semana
01
INGLÉS
ANUAL SAN MARCOS
Words and Sentences
The 4 Types of Sentence Structure
In What is a Sentence? we saw the minimum requirements for the formation of a sentence. Now we can
look in more detail at the four types of sentence structure.
• We missed our plane because we were late.
• Our dog barks when she hears a noise.
• He left in a hurry after he got a phone call.
•Do you know the man who is talking to Mary?
Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:
•
after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once,
since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where,
whether, while
Here are the five basic relative pronouns:
• that, which, who, whom, whose
Compound - Complex Sentence Structure
A compound - complex sentence consists of at least
two independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Simple Sentence Structure
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.
(An independent clause contains a subject and verb
and expresses a complete thought.)
•
•
•
•
•John didn’t come because he was ill so Mary was
not happy.
•He left in a hurry after he got a phone call but he
came back five minutes later.
A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause.
The above sentences are basic examples only. In some
cases other arrangements are possible (for example,
a dependent clause can come before an independent
clause).
I like coffee.
Mary likes tea.
The earth goes round the sun.
Mary did not go to the party.
Compound Sentence Structure
A compound sentence is two (or more) independent
clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon. Each of
these clauses could form a sentence alone.
Direct and Indirect Object
What is an object?
An object in grammar is a part of a sentence, and often
part of the predicate. It refers to someone or something
involved in the subject’s “performance” of the verb. It
is what the verb is being done to. As an example, the
following sentence is given:
• I like coffee and Mary likes tea.
• Mary went to work but John went to the party.
• Our car broke down; we came last.
There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
• and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
Complex Sentence Structure
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause plus a dependent clause. (A dependent clause starts
with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun,
and contains a subject and verb, but does not express
a complete thought.)
Subject
Verb
Object
Leila
wrote
the poem
• “Leila” is the subject, the doer or performer,
• “wrote” is a verb that refers to the action,
• “the poem” is the object involved in the action.
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Academia ADUNI
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A verb can be classified as transitive or intransitive
according to whether it takes or doesn’t take an object:
•If a verb takes objects, then it is a transitive verb.
Example:
They played soccer. → (The verb play takes ONE object ‘soccer’)
They sent him a postcard. → (The verb send takes
TWO objects ‘him’ and ‘a postcard’)
•If a verb doesn’t take an object, then it is an intransitive verb.
Example:
She lies. → (The verb ‘lie’ doesn’t take any object)
The building collapsed. → (The verb ‘collapse’
doesn’t take any object)
the eyewall of the hurricane, which typically feature the
hurricane’s strongest winds, highest clouds, and fiercest
precipitation.
When its winds reach 39 miles per hour, it becomes
a tropical storm, and as the storm continues to expand
and its winds reach 74 miles per hour, it is a hurricane
or tropical cyclone where it will receive a name (like
Hurricane Katrina). By this time, the massive storm is
50,000 feet high and 125 miles across. Winds from the
hurricane can extend hundreds of miles from the center
or “eye” of the hurricane, which itself may be 30 miles across. The most powerful hurricanes can sustain
winds of over 156 miles per hour. When hurricanes hit
land, they cause massive damage, storm surges, major
wind damage, rogue waves, and flooding. Once they hit
land, however, they quickly weaken as they are no longer being powered by warm ocean water.
Types of objects
There are two types of objects: direct and indirect objects:
Direct object
A direct object answers the question “what?” or “who?”
Examples:
•David repaired his car → his car is the direct object
of the verb repaired. ( What did David repair?)
•He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct
object of the verb invited. (Who did he invite?)
1.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the following
sentence:
As it grows in size and intensity, its powerful winds begin
rotating around a center, like water going down a drain.
A) The author is telling the cause of a hurricane.
B) The author is telling the effect of the hurricane.
C) The author is embellishing a hurricane.
D)The author is making an analogy so the reader understands the idea.
Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question “to whom?”,
“for whom?”
An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object,
or an otherwise affected participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to be
placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object
cannot exist without a direct object.
Examples:
•They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To whom did they send a postcard?)
•He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect
object of the verb bought. (For whom did he buy a
bike?)
2.
The hurricane’s most damaging winds and precipitation
occur in
A) the eyewall.
B) the passage doesn’t say.
C) the eye.
D) the outer bands.
3.
