SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Biologists study life in all its forms.
VOCABULARY
biosphere
biodiversity
species
biology
organism
cell
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
1.1
THE STUDY OF LIFE
metabolism
DNA
MAIN IDEA: Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life.
Take notes about the diversity of life on Earth in the chart below.
1. In the box labeled The Biosphere, list examples of environments on earth in which
life is found.
2. In the box labeled Biodiversity, write a definition of the term in your own words.
3. In the box labeled Species, briefly explain what a species is.
Earth is home to an incredible
diversity of life.
The Biosphere
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Biodiversity
Species
4. How is biodiversity related to the biosphere?
5. In general, how does biodiversity vary across the biosphere?
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
All organisms share certain characteristics.
6. Before reading, take a quick look at the headings in this main idea. What are the four
characteristics that identify something as living?
7. As you read, take notes on how the four basic characteristics help define what is a
living thing.
Characteristic
Summary Sentence
Cells
Energy and
metabolism
Response to
environment
Vocabulary Check
8. The word biosphere is made up of two word parts: bio- and sphere. How can these two
word parts help you to remember the definition of biosphere?
9. What is an organism?
10. The term metabolism is based on a Greek word that means “change.” How is this
meaning related to the meaning of metabolism?
11. How is DNA related to reproduction?
2
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Reproduction and
development
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Unifying themes connect concepts from
many fields of biology.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
system
ecosystem
homeostasis
evolution
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
1.2
UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY
adaptation
All levels of life have systems of related parts.
1. What is a system?
2. What are some examples of systems?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Complete the table by writing either the level of life or an example of a system at that level
of life.
Level
Example
3.
Chemicals and processes interact in a precise way so that a cell can function
properly.
Cells
4.
5.
Different parts of a living thing work together so that the living thing can survive.
Ecosystem
6.
MAIN IDEA:
Structure and function are related in biology.
7. What are structure and function?
8. Give an example of how structure and function are related on the cellular level.
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
environments.
Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse
9. What is homeostasis?
10. Why is homeostasis important to the survival of an organism?
11. In the space below, draw a sketch to help you remember what negative feedback is.
Body temperature
decreases.
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.
12. What is evolution?
13. Over the course of time, evolution
the genetic makeup of a
population.
14.
are genetic traits that give an advantage to an individual and
can be passed on to offspring.
Vocabulary Check
15. A system in which living and nonliving things in a certain area interact is called a(n)
.
16. The maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism is called
.
6
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA:
Body systems
send messages.
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Science is a way of thinking,
questioning, and gathering evidence.
VOCABULARY
observation
hypothesis
data
experiment
independent
variable
dependent
variable
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
1.3
SCIENTIFIC THINKING AND PROCESSES
constant
theory
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA: Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry.
Complete the table below by giving a brief description and a brief example of each of the
scientific process terms.
Scientific Process
Description
Example
Observation
1.
2.
Data
3.
4.
Hypothesis
5.
6.
7. How do scientists use statistics when they test a hypothesis?
8. Why is it important that a scientist’s results are evaluated by other scientists?
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
9. Look at Figure 1.10. Beginning with observation, what are the five parts of scientific
thinking?
MAIN IDEA:
Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses.
10. In
studies, scientists do not interfere with what is going on.
11. Scientists can test hypotheses through
12. A(n)
.
variable is one which is observed and not manipulated
by the scientist.
13. How are constants different from independent variables?
MAIN IDEA:
A theory explains a wide range of observations.
15. Why are theories never proven?
Vocabulary Check
16. What is a hypothesis?
17. How can you remember the difference between an independent variable and a dependent
variable? Think about what the words independent and dependent mean.
10
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
14. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Technology continually changes the way biologists work.
VOCABULARY
microscope
molecular genetics
gene
genomics
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA: Imaging technologies provide new views of life.
Compare and contrast the different types of microscopes and medical imaging techniques.
Type of Technology
Characteristics
Light microscope (LM)
1.
Scanning electron
microscope (SEM)
2.
Transmission electron
microscope (TEM)
3.
X-ray
4.
Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
5.
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
1.4
BIOLOGISTS’ TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY
13
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Complex systems are modeled on computers.
6. What is a model?
7. Why might scientists use computer models in research instead of conducting an
experiment on the real system they would like to study?
MAIN IDEA:
The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies.
8. What is a gene?
9. How are computers used in genomics?
Vocabulary Check
11. The term genomics is related to the term genome. How does the definition of genome
give you a clue about what genomics means?
12. The term molecular genetics is made up of two words: molecular and genetics. What
are the meanings of these two words, and how can these words help you to remember
what molecular genetics is?
14
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
10. How does a gene differ from a genome?
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Understanding biology can help you make informed
decisions.
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
1.5
BIOLOGY AND YOUR FUTURE
VOCABULARY
biotechnology
transgenic
MAIN IDEA: Your health and the health of the environment depend on your
knowledge of biology.
1. Briefly describe three ways in which biology can help you make informed decisions
about your health.
2. Briefly describe why biology and scientific thinking can help you make informed
decisions related to the world around you.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA:
Biotechnology offers great promise but also raises many issues.
3. What is biotechnology?
Use the chart below to list the benefits of biotechnology, as well as the risks and ethical
concerns about biotechnology.
Benefits
Risks and Ethical Concerns
4.
5.
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
17
CHAPTER 1
Biology in the 21st Century
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Biology presents many unanswered questions.
6. Most of our knowledge about DNA was discovered during the past
years.
7. Many questions go
because we don’t know enough about
biology to even come up with those questions.
8. Before the invention of the microscope, people did not know about cells and bacteria.
With this in mind, why do you think many questions go unanswered and unasked?
Vocabulary Check
Each of the vocabulary words has been divided into its root words. Define the roots. Then
use the definitions to define the vocabulary word.
10. Biotechnology can be divided into bio- and technology.
Any Questions?
11. What questions do you have about biology or scientific research? List three topics in
biology that you want to learn more about, and why they interest you.
18
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
9. Transgenic organism can be divided into trans- and genic.
SECTION
2.1
ATOMS, IONS, AND MOLECULES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
All living things are based on atoms and
their interactions.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
atom
element
compound
ion
ionic bond
covalent bond
molecule
Living things consist of atoms of different elements.
1. How are atoms and elements related?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
2. Sketch the structure of an atom. Label the protons, neutrons, nucleus, and electrons.
3. How do compounds differ from elements?
MAIN IDEA:
Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons.
4. What is an ion?
5. Why does an ion have an electrical charge?
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
31
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. In the spaces provided below, sketch how both positive and negative ions form. Label
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
the nucleus and the electrons. Use Figure 2.3 as a reference.
MAIN IDEA:
Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds.
7. What is a covalent bond?
Vocabulary Check
element
compound
ion
molecule
9. atoms held together by covalent bonds
10. composed of different types of atoms
11. composed of one type of atom
12. atom that has gained or lost electrons
13. What is the difference between how ionic and covalent bonds form?
32
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
8. What determines the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form?
SECTION
2.2
PROPERTIES OF WATER
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Water’s unique properties allow life to
exist on Earth.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
hydrogen bond
cohesion
adhesion
solution
solvent
solute
acid
base
pH
Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
1. What is a polar molecule?
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
2. Explain why water is a polar molecule.
3. What is a hydrogen bond?
4. Describe where a hydrogen bond can form among water molecules.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Complete the table by writing short descriptions about the properties of water.
Property
Description
High specific heat
5.
Cohesion
6.
Adhesion
7.
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Many compounds dissolve in water.
8. What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?
9. What types of substances dissolve easily in water?
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
10. What types of substances do not dissolve easily in water?
MAIN IDEA:
Some compounds form acids or bases.
11. Take notes about the characteristics of acids and bases in the table below.
Characteristic
Acid
Base
Effect on H+ concentration in
a solution
Effect on pH
12. In the space below, sketch a solution using the Visual Vocab on page 42 as a reference.
Label the solution, solvent, and solute. Next to these labels, write brief definitions
for the terms.
36
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Vocabulary Check
SECTION
2.3
CARBON-BASED MOLECULES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Carbon-based molecules are the
foundation of life.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
monomer
polymer
carbohydrate
lipid
fatty acid
protein
amino acid
nucleic acid
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
1. Why is carbon often called the building block of life?
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
2. What ability allows carbon atoms to form a large number of molecules?
3. In the space below, sketch the three basic structures of carbon-based molecules: straight
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
chain, branched chain, and ring.
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Molecule Type
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrate
4.
5.
Lipid
6.
7.
Protein
8.
9.
Nucleic acid
10.
11.
12. What determines a protein’s structure and function?
13. What are nucleic acids made of?
Vocabulary Check
14. The prefix mono- means “one,” and the prefix poly- means “many.” How are these
meanings related to the terms monomer and polymer?
40
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
MAIN IDEA: Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Complete the table with functions and examples of each type of carbon-based molecule.
SECTION
2.4
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Life depends on chemical reactions.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
chemical reaction
reactant
product
bond energy
equilibrium
activation energy
exothermic
endothermic
Bonds break and form during chemical reactions.
1. Label the reactants and products in the chemical reaction shown below. Write brief
definitions for these terms next to their labels.
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
2. What causes chemical bonds to break during a reaction?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. What is bond energy?
4. In a chemical equation, what symbol is used to show that a chemical reaction goes
in both directions?
5. When does a chemical reaction reach equilibrium?
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.
6. The
of the reactants and products determines whether
energy will be released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
7. Before a chemical reaction can start,
must be absorbed
by the reactants. The amount that must be absorbed to start the reaction is called the
.
8. In an exothermic reaction, the products have a
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
energy than the reactants. Overall, energy is
bond
.
9. In an endothermic reaction, the products have a
energy than the reactants. Overall, energy is
bond
.
Vocabulary Check
10. Write one sentence that uses the words chemical reaction, reactant, and product.
12. The term equilibrium is based on two Latin roots that mean “equal” and “balance.” How
do these meanings tell you the meaning of equilibrium in a chemical reaction?
13. The prefix exo- means “out,” and the prefix endo- means “in.” What do these prefixes
tell you about exothermic and endothermic reactions?
44
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
11. Write your own analogy to remember the meaning of activation energy.
SECTION
2.5
ENZYMES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living
things.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
catalyst
enzyme
substrate
A catalyst lowers activation energy.
1. What is activation energy?
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
2. Take notes about catalysts in the chart below. In the first two boxes, write detail notes
about the main functions of catalysts. In the third box, write a detail about another
characteristic.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
A catalyst lowers activation energy.
3. When a catalyst is present, more / less activation energy is needed to start a chemical
reaction.
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
conditions.
Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled
4. Take notes about enzymes by filling in the Main Idea Web below.
How structure
affects function:
Enzymes
Important factors
in enzyme structure:
Lock-and-key model:
5. How do enzymes weaken the bonds in substrates?
Vocabulary Check
6. The word catalyst comes from the Greek word meaning “to dissolve.” How does this
definition relate to the meaning of catalyst?
7. How are substrates like keys and enzymes like locks?
48
Study Guide
Unit 1 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 2
Chemistry of Life
Why enzymes
are necessary:
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Cells are the basic unit of life.
VOCABULARY
cell theory
cytoplasm
organelle
prokaryotic cell
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
3.1
CELL THEORY
eukaryotic cell
MAIN IDEA: Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
In a phrase, tell what each scientist did to help develop the cell theory.
Scientist
Contribution to Cell Theory
1. Hooke
2. Leeuwenhoek
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. Schleiden
4. Schwann
5. Virchow
6. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
7. Give two reasons why the cell theory is important.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of
eukaryotic cells.
In the top left side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of eukaryotic cells. In
the top right side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of prokaryotic cells. At
the bottom of the Y shape below, write the characteristics that both kinds of cells have in
common. Then lightly cross out those characteristics at the top of the Y.
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Both
Vocabulary Check
8. What is cytoplasm?
9. Where do you find organelles?
10. What statements summarize scientists’ concepts of cells?
11. Which type of cells have no nucleus?
2
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Eukaryotic cells share many
similarities.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
cytoskeleton
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
mitochondrion
vacuole
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
3.2
CELL ORGANELLES
lysosome
centriole
cell wall
chloroplast
Cells have an internal structure.
1. Look at Figure 3.5 in your textbook. What are the functions of a cytoskeleton?
2. How is a cytoskeleton like your skeleton?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. How is a cytoskeleton like your muscles?
MAIN IDEA: Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
Write either the function or the name of each organelle. Draw a sketch to help you remember
it.
Organelle
Function
Sketch
4. nucleus
5.
helps in the production of
proteins and lipids
6. ribosomes
7. Golgi apparatus
8.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
carries certain molecules from
place to place within a cell
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Other organelles have various functions.
Write the function of each organelle. Draw a sketch to help you remember it.
Organelle
Function
Sketch
9. mitochondrion
10. vacuole
11. lysosome
12. centriole
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
13. What role do cell walls play in a plant?
14. What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane?
15. Why are chloroplasts important?
Vocabulary Check
16. Which cell part is a maze of folded membranes where proteins and lipids are produced?
17. Which cell part converts food into energy that is usable by a cell?
6
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA:
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The cell membrane is a barrier that
separates a cell from the external
environment.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
cell membrane
phospholipid
fluid mosaic model
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
3.3
CELL MEMBRANE
selective permeability
receptor
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
1. Draw a phospholipid in the box below. Label the three major parts.
2. Which part of a phospholipid is charged, or polar?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. Which part of a phospholipid is nonpolar?
4. What type of molecules interact with water, polar or nonpolar?
5. Where does a cell membrane come into contact with water?
6. Why do the phospholipids surrounding the cell form a bilayer?
A cell membrane has other types of molecules embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. List a
function of each type of molecule in the table below.
Molecule
Function
7. Cholesterol
8. Proteins
9. Carbohydrates
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
10. In what way is a membrane fluid?
11. Draw a picture in the box below to represent selective permeability.
outside
MAIN IDEA:
inside
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
12. A
detects a signal molecule and carries out an action in response.
13. A
is a molecule that acts as a signal when it binds to a receptor.
14. A ligand that can cross the cell membrane can bind to an
receptor.
15. A ligand that cannot cross the cell membrane can send a message to a cell by binding to
a
receptor, which then
shape.
Vocabulary Check
16. What is the fluid mosaic model?
17. The cell membrane allows some, but not all, molecules to cross. What term describes
this property?
10
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
SECTION
DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Materials move
across membranes
because of
concentration
differences.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
passive transport
diffusion
concentration gradient
osmosis
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
facilitated diffusion
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
3.4
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.
1. What is a concentration gradient?
2. What does it mean for a molecule to diffuse down a concentration gradient?
Complete the concept map below about passive transport.
Passive transport
example
requires no
example
3.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
7.
4.
is
5.
gets energy from
is
6.
the diffusion
of water
8. The higher the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution, the
the concentration of water molecules in that solution.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
13
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Suppose you have three solutions with different concentrations of particles. Relative to the
concentration of particles in a cell, one solution is isotonic, one is hypertonic, and one is
hypotonic. Use this information to answer the next two questions.
9. Which solution has the highest concentration of particles?
10. Which solution has the highest concentration of water molecules?
MAIN IDEA:
Some molecules diffuse through transport proteins.
11. How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
12. In facilitated diffusion, do molecules move down a concentration gradient or against a
concentration gradient?
Vocabulary Check
13. The difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another is a
14. People with excess energy are described as hyper. How does this relate to the meaning
of hypertonic?
15. The word facilitate means “to make easier.” How does this meaning apply to facilitated
diffusion?
14
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
.
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse
across a membrane.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
active transport
endocytosis
phagocytosis
exocytosis
Proteins can transport materials against a concentration gradient.
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
3.5
ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, AND EXOCYTOSIS
1. How is active transport different than simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
2. How is active transport similar to facilitated diffusion?
3. List two characteristics that almost all transport proteins share.
4. List the key distinguishing feature of active transport proteins.
5. Refer to Figure 3.25 to draw a picture in the box below to represent active transport.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
outside
inside
6. Most active transport proteins use energy from the breakdown of
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
.
Study Guide
17
CHAPTER 3
Cell Structure and Function
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
in vesicles.
Endocytosis and exocytosis transport materials across the membrane
7. A cell may transport a substance in
if the substance is
too large to cross the membrane.
8. During endocytosis, the vesicle membrane fuses with a lysosome, and the membrane
.
and its contents are broken down by
Complete the Y diagram below to compare and contrast the processes of endocytosis and
exocytosis. Under the heading “endocytosis,” list the characteristics of endocytosis. Under
the heading “exocytosis,” list the characteristics of exocytosis. At the bottom of the Y,
write the characteristics that both processes have in common. Then lightly cross out those
characteristics at the top of the Y.
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Vocabulary Check
9. What term means “cell eating” and describes a type of endocytosis?
10. The prefix exo- means “out of,” and the prefix endo- means “taking in.” How do these
meanings relate to the meaning of exocytosis and endocytosis?
11. What process drives molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient?
18
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Both
SECTION
4.1
CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
All cells need chemical energy.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
ATP
ADP
chemosynthesis
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
1. What do all cells use for energy?
2. What is ATP?
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
3. What is the relationship between ATP and ADP?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Fill in the four parts of the cycle diagram below to take notes on the relationship between
ATP and ADP.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
31
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Use the table below to organize your notes about the different types of molecules that are
broken down to make ATP.
Role in ATP Production
Carbohydrates
4.
Lipids
5.
Proteins
6.
MAIN IDEA: A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as
a source of energy.
7. What is chemosynthesis?
Vocabulary Check
8. The prefix tri- means “three,” and the prefix di- means “two.” How do these prefixes tell
you the difference between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate
(ADP)?
9. The prefix chemo- means “chemical,” and synthesis comes from a Greek word that
means “to put together.” How do these meanings tell you what chemosynthesis does?
32
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
Type of Molecule
SECTION
4.2
OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The overall process of photosynthesis
produces sugars that store chemical
energy.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
thylakoid
light-dependent reactions
light-independent reactions
Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
1. Why are some organisms called producers?
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
2. What is the function of photosynthesis?
3. What is chlorophyll?
MAIN IDEA:
Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What are chloroplasts?
5. In which two parts of a chloroplast does photosynthesis take place?
6. What are thylakoids?
7. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of photosynthesis. Then explain
what the equation means and identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of the
several arrows.
8. What are the differences between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent
reactions?
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use the space below to sketch and label a chloroplast. On the sketch, write the four steps of
the photosynthesis process.
Vocabulary Check
9. The prefix photo- means “light,” and synthesis means “to put together.” How do those
meanings tell you what happens during photosynthesis?
meanings related to chlorophyll?
11. The prefix in- means “not.” How does this meaning tell you which reactions in
photosynthesis require light, and which reactions do not?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
10. The prefix chloro- means “green,” and the suffix -phyll means “leaf.” How are these
36
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
4.3
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN DETAIL
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Photosynthesis requires a series of
chemical reactions.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
photosystem
electron transport chain
ATP synthase
Calvin cycle
The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy.
1. Overall, what is the function of the light-dependent reactions?
2. What are photosystems?
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
3. Which molecules carry energy to the light-independent reactions?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Fill in the sequence diagram below to follow the seven steps of the light-dependent reactions.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
make sugars.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to
4. What is the function of the Calvin cycle?
Fill in the cycle diagram to summarize the four steps of the Calvin cycle.
1.
4.
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
2.
A.
3.
5. What is the electron transport chain?
6. The first part of an enzyme’s name tells you about its function. All enzymes end with
the suffix -ase. What does this information tell you about ATP synthase?
7. What does the word cycle tell you about the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle?
40
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Vocabulary Check
SECTION
4.4
OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The overall process of cellular
respiration converts sugar into ATP
using oxygen.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
cellular respiration
aerobic
glycolysis
anaerobic
Krebs cycle
Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
1. What is cellular respiration?
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
2. Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?
3. Where does cellular respiration take place?
4. What happens during glycolysis?
MAIN IDEA:
Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
5. In what two ways does cellular respiration seem to be the opposite of photosynthesis?
6. In which two parts of a mitochondrion does cellular respiration take place?
7. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of cellular respiration.
8. Explain what the equation means. Identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of
the several arrows.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use the space below to sketch and label a mitochondrion. On the sketch, write the four steps
of the cellular respiration process that occur in the mitochondrion.
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
Cellular Respiration
Vocabulary Check
9. The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means “sweet.” The suffix -lysis comes
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
from a Greek word that means “to loosen.” How are the meanings of these word parts
related to the meaning of glycolysis?
10. What does it mean to say that glycolysis is an anaerobic process?
11. What is the Krebs cycle?
44
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
4.5
CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN DETAIL
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages.
MAIN IDEA:
Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.
1. What is the function of glycolysis?
2. What happens to the molecules formed during glycolysis when oxygen is available?
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
3. What is meant by a “net gain of two ATP molecules” from glycolysis?
MAIN IDEA:
The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration.
4. What is the function of the Krebs cycle?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Complete the cycle diagram below to summarize the six steps of the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate broken
down
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
respiration.
The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular
5. Where is the electron transport chain in cellular respiration located?
6. What is the function of the electron transport chain?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
Fill in the sequence below to take notes on the four steps of the electron transport chain.
7. Why is oxygen needed for cellular respiration?
48
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
4.6
FERMENTATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of
ATP without oxygen.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
fermentation
lactic acid
Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.
1. What is the importance of fermentation?
2. What is the function of fermentation?
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
3. When does fermentation take place in your muscle cells?
4. Why is fermentation an anaerobic process?
5. How is fermentation involved in the production of ATP?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
In the space below, show and label the process of lactic acid fermentation.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
51
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.
In the space below, show and label the process of alcoholic fermentation.
CHAPTER 4
Cells and Energy
Alcoholic Fermentation
6. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? different?
8. Name one commercial use of alcoholic fermentation.
Vocabulary Check
9. The term fermentation is based on a word that means “to bubble.” How is this meaning
related to your understanding of the fermentation process?
10. What is lactic acid?
52
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
7. Name one commercial use of lactic acid fermentation.
SECTION
5.1
THE CELL CYCLE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and
normal functions.
VOCABULARY
cell cycle
mitosis
cytokinesis
MAIN IDEA: The cell cycle has four main stages.
Summarize what happens during each stage of the cell cycle in the boxes below.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
G1
1. How did the G1 and G2 stages get their names?
2. Cells must pass through a critical checkpoint during which two stages of the cell cycle?
3. Where does DNA synthesis happen in eukaryotic cells?
4. What two processes make up the M stage?
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Cells divide at different rates.
5. Among different types of cells, which stage of the cell cycle varies most in length?
6. Why does a skin cell divide more often than a liver cell?
7. What is G0?
MAIN IDEA:
Cell size is limited.
8. Write an analogy to explain why cell size is limited.
10. For cells to stay the same size from generation to generation, what two things must be
coordinated?
Vocabulary Check
11. Think of an example of a cycle. What does this cycle have in common with the cell
cycle?
12. What process divides a cell’s cytoplasm? How do the two word parts of your answer
help you remember it?
13. What process divides the cell nucleus and its contents?
66
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
9. Which typically increases faster as a cell grows, surface area or volume?
SECTION
5.2
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Cells divide during mitosis and
cytokinesis.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
chromosome
histone
chromatin
chromatid
centromere
telomere
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.
1. What is a chromosome?
2. Why do chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis?
3. Why are chromosomes not condensed during all stages of the cell cycle?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
Refer to Figure 5.5 to sketch how DNA goes from a long stringy form to a tightly condensed
form. Label the parts of the condensed, duplicated chromosome.
MAIN IDEA: Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
4. How does interphase prepare a cell to divide?
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. Mitosis occurs in what types of cells?
6. Develop a device, such as a short sentence or phrase, to help you remember the order of
the steps of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Complete the diagram illustrating the four phases of mitosis and one phase of cytokinesis.
Prophase
7. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
Vocabulary Check
8. DNA wraps around organizing proteins called
.
9. The suffix -tin indicates that something is stretched and thin.
is
the loose combination of DNA and proteins that looks sort of like spaghetti.
10. Sister chromatids are held together at the
11. The ends of DNA molecules form structures called
, which looks pinched.
that help
prevent the loss of genes.
70
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
Cytokinesis
SECTION
5.3
REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
growth factor
apoptosis
cancer
Cell cycle regulation is necessary for
healthy growth.
benign
malignant
metastasize
carcinogen
MAIN IDEA: Internal and external factors regulate cell division.
Complete the concept map below to show important ideas about growth factors.
many
cell types
e.g.
2.
e.g.
Growth
factors
stimulate
1.
e.g.
e.g.
3.
erythropoietin
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Use the word bank to complete the sequence diagram below.
kinases
cell division
4.
activate
phosphorylate
5.
target molecules
6.
cyclins
result in
7.
8. What is apoptosis?
MAIN IDEA:
Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer.
9. What type of disease may result if cell division is not properly regulated?
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Complete the concept map below about cancer cells.
Cancer cells
form
a.
e.g.
b.
e.g.
c.
results in
d.
