Sleepwalking Sleep ex talking sleeps se Avoidobstacles Occurs during stage 3 not REM is oth j Mtsu T 10126 Sleep apnearepeated interruption of breathing duringsleep breathing stops 20sec a min duringsleep can usecpapmachine or other techniques to reduceproblem weightloss n Sudden infant death syndrome SIDS suddendeath of apparentlyhealthy baby Couldbedueto weakarousal reflex ahealthconcerns slightcough prematurity choking Prevention Backtosleep healthyinfantsshould alwaysbe placed ontheirbacksto sleep 15 of SIDS cases are caused accidental suffocation on clothesand beddingstrangulation or overlaying by more like act Dreams Mostpeopledream 4 5 timesanight REMRebound occurance of extrarapideyemovement sleepfollowing Remsleepdeprivation sleepersawoken during startofRem foundhad Rem morefrequently Dream theories Psychodynamic Freudian represent internal conflict by ActivationSynthesisdreamcontentaffected unconscious forceshiddensymbolic meaning thatarenotcarried outdreamsmeaning motorcommandsinbrain neurocognitive dream theorydreamscorrelatew wakingthoughtsand emotions no hidden meaning Effectsof commonlyused psychoactivedrugs Psychoactivedrug substance capable ofalteringattention memory judgement timesense selfcontrol mood or perception stimulantCopperincreasesactivityinthe bodyandnervoussystem Depressantdownersubstance thatdecreases activity inbody and nervoussystem formusclepain or antidepressantfordepression on theexperiencingthepsychoactiveeffects gethigh Instrumental useantiinflamatory Recreationalusefocus Drugabusemisusethatcarriesharm Experimental useshortterm iiiIii Socialrecreational occasional use forpleasure or relaxation intensivedailyusewithelements I Compulsiveintenseuse drug Abuse Poly ofdependence andextremedependence whendrugsmixed frequentlyhavedifferentandmultipliedeffects causesaccidental overdose legal Drugdependence illegaldrugs iIIIjIyy IM g pc Physical dependence addiction compulsive use of andwithdrawsymptoms adrugtomaintainbodily comfort asindicated bythepresence ofdrugtolerenc Withdrawsymptoms drug tolerence apsychological dependencedrugdependence basedprimarily on psychological needs W 10127 Drugs of abuseuppers Amphetamine prescribed for ADDADHD Cocaine increases dopamineandnoradrenaline whichproducesthe rush powerfullyrewarding Anhedonia brainadaptstothischemicalbalancecausingdepression whenremoved andis no longerabletofeel pleasu aMDMAecstasyMolly rushofenergyand sensory experiences causes elevation ofbody tempthatcan be fata and liverdamage depression andbraindamage Uppers Caffeine cancause insomnia miscarriageriskelevated temp racingheart chillsetc mostfrequentused druginAmerica termeffectsdueto carcinogens in tobaccoSecond frequentused nicotine cancausestomach painvomiting dizzinessLong dru Ecigarettes vaping Ecigarettesdevicesthatheat aliquidintoan aerosolthattheuserinhales liquid usuallyhasnicotine flavoring Potentialharmfulingredients fine particles inhaleddeepin lung diseases ultra flavor antssuchas diacetyl achemical linkedto seriouslungdisease heavymetals nickeltin andlead nicotine Ecigarettes Canstuntbrain development up toage 25 É É i addiction mooddisorders permanent lowering of impulse control harmbrainregions responsible forattentioncontrol and learning morelikelytobecome addicted to alcohol Downers Narcotics opiumhasbeenusedforcenturiesfor painrelief nowcommonly refined intomorphine codeine heroine methadone naloxonereverses immediateeffects ofan overdose Harmreductionstrategy treatment approach todrugaddiction thatseeks toreduce thenegativeconsequences of addiction without necessarilyrequiring drug abstinence methadone Overdosedeaths narcan and needleclinics Downers tranquilizers Tranquilizersalleviates nervousnessandstress valium xanax roofies butcauses amnesia and extremerelaxation intoxica drawl causes severeemotionaldepression daterapedrug with These drugs slownormalbrain functionslowedspeech breathing sluggishnessdilatedpupilsetc Downers Alcohol amountscausesgreatimpairmentuntilconsciousness producesfeelings ofrelaxationandeuphoria large is lost Alcoholmyopiashortsightedthinking and perception thatoccursduring alcohol intoxication Abusebinge drinkingdrinking5 ormoredrinks in ashorttimecan causepermanent memoryloss especially inyoungadults atRisk Detoxification treatmentof drugabuse includingalcoholism thewithdraw Womenareatgreater risk becauseits amoderate drinking Drinkslowly Practicesayingno absorbed ofthepatient fromthe drugs faster butmetabolize moreslowly inquestion yg eatbeforehand Tho 10 28 Hallucinogens but maineffect is to alter sensory impressions dustpeyote and mushrooms Langel LSDPCP causes agitation disorientation violence effects neurotransmitter systems possible medical benefits depression anxiety PTSD Mild stimulant MarijuanatetrahydrocannabinolTHC senseof euphoria or other drugsbutcan cause lasting effects on attention paranoia hallucinations coordination