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I. Contents of quality management strategy prince2
==================
The quality management strategy document is contained within the project initiation
documentation, and it describes the level of quality that the project needs, what control
mechanisms you use, and who is responsible for making sure that you actually deliver the correct
level of quality.
The quality management strategy document is a ‘how to’ document and lays down the correct
approach and tailoring to be used on this particular project. It does not contain the fine detail of
exact quality checks to be used on each product.
The quality management strategy is created during the first stage of the project called the
initiation stage. Aspects covered here is just the tactical quality planning. The ‘what who and
when’ are covered in detail when you plan each stage.
Although the quality management strategy should be driven by the customer quality
expectations, it is likely to be modified and constrained by both the chosen project approach and
by your organisational quality standards.
The PRINCE2 Project Approach may lay down aspects such as standards to be followed and
safety measures as an example, and these of course must be complied with even if they run
counter to the customer’s quality expectations.
Depending on the nature of your organizations products and services including the nature of the
industry that you represent, there may be organizational quality standards which are mandatory
and again, must override your customer’s quality expectations.
Here then, is general guidance for completing the quality management strategy document for a
particular project:
Quality Management Strategy – Introduction.
This will cover the purpose and objectives, the scope, and who is responsible for carrying out
this strategy – normally the project manager.
Here you will set out how the quality management procedure is tailored to your organisational or
programme quality management standards. Do not waste time in repeating them all here, but
merely clarify any variations that are needed for this particular project.
You may find for example that this particular project contains products whose quality checking
method or metrics demand a variation in the normal process of assessing that product for quality.
It is helpful to specify when detailed quality planning for specific products will be carried out.
This is normally included within the stage plan and hence such quality planning for the next
stage is done at the end of the current stage when preparing for an end stage assessment (or if
requested, an Exception Assessment).
Be aware, that certain products and the quality criteria required for them will not be specified
until the relevant product description is created or completed, and is therefore included within
the relevant work package.
When it comes to quality control, this must lay down the approach you will use to testing and
may include industry standard tests. It should lay out how quality activities will be recorded for
example in the use of error sheets, and what data will be recorded so that a check can be made
across the whole project for how quality is being achieved.
The project board are responsible for project assurance, and this may include how quality
assurance is running within the project and will be checked from outside the project so that it is
independent. In some cases the individuals filling the roles within the project board may carry
out their own project and hence quality, assurance.
Quality Management Strategy – Tools and Techniques
This lays down how quality is to be achieved within the project and any particular interfaces with
the organisation or programme level procedures. This may include specialized equipment as
well as particular techniques that need to be employed.
Again, you may find that this particular project will follow specific industry standard
techniques. In which case, just point the reader to where those standard techniques are
documented. You will normally find that if this projects products vary from your usual quality
management standards, then you will also need to clarify differing tools and techniques to those
normally used.
This lays down what records will be used to implement overall quality management in addition
to those only needed for quality control which has already been mentioned above. The
information here should clarify exactly where of such records are to be stored, how all, and by
whom.
PRINCE2 suggests that you describe the composition and formats for the quality register,
although frankly, inspecting the register is all you really need to do!
Quality Management Strategy – Timing of quality management activities.
If there are specific methods, processes, or activities then you may need to state when such
quality audits will be carried out. However, most quality activities are event-driven, and
typically would need to occur once a product has been completed and is ready for its quality
check.
You may need to specify the minimum number of audits required, and when such audits should
occur. Alternatively you may wish to specify a maximum time period between each audit.
The most obvious points where an audit would be useful is when preparing for an end stage
assessment or an exception assessment. As part of closing down the project then an audit should
be carried out to check for example that all of the products have the status of ‘approved’.
Quality Management Strategy – Roles and responsibilities.
This lays down who is responsible for quality management activities, and may include people
from within the project, outside of the project but within the organization, or even individuals
outside of the organization such as consultants or safety inspectors as an example.
Be careful not to dive into too much detail here, as each individual product description will lay
down exactly who is responsible for the various quality activities in creating each product. This
section of the quality management strategy should focus at a high-level and point out specific
resource needs that might be helpful as part of project planning.
The naming of particular consultants or safety inspectors for example, is particular important to
be documented here since their cost and availability may need to be included within the project
plan (or if appropriate, the relevant stage or even team plan).
It is worth pointing out that when creating the next stage plan, you should include the approach
and details of how quality will be carried out during that particular stage. You should include
exactly what testing is being carried out, who does it, how all, and when.
==================
III. Quality management tools
1. Check sheet
The check sheet is a form (document) used to collect data
in real time at the location where the data is generated.
The data it captures can be quantitative or qualitative.