What does “suppresses” mean in the following sentence:
In the center of a powerful hurricane (called the eye),
air may sink rather than rise, which suppresses cloud
formation, leading to calm skies and wind.
A) increase
C) heightens
Exercises
Text 1: Hurricanes
A hurricane, also called a tropical cyclone, is the
most powerful storm that forms on Earth. A hurricane
forms over warm ocean water. As it grows in size and
intensity, its powerful winds begin rotating around a
center, like water going down a drain. Because of the
physics phenomenon known as the Coriolis effect, hurricanes that form in the Northern Hemisphere feature
winds that move counterclockwise, while those that
form in the Southern Hemisphere feature winds that
move clockwise. In the center of a powerful hurricane
(called the eye), air may sink rather than rise, which
suppresses cloud formation, leading to calm skies and
wind. The eye of a hurricane can be up to 240 miles
in diameter but is normally between 20 and 40 miles
in diameter. The clouds on the edge of the eye form
4.
B) hold back
D) circle
When hurricanes hit land
A) they return to the ocean.
B) they strengthen.
C) they turn into tornadoes.
D) they quickly weaken.
5.
Because of the Coriolis effect, winds from a hurricane…
A) move in one direction.
B) move in different directions depending on the sea-
son.
C) move in different directions depending on the hemis-
phere.
D) are very powerful.
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Anual San Marcos
Text 2: Honus Wagner and the T206
The T206 Honus Wagner is the world’s most valuable
sports card. It was issued as part of a series of cards that
were inserted in packs of cigarettes produced by the
American Tobacco Company (ATC) in 1909.
Who was Honus Wagner?
Wagner was one of the best baseball players of his time.
He played shortstop for the Pittsburgh Pirates between
1897 and 1917. Wagner, who was nicknamed “the Flying Dutchman” for both his running speed and his heritage, won eight batting titles during his career. Along
with Babe Ruth, Wagner was one of the first five players
elected to the Professional Baseball Hall - of - Fame.
Why is the T206 card so valuable?
The T206 card is so valuable because Honus Wagner
forced the American Tobacco Company to cease production of this card. Although his reasoning remains
unclear, experts believe one of two theories: Wagner
did not want kids to buy packs of cigarettes to obtain
the card, or, that he wanted more compensation from
the American Tobacco Company. Whatever the reason,
only between 50 and 200 of the T206 cards were ultimately printed, packaged, and distributed.
The Value of T206
Even in 1933, the T206 was regarded as the world’s
most valuable baseball card; although it was valued at
a paltry $50.00 by the American Card Catalog. As sports
cards became more popular as collectors’ items in the
1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, prices of rare cards rose dramatically as they became more in demand. In 1991,
Wayne Gretzky, widely considered the greatest hockey
player of all time, purchased a professionally graded
T206 card for $451,000. It was later revealed the card
was trimmed to improve its condition. In 2016, a different T206 card in poor, but unaltered condition, sold for
over $3,000,000! Several T206 cards have emerged over
the past few decades, a few of which are thought to
be authentic and several others that are thought to be
counterfeit.
6.
Which of the following best describes the T206 card?
A. Very rare
B. Fairly common
C. Fake
D. Non - existent
7.
Which of the following would be good advice to someone
who was considering purchasing a T206 card?
A) You should probably wait a few years as they will beco-
me less expensive
B) You should probably ask Wayne Gretzky if he thinks
purchasing a T206 is a good idea
C) You should probably make sure the card you are consi-
dering purchasing is authentic rather than fake
D) You should probably buy a lot of packs of baseball
cards and maybe you’ll get one
8.
Why is the T206 card so rare?
A) Because the card is so old
B) Because Honus Wagner refused to buy cigarettes
C) Because most people threw them out
D) Because very few of the cards were produced
9.
What does the word “distributed” mean as used in the
following sentence?
Whatever the reason, only between 50 and 200 of the T206
cards were ultimately printed, packaged, and distributed.
A) borrowed
C) sent out
B) destroyed
D) returned
10. Over time…
A) prices for rare baseball cards rose.
B) people lost interest in expensive baseball cards.
C) Wayne Gretzky bought more T206 cards.
D) it was discovered that the T206 card wasn’t actually
very rare.
KEYS
1- D
2- A
3- B
4- D
5- C
6- A
7- C
8- D
9- D
10 - A
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