74
Vocabulary Check
11. What does metastasize mean?
12. What is a substance known to produce or promote the development of cancer?
13. Draw a cartoon to help you remember the difference between benign and malignant.
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
10. List three ways mutations can occur in genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.
SECTION
5.4
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
asexual reproduction
binary fission
Many organisms reproduce by cell division.
MAIN IDEA:
Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis.
1. Offspring resulting from asexual reproduction and those resulting from sexual
reproduction differ in one major way. What is the difference?
Sketch the steps of binary fission in the boxes below. Beside each sketch, write a brief
description of what is occurring.
2.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3.
4.
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Fill in the chart below to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
Advantages
Disadvantages
5.
6.
7.
MAIN IDEA:
Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.
8. If a eukaryotic organism reproduces through mitosis, what is true about the offspring
and the parent organism?
9. In what types of organisms is mitotic reproduction most common?
10. List three examples of mitotic reproduction.
Vocabulary Check
12. Write a word that starts with the letters “bi.” Explain what is similar between the
meaning of the word you wrote and the meaning of “binary fission.”
13. What is the creation of offspring from only one parent organism called?
78
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
11. What forms of reproduction does the sea anemone use?
SECTION
5.5
MULTICELLULAR LIFE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Cells work together to carry out
complex functions.
VOCABULARY
organ system
tissue
organ
cell differentiation
stem cell
MAIN IDEA: Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell
types.
Complete the diagram below that represents organization in multicellular organisms.
Cells
1.
make
up
2.
make
up
3.
make
up
4. List two examples of tissues found in plants.
5. List two examples of organ systems found in plants.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. How does an organism benefit from organ systems that work together and communicate?
MAIN IDEA:
Specialized cells perform specific functions.
7. What is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells?
8. Do different types of cells have different DNA? Explain.
9. What role does cell location play within a developing embryo?
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Stem cells can develop into different cell types.
Complete the concept map below about stem cell classification.
Stem cells
can be classified by
potential
e.g.
b.
e.g.
c.
a.
e.g.
e.g.
adult
e.g.
d.
e.
10. List the three identifying characteristics of stem cells.
stem cells.
Vocabulary Check
12. What is cell differentiation?
13. Write the following words in order from the largest structure to the smallest structure:
cell, organ, organ system, tissue
82
Study Guide
Unit 2 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 5
Cell Growth and Division
11. List one advantage of using adult stem cells and one advantage of using embryonic
SECTION
CHROMOSOMES AND MEIOSIS
6.1
Study Guide
Gametes have half
the number of
chromosomes that
body cells have.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
somatic cell
gamete
homologous chromosome
autosome
sex chromosome
sexual reproduction
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
KEY CONCEPT
fertilization
diploid
haploid
meiosis
You have body cells and gametes.
1. What are the two major groups of cell types in the human body?
2. Where are gametes located?
3. How many chromosomes are in a typical human body cell?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA: Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Fill in the concept map below to summarize what you know about chromosomes.
46 chromosomes
in human body cells
include
sex chromosomes
include
7.
include
half
come
from
4.
5.
6.
include
8.
consist of
22 homologous pairs
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
9. What is the sex of a person with two X chromosomes?
10. Which chromosome carries the fewest number of genes?
MAIN IDEA:
Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.
11. What happens to the nuclei of the egg and sperm during fertilization?
12. What type of cells are haploid?
13. What is the haploid chromosome number in humans?
14. How many autosomes are present in each human gamete? How many sex chromosomes?
15. Complete the following table to summarize the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Use Figure 6.2 to help you.
Meiosis
Makes diploid cells
Makes genetically unique cells
Happens throughout lifetime
Involved in sexual reproduction
Vocabulary Check
16. What are homologous chromosomes?
17. The word soma means “body.” How does this relate to the meanings of autosome and
somatic cell?
2
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Mitosis
SECTION
6.2
PROCESS OF MEIOSIS
Study Guide
During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that
result in haploid cells.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
gametogenesis
sperm
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
KEY CONCEPT
egg
polar body
Cells go through two rounds of division in meiosis.
1. After a chromosome is replicated, each half is called a
.
2. Two chromosomes that are very similar and carry the same genes are called
.
In the space below, sketch the phases of meiosis I and II and write the name of each phase
below it. Use Figure 6.5 to help you.
Meiosis I
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Meiosis II
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. During which phase do homologous chromosomes separate?
12. During which phase do sister chromatids separate?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Haploid cells develop into mature gametes.
13. What does a sperm cell contribute to an embryo?
14. What does an egg contribute to an embryo?
15. Where are polar bodies made, in the male or in the female?
Complete the diagram of gametogenesis in the boxes below. Use Figure 6.6 to help you.
Egg Formation
Vocabulary Check
16. Genesis comes from a Greek word that means “to be born.” How does this relate to
the meaning of gametogenesis?
17. What is a polar body?
6
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Sperm Formation
SECTION
6.3
MENDEL AND HEREDITY
Study Guide
Mendel’s research showed that traits
are inherited as discrete units.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
trait
purebred
cross
genetics
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
KEY CONCEPT
law of segregation
Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics.
1. What is genetics?
2. Whose early work is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics?
3. How did Mendel’s views on inheritance differ from the views of many scientists of
his time?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA: Mendel’s data revealed patterns of inheritance.
In designing his experiments, Mendel made three important choices that helped him see
patterns of inheritance. In the table below, list Mendel’s three choices and write an example
of how he put each of these choices into action.
Mendel’s Choices
Example
4.
5.
6.
7. Why did Mendel use pea plants?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. Fill in the sequence diagram below to summarize Mendel’s experimental process.
Bred flowers resulting
in F1 generation with
dominant phenotype.
Resulted in F2 generation
with both dominant and
recessive phenotypes.
discrete units today?
10. What two conclusions make up Mendel’s law of segregation?
Vocabulary Check
11. Segregation means “separation.” What is “segregated” in Mendel’s law of segregation?
12. What does “purebred” mean?
10
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited as “discrete units.” What do we call these
SECTION
6.4
TRAITS, GENES, AND ALLELES
Study Guide
Genes encode proteins that
produce a diverse range of
traits.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
gene
allele
homozygous
heterozygous
genome
genotype
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
KEY CONCEPT
phenotype
dominant
recessive
The same gene can have many versions.
1. What is the relationship between a gene and a protein?
2. What is an allele?
3. What term describes a pair of alleles that are the same? that are different?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Write a definition of homologous chromosomes using the terms “gene” and “allele.”
In the space below, draw a pair of homologous chromosomes. Label the chromosomes with
two sets of genes, one with homozygous alleles (Gene A, Gene A) and one with heterozygous
alleles (Gene B, Gene b).
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
13
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Genes influence the development of traits.
5. Write an analogy to show the difference between genotype and phenotype.
6. How are alleles represented on paper?
7. Fill in the table below with the missing genotype, phenotype (dominant or recessive), or
alleles (TT, Tt, tt).
Genotype
Phenotype
Alleles
homozygous dominant
recessive
Tt
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
8. If an organism has a recessive trait, can you determine its genotype for that trait?
9. What factors besides alleles affect phenotype?
Vocabulary Check
10. What type of alleles are present in an organism with a QQ genotype?
11. What is an alternative form of a gene?
12. What is the opposite of homozygous? of dominant?
14
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
6.5
TRAITS AND PROBABILITY
Study Guide
The inheritance of traits
follows the rules of
probability.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
testcross
monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross
law of independent
assortment
probability
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
KEY CONCEPT
MAIN IDEA: Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses.
Identify what each of the numbered parts represents in the Punnett square below. Then draw
lines from each of the parents’ alleles to the corresponding alleles in the offspring.
2.
A
a
A AA Aa
1.
3.
a Aa aa
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. Why does each parent contribute only one allele to the offspring?
MAIN IDEA:
A monohybrid cross involves one trait.
5. You know a ratio is a comparison that tells how two or more things relate. What is a
genotypic ratio? a phenotypic ratio?
6. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 6.15?
7. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 6.15?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
17
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
A dihybrid cross involves two traits.
8. What is a dihybrid cross?
9. Why does each parent organism in the F1 generation have four alleles listed in Figure
6.17?
10. Suppose an organism had the genotype AABb. What two types of gametes could result
from this allele combination?
11. What is the phenotypic ratio that results from a dihybrid cross between two organisms
that are heterozygous for both traits? See Figure 6.17 for help.
MAIN IDEA:
Heredity patterns can be calculated with probability.
12. Probability predicts the
number of occurrences, not the
number of occurrences.
13. To calculate the probability that two independent events will happen together,
14. In Figure 6.18, the probability of getting one coin that is heads up and one coin that is
tails up is
.
Vocabulary Check
15. What is a testcross?
16. What is independent in the law of independent assortment?
18
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
the probability of each individual event.
SECTION
6.6
MEIOSIS AND GENETIC VARIATION
Study Guide
Independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis
result in genetic diversity.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
crossing over
genetic linkage
Sexual reproduction creates unique gene combinations.
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
KEY CONCEPT
1. What are two ways that sexual reproduction helps create and maintain genetic diversity?
2. Which does sexual reproduction create, new alleles or new combinations of alleles?
3. How is the production of unique genetic combinations an advantage to organisms and
species?
MAIN IDEA:
Crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. Are chromosomes in a duplicated or an unduplicated state when crossing over occurs?
Use sketches to illustrate how crossing over contributes to genetic diversity. Use Figure 6.20
for reference. 1. Draw a cell with four chromosomes in the first box. Make one pair of
chromosomes large and the other pair small. Color in one large chromosome and one small
chromosome. Leave the other two chromosomes white. 2. In the next box, draw the cell in
prophase I. Have each pair of homologous chromosomes line up together—large with large,
small with small. 3. In the third box, show crossing over between each pair of homologous
chromosomes. 4. In the last box, show what the chromosomes look like as a result of crossing
over. You will use this sketch in the next exercise.
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
21
CHAPTER 6
Meiosis and Mendel
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Refer to your cell sketch in the last box on the previous page. Also refer to Figure 6.5 if
necessary. 1. In the first box below, show what your cell would look like at the end of meiosis
I. Remember, the result will be two cells that have one duplicated chromosome from each
homologous pair. 2. In the second box, show what your cell would look like at the end of
meiosis II. Remember, the result will be four cells that have one (unduplicated) chromosome
from each homologous pair.
5. If genes A and B are located on separate, nonhomologous chromosomes, will they
follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment? Explain.
to follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment? Explain.
7. If genes A and B are located very close together on the same chromosome, are they
likely to follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment? Explain.
Vocabulary Check
8. The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes is called
.
9. The tendency for two genes that are located close together on a chromosome to be
inherited together is called
22
Study Guide
.
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. If genes A and B are located at opposite ends on the same chromosome, are they likely
SECTION
CHROMOSOMES AND PHENOTYPE
7.1
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
carrier
sex-linked gene
X chromosome inactivation
The chromosomes on which genes are located can affect
the expression of traits.
MAIN IDEA:
Two copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype.
1. What are sex chromosomes?
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
2. What are autosomes?
3. How is a carrier different from a person who has a genetic disorder?
Complete the two Punnett squares below to compare autosomal recessive disorders with
autosomal dominant disorders. Fill in the possible genotypes for offspring, and write in the
phenotype (no disorder, carrier, or disorder) for each.
Autosomal Recessive
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
D
Autosomal Dominant
d
D
D
D
d
d
MAIN IDEA:
d
Males and females can differ in sex-linked traits.
4. What are sex-linked genes?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Fill in the Punnett square below to show the pattern of inheritance for sex chromosomes.
Sex Chromosome Inheritance
X
X
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
X
Y
5. In humans, how does a gamete from a male determine the sex of offspring?
6. For what are genes on the Y chromosome responsible?
Vocabulary Check
8. The verb carry means “to transport.” How is the everyday meaning of carry related to
the meaning of the term carrier in genetics?
9. What is X chromosome inactivation?
36
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
7. How are sex-linked genes expressed differently in the phenotypes of males and females?
SECTION
7.2
COMPLEX PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
incomplete dominance
codominance
polygenic trait
Phenotype is affected by many different factors.
MAIN IDEA:
Phenotype can depend on interactions of alleles.
1. How is incomplete dominance different from a dominant and recessive relationship?
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
2. How is codominance different from a dominant and recessive relationship?
3. What is a multiple-allele trait?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
In the table below, describe how phenotypes appear in incomplete dominance and
codominance. Then sketch an example of each.
Interaction
Phenotype
Example
Incomplete
dominance
4.
5.
Codominance
6.
7.
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Many genes may interact to produce one trait.
Use the chart below to take notes on polygenic traits and epistasis.
Many genes may interact to
produce one trait.
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
Polygenic Traits
Epistasis
MAIN IDEA:
The environment interacts with genotype.
8. Why is genotype not the only factor that affects phenotype?
Vocabulary Check
10. The prefix in- means “not.” How is the meaning of this prefix related to the meaning of
incomplete dominance?
11. The prefix co- means “together.” How is the meaning of this prefix related to the
meaning of codominance?
12. The prefix poly- means “many,” and the term genic means “related to genes.” How do
these word parts combine to give the meaning of polygenic?
40
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. List and explain two examples of how environment and genotype can interact.
SECTION
7.3
GENE LINKAGE AND MAPPING
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Genes can be mapped to specific locations on chromosomes.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
linkage map
Gene linkage was explained through fruit flies.
1. What is gene linkage?
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
2. Why were fruit flies useful in Morgan’s research?
3. What is the difference between a wild type and a mutant type?
4. What did Morgan conclude from his research on fruit flies?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Complete the sequence below to take notes about the discovery of gene linkage.
Mendel:
Genes assort independently
of one another.
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Punnett, Bateson:
Morgan:
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Linkage maps estimate distances between genes.
5. How is the distance between two genes related to the chance they are inherited together?
6. What hypothesis was the basis of Sturtevant’s research?
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
7. What is a linkage map?
8. How are cross-over frequencies related to linkage maps?
9. What do linkage maps show about genes on a chromosome?
Cross-over Frequencies:
44
A-B
20%
B-C
5%
A-C
25%
A-D
7%
D-B
13%
D-C
18%
Study Guide
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Use the cross-over frequencies given below to draw a linkage map for the four genes listed.
Think about the relationship between cross-over frequency and distance in linkage map units.
Use Figure 7.11 to help you make the linkage map. Put gene A on the far left of the map, then
work through the distances between the gene pairs.
Linkage Map
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
7.4
HUMAN GENETICS AND PEDIGREES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
A combination of methods is used to study human genetics.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
pedigree
karyotype
Human genetics follows the patterns seen in other organisms.
1. How does genetic inheritance follow similar patterns in all sexually reproducing
organisms?
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
2. How are single-gene traits useful in studying human genetics?
MAIN IDEA:
Females can carry sex-linked genetic disorders.
3. Who can be carriers of autosomal disorders?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. Why can females, but not males, be carriers of sex-linked genetic disorders?
MAIN IDEA:
A pedigree is a chart for tracing genes in a family.
5. What is a pedigree?
6. How are phenotypes used in pedigree analysis?
7. What information on a pedigree can tell you whether a gene is on an autosome or on a
sex chromosome?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. Complete the chart to follow the logic necessary to fill out a pedigree for a sex-linked
gene. Use XD and Xd for the dominant and recessive X-linked genes, respectively.
Tracing Sex-Linked Genes
Phenotype
Female, recessive phenotype
Genotype
XDXd
Parental Phenotype
must
have
Female carrier,
normal male
must
have
could
have
Female carrier, male with must
recessive phenotype
have
could
have
Female with recessive
phenotype, normal male
must
have
could
have
Female with recessive
phenotype, male with
recessive phenotype
must
have
could
have
MAIN IDEA:
could
have
Parental Genotype
Offspring Genotypes
Several methods help map human chromosomes.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 7
Extending Mendelian Genetics
Male, recessive phenotype
must
have
must
have
must
have
must
have
9. What are two methods that are used to directly study human chromosomes?
10. What does a karyotype show about chromosomes?
Vocabulary Check
11. What is a karyotype?
48
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
8.1
IDENTIFYING DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
DNA was identified as the genetic material through a series
of experiments.
VOCABULARY
bacteriophage
MAIN IDEA: Griffith finds a “transforming principle.”
Write the results of Griffith’s experiments in the boxes below.
Experiments
Results
1. Injected mice with
R bacteria
2. Injected mice with
S bacteria
4. Mixed killed S bacteria with R
bacteria and injected them
into mice
Found live S
bacteria in the
mice’s blood
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. Killed S bacteria and injected
them into mice
5. Which type of bacteria caused disease, the S form or the R form?
6. What conclusions did Griffith make based on his experimental results?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
61
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Avery identifies DNA as the transforming principle.
7. Avery and his team isolated Griffith’s transforming principle and performed three tests
to learn if it was DNA or protein. In the table below, summarize Avery’s work by writing
the question he was asking or the results of his experiment.
Avery’s Question
Results
What type of molecule does the transforming
principle contain?
The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in the
transforming principle is similar to the ratio
found in DNA.
Which type of enzyme destroys the ability of
the transforming principle to function?
MAIN IDEA:
Hershey and Chase confirm that DNA is the genetic material.
8. Proteins contain
but very little
9. DNA contains
but no
.
10. Summarize the two experiments performed by Hershey and Chase by completing the
table below. Identify what type of radioactive label was used in the bacteriophage and
whether radioactivity was found in the bacteria.
Experiment
Bacteriophage
Bacteria
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Vocabulary Check
11. Explain what a bacteriophage is and describe or sketch its structure.
62
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
.
SECTION
8.2
STRUCTURE OF DNA
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
DNA structure is the same in all organisms.
VOCABULARY
nucleotide
base pairing rules
double helix
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA: DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides.
In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and arrows.
1. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?
2. Which parts are the same in all nucleotides? Which part is different?
MAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s
three-dimensional structure.
3. What did Franklin’s data reveal about the structure of DNA?
4. How did Watson and Crick determine the three-dimensional shape of DNA?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. How does DNA base pairing result in a molecule that has a uniform width?
MAIN IDEA:
Nucleotides always pair in the same way.
6. What nucleotide pairs with T? with C?
Vocabulary Check
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the
nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.
7. Explain how the DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase.
8. How do the base pairing rules relate to Chargaff ’s rules?
66
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
8.3
DNA REPLICATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
replication
DNA polymerase
Replication copies the genetic information.
1. What is DNA replication?
2. Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?
3. When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?
4. Why does DNA replication need to occur?
5. What is a template?
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
6. If one strand of DNA had the sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the sequence of
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
the complementary DNA strand?
MAIN IDEA:
Proteins carry out the process of replication.
7. What roles do proteins play in DNA replication?
8. What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate?
9. Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use words and diagrams to summarize the steps of replication, in order, in the boxes below.
10.
11.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
MAIN IDEA:
12.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Replication is fast and accurate.
13. Human chromosomes have hundreds of
, where the DNA is
unzipped so replication can begin.
14. DNA polymerase has a
function that enables it to detect errors
Vocabulary Check
15. Explain what DNA polymerase is by breaking the word into its parts.
16. Write a short analogy to explain what replication is.
Be Creative
17. People sometimes like to display bumper stickers that relate to their trade or field of
study. For example, a chemist may have a bumper sticker that says “It takes alkynes to
make the world.” Then, chemists or other people who know that an alkyne is a molecule
that contains carbon atoms joined by a triple bond get a nice little chuckle out of the
play on words. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to write a bumper sticker.
70
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
and correct them.
SECTION
8.4
TRANSCRIPTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Transcription converts a gene into a
single-stranded RNA molecule.
VOCABULARY
central dogma
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transcription
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA polymerase
MAIN IDEA: RNA carries DNA’s instructions.
Label each of the processes represented by the arrows in the diagram below. Write where
each of these processes takes place in a eukaryotic cell in parentheses.
1. _____________________________________
DNA
RNA
Proteins
2. _________________
3. _________________
___________________
___________________
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
DNA
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Fill in the table below to contrast DNA and RNA.
RNA
4. Contains the sugar deoxyribose
5.
Has the bases A, C, G, and U
6. Typically double-stranded
MAIN IDEA:
Transcription makes three types of RNA.
7. What enzyme helps a cell to make a strand of RNA?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. Summarize the three key steps of transcription.
9. Write the basic function of each type of RNA in the chart below.
Type of RNA
Function
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
MAIN IDEA:
The transcription process is similar to replication.
11. List two ways that the end results of transcription and replication differ.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
10. List two ways that the processes of transcription and replication are similar.
Vocabulary Check
12. How does the name of each type of RNA tell what it does?
13. What is transcription?
74
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
8.5
TRANSLATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Translation converts an mRNA message
into a polypeptide, or protein.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
translation
codon
stop codon
start codon
anticodon
Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
1. What is translation?
2. What is a codon?
3. Would the codons in Figure 8.13 be found in a strand of DNA or RNA?
4. What is a reading frame?
Refer to Figure 8.13 to complete the table below.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Codon
Amino Acid or Function
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
5. AGA
6. UAG
7.
tryptophan (Trp)
8. GGA
MAIN IDEA:
Amino acids are linked to become a protein.
and
9.
are the tools that help a cell translate
an mRNA message into a polypeptide.
10. The
subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.
11. The
subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
12. A tRNA molecule is attached to an
at one end and has an
at the other end.
Fill in the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation.
Ribosome assembles on
start codon of mRNA strand.
A.
B.
When the ribosome encounters
a stop codon, it falls apart and
the protein is released.
Vocabulary Check
13. What are AGG, GCA, and GUU examples of?
14. What is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an
mRNA codon?
15. What do codons code for in addition to amino acids?
78
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
C.
SECTION
GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATION
8.6
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Gene expression is carefully regulated in both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
promoter
operon
exon
intron
Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription.
1. Why is gene expression regulated in prokaryotic cells?
2. In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is typically regulated at the start of
.
3. A
is a segment of DNA that helps RNA polymerase recognize
the start of a gene.
4. An
is a region of DNA that includes a
, and one or more
, an
that code for proteins
needed to carry out a task.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
medium
without lactose
added
The repressor
continues to
bind to the
operator.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The resulting
transcript is
translated
into 3 enzymes.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Complete the cause-and-effect diagram below about the lac operon.
Bacteria
growing
in culture
medium
with lactose
added
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
9.
Study Guide
81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression at many points.
10. Why do the cells in your body differ from each other?
11. What role do transcription factors play in a cell?
12. What is a TATA box?
13. What is “sonic hedgehog” an example of?
MAIN IDEA: The diagrams below represent unprocessed and processed mRNA in a
eukaryotic cell. Using the diagrams as a reference, fill in the legend with the corresponding
element: cap, exon, intron, tail.
Legend
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Unprocessed MRNA
Processed MRNA
Vocabulary Check
14. What is the difference between an exon and an intron?
15. Make an analogy to help you remember what a promoter is.
82
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
8.7
MUTATIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not
affect phenotype.
MAIN IDEA:
chromosome.
VOCABULARY
mutation
point mutation
frameshift mutation
mutagen
Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire
1. List two types of gene mutations.
2. List two types of chromosomal mutations.
3. Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal
mutation?
5. What is a translocation?
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What leads to gene duplication?
Below is a string of nucleotides. (1) Use brackets to indicate the reading frame of the
nucleotide sequence. (2) Copy the nucleotide sequence into the first box and make a point
mutation. Circle the mutation. (3) Copy the nucleotide sequence into the second box and
make a frameshift mutation. Use brackets to indicate how the reading frame would be altered
by the mutation.
AGGCGTCCATGA
6.
7.
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
85
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Mutations may or may not affect phenotype.
Fill in the cause-and-effect diagram below to explain how a point mutation may or may
not affect phenotype.
nonfunctional protein
coding regions
Point
mutations
result
in
9.
10.
may
occur
in
11.
8.
result
in
12.
no change
MAIN IDEA:
Mutations can be caused by several factors.
14. Can DNA polymerase catch and correct every replication error?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 8
From DNA to Proteins
13. For a mutation to be passed to offspring, in what type of cell must it occur?
15. What is a mutagen?
16. How does UV light damage the DNA strand?
Vocabulary Check
17. What is a mutation?
18. If a nucleotide is deleted from a strand of DNA, what type of mutation has occurred?
86
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
9.1
MANIPULATING DNA
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at
specific places.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
restriction enzyme
gel electrophoresis
restriction map
Scientists use several techniques to manipulate DNA.
1. List five ways in which scientists study and manipulate DNA.
MAIN IDEA:
Restriction enzymes cut DNA.
2. What is a restriction enzyme?
3. What is the nucleotide sequence at which a restriction enzyme cuts DNA called?
4. Why would different restriction enzymes cut the same DNA molecule into different
In the space provided below, draw two sketches. Show what happens when a restriction
enzyme leaves “blunt ends,” and show what happens when a restriction enzyme leaves “sticky
ends.” Label the restriction sites in each sketch.
Blunt Ends
Sticky Ends
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
numbers of fragments?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
99
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments.
5. After DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme, how is the mixture of DNA fragments
sorted?