When the information is quantitative, the check sheet is
sometimes called a tally sheet.
The defining characteristic of a check sheet is that data
are recorded by making marks ("checks") on it. A typical
check sheet is divided into regions, and marks made in
different regions have different significance. Data are
read by observing the location and number of marks on
the sheet.
Check sheets typically employ a heading that answers the
Five Ws:





2. Control
Who filled out the check sheet
What was collected (what each check represents,
an identifying batch or lot number)
Where the collection took place (facility, room,
apparatus)
When the collection took place (hour, shift, day
of the week)
Why the data were collected
chart
Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts
(after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior
charts, in statistical process control are tools used
to determine if a manufacturing or business
process is in a state of statistical control.
If analysis of the control chart indicates that the
process is currently under control (i.e., is stable,
with variation only coming from sources common
to the process), then no corrections or changes to
process control parameters are needed or desired.
In addition, data from the process can be used to
predict the future performance of the process. If
the chart indicates that the monitored process is
not in control, analysis of the chart can help
determine the sources of variation, as this will
result in degraded process performance.[1] A
process that is stable but operating outside of
desired (specification) limits (e.g., scrap rates
may be in statistical control but above desired
limits) needs to be improved through a deliberate
effort to understand the causes of current
performance and fundamentally improve the
process.
The control chart is one of the seven basic tools of
quality control.[3] Typically control charts are
used for time-series data, though they can be used
for data that have logical comparability (i.e. you
want to compare samples that were taken all at
the same time, or the performance of different
individuals), however the type of chart used to do
this requires consideration.
3. Pareto chart
A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type
of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where
individual values are represented in descending order
by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the
line.
The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence,
but it can alternatively represent cost or another
important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is
the cumulative percentage of the total number of
occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of
measure. Because the reasons are in decreasing order,
the cumulative function is a concave function. To take
the example above, in order to lower the amount of
late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first
three issues.
The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the
most important among a (typically large) set of
factors. In quality control, it often represents the most
common sources of defects, the highest occurring type
of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer
complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006) devised an
algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance
limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in
the Pareto chart.
4. Scatter
plot Method
A scatter plot, scatterplot, or scattergraph is a type of
mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to
display values for two variables for a set of data.
The data is displayed as a collection of points, each
having the value of one variable determining the position
on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable
determining the position on the vertical axis.[2] This kind
of plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, scatter
diagram,[3] or scatter graph.
A scatter plot is used when a variable exists that is under
the control of the experimenter. If a parameter exists that
is systematically incremented and/or decremented by the
other, it is called the control parameter or independent
variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal
axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily
plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable
exists, either type of variable can be plotted on either axis
and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of
correlation (not causation) between two variables.
A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations
between variables with a certain confidence interval. For
example, weight and height, weight would be on x axis
and height would be on the y axis. Correlations may be
positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated).
If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right,
it suggests a positive correlation between the variables
being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left
to lower right, it suggests a negative correlation. A line of
best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in
order to study the correlation between the variables. An
equation for the correlation between the variables can be
determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear
correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear
regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution
in a finite time. No universal best-fit procedure is
guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary
relationships. A scatter plot is also very useful when we
wish to see how two comparable data sets agree with each
other. In this case, an identity line, i.e., a y=x line, or an
1:1 line, is often drawn as a reference. The more the two
data sets agree, the more the scatters tend to concentrate in
the vicinity of the identity line; if the two data sets are
numerically identical, the scatters fall on the identity line
exactly.
5.Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams,
herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or
Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru
Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific
event.[1][2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are
product design and quality defect prevention, to identify
potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or
reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes
are usually grouped into major categories to identify these
sources of variation. The categories typically include
 People: Anyone involved with the process
 Methods: How the process is performed and the
specific requirements for doing it, such as policies,
procedures, rules, regulations and laws
 Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc.
required to accomplish the job
 Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc.
used to produce the final product
 Measurements: Data generated from the process
that are used to evaluate its quality
 Environment: The conditions, such as location,
time, temperature, and culture in which the process
operates
6. Histogram
method
A histogram is a graphical representation of the
distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability
distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative
variable) and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.[1] To
construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of
values -- that is, divide the entire range of values into a
series of small intervals -- and then count how many
values fall into each interval. A rectangle is drawn with
height proportional to the count and width equal to the bin
size, so that rectangles abut each other. A histogram may
also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then
shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several
categories, with the sum of the heights equaling 1. The
bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping
intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be
adjacent, and usually equal size.[2] The rectangles of a
histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to
indicate that the original variable is continuous.[3]
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