UHEK_BHEA_2013
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
COURSE INFORMATION
Course Code
:
MRD535
Course Name
:
Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation
Level
:
Bachelor’s Degree (Hons.)
Total SLT
:
90
Equivalent to 2 credits
Face-to-Face (F2F): 31
Non-Face-to-Face: 59
Part
:
5
Course Status
:
Core
:
None
(Core/Non-Core)
Prerequisite
Nama Fakulti:
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Nama Program:
Sarjana Pengimejan Perubatan Kepujian (HS242)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
Tahun Mula: 2006
Tahun Semakan: 2010, 2013, 2017
UHEK_BHEA_2013
Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Describe the principle of physics and instrumentations in ultrasonography. (C2)
2. Analyse numerical and visual data related to the physics and instrumentation in
ultrasonography. (C4)
3. Propose an entrepreneurial opportunity for the development of transducers and ultrasound
machines based on current technology. (A3)
Course Description
This course will provide the students with an understanding of physics in ultrasound, the
properties of media, equipment operations, image artefacts, quality assurance in ultrasound,
bioeffects and safety and scanning limitations and pitfalls in ultrasound.
Syllabus Content
1. Ultrasound Physics
1.1. Definition of ultrasound, relationship of sound waves used in imaging to those of
higher/lower frequency with other properties
1.2. Working knowledge of frequency, sound speed, wavelength, intensity / decibels.
1.3. Interaction of sound waves with tissues
1.4. Generation/detection of ultrasound waves
1.5. Pulse-echo principles
1.6. Beam formation/focusing
1.7. Function of basic components of different modes
1.8. Doppler phenomenon
2. Imaging Applications/Equipment Operation
2.1. Transducer construction
2.2. frequency: gray scale and Doppler
2.3. Trade-off of penetration and resolution of gray scale and Doppler transducer
2.4. Choice and shape: linear, sector, curved
Nama Fakulti:
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Nama Program:
Sarjana Pengimejan Perubatan Kepujian (HS242)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
Tahun Mula: 2006
Tahun Semakan: 2010, 2013, 2017
UHEK_BHEA_2013
2.5. Approach: external, endocavitary, translabial/transvaginal, transrectal,
interventional techniques
2.6. Display: gray scale, M-Mode, pulsed wave Doppler, color/power imaging, 3-D
2.7. Image orientation: standard images in different planes
2.8. Image optimization: power output, gain, time gain compensation
2.9. Image recording options- electronic, film, paper, and videocassette
3. Artifacts
3.1. Underlying principles of ultrasound image formation, assumptions, and resultant
appearances
3.2. Category of artifacts: Attenuation artifacts - shadowing, edge-shadowing,
enhancement
3.3. Beam dimension artifacts - beamwidth, slice thickness, side lobes, grating lobes
3.4. Depth of origin artifacts - reverberation, velocity, ring down, comet tail, range
ambiguity
3.5. Beam path artifacts – refraction, reflection, mirror, multipath
3.6. Equipment and system artifacts – TGC, multiple focal zones, electronic,
movement
3.7. Doppler artifacts- pulse wave, colour imaging (includes aliasing)
4. Quality Assurance
4.1. Equipment QA Program
4.2. Phantoms- spatial/ contrast resolution
4.3. Sonographer/physician-based QA
5. Bioeffects / Safety
5.1. Thermal/non-thermal effects on tissue
5.2. Relative effects of gray scale, M-Mode, pulsed wave Doppler, colour flow imaging,
power imaging, harmonics
5.3. Contrast agents
6. Scanning Limitations and Pitfalls
6.1. Using transducers: transducer selection, contact with patient
6.2. Use of stand-off pads
6.3. Transducer manipulation: tilt, angulation, rotation
6.4. Transducer orientation: clinical aspects, angling, rotation
6.5. Left / Right orientation
Nama Fakulti:
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Nama Program:
Sarjana Pengimejan Perubatan Kepujian (HS242)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
Tahun Mula: 2006
Tahun Semakan: 2010, 2013, 2017
UHEK_BHEA_2013
6.6. Angle of approach
6.7. Optimization of ultrasonogram
Teaching Methodology
Lecture, tutorial, and group work.
Assessment
Test
25%
Final Test
25%
Calculation Test
25%
Assignment
25%
Total
100%
Recommended text
Hoskins, P.R., Martin, K., & Thrush, A. (Eds.). (2019). Diagnostic Ultrasound: Physics and
Equipment (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781138893603
References
Frank Jr Miele (2013) Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation, 5th edn.,Miele Enterprises, Inc.
Hedrick R., 2012, Technology for diagnostic sonography, 1st edn, USA: Elsevier Mosby.
Kim L.T. (2017) Principles of Ultrasound and Applied Ultrasound Physics Relevant for
Advanced Sonographers. In: Milas M., Mandel S., Langer J. (eds) Advanced Thyroid and
Parathyroid Ultrasound. Springer, Cham
Colella D.F., Prati P., Sarti A. (2013) Essential Physics of Ultrasound and Use of the
Ultrasound Machine. In: Sarti A., Lorini F. (eds) Echocardiography for Intensivists. Springer,
Milano
Manecke G.R. (2016) Basic Ultrasound Physics, Doppler Ultrasound, and Hemodynamic
Assessment. In: Maus T., Nhieu S., Herway S. (eds) Essential Echocardiography. Springer,
Cham
Robert Gill. (2020) The physics and technology of diagnostic ultrasound: a practitioner's guide
(2nd ed.) High Frequency Publishing, Australia.
Nama Fakulti:
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Nama Program:
Sarjana Pengimejan Perubatan Kepujian (HS242)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
Tahun Mula: 2006
Tahun Semakan: 2010, 2013, 2017
UHEK_BHEA_2013
COURSE OUTCOMES – PROGRAM OUTCOMES MATRIX
COURSE CODE
MRD535
COURSE NAME
Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation
CREDIT UNIT
CENTRE OF STUDY
UPDATED BY
2
DATE
Medical Imaging
Program Curriculum Committee
September 2021
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES
COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES
1. Describe the principle of
physics and
instrumentation in
ultrasonography. (C2)
PLO
1
PLO
2
PLO
3
PLO
4
PLO
5
PLO
6
PLO
7
PLO
8
PLO
9
PLO
10
PLO
11
TEACHING
METHODOLOGY
ASSESSMENT
Lecture
Tutorial
Test
Final Test
Lecture
Tutorial
Calculation
Test
Tutorial
Group work
Assignment
√
2. Analyse numerical and
visual data related to the
physics and
instrumentation in
ultrasonography. (C4)
√
3. Propose an
entrepreneurial
opportunity for the
development of
transducers and
ultrasound machine
based on current
technology. (A3)
Nama Fakulti:
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Nama Program:
Sarjana Pengimejan Perubatan Kepujian (HS242)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
√
Tahun Mula: 2006
Tahun Semakan: 2010, 2013, 2017
UHEK_BHEA_2013
Nama Fakulti:
Fakulti Sains Kesihatan
Nama Program:
Sarjana Pengimejan Perubatan Kepujian (HS242)
© Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA
Tahun Mula: 2006
Tahun Semakan: 2010, 2013, 2017