6. How does gel electrophoresis work?
7. How do different fragments of DNA show up on a gel?
8. What information does a restriction map give about DNA? What information is not
given by a restriction map?
Vocabulary Check
10. How does a restriction enzyme limit, or restrict, the effect of a virus on a bacterial cell?
11. The prefix electro- means “electricity.” The suffix -phoresis comes from a Greek
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
word that means “carrying.” How do these two meanings relate to what happens in
gel electrophoresis?
100
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. How are restriction maps used?
SECTION
9.2
COPYING DNA
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
The polymerase chain reaction rapidly copies segments of
DNA.
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
primer
MAIN IDEA:
PCR uses polymerases to copy DNA segments.
1. What is PCR?
2. Why is PCR useful?
MAIN IDEA:
PCR is a three-step process.
3. What four materials are needed for PCR?
4. Why are primers needed in the PCR process?
Separating
Copying
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Binding
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Sketch and label the PCR process in the cycle below.
Study Guide
103
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Sketch how the amount of DNA changes during five PCR cycles.
Vocabulary Check
5. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps put DNA molecules together. A chain reaction
6. The verb to prime means “to prepare.” How does this meaning tell you what a primer
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
does in PCR?
104
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
is a process in which one event leads to the next event and the effect is stronger over
time. How does the combination of these two terms describe what happens during PCR?
SECTION
9.3
DNA FINGERPRINTING
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
DNA fingerprints identify people at the molecular level.
VOCABULARY
DNA fingerprint
MAIN IDEA: A DNA fingerprint is a type of restriction map.
Take notes on DNA fingerprinting by filling in the main idea web below.
1. Definition
2. What it shows
DNA fingerprint
4. What it’s based on
5. How is a DNA fingerprint a specific type of restriction map?
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. How it’s made
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
107
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
DNA fingerprinting is used for identification.
6. How does identification through DNA fingerprinting depend on probability?
7. The chance that two people have four repeats in location A is 1 in 100. The chance that
two people have eight repeats in location B is 1 in 50. The probability that two people
have three repeats in location C is 1 in 200. What is the probability that two people
would have matching DNA fingerprints for these three locations by chance?
8. Why does using more regions of the genome decrease the probability that two people
would have the same DNA fingerprint?
Vocabulary Check
10. One definition of the term fingerprint is “a distinctive mark or characteristic.” How does
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
this meaning relate to a DNA fingerprint?
108
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. List two ways in which DNA fingerprinting is used for identification.
SECTION
9.4
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
DNA sequences of
organisms can be
changed.
VOCABULARY
clone
genetic engineering
recombinant DNA
plasmid
transgenic
gene knockout
MAIN IDEA: Entire organisms can be cloned.
Fill in the chart below to take notes about cloning.
Entire organisms can be cloned.
1. Definition of clone
2. Cloning in nature
3. Cloning mammals
5. Concerns
MAIN IDEA:
New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA.
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. Potential benefits
6. What is genetic engineering?
7. What is recombinant DNA?
8. Why are plasmids used to produce bacteria with recombinant DNA?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
111
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use the space below to sketch and label the process that scientists use to produce bacteria
with recombinant DNA. Use Figure 9.11 to help you with your sketch.
MAIN IDEA:
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits.
9. What is a transgenic organism?
10. Complete the table below to take notes on transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals.
Type of Organism
Process Used
Example
Bacteria
Animals
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Vocabulary Check
112
11. The term recombine means “to combine, or join, again.” How is the meaning of
recombine related to the production of recombinant DNA?
12. The prefix trans- means “across,” and genic means “relating to genes.” How do these
two meanings help to explain the meaning of transgenic?
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Plants
SECTION
GENOMICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
9.5
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
genomics
Entire genomes are
sequenced, studied,
and compared.
Human Genome Project
bioinformatics
gene sequencing
DNA microarray
proteomics
MAIN IDEA: Genomics involves the study of genes, gene functions, and entire
genomes.
Take notes on concepts in genomics by completing the concept map below.
Genomics
is
begins with
1. Definition
includes
Human Genome Project
2.
sequenced
compares
shows
helps
still investigating
8.
5.
4.
is
7.
9.
6.
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3.
used for
MAIN IDEA: Technology allows the study and comparison of both genes and proteins.
10. What is bioinformatics?
11. Why is bioinformatics important for genomics research?
12. What are DNA microarrays?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
115
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
13. How can DNA microarrays compare gene expression in different cells?
14. What is proteomics?
15. What are some potential benefits and uses of proteomics?
Vocabulary Check
16. The suffix -ic means “related to.” A genome is all of an organism’s DNA. A proteome
is all of an organism’s proteins. What does this information tell you about genomics,
proteomics, and bioinformatics?
17. An array is an organized arrangement or a large number of objects. The prefix micro-
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
means “small.” How are these meanings related to the definition of a DNA microarray?
116
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
9.6
GENETIC SCREENING AND GENE THERAPY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
genetic screening
gene therapy
Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders.
1. What is the purpose of genetic screening?
2. How is genetic screening used?
MAIN IDEA:
Gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes.
3. What is the goal of gene therapy?
5. What is one experimental method for the treatment of cancer?
Vocabulary Check
6. The verb to screen means “to examine.” Explain how this meaning is related to genetic
screening.
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What are two technical challenges in gene therapy?
7. What is gene therapy?
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
119
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Advertise or Fight Against Genetic Screening
Choose one of the two following situations.
1. Suppose you work for a company that does genetic screening. Draw and write a one-page
advertisement that explains genetic screening and what it both can and cannot do.
CHAPTER 9
Frontiers of Biotechnology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
2. Suppose you are a spokesperson for a group that is against genetic screening. Draw and
write a one-page advertisement that focuses on the ethical questions surrounding genetic
screening.
120
Study Guide
Unit 3 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
10.1
EARLY IDEAS ABOUT EVOLUTION
Study Guide
There were theories of biological and
geologic change before Darwin.
VOCABULARY
evolution
species
fossil
catastrophism
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
KEY CONCEPT
gradualism
uniformitarianism
MAIN IDEA: Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
In a phrase, tell what each scientist did to help develop evolutionary theory.
Scientist
Contribution to Evolutionary Theory
1. Linnaeus
2. Buffon
3. E. Darwin
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Lamarck
5. What two conditions must be true for a group of animals to be considered the same
species?
6. Lamarck’s ideas of evolution are known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
What was incorrect about his theory of how organisms evolve?
7. In the 1700s, many people believed that species were fixed and did not change. How did
plant hybridization—a type of crossing that could be observed in experiments—help
change this view?
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory.
8. Write a description of each theory in the space provided.
Geologic Theory
Description
catastrophism
gradualism
uniformitarianism
Vocabulary Check
9. What word refers to traces of an organism that existed in the past?
10. What is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from
their ancestors?
12. What geologic theory can be summarized by the phrase “the present is the key to the
past”?
Who’s Who
Linnaeus
Lamarck
Buffon
E. Darwin
13. Charles Darwin’s poetic grandfather
14. Thought that a giraffe’s long neck evolved from reaching high
in trees
15. Grouped living organisms into categories based on what they
looked like
16. Wrote Histoire Naturelle (Natural History) in 1749
2
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
11. Events such as volcanoes, floods, and earthquakes are the basis of what geologic theory?
SECTION
10.2
DARWIN’S OBSERVATIONS
Study Guide
Darwin’s voyage provided insights into evolution.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
variation
adaptation
Darwin observed differences among island species.
1. What is variation among members of different species called?
2. What is variation among members of the same species called?
3. What island chain in South America was the source of many of Darwin’s insights?
4. Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well-suited to their environment.
What did this suggest?
MAIN IDEA:
Earth.
Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence supporting an ancient
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
5. Darwin observed fossils of huge animals such as Glyptodon, a giant armadillo. Why
were these fossils of interest to him?
6. Many people in the 1700s thought that Earth was only about 6000 years old. How did
the fossil organisms Darwin saw lead him to think Earth must be much older than that?
7. Darwin also observed fossil shells of marine organisms high up in the Andes mountains,
and saw an earthquake move land that was underwater above sea level. How did he
apply these insights to the evolution of organisms?
8. Look at Figure 10.4 in your textbook. What differences between the two Galápagos
tortoises can you identify from the two pictures?
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
variation
adaptation
9. the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of
other individuals in the group to which it belongs
10. a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its
environment
11. A tortoise population lives in an area with high grass. These
tortoises have longer necks than tortoises that live in other areas.
The long necks are an example of this.
12. One bird in a population has a slightly thicker beak than its
relatives. This thicker beak is an example of what in the
population.
Be Creative
In the space below, draw a sketch of a bird that may eat the food choice that is given in
the left column.
Sketch
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Food choice
Eats large, hard-shelled
nuts
Eats fruit and insects
6
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
10.3
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Study Guide
Darwin proposed natural selection as a
mechanism for evolution.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
artificial selection
heritability
natural selection
population
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
KEY CONCEPT
fitness
Several key insights led to Darwin’s idea for natural selection.
1. Why did artificial selection interest Darwin?
2. Why must selected traits be heritable?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through generations?
4. What important idea from Thomas Malthus inspired Darwin?
MAIN IDEA:
Natural selection explains how evolution can occur.
variation
overproduction
adaptation
descent with
modification
5. producing many offspring, some of which may not survive
6. individual differences that may be heritable
7. a structure well-suited for the environment
8. a heritable trait becoming common in a population
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use an organism of your choice to sketch the four principles of natural selection.
9. overproduction
10. variation
11. adaptation
MAIN IDEA:
12. descent with modification
Natural selection works on existing variation.
13. Peter and Rosemary Grant observed natural selection acting on traits within a population
of finches on the Galápagos Islands. A drought reduced the number of small soft
seeds but left plenty of large, tough-shelled seeds intact. The next year there was a(n)
(increase, decrease) in the number of large-beaked hatchlings.
14. After several years, the supply of large seeds went down after an unusually wet period.
(increase, decrease)
in the number of large-beaked hatchlings the following year.
Vocabulary Check
15. Humans are the selective agent in which type of process, artificial selection or natural
selection?
16. The environment is the selective agent in which type of process, artificial selection or
natural selection?
17. What is the measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to
other members of the population called?
18. What is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next called?
19. What are all the individuals of a species that live in an area called?
10
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
The increase in small, soft seeds brought a(n)
SECTION
10.4
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Study Guide
Evidence of common ancestry among species
comes from many sources.
VOCABULARY
biogeography
homologous structure
analogous structure
vestigial structure
MAIN IDEA: Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from several sources.
In the diagram below, give examples of each type of evidence for evolution.
1. Fossils:
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
KEY CONCEPT
2. Geography:
Evidence for evolution in
Darwin’s time came from
several sources.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. Embryology:
MAIN IDEA:
4. Anatomy:
Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species.
5. Vestigial structures seem to lack any useful function, or are at least no longer used for
their original purpose. Give three examples of vestigial structures.
6. Many modern whale species have vestigial pelvic and leg bones. What does this suggest
about the ancestry of modern whales?
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
13
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
homologous structure
analogous structure
vestigial structure
7. Feature that is similar in structure in different organisms but has
different functions
8. Feature that performs a similar function in different organisms but
is not similar in origin
9. Is not evidence of a common ancestor
10. Remnant of an organ or structure that had a function in an early
ancestor
11. Examples include the wing of a bat and the hand of a human
12. Examples include the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect
13. Examples include the wing of an ostrich and the appendix of a
human
Sketch it Out
Use Figure 10.11 to sketch a skeleton of a human hand next to the whale fin skeleton shown
below. Draw lines to match the groups of bones that are homologous for these two structures.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
A
B
C
D
14
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
10.5
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY TODAY
Study Guide
New technology is furthering our understanding of
evolution.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
paleontology
Fossils provide a record of evolution.
1. What are two reasons that the fossil record is not complete?
2. What is one example of a transitional fossil that has been found?
3. Why are transitional fossils important?
MAIN IDEA: Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.
In a phrase, explain how each of the following contribute to evolutionary theory.
Molecular Evidence
Contribution to Evolutionary Theory
4. DNA sequence
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
analysis
5. Pseudogenes
6. Homeobox genes
7. Protein comparisons
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
17
CHAPTER 10
Principles of Evolution
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Evolution unites all fields of biology.
8. What two things combine to make up our modern evolutionary theory?
9. How has molecular evidence helped support fossil evidence in determining the early
ancestor of modern-day whales?
10. What is meant by the phrase “Evolution unites all fields of biology”?
Vocabulary Check
11. How does paleontology contribute to evolutionary biology?
Look at the fossil evidence of whale evolution shown in Figure 10.16. Sketch one part of the
skeletons (such as the skull, forelimbs, hindlimbs, or ribcages) of each of the whale ancestors.
Briefly describe their differences and propose how these differences are well-suited for the
habitat in which the animals lived.
18
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Sketch it Out
SECTION
11.1
GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN POPULATIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
gene pool
allele frequency
A population shares a common gene pool.
MAIN IDEA: Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some
individuals will survive.
1. What kind of variation must exist in a population that has a wide range of phenotypes?
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
2. How can a wide range of phenotypes increase the chance that some individuals will
survive in a changing environment?
Fill in the concept map below.
Genetic variation
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
is stored in a population’s
is measured with
5.
3.
which contains
4.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
which are calculated by
6.
Study Guide
31
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Genetic variation comes from several sources.
In a phrase, describe how each term below provides a source of genetic variation.
Source
How It Provides Genetic Variation
7. mutation
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
8. recombination
9. hybridization
Vocabulary Check
10. How is a gene pool like a pool of genes?
Be Creative
In the space below, write a logo advertising the importance of genetic diversity to a population.
32
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
11. What does an allele frequency measure?
SECTION
11.2
NATURAL SELECTION IN POPULATIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Populations, not individuals, evolve.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
normal distribution
microevolution
directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
Natural selection acts on a distribution of traits.
1. What is a phenotypic distribution?
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
2. What can you learn from looking at a phenotypic distribution?
3. In a population that is not undergoing natural selection for a certain trait, what does the
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
phenotypic distribution look like?
In the space provided below, draw the phenotypic distribution for a trait that follows a normal
distribution. Be sure to label the axes as well as the mean phenotype.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Natural selection can change the distribution of a trait in one of three
ways.
In the table below, take notes about the three patterns of natural selection.
Type of Selection
How It Works
Graph
4. directional
5. stabilizing
selection
6. disruptive
selection
Vocabulary Check
7. The observable change in
8. During
selection, the intermediate phenotype is selected for.
9. During
selection, both extreme phenotypes are selected for.
10. During
36
over time is called microevolution.
Study Guide
selection, the mean phenotype changes.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
selection
SECTION
11.3
OTHER MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Natural selection is not the only
mechanism through which populations
evolve.
VOCABULARY
gene flow
genetic drift
bottleneck effect
founder effect
sexual selection
MAIN IDEA: Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations.
Fill in the word or phrase that best completes each statement.
from its population, its alleles are
1. When an individual
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
no longer part of that population’s gene pool.
2. When an individual
into a new population, the genetic
diversity of this new population increases.
3. Gene flow among neighboring populations helps to keep the
of these populations similar.
MAIN IDEA:
Genetic drift can occur in small populations.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. How is genetic drift different from natural selection?
Use Y-notes to compare and contrast the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Both
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. Why is genetic drift more likely to occur in smaller populations?
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
6. What are some problems that can result from genetic drift?
MAIN IDEA:
Sexual selection is a source of evolutionary change.
7. Why is the cost of reproduction different for males and females?
8. What is sexual selection?
selection involves fighting among males for a female,
9.
whereas
selection involves males displaying traits
Vocabulary Check
In the spaces provided below, draw pictures that help you to remember the definitions of the
vocabulary words.
Gene Flow
40
Study Guide
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
to impress females.
SECTION
11.4
HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a framework for
understanding how populations evolve.
MAIN IDEA:
evolving.
VOCABULARY
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes populations that are not
1. What variable remains constant, or in equilibrium, in the Hardy-Weinberg model?
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
2. Name the five conditions required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. Name two ways that population biologists can use Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
MAIN IDEA: The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to predict genotype frequencies
for a population.
4. Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
5. Fill in the missing information about the variables involved in the Hardy-Weinberg
equation.
Variable
What It Represents
frequency of dominant homozygous genotype
2pq
frequency of recessive homozygous genotype
p
frequency of recessive allele
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. In what types of systems can the Hardy-Weinberg equation be used?
7. What variables must be known in order to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
8. What can be concluded if real genetic data do not match the frequencies predicted by
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
the equation?
MAIN IDEA:
There are five factors that can lead to evolution.
9. Take notes about these five factors in the table below.
Factor
How It Can Lead To Evolution
genetic drift
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
gene flow
mutation
sexual selection
natural selection
Vocabulary Check
10. A population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a trait if
stay the same from generation to generation.
44
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
11.5
SPECIATION THROUGH ISOLATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
New species can arise when populations
are isolated.
VOCABULARY
reproductive isolation
speciation
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
temporal isolation
MAIN IDEA: The isolation of populations can lead to speciation.
Fill in the term from the box that best completes each statement.
gene flow
mutation
species
mate
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
speciation
environments
gene pools
genetic drift
1. Two populations are said to be isolated if there is no longer any
between them.
2. Over generations, the
of isolated populations may become more
and more different.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. Isolated populations may become genetically different as they adapt to new
, or through random processes such as mutation and
.
4. When members of two isolated populations can no longer
successfully, the populations are said to be reproductively isolated.
5. Reproductive isolation is the final step of
of new
, which is the rise
.
6. The experiment illustrated in Figure 11.12 shows how just one
can provide enough genetic difference to result in reproductive isolation.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Populations can become isolated in several ways.
7. Name the three types of barriers that can isolate populations.
8. In the chart below, take notes about the three ways in which populations can become
isolated, leading to reproductive isolation.
How It Works
Example
behavioral
isolation
geographic
isolation
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
Type of
Isolation
temporal
isolation
Vocabulary Check
9. What is speciation?
10. Which type of isolation involves factors of time?
11. Which type of isolation can involve mating or courtship rituals?
12. Which type of isolation can involve physical barriers?
48
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
PATTERNS IN EVOLUTION
11.6
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Evolution occurs in
patterns.
VOCABULARY
convergent evolution
divergent evolution
coevolution
extinction
punctuated equilibrium
adaptive radiation
MAIN IDEA: Evolution through natural selection is not random.
Fill in the Main Idea in the center of the Main Idea Web below. Then take notes based on the
phrases in the surrounding boxes.
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
2. Natural selection has direction:
3. Its effects are cumulative:
1. Main idea:
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. Convergent evolution:
5. Divergent evolution:
MAIN IDEA: Species can shape each other over time.
In the table below, take notes about two ways in which species can coevolve.
Type of
Coevolution
How It Works
Example
6. beneficial
relationship
7. evolutionary
arms race
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
51
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Species can become extinct.
In the table below, take notes about background and mass extinctions.
Type of Extinction
Possible Causes
Outcome
8. background
extinction
CHAPTER 11
The Evolution of Populations
9. mass
extinction
MAIN IDEA:
Speciation often occurs in patterns.
10. The theory of punctuated equilibrium states that relatively brief episodes of
are followed by long periods of little evolutionary
.
11. Adaptive radiation is a process in which one ancestral species diversifies into many
12. Adaptive radiation occurred after the extinction of the dinosaurs, because they left a
wide range of
into which mammals could diversify.
Vocabulary Check
13. Converge means “to come together” and diverge means “to branch out.” How do these
meanings apply to the terms convergent and divergent evolution?
14. The prefix co- means “together.” How does this meaning apply to the term coevolution?
15. Punctuate means “to interrupt periodically.” How does this meaning apply to the term
punctuated equilibrium?
52
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
species.
SECTION
12.1
THE FOSSIL RECORD
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Fossils are a record of life that existed in the past.
VOCABULARY
relative dating
radiometric dating
isotope
half-life
MAIN IDEA: Fossils can form in several ways.
In the spaces provided, write either the type of fossil being described or a brief description
of how the fossil type is formed.
Description of Fossil Formation
1.
Organism trapped in tree resin that hardens after being buried.
2.
An impression is left in sediment, and minerals fill the impression in,
recreating the original shape of the organism.
3. Trace fossil
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Type of Fossil
4. Permineralized
fossil
5.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Organism becomes encased in materials such as ice or volcanic ash, or
immersed in a bog.
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use Figure 12.2 to fill in a sequence diagram that describes the process of permineralization.
An organism dies.
Sediments quickly
cover its body.
7.
MAIN IDEA:
6.
The fossils may be
exposed millions of
years after formation.
Radiometric dating provides an accurate estimate of a fossil’s age.
8. What is the main purpose of both relative dating and radiometric dating?
9. What is the main difference between relative dating and radiometric dating?
11. Look at Figure 12.4. After two half-lives, what percentage of carbon-14 remains in a
sample?
Vocabulary Check
relative dating
radiometric dating
isotope
half-life
12. Measures the actual age of a fossil
13. Most elements have several of these
14. Measure of the release of radiation
15. Infers order in which groups of organisms existed
66
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
10. How is the radioactive decay of an element used to determine the age of a rock layer?
SECTION
12.2
THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
index fossil
geologic time scale
The geologic time scale divides Earth’s
history based on major past events.
MAIN IDEA:
era
period
epoch
Index fossils are another tool to determine the age of rock layers.
1. How are index fossils used to determine the age of fossils or rock layers?
2. What four characteristics are best for an index fossil to have?
MAIN IDEA: The geologic time scale organizes Earth’s history.
Look at Figure 12.6 to fill in the following classification tree.
Eras and Periods
4.
5.
6.
Cretaceous period
11.
7.
9.
Tertiary period
Devonian period
10.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3.
Silurian period
Ordovician period
8.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
era
period
epoch
Fill in the blanks below using the terms in the box. You may use some terms more than others.
12. The smallest unit of geologic time
13. Associated with rock systems
14. Consists of two or more periods
15. Lasts tens to hundreds of millions of years
16. Lasts several million years
17. Lasts tens of millions of years
18. Most commonly used units of geologic time
19. Examples include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
20. Examples include the Cambrian, Jurassic, and Quaternary
The names of eras come from early ideas about life forms preserved as fossils. Provide
the meaning of the following names of eras:
22. Paleozoic
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
21. The longest unit of geologic time
23. Mesozoic
24. Cenozoic
25. How is the geologic time scale a representation of the history of Earth?
70
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
12.3
ORIGIN OF LIFE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The origin of life on Earth remains a puzzle.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
nebula
ribozyme
Earth was very different billions of years ago.
1. Most scientists agree on two points about Earth’s origins. What are they?
Fill in the Main Idea Web with the descriptions of early Earth.
Heat released by:
Atmosphere made of:
2.
4.
and
5.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3.
Absent in atmosphere:
Earth was very different
billions of years ago.
Eon name:
Energy provided by:
6.
7.
and
8.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Several sets of hypotheses propose how life began on Earth.
In the column on the left labeled “hypothesis,” write the hypothesis from the readings about
how life began on Earth. In the column labeled “proof,” list the evidence that supports the
hypothesis.
Hypothesis
Proof
I. ORGANIC MOLECULE HYPOTHESES
9.
Demonstrated organic compounds could be made by passing electrical
current (to simulate lightning) through a closed system that held a mixture
of gases (to simulate the early atmosphere).
10. Meteorite hypothesis
II. EARLY CELL STRUCTURE HYPOTHESES
11.
Simulated in the lab, making a chimney structure with compartments that
could have acted as the first cell membranes.
12. Lipid membrane
III. RNA AS EARLY GENETIC MATERIAL
13. RNA world
hypothesis
Vocabulary Check
14. A cloud of gas and dust in space
15. An RNA molecule that can catalyze specific chemical reactions
74
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
hypothesis
SECTION
12.4
EARLY SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Single-celled organisms existed 3.8 billion years ago.
VOCABULARY
cyanobacteria
endosymbiosis
MAIN IDEA: Microbes have changed the physical and chemical composition of Earth.
1. What are two ways that early single-celled organisms changed Earth’s surface?
2. What have scientists inferred from fossil stromatolites?
MAIN IDEA: Eukaryotic cells may have evolved through endosymbiosis.
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
3. Although prokaryotes existed as long as 3.5 billion years ago,
arose
about 1.5 billion years ago.
4. Eukaryotes have a
5. Eukaryotes are
and membrane-bound organelles.
, which means they need oxygen to survive.
, later
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
6. While the first eukaryotes were made of only one
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
eukaryotes were made of many.
Use the sequence diagram below to summarize the theory of endosymbiosis.
7.
8.
Some of the smaller
prokaryotes may
have survived.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
9. Describe the role that cyanobacteria play in the theory of endosymbiosis.
MAIN IDEA:
The evolution of sexual reproduction led to increased diversity.
10. What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction?
11. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in a population. Why might this be
beneficial to the population?
Vocabulary Check
12. Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis are called
.
13. The mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within the body of
78
.
14. The term endosymbiosis can be broken down into parts. Endo- means “within.” What is
another term you have heard that starts with endo-?