medical maybe used relaxation marijuanaintoxication is mild compared to anddelusions shortterm memoryimpairment medical marijuana to make THC CBD makepeoplehigh useful in reducing painandinflammation controlling opticseizures mental illnesses Research extremely limited since its illegal THCincreases appetite reduce nausea also decreasespan inflamation andmuscleproblems Marijuana plant used CBDdoesn't FDA hasn't recognized nor approved marijuana plant as medicine G Chapter toour ÉÉÉÉÉ environment Responding occurs from experiment Learning arelatively permanent change inbehaviororthecapacity for behaviorthat Typesof learning associativelearningformationofsimpleassociations between various stimuliandresponses classical operant conditioning hang understanding andanticipation 68 d cognitivelearninghigher level learninginvolving thinking observational learning that that follow a Antecedents events precede consequenceseffects a response response Roteus Discoverylearning 35,4896 3 9 4 4 24 bylearning rules Rotelearningtakesplacemechanically throughrepetition andmemorization or IÉf ygfjj jjy times tables understanding projects Discovery learningbasedon insight Associativelearning occurswhenformingconnections amongstimuli andbehaviors aclassical conditioningformof learning inwhichreflex responses areassociated withnew stimuli Operant conditioning learningbased on theconsequences of responding voluntary behaviors Observational learning by modelingtheactions ofanother Occurswhenorganism learns ClassicalConditioningIvan Pavlov principles phenomena Process classical conditioning observational conditioning operant learning andapplicationsof classicalconditioning fig beforeconditioning unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus TheOfficeepisode Terms us stimulusthat It naturallyandreliablyevokes a response Response naturallyand reliablyelicited VR the unconditioned stimulus aneuralstimulusCns stimulusthatdoesnot initiallyelicitthe unconditioned response Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Contingency Continuity by Cs stimulusthatwasonce neutralbutthrough association withtheUSnowelicits aresponse er afterconditioning hasoccurred responsethatiselicited byconditionedstimulus g y y Continuity Contingency betterlearning Contingency lesscontinuity slowedlearning Extinction Expectancy ffjjjzg.gg expectancy anticipation concerning the events many oextinctionweakeningof a conditioned responsethroughremoval of reinforcement overtime US stopsfollowing Cs conditionfadesaway Spontaneousrecovery thereappearance of alearned response after its apparent extinction Extinction Spontaneous Recovery theyarenolongerfollowed bya Extinction learnedbehaviorsstopwhen Taste Aversion reinforcing consequence otypes ofstimuliused as conditioned andunconditioned stimulido matter Classical conditioning Application Conditioningtaste aversion little Albert Aversiontherapy toalcohol si i JohnWatson Rosie Rayner 1920 Subject a monthold Albert B Classical conditioning Application overcoming fear Floodingtreating phobias exposing peopleto fearproducing stimuli in a mannerthatis safeuntil respond nolonger theyiii Systematic desensitization associationsbetween a phobicstimulus andfear arereplaced by associationsbeta the phobicstimulus andrelaxationTheintroduction ofthe stimulusoftenstartssmallandincreases inintens relaxation faltersatany point thepersonretreatsto anearlierstageofexposure tothefearstimulusuntilhe if by F10129 or secondhand conditioning seeingotherpeople dislike something avicarious cc cc brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus Vicarious Operant Conditioning instrumental learning Thorndike's voluntary responses lawof Effect Showed animalshad intelligent The Skinner Box Behaviorism Ciao4 iaad SkinnerBoxOperant conditioning chamber an apparatus designed Shaping graduallymolding responses to afinaldesiredpattern operant tostudy is successiveapproximations Reinforcement anyevent thatreliably increases the probability of responsesit follows reinforcer Punishment punishment anyeventthatreliably Consequences of Add M 11 1 toone's environment Punishment Timing consistency nanny yn ofresponseit follows Conditioning someelement intensity decreasesprobability Bandura's Experiments positive or remove an element It yjfyz f watching aggressive behavior child imitatesagression Modelingperson who serves as anexample in observational learning negative conditioning i i in animals g pe p g ofanotherperson or noting consequences of thoseactions willpay to olderpersonof same sex 2Retention inmemorymustretain cognitive memory ofmodel'sbehavior 3Reproduction ofbehaviormust reproduce behavior 4Motivationmotivated to produce behavior Observational learning watchingimitating actions 1Attentionobserver moreattention Modeling Media violent shows Casestudyneurology video games of imitation a.ms Ex seeing anotherperson gethurt É ÉÉ AT