15. The term cyanobacteria can be broken down into parts. Cyan- means “greenish blue,”
because cyanobacteria are often blue-green in color. Not too long ago, cyanobacteria
were known as blue-green algae. Why do you think they were considered algae?
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
another is called
SECTION
12.5
RADIATION OF MULTICELLULAR LIFE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Multicellular life evolved in distinct phases.
VOCABULARY
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cambrian explosion
Cenozoic
MAIN IDEA: Life moved onto land during the Paleozoic era.
Fill in a Main Idea and Supporting Information Diagram describing the Paleozoic era.
Life moved onto land during the Paleozoic era.
Early plants moved onto land.
1.
2.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA: Reptiles radiated during the Mesozoic era.
Fill in a Main Idea and Supporting Information Diagram describing the Mesozoic era.
Reptiles radiated during the Mesozoic era.
3.
4.
5.
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Mammals radiated during the Cenozoic era.
Fill in a Main Idea and Supporting Information Diagram describing the Cenozoic era.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Vocabulary Check
Paleozoic
Cambrian explosion
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
10. Divided into the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods
11. Ended with a mass extinction with more than 90 percent of all
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
marine life extinct
12. Earliest part of Paleozoic era
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
13. Primates evolved during this era
14. Trilobites were abundant then
15. Rise of the first marsupial mammals
16. Divided into Tertiary and Quarternary periods
17. Life moved onto land
18. Includes the Carboniferous period
19. Dinosaurs roamed the earth
20. Continues today
82
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
PRIMATE EVOLUTION
12.6
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
primate
prosimian
anthropoid
Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.
hominid
bipedal
MAIN IDEA: Humans share a common ancestor with other primates.
Use Figure 12.18 to help you fill in the concept map below with the correct primate group.
Primates
1.
3.
2.
5.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6.
chimpanzee
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
4.
7.
9.
8.
human
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
85
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
There are many fossil of extinct hominids.
10. What are the two groups that most hominid species are classified into?
11. What early hominid was known as “handy man”?
12. What early hominid group may have existed alongside modern humans?
MAIN IDEA:
Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago.
13. What trends can be seen in tools from older to more recent fossil sites of Homo?
14. What evidence supports the hypothesis that primate brains evolved faster than rodent
Vocabulary Check
primate
prosimian
anthropoid
hominid
15. Walks upright, has long lower limbs, opposable thumbs, and large
brains
16. Oldest living primate group
17. Name means humanlike primate
18. Has flexible hands and feet, eyes that face forward, and large
brains
19. Small primate that is active at night
20. Includes all species in human lineage, both modern and extinct
21. Examples include lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
22. Divided into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and
hominoids
86
Study Guide
Unit 4 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 12
The History of Life
brains in the past?
SECTION
13.1
ECOLOGISTS STUDY RELATIONSHIPS
Study Guide
Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms
and their environment.
VOCABULARY
ecology
community
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
KEY CONCEPT
ecosystem
biome
MAIN IDEA: Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization.
Write a description of each level of organization in the table. Also, provide an example
for each level.
Level
Description
Example
1. organism
2. population
3. community
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. ecosystem
5. biome
MAIN IDEA:
and modeling.
Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation,
6. What is observation?
7. What is the difference between direct and indirect surveys?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. Complete the following table with a benefit and drawback of conducting an experiment
in the laboratory compared with conducting an experiment in the field.
Experiment
Benefit
Drawback
Laboratory
Field
9. When might a scientist use a model as a research method?
Vocabulary Check
11. Of the three terms, biome, community, and ecosystem, which term contains the other
two?
2
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
10. What is ecology?
SECTION
13.2
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Study Guide
VOCABULARY
biotic
abiotic
Every ecosystem includes both living and
nonliving factors.
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
KEY CONCEPT
biodiversity
keystone species
MAIN IDEA: An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
Use a word from the box below to complete the following sentences.
abiotic
living
plants
animals
moisture
temperature
1. All ecosystems are made up of
biotic
nonliving
wind
and
2.
factors are living things, such as
3.
factors are nonliving things, such as
components.
or
.
,
, or
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
.
MAIN IDEA:
Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors.
4. Describe what biodiversity means in your own words.
5. What is the term for an organism that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem?
6. List a few reasons why a beaver is an example of a keystone species.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
7. What is the difference between a biotic and an abiotic factor?
8. Take another look at the Visual Vocab on page 403. In architecture, a keystone is the
stone at the center of an arch that holds the arch together. How does this definition
relate to a keystone species?
Be Creative
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
In the box below, sketch a simple ecosystem and label the abiotic and biotic factors.
6
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
13.3
ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS
Study Guide
VOCABULARY
producer
autotroph
consumer
Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
KEY CONCEPT
heterotroph
chemosynthesis
MAIN IDEA: Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem.
Complete the following sentences with the correct term.
autotrophs
consumers
1.
eating
heterotrophs
nonliving
producers
are organisms that get their energy from
meaning they make their own food. These organisms are also called
2.
are organisms that get their energy by
These organisms are also called
resources,
.
other organisms.
.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. Why are producers so important to an ecosystem?
4. Why is the Sun important to both producers and consumers?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight.
5. Complete the following Y-diagram to outline the similarities and differences between
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Both
6.
Word Part
Meaning
auto-
self
hetero-
other
-troph
nourishment
Use the above word origins to explain the difference between an autotroph and a
heterotroph.
7. The prefix photo- means “light” while the prefix chemo- means “chemical.” How do
these word origins relate to the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?
8. What is the difference between a consumer and a producer?
10
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Vocabulary Check
SECTION
13.4
FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS
Study Guide
VOCABULARY
food chain
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
detritivore
Food chains and food webs model the
flow of energy in an ecosystem.
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
KEY CONCEPT
decomposer
specialist
generalist
trophic level
food web
MAIN IDEA: A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships.
Complete the following sentence with the correct terms.
1. A food chain follows the connection between one
within an
and a single chain of
.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description.
carnivore
decomposer
detritivore
herbivore
omnivore
primary consumer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer
trophic levels
2. I eat only plants. I am a(n)
3. I eat only other animals. I am a(n)
.
.
4. I eat both plants and animals. I am a(n)
5. I eat dead organic matter. I am a(n)
.
.
6. I break down organic matter into simpler compounds. I am a(n)
.
7. I am the first consumer above the producer level. I am a(n)
8. I am a carnivore that eats herbivores. I am a(n)
.
.
9. I am a carnivore that eats other carnivores. I am a(n)
10. The levels of nourishment in a food chain are called
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
.
.
Study Guide
13
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships.
11. How is a food web different from a food chain?
12. What happens to energy at each link in a food web?
13. What type of organism provides the base of a food web?
Vocabulary Check
14. Use your knowledge of the words special and general to explain the diets of a specialist
and a generalist.
Word Part
Meaning
herba
vegetation
carnus
flesh
omnis
all
Use the word origins to explain the diets of each of the following consumers: herbivores,
carnivores, and omnivores.
14
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
15.
SECTION
13.5
CYCLING OF MATTER
Study Guide
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
hydrologic cycle
biogeochemical cycle
nitrogen fixation
Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.
MAIN IDEA: Water cycles through the environment.
Fill in the chart with a description of each process that describes how water moves through an
ecosystem in the hydrologic cycle.
Process
Description
1. precipitation
2. evaporation
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. transpiration
4. condensation
MAIN IDEA: Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems.
Complete the following sentences with the proper terms.
5. Plants, animals, and most other organisms need
for cellular
.
6. Oxygen is released as a waste product by plants during the process of
. Animals takes in this oxygen and release it as
during the process of
.
7. In the carbon cycle, plants use energy from the Sun to convert
from the air into organic material that becomes a part of the plant’s structure.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
17
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. Carbon is released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when you breathe during
or through the
the process of
of dead
organisms.
, or the burning of fossil fuels, also adds carbon dioxide to the
9.
atmosphere.
10. What is nitrogen fixation?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
11. List five steps that occur during the phosphorus cycle.
Vocabulary Check
Use the following word origins to answer the questions below.
Word Part
Meaning
bio-
life
chem-
chemical
geo-
earth
hydro-
water
12. What is a biogeochemical cycle?
13. What is the hydrologic cycle?
18
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
13.6
PYRAMID MODELS
Study Guide
Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in
an ecosystem.
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
biomass
energy pyramid
MAIN IDEA: An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic
levels.
Complete the following sentences with the correct terms.
biomass
heat
waste
1. The measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area is called
.
2. When a consumer incorporates the biomass of a producer into its own biomass, a large
amount of energy is lost as
and
.
3. Label the four tiers of the energy pyramid with the correct trophic level (producers,
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers).
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
21
CHAPTER 13
Principles of Ecology
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and
distribution of organisms.
Write a description of each pyramid model.
Model
Description
4. energy pyramid
5. biomass pyramid
6. pyramid of numbers
Vocabulary Check
7. What is biomass?
Make an Energy Pyramid
8. Choose an ecosystem. Research what types of plants and animals live in your chosen
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
ecosystem. Draw an energy pyramid that might exist within that ecosystem.
22
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
14.1
HABITAT AND NICHE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Every organism has a habitat and a niche.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
habitat
ecological niche
competitive exclusion
ecological equivalent
A habitat differs from a niche.
1. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its ecological niche?
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
2.
food
hunting behavior
other lions
trees
watering hole
wildebeest
zebra
sand
temperature
grass
savanna
Determine which ecological factors are a part of a lion’s niche and which are a part of a
lion’s habitat by placing the above items in the correct column.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Habitat
MAIN IDEA:
Niche
Resource availability gives structure to a community.
3. What is competitive exclusion?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
4. What are the three possible outcomes of competitive exclusion?
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
5. What are ecological equivalents?
6. Explain why ecological equivalents do not share the same niche.
Vocabulary Check
7. The term habitat comes from a Latin word which means “to dwell.” Explain how this
8. In competitive exclusion, who is competing and who gets excluded?
9. What does equivalent mean in math? How does that meaning relate to ecological
equivalents?
36
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
word origin relates to the definition of a habitat.
SECTION
14.2
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Organisms interact as individuals and
as populations.
VOCABULARY
competition
predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
MAIN IDEA: Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms
interact.
Next to each situation described below, write whether it is an example of interspecific
competition or intraspecific competition.
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
1. Two squirrels race up a tree to reach a hidden pile of nuts.
2. A hyena chases off a vulture to feast on an antelope carcass.
3. Different species of shrubs and grasses on the forest floor
compete for sunlight.
4. Brown bears hunting for fish on a river’s edge fight over space.
5. Male big horn sheep butt heads violently in competition for mates.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. Draw and label a sketch that represents an example of a predator-prey interaction.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Symbiosis is a close relationship between species.
7. For each type of symbiotic relationship, complete the chart with details about how each
organism is impacted using the terms “Benefits,” “Harmed,” or “No impact.” For each
situation, assume that Organism A initiates the relationship.
Symbiotic Relationship
Organism A
Organism B
mutualism
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
commensalism
parasitism
8. How is parasitism similar to and different from predation?
Vocabulary Check
10. The term symbiosis comes from a Greek term which means “living together.” How does
this word origin help to explain the definition of symbiosis?
11. Use your knowledge of the word “mutual” to write a definition for mutualism.
12. The word commensalism comes from the Latin m•ensa, meaning “table,” and com-,
meaning “with.” If I come to your table to eat your food, I benefit but you don’t. Draw
a sketch to show this meaning to help you remember it.
40
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. What is the difference between endoparasites and ectoparasites?
SECTION
14.3
POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Each population has a density, a dispersion,
and a reproductive strategy.
MAIN IDEA:
area.
VOCABULARY
population density
population dispersion
survivorship curve
Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined
1. What is the formula for calculating population density?
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
2. What might cause the population density of a population of deer to increase?
MAIN IDEA: Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a
population are spaced.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. In the boxes below, draw and label the three types of population dispersion patterns.
4. List two reasons why a population might live in a clumped dispersion and two reasons
why a population might live in a uniform dispersion.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
a species.
Survivorship curves help to describe the reproductive strategy of
5. What is meant by the term reproductive strategy? What accounts for differences in
reproductive strategies?
100
Type
I
80
60
Typ
e
40
20
0
II
Type III
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of maximum life span
Take a look at each of the survivorship curves shown above. Next to each type of organism
listed below, write in the space provided whether it is an example of Type I, Type II, or
Type III survivorship.
6. lion
10. invertebrate
7. bird
11. fish
8. reptile
12. giraffe
9. small mammal
13. human
Vocabulary Check
14. What is the difference between population density and population dispersion?
44
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Number of survivors
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
120
SECTION
14.4
POPULATION GROWTH PATTERNS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Populations grow
in predictable
patterns.
VOCABULARY
immigration
logistic growth
limiting factor
emigration
carrying capacity
density-dependent
limiting factor
exponential growth
population crash
density-independent
limiting factor
births
emigration
deaths
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
MAIN IDEA: Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births,
emigration, and deaths.
Choose a word from the box below that best completes each sentence.
immigration
1. When resources are abundant in a particular area, individuals may move into the
population of this area. This movement of individuals into a population from a different
population is called
.
2. A very cold winter has left many deer in a population hungry and sick. By the end of the
.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
winter, this population will likely decrease because of
3. A deer population experiences growth when the rate of reproduction increases. This
change in population size is due to
.
4. As humans move into their territory, many members of a deer population move away
and join other herds. This movement of individuals out of a population into a new
population is called
.
5. How does the availability of resources affect population growth?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Population growth is based on available resources.
6. In the space below, draw and label the two different types of population growth curves.
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
Write a brief description next to each graph.
7. What type of population growth curve shows a carrying capacity?
8. What type of population growth is at risk for a population crash? Explain why.
MAIN IDEA:
Ecological factors limit population growth.
8. List three examples of density-dependent limiting factors.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. List three examples of density-independent limiting factors.
Vocabulary Check
Explain why each pair of words below are opposites.
10. emigrate/immigrate
11. density-dependent limiting factor/density-independent limiting factor
12. exponential growth/logistic growth
48
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
14.5
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Ecological succession is a process of change in the
species that make up a community.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
succession
primary succession
pioneer species
secondary succession
Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem.
1. What is ecological succession?
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
2. Fill in the chart below with a description and simple sketch of the four main steps of
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
primary succession. Include the amount of time it takes for each stage of this process.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
51
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
3. Fill in the chart below with a description and simple sketch of the four main steps of
CHAPTER 14
Interactions in Ecosystems
secondary succession. Include the amount of time it takes for each stage of this process.
Vocabulary Check
4. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
5. Use your knowledge of the word pioneer to write a definition for the term pioneer
species.
52
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
15.1
LIFE IN THE EARTH SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The biosphere is one of Earth’s four
interconnected systems.
VOCABULARY
biosphere
biota
hydrosphere
atmosphere
geosphere
MAIN IDEA: The biosphere is the portion of Earth that is inhabited by life.
Write a description of each Earth system in the table below.
Earth System
Description
1. biosphere
2. hydrosphere
3. atmosphere
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. geosphere
5. What is the connection between the biota and the biosphere?
6. Use an example to explain how the four Earth systems are connected.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
7. Fill in the following diagram with the correct term (biosphere, biota, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, geosphere).
MAIN IDEA:
Biotic and abiotic factors interact in the biosphere.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
8. In your own words, describe the Gaia hypothesis.
Vocabulary Check
Choose the word from the box below that best matches up with each Earth system.
air
water
earth
life
9. Atmosphere
10. Biosphere
11. Geosphere
12. Hydrosphere
66
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
15.2
CLIMATE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
climate
Climate is a key abiotic factor that affects the biosphere.
MAIN IDEA:
microclimate
Climate is the prevailing weather of a region.
1. What is the difference between an area’s weather and climate?
2. What are four key factors that shape an area’s climate?
MAIN IDEA:
Earth has three climate zones.
3. Name the main reason why the surface of Earth is heated unevenly by the Sun.
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What characteristic of Earth results in different seasons over a period of a year?
Complete the following chart with the location and characteristics of each climate zone.
Zone
Location
Characteristics
5. polar
zone
6. tropical
zone
7. temperate
zone
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. What effect does the heating of Earth have on air and water movement?
9. Why do areas closer to bodies of water have different climates than do inland areas?
10. How does the presence of mountains affect an area’s climate?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
11. What is a rain shadow?
Vocabulary Check
12. What is the difference between a climate and a microclimate?
13. List four characteristics of the climate where you live. Include information on
temperature and precipitation.
70
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
15.3
BIOMES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Biomes are land-based, global communities of
organisms.
VOCABULARY
canopy
grassland
desert
deciduous
coniferous
taiga
tundra
chaparral
MAIN IDEA: Earth has six major biomes.
Fill in the chart with details about the six major biomes found on Earth.
Biome
Description
1. tropical rain
forest
2. grassland
4. temperate
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. desert
5. taiga
6. tundra
7. What is the difference between tropical and temperate grasslands?
8. What are the four different types of deserts?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
9. How does precipitation differ in a temperate deciduous forest and a temperate rain forest?
10. Why do few plants grow in the tundra?
11. Describe the main characteristics of chaparral.
MAIN IDEA:
Polar ice caps and mountains are not considered biomes.
12. Why aren’t polar ice caps and mountains considered biomes?
14. What is a mountain life zone?
Vocabulary Check
15. I lose my leaves in the autumn. I am a
16. I retain my needles all year long. I am a
17. I am the uppermost branches of a tree. I am called the
74
Study Guide
.
.
.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
13. Where are the polar ice caps located?
SECTION
15.4
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Marine ecosystems are global.
VOCABULARY
intertidal zone
neritic zone
bathyal zone
abyssal zone
plankton
zooplankton
phytoplankton
coral reef
kelp forest
MAIN IDEA: The ocean can be divided into zones.
Complete the following table with information about ocean zones.
Zone
Depth
Description
1. intertidal
2. neritic
4. abyssal
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. bathyal
5. What zone has the most biomass? What type of organism makes up most of this
biomass?
6. Why are phytoplankton critical to life on Earth?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Coastal waters contain unique habitats.
7. Complete the following Y-diagram to outline the similarities and differences between a
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
coral reef and a kelp forest.
8. What is a coral reef made from?
9. Why are coral reefs considered delicate?
Vocabulary Check
10. I am a photosynthetic plankton. What am I?
11. I am an animal plankton. What am I?
78
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
15.5
ESTUARIES AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Freshwater ecosystems include estuaries
as well as flowing and standing water.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
estuary
watershed
littoral zone
limnetic zone
benthic zone
Estuaries are dynamic environments where rivers flow into the ocean.
1. What is an estuary?
2. What is the distinctive feature of an estuary?
4. Why are estuaries sometimes called the “nurseries of the sea”?
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. Describe why estuaries are considered to be highly productive ecosystems.
5. What adaptations are necessary for organisms that live in an estuary?
6. What impact does the removal of an estuary have on surrounding areas?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Freshwater ecosystems include moving and standing water.
7. What are the characteristics of a wetland?
8. What is an important function of wetlands with regard to the water supply?
MAIN IDEA:
Ponds and lakes share common features.
9. Complete the following chart with details about the different zones found in a pond or
lake.
Zone
Location
Description
littoral zone
benthic zone
Vocabulary Check
10. What is a watershed?
11. The term estuary comes from the Latin word aestus, which means “tide.” How does this
meaning relate to the definition of estuary?
82
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 15
The Biosphere
limnetic zone
SECTION
16.1
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH AND NATURAL
RESOURCES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
As the human population grows, the demand for Earth’s resources
increases.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
nonrenewable resource
renewable resource
ecological footprint
Earth’s human population continues to grow.
1. Approximately how big is Earth’s population now?
2. Name and give examples of two technologies that have influenced human population
MAIN IDEA: The growing human population exerts pressure on Earth’s natural
resources.
Determine whether the following resources are renewable or nonrenewable. Explain your
answer.
3. sun
4. oil
5. trees
6. water
7. wind
8. corn
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
growth since 1700.
9. beef
10. coal
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
95
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
of the future.
Effective management of Earth’s resources will help meet the needs
11. The inhabitants of Easter Island made many mistakes in their resource use. Name one
resource that was misused and describe two ways that they could have used the resource
more effectively.
12. What is an ecological footprint?
13. List the four factors that determine your ecological footprint.
Vocabulary Check
14. What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource?
Be Creative
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Create a poster that illustrates why it is important to conserve natural resources.
96
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
16.2
AIR QUALITY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Fossil fuel emissions affect the biosphere.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
pollution
smog
particulate
acid rain
greenhouse effect
global warming
Pollutants accumulate in the air.
1. What is pollution?
2. What is smog?
3. What are the major components of smog and how does it form?
5. How does acid rain affect ecosystems?
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. What is acid rain?
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
99
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Air pollution is changing Earth’s biosphere.
Complete the concept map with information about the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect
is important
because
absorbs
and
reflects
involves
6.
7.
greenhouse gases
such as
H 2O
8.
9. What is the greenhouse effect?
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
10. What is the relationship between the greenhouse effect and global warming?
100
Vocabulary Check
11. How is a gardener’s greenhouse a miniature version of the greenhouse effect?
12. The word particulate comes from the Latin word particula, which means “a small part.”
How is this word origin related to the definition of a particulate?
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CH4
SECTION
16.3
WATER QUALITY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Pollution of Earth’s freshwater supply threatens habitat and
health.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
indicator species
biomagnification
Water pollution affects ecosystems.
1. List three examples of water pollution.
2. Why are indicator species important to scientists?
MAIN IDEA:
Biomagnification causes accumulation of toxins in the food chain.
3. What is biomagnification?
of pollutants as they move up the food chain.
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Illustrate an ecosystem’s food chain and describe what will happen to the concentration
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
103
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
5. Use your knowledge of the prefix bio- and the term magnification to explain the
meaning of biomagnification.
Be Creative
6. Design a poster that explains the importance of keeping sources of fresh water free
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
from pollution.
104
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
16.4
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The impact of a growing human population threatens biodiversity.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
habitat fragmentation
introduced species
Preserving biodiversity is important to the future of the biosphere.
1. What is biodiversity?
2. Why is it important to preserve biodiversity?
MAIN IDEA:
Loss of habitat eliminates species.
4. List three ways in which humans cause habitat fragmentation.
MAIN IDEA:
Introduced species can disrupt stable relationships in an ecosystem.
5. What is an introduced species?
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. Where are the highest levels of biodiversity on our planet? Explain why this is so.
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
107
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. Complete the chart below with examples of introduced species and describe how they
are disrupting the ecosystem in which they live.
Species
Impact on Ecosystem
Burmese python
(Everglades)
Kudzu
(United States)
Mice
(Australia)
Vocabulary Check
7. A fragment is defined as “a small part broken off or detached.” How does this definition
relate to the meaning of habitat fragmentation?
8. Think of an area where you live that is an example of habitat fragmentation. Design a
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
poster that both illustrates the problem and proposes a solution.
108
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Be Creative
SECTION
16.5
CONSERVATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Conservation methods can help protect and restore ecosystems.
MAIN IDEA:
generations.
VOCABULARY
sustainable development
umbrella species
Sustainable development manages resources for present and future
1. How can sustainable development help Earth’s human population?
2. Complete the following chart with two examples of sustainable development and explain
how they benefit humans.
MAIN IDEA:
ecosystems.
How Is It managed?
Benefits
Conservation practices focus on a few species but benefit entire
3. What is an umbrella species?
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Resource
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
111
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Complete the concept map with information about the manatee and its role as an umbrella
species.
West Indian manatee
is protected by
is an
helps to
6.
4.
MAIN IDEA:
5.
Protecting Earth’s resources helps to protect our future.
7. What are three laws that have been developed to help protect natural resources?
Vocabulary Check
CHAPTER 16
Human Impact on Ecosystems
9. The word sustain means “to keep in existence, maintain.” How does this meaning relate
112
to the idea of sustainable development?
Study Guide
Unit 5 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
8. What can humans do to reduce their impact on Earth’s ecosystems?
SECTION
17.1
THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Study Guide
Organisms can be classified based on physical
similarities.
VOCABULARY
taxonomy
taxon
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
binomial nomenclature
genus
MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy.
Linnaean taxonomy
classifies
1.
names
4.
based on
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
2.
using a system called
5.
into groups called
3.
MAIN IDEA:
which gives each species a
6.
Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels.
7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized?
8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
MAIN IDEA:
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
9. Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities alone, as
opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities?
10. Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being closely
11. Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify organisms?
Vocabulary Check
12. Taxonomy is the science of
13. Words from the
and
organisms.
language are used in binomial nomenclature.
14. In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique scientific
name that includes a
2
Study Guide
name and a
descriptor.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
related?
SECTION
17.2
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS
Study Guide
Modern classification is based on evolutionary
relationships.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
phylogeny
cladistics
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
cladogram
derived character
Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry.
1. What is a phylogeny?
2. How can a phylogeny be shown?
3. Describe the main goal of cladistics.
Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
clade
node
taxon being
classified
derived
character
5.
4.
7.
6.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
8. What is a clade?
9. How are derived characters used in making a cladogram?
10. On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent?
MAIN IDEA:
Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
11. Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine species’
relatedness.
13. What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly identical?
Vocabulary Check
14. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny means
“origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny?
15. How are the words cladistics and cladogram related?
16. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in
that group do not have, are called
6
Study Guide
characters.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
12. Why are evolutionary trees often changed?
SECTION
17.3
MOLECULAR CLOCKS
Study Guide
VOCABULARY
molecular clock
mitochondrial DNA
Molecular clocks provide clues to
evolutionary history
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
ribosomal RNA
Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time.
1. What are molecular clocks?
2. Explain how species become more and more different at the molecular level, after they
have diverged from a common ancestor.
3. Using Figure 17.8 as a reference, draw your own set of DNA sequences that illustrate
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
molecular evolution.
4. How can scientists estimate mutation rates for use in developing a molecular clock?
MAIN IDEA: Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular
clocks.
5. Depending on how closely related species are, scientists must choose a molecule with an
appropriate
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
rate to use as a molecular clock.
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. In the table below, take notes about two commonly used molecular clocks.
Molecular
Clock
Description of
Molecule
Why It’s Unique
How It’s Useful as a
Molecular Clock
mtDNA
Vocabulary Check
molecular clock
mitochondrial DNA
ribosomal RNA
7. Useful for studying closely related species
8. Model that uses mutation rates to measure evolutionary time
9. Useful for studying species in different kingdoms or phyla
10
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
rRNA
SECTION
17.4
DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS
Study Guide
The current tree of life has three domains.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
Bacteria
Archaea
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
KEY CONCEPT
Eukarya
Classification is always a work in progress.
1. Why is classification considered a work in progress?
2. How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years?
3. Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have occurred
over the past three hundred years.
1753:
1700
1938:
1800
1866:
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
1977:
1900
2000
1959:
Study Guide
13
CHAPTER 17
The Tree of Life
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system.
Domain
Characteristics
Kingdoms Included
4. Bacteria
5. Archaea
7. Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level?
Vocabulary Check
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments
10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they
cause disease
14
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. Eukarya
SECTION
18.1
STUDYING VIRUSES AND PROKARYOTES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
virus
pathogen
Infections can be caused in several ways.
MAIN IDEA:
viroid
prion
Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all cause infection.
1. In the top left side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of bacteria.
2. In the top right side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of viruses.
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
3. At the bottom of the Y shape below, write the characteristics that both bacteria and
viruses share. Then lightly cross out those characteristics at the top of the Y.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Bacteria
Viruses
Both
4. All living things share four characteristics of life. What are they?
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
27
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. Write the description for each of the infectious particles in the spaces provided on the
chart below. Include what they are made of and their range of sizes in your descriptions.
Infectious Particle
Description
Virus
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
Viroid
Prion
Vocabulary Check
pathogen
viroid
prion
6. Does not have genes
7. Includes infectious bacteria
8. Made of only RNA
9. Any living thing or particle that can cause infectious disease
10. Made only of protein
11. Infects plants
12. Made of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
13. Can contain RNA or DNA but is not living
28
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
virus
SECTION
18.2
VIRAL STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Viruses exist in a
variety of shapes
and sizes.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
capsid
bacteriophage
lytic infection
lysogenic infection
prophage
Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells.
1. Sketch the three common shapes of viruses, and give an example of a virus that exists
in each shape.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
2. Name the three parts of the structure of a typical enveloped virus.
3. What must viruses do before they can reproduce?
4. How does a virus identify its host?
5. How do the structures of bacteriophages help them infect host cells?
6. What are two ways that viruses that infect eukaryotes enter their host cells?
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
31
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Viruses cause two types of infections.
7. In the top left side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of a lytic infection.
8. In the top right side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of a lysogenic
infection.
9. At the bottom of the Y shape below, write the characteristics that both types of infections
have in common. Then lightly cross out those characteristics at the top of the Y.
Lysogenic infection
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
Lytic infection
Vocabulary Check
capsid
bacteriophage
lytic infection
lysogenic
infection
prophage
10. Virus that infects bacteria
11. Viral DNA plus host cell DNA
12. Protein shell of a virus
13. Infection where virus combines its DNA with host cell’s DNA
14. Infection where host cell bursts, releasing viral offspring
32
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Both
SECTION
18.3
VIRAL DISEASES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Some viral diseases can be prevented with vaccines.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
epidemic
vaccine
retrovirus
Viruses cause many infectious diseases.
1. What is the body’s first defense against infection?
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
2. What are two ways viruses enter the body?
3. How do some viruses trick cells into letting them in?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Why is it not easy to find a cure for the common cold?
5. Why must a new flu vaccine be made every year?
6. Why might a person who has AIDS have a hard time fighting off normally harmless
microorganisms?
MAIN IDEA:
Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens.
7. Describe how a vaccine works to protect people against infection.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
epidemic
vaccine
retrovirus
8. Contains RNA and uses a special enzyme to make a DNA copy
9. Rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people
10. Stimulates the body’s own immune response against invading
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
microbes
Identify the Infection
Use Figure 18.10 to determine what infection is being described.
11. Disease caused by the bite of an infected animal
12. Disease caused by the bite of an infected insect
13. Disease caused by contact with a particular rash
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
14. Disease that causes swelling in glands under a person’s jaw
15. Disease caused by contact with contaminated feces.
36
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
18.4
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Bacteria and archaea are both
single-celled prokaryotes.
VOCABULARY
obligate anaerobe
obligate aerobe
facultative aerobe
MAIN IDEA:
plasmid
flagellum
conjugation
endospore
Prokaryotes are widespread on Earth.
1. What two groups of organisms include all prokaryotes on Earth?
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
2. Some prokaryotes don’t need oxygen to live. Where are three environments where
methane-producing archaea have been found?
MAIN IDEA: Bacteria and archaea are structurally similar but have different
molecular characteristics.
In the top left of the Y shape, write the characteristics of bacteria. In the top right, write the
characteristics of archaea. At the bottom, write the characteristics bacteria and archaea have
in common. Then lightly cross out those characteristics at the top of the Y.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Bacteria
Archaea
Both
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Bacteria have various strategies for survival.
3. What is binary fission?
4. Describe one way that prokaryotes exchange genetic material.
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
5. How do some bacteria survive unfavorable conditions?
6. How is an endospore formed?
Vocabulary Check
obligate anaerobe
obligate aerobe
facultative aerobe
plasmid
flagellum
conjugation
endospore
7. Can survive whether oxygen is present or not
8. Long whiplike structure used for movement
10. Specialized prokaryotic cell that can withstand harsh conditions
11. Prokaryotic method of gene exchange
12. Cannot live in the presence of oxygen
13. Separate circular piece of a prokaryote’s genetic material
40
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
9. Needs oxygen to survive
SECTION
18.5
BENEFICIAL ROLES OF PROKARYOTES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Prokaryotes perform important functions for organisms
and ecosystems.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
bioremediation
Prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans and other animals.
1. Some prokaryotes live in animal digestive systems. What are three ways these
prokaryotes are helpful to the animals they live inside?
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
2. What are two ways animals help the prokaryotes that live in their digestive tracts?
3. What are examples of types of food we eat that are fermented by bacteria?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA: Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems.
Write the details about some of the roles prokaryotes play in an ecosystem.
Role
Details
4.
Atmosphere
composition
5.
Element cycling
6.
Nitrogen fixation
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
7. Peas, beans, and other legumes have a mutualistic relationship with bacteria. Where do
the bacteria associated with these plants live?
8. The bacteria associated with legumes provide nitrogen to the plant in a usable form.
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
Describe how they do this.
9. Some bacteria can digest oil. How are these bacteria helpful?
10. What does the term biodegradable mean?
Vocabulary Check
12. The term bioremediation can be broken into parts. Bio- means “life, or living organism.”
Remediation, or remedy, means “the act or process of correcting a fault.” How do these
word parts relate to what you have learned about bioremediation?
44
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
11. What is a type of human-made material that is not biodegradable?
SECTION
18.6
BACTERIAL DISEASES AND ANTIBIOTICS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Understanding bacteria is necessary to prevent and treat
disease.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
toxin
antibiotic
Some bacteria cause disease.
1. What are two ways that bacteria can cause illness?
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
2. Why are people often unaware of the presence of potentially disease-causing bacteria in
their bodies?
3. What are two ways that people can get food poisoning?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA:
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease.
4. Why can’t antibiotics be used to cure infections caused by viruses?
5. What are two types of organisms that produce antibiotics naturally?
6. What can you do to help prevent getting a bacterial infection?
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics.
In the chart below, use your own words to describe the factors that have led to widespread
antibiotic resistance.
7.
Overuse
8.
Underuse
9.
Misuse
Resistance
Vocabulary Check
10. A poison released by a living thing
11. Medicine that helps you fight bacterial infection
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 18
Viruses and Prokaryotes
Factor
Identify the Infection
Use Figure 18.18 to help you identify the infection when given the causes.
12. an open wound that gets dirty
13. breathing in this bacteria’s endospores
14. skin making excess oil
15. getting bitten by an infected wood tick
16. many bacteria on teeth and gums
48
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
19.1
DIVERSITY OF PROTISTS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
protist
Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
1. Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
2. Are all protists single-celled? Explain.
3. Are all protists microscopic? Explain.
4. How do protists reproduce?
Write how each category of protists get their food, and whether they are single-celled,
colonial, or multicellular in the table below.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Animal-like protist
7.
9.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
How They Get Their Food
5.
8.
decomposer (heterotroph)
Body Form
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Protist Category
6.
single-celled, colonial, or
multicellular
multicellular
Study Guide
61
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Protists are difficult to classify.
10. What kingdom are protists placed in?
11. What domain are protists placed in?
12. Are protists more closely related to animals or to bacteria? Explain.
13. Look at Figure 19.3. What type of protist is more closely related to animals: algae or
slime molds?
14. Look again at Figure 19.3. What type of protist is more closely related to plants: algae
or slime molds?
Vocabulary Check
15. In the 1860s, the scientist Ernst Haeckel first used the term Protista to categorize all
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
single-celled organisms. How has the meaning of protist changed since then?
62
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
19.2
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can
move.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
protozoa
pseudopod
cilia
Animal-like protists move in various ways.
1. What are protists?
Structure Used for
Movement
Way of Life
Example (sketch and label)
Flagella
free-living, parasites, and
mutualists
2.
3.
free-living, parasites
4.
5.
6.
7.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
amoeba or foraminifera
(draw sketch and label)
Study Guide
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Fill in the table below with characteristics of animal-like protists.
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Some animal-like protists cause disease.
8. What is the disease caused by the protist Plasmodium?
9. How is the disease caused by Plasmodium passed to humans?
10. One protist causes sleeping sickness. What structure does that protist use to move
around?
11. What protist is common in natural streams and other bodies of water near wild animal
habitats?
Vocabulary Check
12. A common name that refers to all animal-like protists
66
14. Means “fake foot”
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
13. Shorter and more numerous than flagella
Sketch it Out
Use Figure 19.5 and the text to sketch and describe how an amoeba gets its food.
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
19.3
PLANTLIKE PROTISTS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
algae
Algae are plantlike protists.
Plantlike Protist
Where Found
Identifying
Characteristic
Single-celled or
Multicellular
Euglenoids
fresh water, salt water
1–2 flagella
1.
Dinoflagellates
salt water, fresh
water, snow
2.
3.
Diatoms
4.
5.
single-celled
Green algae
6.
chlorophyll a and b,
carotenoids
7.
Brown algae
8.
9.
10.
Red algae
11.
chlorophyll a,
phycoerythrin
12.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA: Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
Fill in the table below with characteristics of plantlike protists.
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Choose whether the phrase below best describes asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction
of algae.
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
13. All algae can reproduce this way.
14. In Chlamydomonas, the entire cycle is haploid (1n).
15. Simple fragmenting.
16. In Chlamydomonas, this is triggered by environmental
stress.
17. Gametes are formed.
18. In Chlamydomonas, it has both haploid (1n) and
diploid (2n) stages.
Vocabulary Check
70
Sketch it Out
Use Figure 19.15 to sketch the life cycle of a single-celled green algae. Make sure to label
asexual and sexual reproduction.
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
19. Are algae plants or protists? Explain.
SECTION
19.4
FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
slime mold
water mold
Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists.
1. How are funguslike protists different from fungi?
2. What are the two types of slime molds?
3. The protist that causes malaria is called Plasmodium. How is a funguslike protist
plasmodium different than this disease-causing Plasmodium?
5. What is unusual about the spores released by a slime mold?
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What happens to a plasmodial slime mold when it is under environmental stress?
6. A cellular slime mold produces a pseudoplasmodium, which means “fake plasmodium.”
How is a pseudoplasmodium of a cellular slime mold different from a plasmodium of a
plasmodial slime mold?
7. What was the cause of the Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1800s?
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Funguslike
Protist
Where Found
Ecological Role
Body Forms
Plasmodial slime
mold
8.
decomposer
plasmodium, spore
producing structure,
spores that can move
Cellular slime
mold
9.
10.
11.
Water mold
12.
13.
14.
Vocabulary Check
slime mold
water mold
15. can grow as large as a meter or more
16. has a resistant, resting stage
17. can have a cottony appearance
18. releases chemical signals that cause the cells to swarm
together
74
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Write where the different funguslike protists can be found, their ecological roles, and their
possible body forms in the table below.
SECTION
DIVERSITY OF FUNGI
19.5
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
chitin
hyphae
mycelium
fruiting body
mycorrhizae
sporangia
Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment
1. What are the three informal groups that fungi can be divided into?
2. What is one way that fungi are similar to insects?
Characteristics
Fungi
Plants
How do they get
their food?
3.
4.
What structures
make up their
bodies?
hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
5.
What makes up
their cell walls?
6.
7.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
In the chart below, compare fungi and plants.
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Fungi come in many shapes and sizes.
Sketch and label an example of each of the following: sac fungi, bread mold, and club fungi.
Pick figures throughout the chapter as examples for your sketches.
8. Sac Fungus
MAIN IDEA:
9. Bread Mold
10. Club Fungus
Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
11. List the three ways that yeast can reproduce.
13. Where can the reproductive structures of a club fungi, called basidia, be found on
a mushroom?
Vocabulary Check
14. spore-forming structures of fungi
15. aboveground reproductive structure of a fungus
16. a tough polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi
17. symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi
18. long strands that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
19. a tangled mass of hyphae
78
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
12. Why are single-celled yeasts classified as sac fungi?
SECTION
19.6
ECOLOGY OF FUNGI
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
lichen
Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists.
1. How does the decomposing activity of fungi help ecosystems?
2. How are fungi well adapted as decomposers?
3. Fungi are the main decomposers of what two tough plant materials?
4. What negative effect to human industry may fungi decomposers have?
6. How does overuse or incorrect use of antibiotics contribute to infection by fungi?
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
5. What are organisms that always cause disease called?
7. What are two fairly mild infections to humans that are caused by fungi?
8. What are three diseases of plants that are caused by fungi?
9. What is usually the source of the chemicals used in antifungal medicines?
10. Use Figure 19.27 to sketch and label the structure of a lichen in the space provided.
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
11. What does an associated alga provide to a lichen?
12. What two roles do lichens play in an ecosystem?
13. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. What does the
fungi provide in this relationship?
14. How does the fungus benefit by being associated with plant roots as mycorrhizae?
15. What are two ways mycorrhizae are beneficial to a plant?
MAIN IDEA: Fungi are studied for many purposes.
Fill in the concept map below with details of how humans use fungi for different purposes.
16.
18.
17.
20.
antibiotics
molecular biology
model systems
19.
Vocabulary Check
21. A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between what two types of organisms?
82
Study Guide
Unit 6 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 19
Protists and Fungi
Uses of fungi
SECTION
20.1
ORIGINS OF PLANT LIFE
Study Guide
Plant life began in the water and
became adapted to land.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
plant
vascular system
cuticle
lignin
stomata
pollen grain
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
seed
Land plants evolved from green algae.
1. Name five characteristics that green algae and land plants share.
2. The common ancestor of all plants would be classified in what class if it were alive
today?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. What plant characteristics probably originated in charophyceans?
MAIN IDEA: Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land.
In the table below, take notes about the challenges that plants face on land and adaptations
to these challenges.
Challenge
4.
retaining moisture
5.
transporting
resources
6.
growing upright
7.
reproducing on land
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Description
Adaptations
Study Guide
1
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Plants evolve with other organisms in their environment.
8. Give two examples of mutualisms that have evolved between plants and other types
of organisms.
9. Give two examples of how plants have evolved with the animals that eat them.
Vocabulary Check
2
Plant
Vascular system
Cuticle and stomata
Seed
Study Guide
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
In the spaces provided below, draw pictures that help you to remember the definitions of the
vocabulary words.
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
20.2
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Study Guide
Plants can be classified into nine
phyla.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
pollination
gymnosperm
angiosperm
cone
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
flower
fruit
Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.
1. What is required in order for seedless plants to reproduce?
2. How do nonvascular plants obtain water and nutrients?
3. Take notes about seedless nonvascular plants in the table below.
Plant Type
Phylum Name
Characteristics
liverworts
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
hornworts
mosses
MAIN IDEA:
Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants.
4. How does having a vascular system affect how seedless vascular plants grow?
5. Take notes about seedless vascular plants in the table below.
Plant Type
Phylum Name
Characteristics
club mosses
ferns
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.
6. What are three advantages that seed plants have over their seedless relatives?
7. Name and describe the two broad categories of seed plants.
8. Take notes about seed plants in the table below.
Plant Type
Phylum Name
Characteristics
cycads
ginkgo
flowering
plants
Vocabulary Check
pollination
cone
flower
fruit
9. mature ovary of flower
10. process in which pollen meets female parts of same plant
species
11. reproductive structure of most gymnosperms
12. reproductive structure of angiosperms
6
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
conifers
SECTION
DIVERSITY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
20.3
Study Guide
The largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the
flowering plants.
VOCABULARY
cotyledon
monocot
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
dicot
wood
MAIN IDEA: Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate
in today’s world.
Fill in the concept map below about the adaptations of flowering plants.
Flowering plants
have
have
have
have
3.
1.
which can allow for more efficient
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
2.
which plays a role in
4.
MAIN IDEA: Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type.
Take notes about monocots and dicots in the table below.
Type of Flowering
Plant
Number of
Cotyledons
Other Characteristics
5. monocot
6. dicot
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan.
7. Why is it helpful to categorize flowering plants in ways other than by seed type?
8. Describe the two major stem types of flowering plants.
9. Take notes about the three lifespan types of flowering plants.
Lifespan
Characteristics
Examples
annual
biennial
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
perennial
Vocabulary Check
10. What is a cotyledon?
11. How does the prefix mono-, meaning “one,” relate to the meaning of monocot?
12. How does the prefix di-, meaning “two,” relate to the meaning of dicot?
13. What is wood made up of?
10
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
20.4
PLANTS IN HUMAN CULTURE
Study Guide
Humans rely on plants in many ways.
MAIN IDEA:
settlements.
VOCABULARY
botany
ethnobotany
pharmacology
alkaloid
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
Agriculture provides stable food supplies for people in permanent
1. How have people obtained food for the majority of human history?
2. How have farmers “tamed” wild crop species over the past 10,000 years?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. How has farming become part of a culture’s economy?
Take notes about the requirements and benefits of the following methods of obtaining food.
Method
4.
hunting and
gathering
5.
agriculture
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Requirements
Benefits
Study Guide
13
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
CHAPTER 20
Plant Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
Plant products are important economic resources.
6. How were plants involved in the great seafaring expeditions of the 1400s and 1500s?
7. Name three plant products that are important to the global economy today.
MAIN IDEA: Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.
Fill in the main idea web below with notes about the role of plants in modern medicine.
Pharmacology:
Alkaloids:
Main Idea: Plant compounds are essential to modern medicine.
Synthetic drugs:
Vocabulary Check
botany
ethnobotany
pharmacology
8. study of plants
9. study of drugs and their effects on the body
10. study of how people use plants
14
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Role of plants:
SECTION
21.1
PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Plants have specialized
cells and tissue systems.
VOCABULARY
parenchyma cell
collenchyma cell
sclerenchyma cell
dermal tissue
ground tissue
vascular tissue
xylem
phloem
MAIN IDEA: Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types.
Write the functions of each of the three basic cell types, and sketch or describe their
appearance in the chart below.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
1.
Parenchyma cell
2.
Collenchyma cell
3.
Sclerenchyma cell
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Function
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
Cell Type
Sketch or Description
Study Guide
27
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Plant organs are made of three tissue systems.
Fill in the concept map below with supporting details about the three tissue systems of plants.
include
Plant tissue systems
include
6.
4.
includes
include
includes
7.
8.
carries
on outside
on leaves
on wood
5.
12.
becomes
becomes
carries
9.
roots, stems
leaves
provide
10.
13.
contain
11.
chloroplasts
Vocabulary Check
parenchyma cell
collencyhma cell
sclerenchyma cell
dermal tissue
ground tissue
vascular tissue
xylem
phloem
14. Outer covering of a plant
15. Includes xylem and phloem
16. Tissue that makes up the majority of a plant
17. Supporting cell type that makes up celery strands
18. Vascular tissue that carries sugars
19. Strongest cell type that makes up fruit pits
20. Most common cell type that can help plants heal from injury
21. Vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals
28
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
is found
SECTION
21.2
THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The vascular system allows for the transport of
water, minerals, and sugars.
VOCABULARY
cohesion-tension theory
transpiration
pressure-flow model
1. Cohesion
Sketch:
2. Adhesion
Sketch:
Description:
Description:
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA: Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.
The cohesion-tension theory proposes that the physical properties of water allow the rise of
water through a plant. Sketch and describe cohesion and adhesion of water molecules.
Fill in the sequence diagram below to explain how water moves through the roots, stems, and
leaves of a plant within xylem. Use the text and Figure 21.4 to help fill in the diagram.
3. Roots
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
4. Stems
5. Leaves
Study Guide
31
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant.
6. Phloem sap moves from a sugar source to a sugar sink. What are two plant parts that
might be sources of sugars?
7. What is a sugar sink in a plant?
8. The pressure changes between sugar sources and sinks keeps sap flowing through
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
phloem. Is there a higher concentration of sugars at a sugar source or a sugar sink?
9. In the movement of sap through phloem, what two events require energy on the part
of the plant?
10. Water moves into the phloem due to the high sugar concentration there. It requires
no energy. What is this process called?
Vocabulary Check
pressure-flow model
transpiration
11. Well-supported theory that describes how sugars move
through a plant within phloem
12. Well-supported theory that describes how water and
dissolved minerals move through a plant within xylem
13. Term that describes how water moves through a plant within
xylem by evaporation from leaves
32
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
cohesion-tension theory
SECTION
21.3
ROOTS AND STEMS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Roots and stems form
the support system of
vascular plants.
VOCABULARY
vascular cylinder
root hair
root cap
meristem
fibrous root
taproot
primary growth
secondary growth
MAIN IDEA: Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
In the space provided, sketch a root tip. Draw lines from the terms to label the sketch, and
describe the function for each of the parts. Use Figure 21.7 and the text to fill in the diagram.
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
Sketch:
1. Vascular cylinder
2. Apical meristem
3. Root cap
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. How do root hairs help a plant?
5. What are root systems made of fine branches of about the same size called?
6. What are root systems that have one main root and can sometimes store food called?
7. Plants are not just soaking up water. They use energy to absorb
.
8. The increased concentration of ions in root cells causes
to move
into the root.
9. An example of a mineral needed in large amounts is
10. Other minerals, such as
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
.
, are needed in small amounts.
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.
11. What are three functions of most stems?
12. Look at Figure 21.10. What are two plants whose stems store water?
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
13. What special adaptation do strawberry plant stems have?
14. What are two stems that grow underground?
15. What are four characteristics of herbaceous stems?
16. What is growth that makes stems grow taller or roots grow longer called?
17. What is growth that makes stems and roots of woody plants grow wider called?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
18. What represents one year of growth on a tree ring?
Vocabulary Check
19. Tough covering on root tip
20. Unspecialized tissue of dividing cells
21. Houses xylem and phloem
22. Root system made of equal-sized roots
23. Growth pattern that increases height and length
24. Increases surface area of a root
25. Root system that reaches deep into the ground
26. Growth pattern that increases width
36
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
21.4
LEAVES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
blade
mesophyll
petiole
guard cell
Most leaves share similar structures.
1. Sketch a leaf attached to a stem. Label the blade, petiole, stem, and axillary bud.
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
Use a sequence diagram to fill in the steps describing how stomata regulate gas exchange.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
During the day stomata
are _______________.
__________________ in
leaves overtakes water
absorption in roots.
_______________ enters.
_________________ close
the stomata.
_______________ occurs.
Low _________________
will slow photosynthesis.
2. What are three leaf characteristics that can be used for plant identification?
3. How can you tell the difference between a leaf and a leaflet?
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
2. What are three leaf characteristics that can be used for plant identification?
3. How can you tell the difference between a leaf and a leaflet?
MAIN IDEA:
Most leaves are specialized systems for photosynthesis.
5. How are the two types of mesophyll found in a leaf specialized for photosynthesis?
6. What are three adaptations of plants that help reduce water loss in a desert or cold
environment?
7. Use the following terms and stack them like you were building a sandwich in the order
they are found within a leaf: mesophyll, dermal tissue, dermal tissue, cuticle, cuticle.
Vocabulary Check
8. Like the part of a knife with the same name, this is the widest part of a leaf.
9. “Guards” the exchange of gases through stomata
10. This term means “stalk” or “leafstalk.”
11. This term means “middle leaf,” which is where it is found.
40
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 21
Plant Structure and Function
4. What is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf?
SECTION
22.1
PLANT LIFE CYCLES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
All plants alternate between two phases
in their life cycles.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
alternation of generations
sporophyte
gametophyte
Plant life cycles alternate between producing spores and gametes.
1. What is the alternation of generations?
2. What are the characteristics of a sporophyte and a gametophyte?
3. At what point is meiosis involved in the plant life cycle?
sporophyte
meiosis
spores
gametophyte
gametes
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
fertilization
zygote
4. Use Figure 22.1 to draw a diagram illustrating the alternation of generations in plants.
Be sure to use all of the words in the word box above as labels in your diagram.
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
53
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Life cycle phases look different among various plant groups.
Fill in the table below with notes about alternation of generations in different plant groups.
5.
nonvascular
plants
6.
seedless
vascular
plants
7.
seed plants
Example
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Vocabulary Check
8. What two phases alternate, or pass back and forth, in the alternation of generations?
9. How is the word part sporo related to the meaning of sporophyte?
10. How is the word part gameto related to the meaning of gametophyte?
54
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
Plant Group
SECTION
22.2
REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Reproduction of
flowering plants takes
place within flowers.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
sepal
carpel
ovary
petal
stamen
endosperm
double
fertilization
Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves.
1. Use Figure 22.5 to draw a diagram of a flower. Be sure to use all of the words in the
sepal
stamen: filament, anther
petal
carpel: stigma, style, ovary
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
word box below as labels in your diagram. Write the functions of the sepal, petal,
stamen, and carpel next to their labels.
MAIN IDEA:
Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals.
2. What needs to happen for a flowering plant to be pollinated?
3. Why is animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination?
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
57
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Fertilization takes place within the flower.
Take notes about the processes involved in the reproduction of flowering plants.
4.
production of
male gametes
5.
production
of female
gametes
6.
double
fertilization
7.
development
of fruit and
seeds
How It Works
Products/Results
Vocabulary Check
8. Ovum is the Latin word meaning “egg.” How is this meaning related to the words ovary
and ovule?
9. What two structures are “fertilized” during double fertilization?
58
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
Process
SECTION
22.3
SEED DISPERSAL AND GERMINATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions are
favorable.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
dormancy
germination
Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds.
1. What is the function of fruit in flowering plants?
2. Why is seed dispersal important?
3. Describe two ways that seeds can be spread by animals.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What fruit forms can allow seeds to be spread by wind and water?
Seeds begin to grow when environmental conditions are favorable.
5. When a seed is
, the embryo has stopped growing.
6. Seed dormancy allows the next generation of plants to grow under
conditions.
7. What types of conditions can end dormancy for many plant species?
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
61
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. Take notes about germination in this cause-and-effect chart.
Cause
→
Effect(s)
embryo takes up water
water activates enzymes
9. Describe the order in which seedling structures emerge during germination.
10. At what stage in development is a young plant considered a seedling?
Vocabulary Check
11. Hibernation is to an animal as
is to a seed.
12. How does the Latin word germen, meaning “seed,” relate to the meaning of germination?
62
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
sugars are moved to embryo
SECTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
22.4
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
regeneration
vegetative reproduction
Plants can produce genetic clones of themselves through
asexual reproduction.
MAIN IDEA:
Plants can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or roots.
1. What is asexual reproduction?
2. How can the ability to reproduce asexually help plants to populate a variety of
environments?
Take notes about plant reproduction in the concept map below.
Plants
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
can reproduce
sexually
4.
which is beneficial
because
by
5.
5.
by
vegetative reproduction
which involves
3.
6.
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
can reproduce
which involves
7.
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Fill in the chart with notes about structures adapted for vegetative reproduction.
Structure
Description
How It Works
Example
8. stolon
9. rhizome
10. tuber
11. bulb
Humans can produce plants with desirable traits using vegetative
12. How can cuttings be used to produce new plants?
13. How can grafting be used to produce plants with several desirable traits?
Vocabulary Check
14. The prefix re- means “again; anew” and the word generate means “to bring into being.”
How do these word parts apply to the meaning of regeneration?
15. One definition of vegetative is “relating to processes such as growth and nutrition
rather than sexual reproduction.” How does this meaning apply to the terms vegetative
structure and vegetative reproduction?
66
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
MAIN IDEA:
structures.
SECTION
22.5
PLANT HORMONES AND RESPONSES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Plant hormones guide plant
growth and development.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
hormone
gibberellin
ethylene
cytokinin
auxin
tropism
phototropism
thigmotropism
gravitropism
photoperiodism
Plant hormones regulate plant functions.
1. What is a hormone?
2. Give two reasons why plant hormones may be released.
Plant Hormone
3.
gibberellins
4.
ethylene
5.
cytokinins
6.
auxins
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Take notes about the four main groups of plant hormones in the chart below.
Processes Involved In
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes.
Match the term from the word box with the correct description.
phototropism
thigmotropism
gravitropism
rapid response
photoperiodism
7. Growth in response to being touched
8. Response to being touched not involving growth
9. Growth in response to gravity
10. Response to changing lengths of day and night
11. Growth in response to light
Vocabulary Check
12. The prefixes photo-, thigmo-, and gravi- refer to light, touch, and gravity, and the Greek
70
13. In the space provided below, illustrate the process of phototropism as it occurs at the
cellular level. Use Figure 22.16 as a reference. Be sure to label areas of high auxin
concentration.
Study Guide
Unit 7 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 22
Plant Growth, Reproduction
word tr•ope means “a turning.” How do these word parts relate to the meanings of
phototropism, thigmotropism, and gravitropism?
SECTION
23.1
ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Study Guide
Animals are diverse but share common characteristics.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
collagen
homeotic
homeobox
Animals are the most physically diverse kingdom of organisms.
1. Give three examples that support the statement that animals are a remarkably diverse
group of organisms.
MAIN IDEA:
All animals share a common set of characteristics.
2. Complete the following main idea web with details about the common characteristics
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
shared by all animals.
Animal characteristics
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
3. How are animal cells different from plant cells?
4. Explain how Hox genes influence animal development.
Vocabulary Check
5. What is collagen?
6. What is the connection between homeotic and homeobox (Hox) genes?
Be Creative
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
7. In the box below, design a poster that celebrates animal diversity.
2
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
23.2
ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Study Guide
More than 95 percent of all animal species are
invertebrates.
VOCABULARY
vertebrate
invertebrate
phylum
bilateral symmetry
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
radial symmetry
protostome
deuterostome
MAIN IDEA: Each animal phylum has a unique body plan.
Use your textbook to fill in the missing words in the following sentences.
1. A vertebrate is an animal with an internal segmented
. Vertebrates
percent of all known animal species.
make up less than
2. Invertebrates are animals without
. Invertebrates make up over
percent of all known animal species.
3. Animals are divided into more than 30 major groups, which are called
. Each group of animals is defined by
and
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
characteristics.
4. Differences in body plans result from differences in the expression of
genes.
5. What is the function of a homeobox gene?
6. What is the connection between Hox genes and the diversity of animal body plans?
7. What factor might account for the development of so many unique body plans during
the Cambrian explosion?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Animals are grouped using a variety of criteria.
For each type of symmetry, write a short description, and sketch a picture of an animal that
exhibits each type of symmetry.
Symmetry
8.
bilateral
9.
radial
Description
Sketch
10. What are three differences in the developmental patterns of protostomes and
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
deuterostomes?
Vocabulary Check
11. What is a phylum?
12. If stoma means “mouth,” what do you think proto- and deutero- mean?
6
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
23.3
SPONGES AND CNIDARIANS
Study Guide
Sponges and cnidarians are the simplest
animals.
VOCABULARY
sessile
medusa
mesoglea
filter feeder
nematocyst
polyp
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
gastrovascular cavity
MAIN IDEA: Sponges have specialized cells but no tissues.
Choose the correct term or terms from the box below to complete the following sentences.
muscle
nerve
sessile
hard
1. Sponges lack
toxic
growing
and
predators
parasites
cells. They are
, meaning
they are unable to move from where they are attached.
2. Sponges attach to
surfaces. They secrete
keep other sponges from
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
and
substances that
into their area and also protect them from
.
3. Explain the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in sponges.
4. How does a sponge filter feed?
5. Describe the anatomy of a sponge.
6. List and describe the three types of cells that make up a sponge.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Cnidarians are the oldest existing animals that have specialized tissues.
Complete the following chart with a description and simple sketch of the two types of
cnidarian body types.
Body Form
7.
polyp
8.
medusa
Description
Sketch
9. How do cnidarians reproduce asexually?
cnidocytes
contracting cells
mesoglea
nerve cells
10. These cells interconnect and form a network over the entire
animal. They send sensory information around the animal and
coordinate muscular contractions.
11. This is a non-cellular jellylike material.
12. These cells cover the surface of a cnidarian and contain muscle
fibers.
13. These cells contain stinging structures used for defense and
capturing prey.
Vocabulary Check
14. What is a nematocyst?
15. What is the function of the gastrovascular cavity?
10
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Choose the correct term from the box to fit each definition of a part of a cnidarian’s anatomy.
SECTION
23.4
FLATWORMS, MOLLUSKS, AND ANNELIDS
Study Guide
Flatworms, mollusks, and annelids
belong to closely related phyla.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
complete digestive tract
radula
hemocoel
segmentation
coelom
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
Flatworms are simple bilateral animals.
1. Flatworms, mollusks, and annelids are members of which phylum?
2. Describe the basic body plan of a flatworm.
3. Why are flatworms flat?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. What are the three classes of flatworms?
5. What is schistosomiasis?
6. Describe the life cycle of a tapeworm.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
13
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Mollusks are diverse animals.
7. What is a complete digestive tract?
8. What is a benefit of having a complete digestive tract?
9. Complete the following chart with a description of each of the three shared anatomical
features of mollusks.
Anatomical Feature
Description
radula
mantle
10. What is a hemocoel?
MAIN IDEA:
Annelids have segmented bodies.
11. What are the three groups of annelids?
Vocabulary Check
12. The word coelom comes from a Greek word that means “cavity.” How does this word
origin relate to the definition of a coelom?
14
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
ctenidia
SECTION
23.5
ROUNDWORMS
Study Guide
Roundworms have bilateral symmetry and shed their outer
skeleton to grow.
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
cuticle
pseudocoelom
MAIN IDEA: Roundworms shed their stiff outer skeleton as they grow.
Use words from the box below to complete the following sentences.
bilateral
chitin
cuticle
diversity
exoskeleton
1. Roundworms, or
nematodes
numbers
, are one of the most numerous kinds of animals,
and in terms of species
both in terms of
2. Members of the Ecdysozoa are
mouth-first) and they have
3. All Ecdysozoans have a tough
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
protostomes
shed
4. The cuticle is made of
.
(meaning their gut cavity forms
symmetry.
called a
.
and must be
whenever the animal grows larger.
5. Describe the anatomy of a roundworm.
MAIN IDEA: Many roundworms are parasites.
Complete the following chart with information about parasitic roundworms.
Parasite
6.
Where Found?
Infections Occur By:
hookworm
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
17
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Parasite
7.
pinworm
8.
Guinea worm
Where Found?
Infections Occur By:
Vocabulary Check
9. The prefix pseudo- comes from a Greek word which means “false.” For example, the
term pseudoscience refers to a theory, method, or practice that is considered to lack a
foundation in scientific principles; it is false science. How does the meaning of pseudo
relate to the definition of a pseudocoelom?
Design a poster that tells people how to avoid parasitic roundworm infections. Your design
can focus on just one type of roundworm or more if you choose.
18
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Be Creative
SECTION
23.6
ECHINODERMS
Study Guide
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
ossicle
water vascular system
Echinoderms are on the same evolutionary branch as
vertebrates.
MAIN IDEA: Echinoderms have radial symmetry.
Use words from the box below to complete the following sentences.
arm
catch connective
flexible
internal
ossicles
ring canal
1. All echinoderms have an
stiff
water
skeleton made up of many tiny
interlocking calcium-based plates called
.
2. The plates are joined together by a unique
tissue with adjustable stiffness.
3. This tissue lets echinoderms change their consistency, going from very
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
to very
in a matter of seconds.
4. A water vascular system is a series of
along each
-filled canals that extend
from the
surrounding the central disk.
5. What is the function of the water vascular system?
6. Describe how a sea star eats a clam.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
21
CHAPTER 23
Invertebrate Diversity
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: There are five classes of Echinoderms.
Complete the following chart with information about each Echinoderm class.
Class
Description
Example
7. Crinoidea
8. Asteroidea
9. Ophiuriodea
10. Echinoidea
11. Holothuroidea
Vocabulary Check
12. The term ossicle comes from a Latin word meaning “bone.” How does this word origin
relate to the definition of an ossicle?
Create an informative brochure for a tide pool. Include information about all the different
kinds of echinoderms a visitor would find there.
22
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Be Creative
SECTION
24.1
ARTHROPOD DIVERSITY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Arthropods are the most diverse
of all animals.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
arthropod
exoskeleton
chitin
appendage
segmentation
Arthropod features are highly adapted.
1. What are the three main features of an arthropod’s body?
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
2. What is chitin?
3. Why are jointed appendages considered an important adaptation during the evolution
of arthropods?
4. Complete the following chart with a description of and example animal for each group
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
of arthropods.
Group
Description
Example
trilobites
crustaceans
chelicerates
insects
myriapods
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Arthropod exoskeletons serve a variety of functions.
5. What three important body functions are made difficult by the presence of an
exoskeleton?
6. Why must an arthropod molt?
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
7. List the three steps of the molting process.
8. How is an arthropod’s circulatory system different from a vertebrate’s circulatory
system?
9. What body parts allow an arthropod to sense its surrounding environment?
MAIN IDEA:
Arthropod diversity evolved over millions of years.
11. What two species do scientists think are the closest relatives to arthropods?
Vocabulary Check
12. The word appendage comes from the Latin word appendere, which means “to hang
upon.” How does this meaning relate to the definition of appendage?
13. What word within segmentation helps you remember it as something made of separate
parts?
36
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
10. How is an arthropod’s eye different from a mammal’s eye?
SECTION
24.2
CRUSTACEANS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Crustaceans are a diverse group
of ancient arthropods.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
crustacean
cephalothorax
abdomen
carapace
mandible
Crustaceans evolved as marine arthropods.
1. What are the four main features of a crustacean’s body?
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
Choose a word from the box below that best fits each of the following descriptions.
abdomen
carapace
cephalothorax
2. This body section is the region of an organism in which the head
and trunk region are combined into one long section.
3. This body section refers to the rear portion of the organism.
4. This shieldlike section of cuticle covers the sides of the body and
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
protects the gills.
MAIN IDEA:
Crustacean appendages can take many forms.
5. List three functions of a crustacean claw.
6. What is the function of a crustacean’s antennae?
7. What are mandibles?
8. What two body parts are used by a crustacean to move?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
There are many different types of crustaceans.
10. Complete the following chart with a description of each crustacean group.
Group
Description
decapod
barnacle
isopod
tongue worm
11. What evidence helped to determine that barnacles and tongue worms are crustaceans?
Vocabulary Check
12. The word mandible comes from the Latin word mandere, which means “to chew.” How
does this meaning relate to the definition of mandibles?
40
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
9. In the space below, draw a simple sketch of a crustacean and label its parts.
SECTION
24.3
ARACHNIDS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Arachnids include spiders and their
relatives.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
chelicerate
arachnid
book lung
spiracle
trachea
Arachnids are the largest group of chelicerates.
1. What is a chelicerate?
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
2. What are three characteristics of arachnids?
Choose a word from the word box below that best fits each of the following descriptions.
book lungs
Malpighian tubules
spiracles
tracheae
3. tiny holes on the abdomen that open and close to allow oxygen
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
to enter
4. structures built of many thin, hollow sheets of tissue
5. tubes that carry oxygen directly to the arachnid’s tissues
6. excretory structures that allow spiders to minimize loss of water
while excreting metabolic wastes
7. In the space below, draw a simple picture of a spider and label its parts.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Arachnids have evolved into a diverse group.
8. Where is silk produced in a spider’s body?
9. List four uses of a spider’s silk.
11. List one positive and one negative aspect of an arachnid’s role as a predator.
Vocabulary Check
12. The word spiracle comes from the Latin word spirare, which means “to breathe.”
Explain how this meaning relates to the definition of a spiracle.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
10. What is the function of a spider’s venom?
Be Creative
13. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the importance of spiders as predators.
44
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
24.4
INSECT ADAPTATIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Insects show an amazing range of adaptations.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
incomplete metamorphosis
complete metamorphosis
pupa
Insects are the dominant terrestrial arthropods.
1. Explain why insects are considered an incredible success story.
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
2. Draw a picture of an insect and label the following parts: head, thorax, abdomen, legs,
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
wings, antennae, and compound eyes.
MAIN IDEA:
Insects undergo metamorphosis.
3. Describe incomplete metamorphosis.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
47
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
4. Complete the following process diagram with details about the complete metamorphosis
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
of a butterfly.
Egg
Larva
Adult
Pupa
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
MAIN IDEA: Insects have adapted to life on land.
For each type of insect, indicate whether it uses a proboscis or mandibles to eat.
5. butterfly
6. ant
7. beetle
8. moth
Vocabulary Check
9. What happens during a metamorphosis?
10. What is the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis?
48
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
24.5
ARTHROPODS AND HUMANS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Arthropods and humans interact in many ways.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
insecticide
vector
Arthropods and humans share many of the same resources.
1. In what way do arthropods compete with humans for resources?
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
2. What is an insecticide?
3. What are three negative aspects of insecticide use?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. List and describe three safer methods scientists have developed to control insects.
MAIN IDEA:
Some arthropods can spread human diseases.
5. What is a vector?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
51
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. Complete the following chart with details about the following diseases transmitted to
humans by arthropods.
Disease
Vector
Description
bubonic plague
yellow fever
CHAPTER 24
A Closer Look at Arthropods
malaria
West Nile virus
Vocabulary Check
7. The suffix -cide comes from the Latin word caedere, which means “to strike, kill.” How
does this meaning relate to the meaning of the word insecticide?
8. Vector comes from the Latin word vectus, which means “to carry.” Explain how this
Be Creative
9. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the world through an insect’s eyes. How might an insect
see the world differently than you do?
52
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
meaning relates to the definition of a vector.
SECTION
25.1
VERTEBRATE ORIGINS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
All vertebrates share common characteristics.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
chordate
notochord
endoskeleton
The phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates and some invertebrates.
1. What three groups make up the phylum Chordata?
Choose the correct term from the box below to fit each description.
notochord
hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
tail
2. extends beyond the anal opening, and contains segments of
3. runs along the animal’s back, forms from a section of
ectoderm
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
muscle tissue used for movement
4. slits through the body wall in the pharynx
5. flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s back
MAIN IDEA:
All vertebrates share common features.
6. What is an endoskeleton?
7. How does the growth of an animal with an endoskeleton differ from the growth of
an animal with an exoskeleton?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Complete the following chart with the missing information for each vertebrate class.
Class
Description
8.
Agnatha
9.
Chondrichthyes
Example
10. Osteichthyes
11. Amphibia
12. Reptilia
13. Aves
MAIN IDEA:
Fossil evidence sheds light on the origins of vertebrates.
15. Where has most of the early vertebrate fossil evidence been found?
16. Which animals are recognized as the first vertebrates?
17. Which two groups of jawless fish still exist today?
Vocabulary Check
18. The prefix endo- means “inside,” while the prefix exo- means “outside.” How does this
help you to distinguish between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton?
66
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
14. Mammalia
SECTION
25.2
FISH DIVERSITY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The dominant aquatic vertebrates are fish.
VOCABULARY
gill
countercurrent flow
lateral line
operculum
MAIN IDEA: Fish are vertebrates with gills and paired fins.
Choose a word or words from the box below to complete the following sentences.
blood
capillaries
circulatory
countercurrent flow
1. Fish use specialized organs called
tissue
to take in oxygen dissolved in water.
filled with
Gills are large sheets of frilly
2. Fish
gills
opposite
.
systems pump blood in a single loop through a heart with two main
chambers.
is the
3.
movement of water against the flow of
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
in the fish’s gills.
4. Explain how countercurrent flow works.
5. Draw a simple sketch of a fish and label the five main types of fins on its body.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Jaws evolved from gill supports.
6. What are gill arches?
7. What is an advantage of having jaws?
MAIN IDEA: Only two groups of jawed fish still exist.
Use the box below to choose the correct word or words to complete the following sentences.
cartilage
chimeras
Elasmobranchs
electroreceptive
Holocephali
internal
lateral line
muscular
rays
sensory
sharks
skates
8. Members of phylum Chondrichthyes have skeletons made of
9. The two groups within phylum Chondrichthyes are the
. The Holocephali include
,
and the
, also called ratfish. The
, and
.
10. While the cartilaginous fish as a group may be ancient, they have many advanced
features. They have
fertilization, and many species give birth to live
young.
11. Fish can sense their prey’s movements at a distance with a sensory system called the
.
12. Many fish also have
by
organs that detect the electrical currents made
contractions in other animals. These sensory organs are called
cells because they receive electrical signals.
Vocabulary Check
13. The term operculum comes from a Latin word which means “to cover.” Explain how
this meaning is related to the definition of an operculum.
70
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Elasmobranchs include
.
SECTION
25.3
A CLOSER LOOK AT BONY FISH
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Bony fish include ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
ray-fin
swim bladder
lobe-fin
Ray-finned fish have a fan of bones in their fins.
1. Describe the shape of a ray-fin and list three reasons why its shape helps a ray-finned
fish move.
2. Describe the diversity of ray-finned fish. How does the number of species of ray-finned
fish compare to the total number of vertebrate species?
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. What is the function of the swim bladder?
Lobe-finned fish have paired rounded fins supported by a single bone.
4. What is the evolutionary significance of lobe-finned fish?
5. Describe the structure of a lobe-fin.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. Complete the following Y-diagram to outline the similarities and differences between
ray-fins and lobe-fins.
Ray-fin
Lobe-fin
Both
7. Name two types of lobe-finned fish that still exist today.
74
8. Use a comparison (for example, consider how a scuba diver travels to lower and higher
depths) to describe how a swim bladder works.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Vocabulary Check
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
AMPHIBIANS
25.4
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
tetrapod
amphibian
Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish.
tadpole
MAIN IDEA: Amphibians were the first animals with four limbs.
Choose a word or words from the box below to complete the following sentences.
amphibians
four
1. A tetrapod is a
land
water
that has
limbs.
are animals that can live both on
2.
vertebrate
and in
.
3. Complete the following concept map with information about amphibian adaptations.
Amphibians
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
have
to support
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
to capture
to hear
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
4. What are the different methods amphibians use to breathe?
MAIN IDEA:
Amphibians return to the water to reproduce.
5. Why can’t amphibians travel too far away from a source of water?
6. List three strategies used by amphibians to keep their eggs moist.
7. Describe the changes a tadpole goes through during metamorphosis into an adult frog.
Modern amphibians can be divided into three groups.
8. Write a short phrase to describe each amphibian group.
Group
Description
salamander
frog
caecilian
Vocabulary Check
9. If the suffix -pod means “foot,” then what does the term tetrapod mean?
10. How is an amphibious vehicle different than a normal vehicle driven on the road?
78
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
MAIN IDEA:
SECTION
25.5
VERTEBRATES ON LAND
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Reptiles, birds, and mammals are adapted for life on land.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
amniote
amniotic egg
keratin
placenta
Amniotes can retain moisture.
1. What is an amniote?
2. List three examples of familiar animals that are amniotes. Are humans amniotes?
Explain why or why not.
3. What is keratin used for?
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. How do an amniote’s kidneys and intestines help it to retain moisture?
Amniotes do not need to return to water to reproduce.
5. How does the amniotic egg allow amniotes to live permanently on land?
6. What is the advantage for rattlesnakes to retain their eggs until they hatch?
7. What is the function of placenta?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
81
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
Choose a term from the box below that best fits each description.
amniote
amniotic egg
keratin
placenta
8. I am a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous
sac that encloses the embryo or fetus during
development.
9. I am a protein that binds to lipids inside a skin cell,
forming a water-repellent layer that keeps water from
escaping.
10. I am an almost completely waterproof container that
keeps the embryo within from drying out.
11. I am a membranous organ that develops in female
mammals during pregnancy.
Be Creative
CHAPTER 25
Vertebrate Diversity
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
12. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the benefits of the amniotic egg.
82
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
26.1
AMNIOTES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
ectotherm
endotherm
Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac.
1. Why is it important that an amniotic egg shell is semi-permeable?
2. Complete the following chart with a description of each type of membrane found within
an amniotic egg. Use Figure 26.1 to help you.
Membrane
Description
allantois
amnion
yolk sac
3. Why was the development of the amniotic egg an important adaptation for amniotes?
MAIN IDEA:
Anatomy and circulation differ among amniotes.
4. What are three characteristics of a sprawling stance?
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
chorion
5. What are three characteristics of an upright stance?
6. What is the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
95
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
7. Use the Venn diagram below to list the differences between the circulatory system of a
reptile and the circulatory system of a mammal.
Reptile Circulatory
System
MAIN IDEA:
Both
Mammal Circulatory
System
Amniotes can be ectothermic or endothermic.
8. What is the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?
9. garter snake
10. peregrine falcon
11. your biology teacher
Vocabulary Check
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
12. What word in the term systemic can help you to remember the difference between the
96
systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit? Explain why.
13. The prefix endo- means inner and the prefix ecto- means outer. Relate these two
meanings to the definition of endotherm and ectotherm.
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
For each type of amniote, indicate whether it is an ectotherm or an endotherm.
SECTION
26.2
REPTILES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
reptile
oviparous
Reptiles were the first amniotes.
MAIN IDEA:
viviparous
Reptiles are a diverse group of amniotes.
1. What are three characteristics of a reptile?
2. What is the difference between oviparous and viviparous reptiles?
3. How do reptiles regulate their body temperature?
anapsid
diapsid
synapsid
4. Reptiles with one hole in each temporal region have this type
of skull.
5. Reptiles that have two holes in each temporal region, one above
the other, have this type of skull.
6. Reptiles that do not have any temporal holes have this type of
skull.
7. When do dinosaurs first appear in the fossil record? When did all walking dinosaurs
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA: Reptiles have been evolving for millions of years.
Choose the word from the box below that best fits each description.
go extinct?
8. What were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
99
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
There are four modern group of reptiles.
9. Complete the following chart with details about the four modern groups of reptiles.
Group
Description
Example
turtles
sphenodonts
snakes and lizards
crocodilians
10.
Word Part
Meaning
-parous
to give birth
ovi-
egg
vivi-
alive
Use the word parts in the table above to explain the difference between oviparous and
viviparous reptiles.
Be Creative
11. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the importance of a reptilian adaptation (for example,
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
consider the function of a reptile’s dry scales or plates, such as the hard shell of a turtle.)
100
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Vocabulary Check
SECTION
26.3
BIRDS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Birds have many adaptations for flight.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
air sac
airfoil
sternum
Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.
1. List the five anatomical characteristics shared by both birds and theropod dinosaurs.
2. What species is recognized as the oldest fossilized bird? How long ago did it live?
3. What is the difference between the “trees-down” hypothesis and the “ground-up”
hypothesis for the origin of flight in birds?
MAIN IDEA:
A bird’s body is specialized for flight.
4. In the box below, draw an airfoil. Next to your picture, write a description of how the
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
curved shape of a bird’s wings helps it to fly.
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
103
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. Complete the table below with details about the specialized adaptations of a bird’s
body that allow it to fly.
Adaptation
How It Helps with Flight
wing shape
chest muscles
air sacs
hollow bones
reproductive organs
MAIN IDEA:
Birds have spread to many ecological niches.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. List three ways in which birds have adapted to different habitats and methods of feeding.
Vocabulary Check
7. What is an air sac?
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
8. How does a bird’s sternum compare to yours? What is another name for it?
104
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
26.4
MAMMALS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Evolutionary adaptations allowed mammals to succeed
dinosaurs as a dominant terrestrial vertebrate.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
mammal
mammary gland
monotreme
marsupial
eutherian
All mammals share several common characteristics.
1. What is a mammal?
2. List the four characteristics shared by all mammals.
3. What important adaptation gives mammals a distinct advantage over reptiles?
4. What is hair made out of and what is its function?
5. What are mammary glands?
Complete the following process diagram with details about how a mammal detects sound.
Sounds in ear canal
vibrate ear drum.
Nerve impulses
interpreted
by brain.
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. What important nutrients does milk provide to a newborn?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
107
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
7. How is a mammal able to chew and breathe at the same time?
MAIN IDEA:
Modern mammals are divided into three main groups.
8. Complete the following chart with details about the three main groups of modern
mammals.
Group
Description
Example
monotremes
marsupials
eutherian mammals
Vocabulary Check
9. The word marsupial comes from the Greek word marsuppos, which means “purse.”
CHAPTER 26
A Closer Look at Amniotes
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Draw a picture of this word origin to help you remember the meaning of marsupial.
108
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
27.1
ADAPTIVE VALUE OF BEHAVIOR
Study Guide
Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly
and adaptively to their environment.
VOCABULARY
stimulus
kinesis
taxis
circadian rhythm
biological clock
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT
MAIN IDEA: Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive.
Choose a term or terms from the word box below to complete the following sentences.
behavior
body
external
internal
1. A
stimulus
surroundings
is a type of information that can make an organism change
.
its
stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own
2.
.
3.
stimuli give an animal information about its
.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Complete the cause-and-effect diagram to explain how a stimulus results in a behavior.
Stimulus
Information
sent to
nervous
system
No
response
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
121
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
4. Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of constant internal conditions. How might an
animal’s behavior help to maintain homeostasis?
5. What is the difference between kinesis and taxis?
MAIN IDEA: Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific
behaviors.
Choose a term or terms from the word box below to complete the following sentences.
external
internal
hormones
physiological
6. Some behaviors can be triggered by a single stimulus, but most behaviors occur in
and
response to a variety of
stimuli.
7. An external stimulus, such as a change in day length, might cause an animal to secrete
.
specific
8. These hormones act as internal signals that cause other
changes.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
These changes, in turn, cause the animal to be more likely to respond to another external
stimulus.
MAIN IDEA:
Some behaviors occur in cycles.
9. What is a circadian rhythm?
10. List and describe two cyclical behaviors.
Vocabulary Check
11. The word circadian comes from a Latin word that means “circle.” Explain the
connection between these two words.
122
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
27.2
INSTINCT AND LEARNING
Study Guide
Both genes and environment
affect an animal’s behavior.
VOCABULARY
instinct
habituation
innate
imprinting
releaser
imitation
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT
MAIN IDEA: Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli.
1. What are two characteristics of instinctive behavior?
2. Why are innate behaviors important for a newborn?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. Consider the “nature versus nurture” debate. What factors influence innate behaviors?
MAIN IDEA: Many behaviors have both innate and learned components.
Choose the correct term from the box below that best fits each description.
habituation
imprinting
imitation
4. rapid and irreversible learning process that only occurs during a
short time in an animal’s life
5. a type of learning in which animals learn by observing the
behavior of other animals
6. a type of learning in which an animal learns to ignore a repeated
stimulus
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
125
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Learning is adaptive.
7. What is associative learning?
8. Complete the following concept map with details about classical and operant
conditioning.
Two types
of conditioning
include
include
associate
associate
associate
behavior
with
with
triggered by
different stimulus
Vocabulary Check
9. What is a releaser?
10. Use your knowledge of the words “habit,” “imitate,” and “imprint” to write definitions
for the vocabulary terms habituation, imitation, and imprinting.
126
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
with
SECTION
27.3
EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
Study Guide
Every beneficial behavior has costs and benefits.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
survivorship
territoriality
optimal foraging
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT
Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs.
1. What are the two most important benefits of behavior?
2. Complete the following table with information about the three types of behavioral costs.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Cost of Behavior
MAIN IDEA:
Description
Animals perform behaviors that outweigh their costs.
3. What is territoriality?
4. What are the costs and benefits of territorial behavior?
5. What are the costs and benefits of foraging?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
129
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. What is the theory of optimal foraging?
Vocabulary Check
7. Use your knowledge of the words “survive” and “territory” to write definitions for the
vocabulary words survivorship and territoriality.
Be Creative
8. In the box below, draw a cartoon that illustrates the costs and benefits of either
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
territoriality or optimal foraging.
130
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
27.4
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Study Guide
Social behaviors enhance the benefits
of living in a group.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
pheromone
altruism
inclusive fitness
kin selection
eusocial
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT
Living in groups also has benefits and costs.
1. Complete the following table with three costs and three benefits of living in a group.
Benefits
Costs
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
MAIN IDEA: Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or
different species.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
2. Describe the four main types of communication signals.
Communication
Signal
Description
visual
sound
touch
chemical
3. What are courtship displays?
4. What do scientists think might be the evolutionary function of a courtship display?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
133
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. Explain what defensive behaviors are and give an example.
MAIN IDEA: Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual
performing them.
Choose the correct term from the box below that best fits each description.
altruism
cooperation
inclusive fitness
kin selection
reciprocity
6. behavior in which individuals help other group members so
they will be helped in return
7. the total number of genes an animal and its relatives
contribute to the next generation
8. behavior that helps both individuals
9. type of natural selection acting on alleles that favor the
10. type of behavior in which an animal risks its life to help
other group members
MAIN IDEA:
Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism.
11. List three characteristics of a eusocial species.
12. What is meant by the term haplodiploid?
Vocabulary Check
13. What is a pheromone?
14. Give an example of an altruistic behavior that might be performed by a human.
134
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
survival of close relatives
SECTION
27.5
ANIMAL COGNITION
Study Guide
Some animals other than humans exhibit behaviors
requiring complex cognitive abilities.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
cognition
insight
cultural behavior
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
KEY CONCEPT
Animal intelligence is difficult to define.
1. What are the characteristics of cognitive behavior?
2. Why is it easier to measure an animal’s cognitive abilities rather than its level of
intelligence?
MAIN IDEA:
Some animals can solve problems.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. What is insight?
4. What does tool use suggest about an animal’s cognitive abilities?
MAIN IDEA:
social groups.
Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in
5. What are two characteristics of animals considered to be most “intelligent”?
6. What is cultural behavior?
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
137
CHAPTER 27
Animal Behavior
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Vocabulary Check
7. What is cognition?
8. What does it mean to solve a problem by using insight? What is the opposite of using
insight?
Be Creative
9. Draw a four-panel cartoon that illustrates how an animal might use a tool to solve a
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
problem.
138
Study Guide
Unit 8 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
CHAPTER 28
Human Systems and Homeostasis
28.1
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The human body has five levels of organization.
VOCABULARY
determination
differentiation
tissue
organ
organ system
MAIN IDEA: Specialized cells develop from a single zygote.
Fill in the main idea and supporting information for cell development.
1. Stem cells:
2. Determination
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. Differentiation
4. What are the characteristics of stem cells?
5. Look at Figure 28.2. Describe some of the shapes and structures that the cells in this
figure acquired during differentiation.
6. Give two examples of how cell structures relate to cell functions.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
1
MAIN IDEA: Specialized cells function together in tissues, organs, organ systems,
and the whole organism.
7. Write a description of each level of organization and draw a sketch to help you
remember it.
Level of Organization
Description
Sketch
Vocabulary Check
8. There is an easy way to remember the difference between determination and
differentiation. Look at the first part of each word. Explain how these word parts can
help you remember the meaning of each term.
2
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 28
Human Systems and Homeostasis
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Homeostasis is the regulation
and maintenance of the internal
environment.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 28
Human Systems and Homeostasis
28.2
MECHANISMS OF HOMEOSTASIS
VOCABULARY
homeostasis
feedback
negative feedback
positive feedback
Conditions within the body must remain within a narrow range.
1. Give two reasons why it is so important that the internal environment of the body
remains stable.
2. Homeostasis is maintained by control systems. Fill in the name and function of the parts
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
of the control system in the cycle diagram below.
Sensors
Control center
Targets
Communication system
3. What might happen if a target organ cannot respond?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
5
CHAPTER 28
Human Systems and Homeostasis
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Negative feedback loops are necessary for homeostasis.
4. Study the following line drawings. Which of the following diagrams represents negative
feedback and which represents positive feedback? Explain your answer.
A.
B.
5. It’s a hot day and you’re sweating. Is this response an example of a positive or negative
feedback loop? Explain your answer.
Explain briefly how your control systems act to bring more oxygen into your body.
Vocabulary Check
7. What is the difference between positive and negative feedback loops?
8. Think of an analogy that would illustrate the process of feedback for someone who does
not know what the word means.
6
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6. When you run, your muscles require more oxygen as their level of activity increases.
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Systems interact to maintain homeostasis.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 28
Human Systems and Homeostasis
28.3
INTERACTIONS AMONG SYSTEMS
VOCABULARY
thermoregulation
Each organ affects other organ systems.
1. The organs in the body work together like members of a pit crew servicing a race car.
What other analogies can you think of to illustrate organ systems working together?
2. Fill in the table below to explain what each organ does to help produce vitamin D in
your body.
Organ
Function
Skin
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Liver
Kidneys
3. What role does the hypothalamus play to help regulate body temperature?
MAIN IDEA:
A disruption of homeostasis can be harmful.
4. List three reasons why homeostasis in the body might be disrupted.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
9
CHAPTER 28
Human Systems and Homeostasis
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
5. Why is a long-term disruption of homeostasis usually more serious than a short-term
disruption?
Fill in the concept map to help you remember what you know about long-term and short-term
disruption of homeostasis.
Disruption of homeostasis
can be
9.
6.
usually leads to
can lead to
example
example
11.
8.
Vocabulary Check
11. Think of a diagram that might illustrate the term thermoregulation for someone
unfamiliar with the word. Use the space below to sketch your diagram.
10
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
10. damage to many organs over time
7.
SECTION
29.1
HOW ORGAN SYSTEMS COMMUNICATE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The nervous system and the endocrine
system provide the means by which
organ systems communicate.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
endocrine system
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
stimulus
The body’s communication systems help maintain homeostasis.
1. What is homeostasis?
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
2. How do communication systems allow the body to maintain homeostasis?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
You work for a new kind of textbook company, one whose textbooks are actually comic
books! Using the boxes provided, create a comic strip that shows an example of how a
stimulus causes the human body to respond. (If you can’t come up with an example, use the
one in the text that describes how your eyes respond to bright sunlight.)
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
23
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates
of communication.
Fill out the Y diagram below. In the top left, write the characteristics of the nervous system.
In the top right, write the characteristics of the endocrine system. At the bottom, write the
characteristics the two systems have in common. Then, lightly cross out those characteristics
at the top.
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Vocabulary Check
Use the vocabulary terms from this section to complete the following sentences.
3. When you stand on a street corner, you jump when you hear a nearby truck honk its
horn. In this example, the honking horn is the
4. The
.
sends chemical signals through the bloodstream.
5. When your brain wants to make your legs move so that you can run, the
carries the message from your spinal cord to your leg
muscles.
6. Your
is the communication system that sends its signals
through a highly connected network of specialized cells and tissues.
24
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Both
SECTION
29.2
NEURONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The nervous system is composed of highly
specialized cells.
VOCABULARY
neuron
dendrite
axon
resting potential
sodium-potassium pump
action potential
synapse
terminal
neurotransmitter
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
MAIN IDEA: Neurons are highly specialized cells.
Use the concept map to organize your notes on neurons.
Neurons
types
1.
2.
function
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4.
3.
function
5.
function
6.
7. What is the difference between the function of an axon and a dendrite?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
27
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Neurons receive and transmit signals.
8. What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?
9. Draw a picture to match each of the captions in the table. In the third column, write
additional details about what is happening in each of your drawings.
Drawing
Description
The neuron is stimulated
and Na+ ions flow into the
axon.
The action potential
travels down the axon as
more Na+ ions enter and
K+ ions leave.
Neurotransmitters enter
the synapse and bind to
receptors on another
neuron, stimulating
Na+ ions to enter that
cell.
10. What happens after neurotransmitters bind to the other neuron’s receptors?
Vocabulary Check
11. the molecule that transmits a signal from one neuron to another
12. a gap between neurons
13. end of an axon
14. moving electrical impulse
28
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Caption
SECTION
29.3
THE SENSES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The senses detect the internal and external environments.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
rod cell
cone cell
hair cell
The senses help to maintain homeostasis.
1. What do you rely on your senses to do?
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
2. Give an example of how your sensory organs work with your brain to help you to
maintain homeostasis.
MAIN IDEA: The senses detect physical and chemical stimuli.
Use the chart below to organize your notes on the senses. For each of the senses shown in the
first column, write the types of receptors that contribute to this sense. In the third column,
write what kind of stimuli that the receptor detects. Include any additional notes or important
details about that sense in the last column.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Sense
3.
Vision
4.
Hearing
5.
Smell
6.
Taste
7.
Touch
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Receptor
Stimuli It Detects
Additional Notes
Study Guide
31
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. What part of the eye contains the receptors?
9. Explain how sound waves interact with the structures of the middle ear and, eventually,
generate impulses that cause hearing.
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
10. Before chemicals can be detected by the tongue or nose, what must happen to them?
11. What types of receptors will be activated when you get a paper cut on your finger?
Vocabulary Check
12. Fill in the chart below.
Rod Cell
Cone Cell
Hair Cell
Where is it
found?
Activity
Pick one of the five senses, and design a bumper sticker that has a catchy slogan that explains
a little bit about the function of the sense you picked.
32
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
What does
it do?
SECTION
29.4
CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
cerebrum
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
The central nervous
system interprets
information, and the
peripheral nervous
system gathers and
transmits information.
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous
system
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
MAIN IDEA:
brain stem
reflex arc
somatic nervous
system
The nervous system’s two parts work together.
1. What organs make up the central nervous system?
2. What types of neurons make up the peripheral nervous system?
On the first page of this section, you read about how the nerves, brain, and spinal cord work
together to produce a response. Use the cause-and-effect diagram below to trace how the
nervous system produces a response to a stimulus.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
PNS detects
.
A sensory neuron passes signal to
.
passes signal to the
The
interprets the signal and passes it to the PNS.
A motor neuron
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
.
.
Study Guide
35
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
The CNS processes information.
3. What is the role of the cerebrum?
4. What are the three main structures of the brain?
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
MAIN IDEA:
The PNS links the CNS to the muscles and other organs.
5. Use the chart to take notes on the peripheral nervous system.
Division of the PNS
Voluntary or Involuntary?
Examples of Tissues It
Stimulates
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous
system
Explain how the clue can help you to remember the word’s definition.
6. word: reflex arc; clue: An arc is movement that is in the shape of an arch.
7. word: autonomic nervous system; clue: Autonomic looks similar to the word automatic.
8. word: cerebral cortex; clue: A cortex is an outermost layer.
9. word: sympathetic nervous system; clue: Consider how something that is sympathetic
might affect homeostasis.
36
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Vocabulary Check
SECTION
29.5
BRAIN FUNCTION AND CHEMISTRY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
addiction
desensitization
Scientists study the functions and
chemistry of the brain.
tolerance
sensitization
stimulant
depressant
MAIN IDEA: New techniques improve our understanding of the brain.
Organize your notes on technologies used to study the brain in this three-column chart.
1.
Computerized
tomography (CT)
What scans the brain?
What is shown in the image?
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Imaging Technology
x-rays
2.
activity in the brain
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3.
MAIN IDEA: Changes in brain chemistry can cause illness.
Write the word(s) that completes each sentence.
4. Chemicals called
allow neurons in the brain to
communicate with one another.
5. The
of neurotransmitter in an area of the brain affects
how stimulated that area will be.
6. The PET scans in Figure 29.15 show what areas of the brain are
.
7. Depression and Alzheimer’s disease are examples of mental illness linked to
in the brain.
8. Drugs that treat mental illness affect the
that neurons
generate.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
39
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Drugs alter brain chemistry.
9. What are some of the effects drugs can have on a person’s behavior?
10. What are the two ways that drugs affect the brain’s chemistry?
12. How does the brain’s ability to adapt when it experiences long periods of too much or
too little neurotransmitter help it maintain homeostasis?
13. How does a stimulant affect brain function?
14. How does a depressant affect brain function?
Vocabulary Check
For each of the word pairs, write a sentence or two that explains how the two terms are
different from one another.
15. Addiction, Tolerance
16. Desensitization, Sensitization
17. Stimulant, Depressant
40
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
11. What in the brain do drugs have an effect on?
SECTION
29.6
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The endocrine system produces
hormones that affect growth,
development, and homeostasis.
VOCABULARY
hormone
hypothalamus
gland
pituitary gland
releasing hormone
MAIN IDEA: Hormones influence a cell’s activities by entering the cell or binding to
its membrane.
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
1. How do hormones get from the gland that produced them to the cells they will affect?
2. What determines whether or not a hormone will affect a cell?
3. How are steroid hormones different from nonsteroid hormones?
MAIN IDEA: Endocrine glands secrete hormones that act throughout the body.
Use the text and Figure 29.20 to fill in the chart.
Gland
Location
Secretes Hormones that Control
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
4. hypothalamus
5.
brain
6.
7.
metabolism, growth, and development
chest
8.
blood pressure, breathing rate, fight-or-flight response
9.
digestion and glucose metabolism
10. gonads
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
pelvis
Study Guide
43
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous system and endocrine
system.
Draw the diagram of a hormone feedback loop on p. 900, and answer the following questions.
11. Which of the hormones in your diagram are
CHAPTER 29
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
releasing hormones?
12. What stimulates the hypothalamus to stop
producing TRH?
13. Explain why the thyroid gland will stop
producing thyroxine when the body warms.
MAIN IDEA:
Hormonal imbalances can cause severe illness.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
14. How do hormone imbalances cause illness in many different body systems?
Vocabulary Check
For each term, write a clue that helps you to remember the word’s definition.
15. Hormone
16. Pituitary gland
17. Hypothalamus
44
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
30.1
RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY FUNCTIONS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The respiratory and circulatory
systems bring oxygen and
nutrients to the cells.
VOCABULARY
circulatory system
respiratory system
trachea
lung
alveoli
diaphragm
heart
artery
vein
capillary
MAIN IDEA: The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain
homeostasis.
Fill in the Q and A chart below about the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Answers
1.
What are the main
functions of the
circulatory system?
2.
What are the main
functions of the
respiratory system?
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Questions
The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.
3. What pathway does air follow after it enters the nose and mouth?
4. Explain why so much surface area is needed in the lungs.
5. As shown in Figure 30.2, when you inhale, the muscles of the rib cage contract,
expanding the rib cage. The diaphragm flattens and moves downward, and air flows into
the lungs. What happens when you exhale?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
57
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.
6. Fill in the chart to help you remember the parts of the circulatory system and their
functions.
Part
Function
heart
arteries
veins
7. How do the heart and blood vessels maintain a stable body temperature in hot and
cold weather?
Vocabulary Check
8. The word diaphragm is based on the Latin word diaphragma, which means “midriff.”
How does this term relate to the meaning of diaphragm?
9. The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles have been compared to the trunk, branches, and
twigs of a tree. What other analogy can you think of to describe these structures?
58
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
capillaries
SECTION
30.2
RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The respiratory system exchanges
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
red blood cell
hemoglobin
emphysema
asthma
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
1. What are the three principles of gas exchange?
2. What is the advantage of having so many clusters of alveoli in the lungs?
Fill in diagram A about oxygen diffusion and diagram B about carbon dioxide diffusion. Add
arrows to show the direction in which the gases move.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
B
Alveolus
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Capillary and alveolus walls
Capillary
Capillary and alveolus walls
Capillary
CO2 and water vapor
concentrations are higher
than in alveolus.
Study Guide
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
A
Alveolus
O2 concentrations are higher
than in the capillary.
61
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
3. What is the function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
4. When CO2 levels in the blood increase, how does the nervous system respond?
MAIN IDEA:
Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.
5. In the chart below, summarize how each activity or disease affects the lungs’ ability
to exchange gases.
Activity or Disease
Effect on Lungs
smoking
asthma
cystic fibrosis
Vocabulary Check
6. Asthma comes from the Greek word asthma, which means “to pant.” How does this
meaning relate to the definition of asthma?
7. What is the definition of hemoglobin? Why does it give blood its reddish color?
62
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
emphysema
SECTION
THE HEART AND CIRCULATION
30.3
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The heart is a muscular pump that
moves the blood through two pathways.
VOCABULARY
atrium
ventricle
valve
pacemaker
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
MAIN IDEA: The tissues and structures of the heart make it an efficient pump.
Fill in the pattern notes with the main chambers and valves of the heart. Use Figure 30.7 to
help you.
RIGHT
LEFT
1. right atrium
3.
tricuspid valve
valve
Heart
structures
4.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
valve
valve
5. Explain what makes the heart such an efficient, self-regulating pump.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
2.
6. After the SA node stimulates the atria to contract, what happens next in the heartbeat
cycle?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
65
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Fill in the process diagram below to summarize the blood flow in the heart.
Oxygen-poor blood
flows into right atrium,
then is pumped into
the right ventricle.
MAIN IDEA:
The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.
Vocabulary Check
8. An atrium in a building is the first room or area that people enter before going into
the rest of the building. How does this meaning relate to the location and function of
an atrium in the heart?
9. Systemic means “related to a an entire system,” while pulmonary is based on the Latin
pulmo, which means “lung.” Make up a table or draw a diagram using these clues to
help you remember the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations.
66
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
7. What are the main functions of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation?
SECTION
30.4
BLOOD VESSELS AND TRANSPORT
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The circulatory system transports materials throughout
the body.
VOCABULARY
blood pressure
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
MAIN IDEA: Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body.
Fill in the Y diagram to summarize what you know about the differences and similarities
between arteries and veins.
Arteries
• carry oxygen-rich blood away
from heart
Veins
• carry oxygen-poor blood back
to heart
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Both
• carry blood throughout entire body
1. Describe how capillaries differ from arteries and veins.
2. When a doctor takes your blood pressure, what is he or she measuring?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
69
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
3. What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
4. Why is hypertension, or high blood pressure, a serious health risk?
MAIN IDEA: Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.
Complete the following concept web to show how lifestyle choices can affect circulatory
health.
Poor diet, little exercise,
smoking, high stress
can lead to
9.
7.
10.
8.
untreated
can lead to
can be
treated by
Vocabulary Check
11. Systolic is based on the Greek word sustellein, which means “to contract.” Diastolic is
based on the Greek word diastellein, which means “to expand.” How can the meaning
of these Greek words help you remember the difference between systolic and diastolic
pressure?
70
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
5.
6. lifestyle choices,
medication
SECTION
30.5
BLOOD
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Blood is a complex tissue that transports
materials.
VOCABULARY
platelet
ABO blood group
plasma
Rh factor
white blood cells
MAIN IDEA: Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma.
Complete the following concept web to help you remember the components in blood.
Whole blood
is composed mainly of
2.
1.
3.
4. plasma
which is composed of
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
8.
9.
6. minerals
7.
such as
10. immune
proteins
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
5. 90% water
11. Summarize how plasma proteins and the water in plasma help to maintain homeostasis
in the body.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
73
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Platelets and different types of cells have different functions.
12. Complete the chart below to describe the structures and functions of blood cells and
platelets.
Blood Component
Structure
Functions
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
with his or her own blood?
14. Describe two ways that platelets act to help heal a torn or injured blood vessel.
15. In what way can clots and the inability to form clots be life-threatening?
Vocabulary Check
16. What does the term ABO blood group stand for?
17. To keep from getting plasma and platelet confused, remember that the suffix -let means
“small.” Platelet is a small part of a cell. Draw and label a sketch of a platelet and
plasma to help you remember the difference between these two terms.
74
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
13. Why is it important for a person to receive a blood type and Rh factor that is compatible
SECTION
30.6
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The lymphatic system provides another type of circulation
in the body.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
lymphatic system
lymph
node
lymphocyte
Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to the circulatory system.
1. What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
2. The lymphatic system, unlike the circulatory system, has no pump that moves the fluid.
What keeps lymph moving in the lymph vessels?
Fill in the cycle diagram below that traces the pathway of lymphatic circulation.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Excess fluid leaks out of
the capillaries into the area
between cells.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Blood leaves the heart
and circulates to the rest
of the body.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
77
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
3. Suppose the lymphatic system was unable to function in one area of the body. What
would you expect to happen in that area?
MAIN IDEA:
The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system.
4. Complete the question and answer note taking chart below.
Question
Answer
How do the tonsils
help fight disease?
How does the spleen
help fight disease?
Vocabulary Check
5. The suffix -cyte means “cell.” What then is a lymphocyte?
6. The doctor checks the lymph nodes in your neck and tells you that you have
lymphadenitis. Adeno- means “gland” and -itis means “inflammation.” What does
lymphadenitis mean, and what does it indicate about your health?
78
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 30
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
What role does the
thymus play in the
immune system?
SECTION
31.1
PATHOGENS AND HUMAN ILLNESS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Germs cause many diseases in humans.
VOCABULARY
germ theory
vector
pathogen
MAIN IDEA: Germ theory states that microscopic particles cause certain diseases.
Use the concept map below to take notes on early research about infectious diseases.
Infectious Disease
early scientists
Louis Pasteur
5.
3.
theorized that
found that
hypothesized that
1.
cleaning his
surgical tools would
prevent infection
used to develop
practice called
2.
7.
4.
which states
8.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
9.
10.
11.
Study Guide
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
theory called
6.
91
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: There are different types of pathogens.
Fill in the chart to take notes on the different types of pathogens.
Pathogen
Causes Disease By:
12. bacteria
13. viruses
14. fungi
15. protozoa
16. parasites
MAIN IDEA: Pathogens can enter the body in different ways.
Use the concept map to take notes on how pathogens spread.
18.
17.
examples
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
spread by
Pathogens
spread by
20.
19.
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
examples
92
Vocabulary Check
21. Something that causes disease is called a
22. A vector is something that
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
31.2
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The immune system consists of organs,
cells, and molecules that fight infections.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
immune system
phagocyte
T cell
B cell
antibody
interferon
passive immunity
active immunity
Many body systems protect you from pathogens.
1. What is the immune system?
2. For each, describe how it helps the immune system by protecting the body from
pathogens.
Tissue or Body
System
How It Protects the Body from Infection
skin
circulatory
system
MAIN IDEA:
Cells and proteins fight the body’s infections.
3. How do your basophil cells react when a pathogen enters the body?
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
mucus
membrane
4. What are three ways that antibodies help fight infection?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
95
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Immunity prevents a person from getting sick from a pathogen.
Fill in the blanks in the concept map to take notes on the differences between active and
passive immunity.
Immunity
types
5.
10.
transferred
8.
also called
7.
7.
11.
prevents a
person from
also called
9.
7.
12.
Vocabulary Check
13. Come up with a way to remember the difference between B cells and T cells.
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
14. The word phagocyte comes from two Greek words: phago- means “to eat” and -cyte
96
means cell. How can this help you remember the definition of the word phagocyte?
15. Interferon is similar to the word interference. How can this clue help you remember
what interferon means?
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
6.
occurs when
SECTION
31.3
IMMUNE RESPONSES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The immune system has many responses
to pathogens and foreign cells.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
memory cell
inflammation
antigen
cellular immunity
humoral immunity
tissue rejection
Many body systems work to produce nonspecific responses.
1. What is the difference between a specific immune response and a nonspecific immune
response?
In the table, write the characteristics of each of the nonspecific immune responses. Then,
in the third column, explain how this nonspecific response helps the immune system to
fight off infections.
Nonspecific Response
Characteristics
How It Helps the Immune System
2. inflammation
MAIN IDEA:
Cells of the immune system produce specific responses.
4. How does the immune system know if a foreign particle has infected the body?
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
3. fever
5. What is the role of memory cells in providing acquired immunity?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
99
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Using Figures 31.10 and 31.11, write the differences for each type of immunity on the right
or left side of the Y diagram below. Then, write the similarities on the bottom of the Y.
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
MAIN IDEA:
The immune system rejects foreign tissues.
6. Donors and recipients should have
differing antigens.
7. An organ recipient takes drugs that
the immune system.
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Vocabulary Check
100
8. What do memory cells remember?
9. How does the word rejection help you to remember what tissue rejection means?
10. The prefix anti- means “destroying” and, the suffix -gen means “something that
produces or lives.” How can this help you remember the definition for the word antigen?
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Both
SECTION
31.4
IMMUNITY AND TECHNOLOGY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Living in a clean environment and
building immunity helps to keep a
person healthy.
VOCABULARY
antiseptic
antibiotic resistance
vaccine
MAIN IDEA: Many methods are used to control pathogens.
Use the concept map to take notes on the different technologies that have been developed to
destroy pathogens.
Technology to fight pathogens
types
antiseptics
antibiotics
kills pathogens
found
kills pathogens
found
kills
pathogens
by
1.
examples
overuse
can
cause
6.
2.
4.
7.
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
5.
which is
3.
1.
8.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
103
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity.
9. What is a vaccine?
10. What do vaccines do that allow the body to gain immunity without ever getting sick?
11. Why does a person who has memory cells for a pathogen not get sick, while a person
without memory cells for a pathogen will get sick?
12. What are four different things vaccines can be made of?
Vocabulary Check
13. The word antiseptic comes from the prefix anti-, which means “destroying,” and
14. How can the meaning of the word resistance help you remember what an antibiotic
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
resistant bacterium is?
104
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
the word septic, which means “disease-causing.” How can these words help you to
remember what an antiseptic is?
SECTION
31.5
OVERREACTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
An overactive immune system can make
the body very unhealthy.
VOCABULARY
allergy
allergen
anaphylaxis
MAIN IDEA: Allergies occur when the immune system responds to harmless antigens.
1. What triggers an allergic reaction?
2. What do white blood cells do that causes an allergic reaction?
3. Use the chart to take notes on the types of allergens.
Allergen Category
Symptoms of Allergic Reaction
Examples of Allergen
airborne allergen
chemical allergen
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
food allergen
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
107
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells attack the body’s healthy cells.
4. What are two things that occur when a person has Type 1 diabetes?
5. How do medications help people with autoimmune diseases?
Vocabulary Check
6. The suffix auto- means “self.” How can this help you to remember what an autoimmune
disease is?
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
7. What is the difference between the word allergy and the word allergen?
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
8. What symptoms does a person have if they are experiencing anaphylaxis?
108
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
SECTION
31.6
DISEASES THAT WEAKEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
When the immune system is weakened,
the body cannot fight off diseases.
VOCABULARY
leukemia
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
opportunistic
infection
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
MAIN IDEA: Leukemia is characterized by abnormal white blood cells.
Fill in the boxes of the flow chart to show how leukemia can lead to opportunistic diseases.
Bone marrow produces...
Leukemia
MAIN IDEA:
Immune system cannot...
opportunistic
diseases
HIV targets the immune system.
1. What are three examples of the ways HIV can be passed from person to person?
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
Bone marrow stops...
White blood cells...
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
111
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Use the flow chart to explain how HIV infection leads to AIDS.
Virus infects...
Bone marrow cannot...
T cells...
AIDS
Opportunistic diseases...
Vocabulary Check
2. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The second word contains the root
CHAPTER 31
Immune System and Disease
words immune and deficiency. How can these two words help you to remember the
definition of HIV?
112
3. What does AIDS stand for, and how does the last word, beginning with “s,” help you to
remember that it is a disease and not a virus?
4. How does the word opportunity help you remember the definition of opportunistic
infection?
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
HIV infection
SECTION
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
32.1
NUTRIENTS AND HOMEOSTASIS
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
VOCABULARY
mineral
Cells require many different nutrients.
Calorie
vitamin
MAIN IDEA: Six types of nutrients help to maintain homeostasis.
Fill in the concept map to summarize what you know about the six nutrients.
Six nutrients needed every day
4.
2.
needed for
energy
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
needed for
needed for
3.
1. water
6. vitamins,
water- and
fat-soluble
needed for
needed for
5.
needed for
regulate cell
functions, growth,
development
growth,
repair, enzymes,
hormones
7. Many dietary experts recommend drinking about 8 glasses of water a day. Why do you
need this much fluid to maintain homeostasis?
8. Explain why vegans, who eat no animal products, might have difficulty obtaining all
8 essential amino acids from their diet.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
125
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
9. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
10. Which of the six nutrients supply the body with energy?
MAIN IDEA:
Meeting nutritional needs supports good health.
11. Why is eating a balanced diet particularly important during pre-teen and teen years?
12. Why do most dietary experts recommend that you obtain most of your Calories from
whole grains, vegetables, and fruits?
13. You are checking the number of Calories and Calories from fat on a food label. What
other information do you need to know to get accurate Calorie counts?
Vocabulary Check
15. The words calorie and Calorie both refer to a unit of energy. What is the difference in
meaning between these two words?
16. The Latin term vita means “life.” How does this meaning relate to the function of
vitamins?
126
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
14. How can the information on a food label help you make good eating choices?
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The digestive
system breaks
down food into
simpler molecules.
MAIN IDEA:
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
32.2
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
VOCABULARY
digestion
digestive system
sphincter
esophagus
peristalsis
stomach
chyme
small intestine
bile
Several digestive organs work together to break down food.
1. What is the main function of digestion?
2. Give an example of mechanical and chemical digestion.
3. How do smooth muscles and sphincters keep food moving in one direction throughout
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
the digestive system?
4. What happens after digestion is completed?
MAIN IDEA:
Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach.
5. Fill in the chart below to help you remember facts about key digestive enzymes.
Enzyme
Function
salivary amylase,
amylase
pepsin, peptides
lipase
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
129
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA: Digestion is completed in part of the small intestine.
Fill in the process diagram below to summarize the digestion of food as it moves through the
mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Use Figure 32.11 to help you.
Mouth
• Food is chewed and
shredded.
•
Stomach
• Smooth muscles churn
and mix food.
Small Intestine
• Smooth muscles churn
and mix food.
• Protein digestion finished.
6. What keeps the stomach from digesting itself?
Vocabulary Check
7. The word esophagus is based on the Greek terms ois-, which refers to “carrying
something,” and phagos, which means “food.” How can these Greek terms help you
remember the meaning of esophagus?
8. Think of an analogy that might help you to explain the meaning of peristalsis to
someone who does not know the word.
130
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Food is swallowed.
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Nutrients are absorbed and solid wastes eliminated after
digestion.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
absorption
villi
microvilli
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine.
1. What is absorption, and why is it important to your body?
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
32.3
ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
2. Name the three structures in the small intestine that absorb most of the nutrients from
chyme.
3. How do these three structures increase the surface area of the small intestine?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Why is it important that food move slowly through the small intestine?
5. Fill in the chart summarizing absorption in the three parts of the small intestine.
Part of Small
Intestine
Materials Absorbed
Distribution
duodenum
circulatory
system
fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin B12, fatty acid,
cholesterol, some water
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
133
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
6. What happens when nutrient-rich blood leaves the small intestine and enters the liver?
MAIN IDEA:
intestine.
Water is absorbed and solid wastes are eliminated from the large
7. How does the large intestine help to maintain the body’s fluid balance, or homeostasis?
8. What materials make up the feces?
10. How is solid waste eliminated from the body?
Vocabulary Check
11. The Latin word villus means “shaggy hair,” and micro refers to something that is
unusually small. How can these two terms help you remember the meaning of microvilli?
12. Draw a sketch or think of an analogy to illustrate the meaning of absorption. Think of
times you have watched water or other liquids being absorbed by something.
134
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
9. In what ways can bacteria in the large intestine be helpful or harmful?
SECTION
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The excretory system removes wastes
and helps maintain homeostasis.
MAIN IDEA:
homeostasis.
VOCABULARY
excretory system
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
nephron
glomerulus
dialysis
The excretory system eliminates nonsolid wastes and helps maintain
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
32.4
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
1. What are the main organs of the excretory system?
2. Name three ways that the excretory system eliminates nonsolid wastes.
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
3. What are the waste products removed by the lungs?
MAIN IDEA:
The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by filtering the blood.
4. What are the main parts of the kidney?
5. The kidneys release key hormones to help maintain homeostasis. In what other ways do
the kidneys help to maintain homeostasis?
MAIN IDEA:
Nephrons clean the blood and produce urine.
6. What are the main functions of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
137
CHAPTER 32
Digestive and Excretory Systems
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
Fill in the process diagram to summarize the three steps in which blood is filtered and urine
is formed in the nephron.
Filtration
• Blood enters glomerulus
• Small molecules diffuse
into Bowman’s capsule,
forming filtrate
MAIN IDEA:
Reabsorption
Excretion
Injury and disease can damage the kidneys.
7. How can diabetes and high blood pressure affect the kidneys?
Vocabulary Check
9. Which vocabulary words are based on the verbs excrete and urinate?
10. Dialysis is based on the Greek word dialuein, which means “to break apart.” What
“breaking apart” does a dialysis machine do?
138
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
8. How is the process of dialysis similar to the function of the kidneys?
SECTION
33.1
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The skeletal system includes bones
and tissues that are important for
supporting, protecting, and moving
your body.
VOCABULARY
skeletal system
appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
vertebrae
cartilage
joint
ligament
calcification
MAIN IDEA: Your skeletal system is made up of the appendicular and axial skeletons.
CHAPTER 33
Protection, Support, and Movement
1. What does the skeletal system do?
Fill in the concept map to take notes on the parts of the skeletal system.
8. What is the function of the vertebrae?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
9. How is cartilage different from bone?
MAIN IDEA:
Bones connect to form joints.
10. What is a joint?
11. What two places in the body are cartilaginous joints found?
12. How do ligaments work to allow synovial joints to move?
13. What are the five types of synovial joints?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
151
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Bones are living tissue.
14. What are the two types of bone?
15. How do Haversian canals and red bone marrow link the skeletal system to the circulatory
16. How do bones help to maintain chemical homeostasis in the body?
Vocabulary Check
17. The word appendicular contains the word appendages. How can this help you to
remember the definition of the appendicular skeleton?
18. The word axial contains the word axis. Knowing this, define what the axial skeleton is.
19. The prefix calci-, which means “calcium,” is found in the vocabulary word calcification.
How can this clue help you to remember the definition of calcification?
20. What are two things that cartilage, joints, and ligaments all have in common?
152
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 33
Protection, Support, and Movement
system?
SECTION
33.2
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Muscles are
tissues that can
contract, enabling
movement.
VOCABULARY
muscular system
muscle fiber
skeletal muscle
tendon
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
myofibril
sarcomere
actin
myosin
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Type of
Muscle
1.
Skeletal
2.
Smooth
3.
Cardiac
MAIN IDEA:
to move.
Attaches to/Found in
Moves
Voluntary or Involuntary?
CHAPTER 33
Protection, Support, and Movement
MAIN IDEA: Humans have three types of muscle.
Use the chart, and Figure 33.7 in your book, to organize your notes on the three different
types of muscle.
Muscles contract when the nervous system causes muscle filaments
4. What shortens when a muscle is contracted?
5. Which filament is anchored to the middle of the sarcomere?
6. Which filament is anchored to the Z line?
7. Where is the Z line located?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
155
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
8. What stimulates a muscle contraction?
In the space below, draw two diagrams: one of a relaxed sarcomere, and the second of a
contracted sarcomere. Label actin, myosin, Z line, M line, and sarcomere in your drawings.
Relaxed
Contracted
10. What happens to actin and myosin when muscles relax?
Vocabulary Check
11. On each of the lines below, write one of the three types of muscles and say where that
type is found.
12. Write two sentences or clues, one for each word, that will help you remember the
difference between actin and myosin. (Example: Actin is actively pulled.)
156
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 33
Protection, Support, and Movement
9. How is calcium ion (Ca2+) important for muscle contraction?
SECTION
33.3
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
The integumentary system has many
tissues that protect the body.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
integumentary system
keratin
epidermis
dermis
hair follicle
The integumentary system helps maintain homeostasis.
1. What is the integumentary system?
CHAPTER 33
Protection, Support, and Movement
2. What are the two main functions of the integumentary system?
3. How does the integumentary system prevent infection?
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
MAIN IDEA: The integumentary system consists of many different tissues.
In the space below, draw and label all of the important structures within the skin.
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
159
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
4.
epidermis
5.
dermis
6.
subcutaneous
fat
Structures It Contains
Function
7. What are the functions of keratin and melanin?
8. What in the dermis gives the skin structure and flexibility?
Vocabulary Check
9. The prefix epi- means above. How does this help you to remember the difference
between the dermis and the epidermis?
10. Write a clue to help you remember what keratin is. It could be a rhyme, an analogy,
or something entirely different.
11. Hair and hair follicles are different structures. The word follicle means “cavity of cells.”
How can knowing this help you to remember what a hair follicle is?
160
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 33
Protection, Support, and Movement
Layer of Skin
SECTION
34.1
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Female and male
reproductive
organs fully develop
during puberty.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
reproductive system
puberty
ovum
ovary
uterus
estrogen
fallopian tube
testis
testosterone
scrotum
epididymis
vas deferens
semen
The female reproductive system produces ova.
1. What is the reproductive system?
2. What hormones begin the process of puberty?
3. What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Name the three roles of the hormone estrogen in the female reproductive system.
5. Describe the function of each part of the female reproductive system listed below.
Part of Reproductive
System
Function
ovaries
fallopian tube
uterus
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
173
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
The male reproductive system produces sperm.
6. What are the main functions of the male reproductive system?
7. Name the two roles of the hormone testosterone in the male reproductive system.
8. Describe the function of each part of the male reproductive system listed below.
Part of Reproductive
System
Function
testes
vas deferens
Vocabulary Check
epididymis
vas deferens
fallopian tube
9. Each of the terms listed above refer to tubes found in the human reproductive system.
Come up with a clue that will help you to remember each word’s definition and how the
definition is different from the other two.
174
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
epididymus
SECTION
34.2
REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Human
reproductive
processes depend
on cycles of
hormones.
VOCABULARY
follicle
ovulation
menstrual cycle
endometrium
corpus luteum
menopause
zygote
infertility
sexually transmitted disease
MAIN IDEAS: Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. Sperm
production in the testes is controlled by hormones.
Answer the questions in the chart regarding both female and male reproductive cycles.
Female
1.
What type of cell division produces
mature eggs and sperm?
2.
At what stage of life does egg or
sperm production begin?
3.
What hormones stimulate the
cycle of egg or sperm production?
Male
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
Question
4. What is the menstrual cycle?
5. How does the endometrium change during the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
MAIN IDEA:
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
6. Out of millions of sperm, usually only one can fertilize an egg. Explain why.
7. What happens genetically to produce a zygote?
8. What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
177
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
9. List three reasons a person might become infertile.
MAIN IDEA:
Sexually transmitted diseases affect fertility and overall health.
10. What characteristic must a disease have for it to be a sexually transmitted disease?
11. Use the table below to describe the different types of STDs, their effects on health,
and their treatment.
Type of STD
Examples
Effects
Treatment
bacterial
infections
Vocabulary Check
12. The prefix meno- means “relating to menstruation,” and pause means “to stop.” How
does this help you to remember the definition for the word menopause?
13. How does knowing the definition of the word transmitted help you to remember what a
sexually transmitted disease is?
14. The prefix in- means “not.” How can this be a clue to the meaning of the word infertility?
178
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
viral
infections
SECTION
34.3
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Development progresses in stages from
zygote to fetus.
MAIN IDEA:
placenta.
VOCABULARY
blastocyst
embryo
amniotic sac
placenta
umbilical cord
trimester
fetus
The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the
1. What is the difference between a blastocyst and an embryo?
2. Fill in the following chart to summarize what you know about the structures that nourish
and protect the growing embryo.
Structure
Description and Functions
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
amniotic sac
chorion
placenta
umbilical cord
3. Why must the blood flows of the mother and the embryo be kept separate?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
181
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks.
4. In the first trimester of human life, what are some of the major organs that are forming
and beginning to function?
5. Would a mother be more likely to feel the fetus moving in the first trimester or in the
second trimester? Explain your answer.
6. Why would a fetus who is born at the beginning of the third trimester have a difficult
time surviving?
MAIN IDEA:
The mother affects the fetus and the pregnancy affects the mother.
8. Besides proper diet, what else can the mother do to help ensure a heathy pregnancy
for herself and her baby?
9. How can fluctuating hormone levels affect the mother’s health during and just after
a pregnancy?
Vocabulary Check
10. In the space below, draw a sketch that illustrates the terms amniotic sac, placenta, and
umbilical cord. You can use Figure 34.10 as a reference or think up your own example,
such as an astronaut’s suit.
182
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
7. Why is the quality of the mother’s diet so important to the developing fetus?
SECTION
BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT
34.4
Study Guide
KEY CONCEPT
Physical development continues through adolescence and
declines with age.
MAIN IDEA:
VOCABULARY
infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood
Birth occurs in three stages.
Fill in the cause-and-effect chart about the birth process, showing that one cause can have
multiple effects.
EFFECTS
2. Dilation of the cervix
• Amniotic sac usually breaks.
CAUSE
1. Labor
3. Emergence of the baby
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
• Oxytocin induces
contractions in
the uterus.
4. Expulsion of the placenta
5. If the cervix does not dilate enough, how is the baby removed from the mother?
6. What happens to the umbilical cord after the baby is born?
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Study Guide
185
STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED
MAIN IDEA:
Human growth and aging also occur in stages.
7. What is the effect of the human growth hormone (hGH) on the body?
8. What are the main stages of development in human life after birth?
9. Why might an infant’s heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature vary more than
they do in older children?
10. During which two stages of development does the greatest growth rate occur?
11. What might be one reason that most children learn to walk around the end of infancy
12. List some of the major changes that occur in adolescence.
13. What are some of the activities that can help to slow down or counteract the effects
of aging?
Vocabulary Check
14. The suffix -hood refers to “a group sharing a specific state or quality.” How does this
meaning relate to the terms childhood and adulthood?
15. The word adolescence is based on the Latin verb adolescere, which means “to grow up.”
How does this help you understand the definition of adolescence?
186
Study Guide
Unit 9 Resource Book
McDougal Littell Biology
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.
CHAPTER 34
Reproduction and Development
or the beginning of childhood?