JOMO KENYATTA UI{IVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
ATTACHMENT REPORT
\_
DEPARTMENT:
HORTICULTURE
!
NAME:
HABIB M. MRUTTU
!
REG.:
AG23l-0684102
PLACE OF ATTACHMENT: BAOBAB TRUSTMOMBASA
ATTACHMBNT DURATION: 8 WEEKS
b
FROM:
3-5-2005TO 24-6-2005
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thankstaff in the Departmentof Horticulturefor makingit possiblefor
me to be attachedfor field experience.Specialthanksto the Chairmanof the
DepartmentDr. KamauNgamauandin particularthe AttachmentcoordinatorMr.
FrancisObwara.
I am alsogreatlyindebtedto BoababTrustandin particularDr. ReneHaller for
allowingme to usetheir facilities. Specialthanksto my immediatessupervisorMs.
SarahAter andotherstaff of BaobabTrustincludingSonal,MzeeKhamis,Benard,
GabrielandMichael. Of coursenot forgettingotherstaffmembersat the farm,
livestocksectionandNguuni Sanctuary.To all of you I sayTHANK YOU.
BAOBAB TRUST
L
BoababTrustis locatedwithin BamburiCementFactorycompoundwhich is in theNorth
Coastabout10kms from Mombasacity on the Mombasa-MalindiRoad. It occupiesland
ownedby BamburiCementFactory.BaobabTrustwasfoundedin l99l asa non profit
makingorganization.It is run by a boardof Trusteeswith Dr. ReneHaller asthe Chief
Trustee.
THE BAOBAB TRUST VISION
A world in which ecologyandeconomydon't contradictbut reinforceeachother.
OBJECTIVESOF BAOBAB TRUST
l.
2.
3.
useof naturalresources.
To train local communitiesin the sustainable
of the complexityof our environment.
To createawareness
development.
To installthe spirit of sustainable
PROJECTSAND ACTIVIES OF BAOBAB TRUST
!
b
:
E
;
s
*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FarmandTraining
Demonstration
NguuniNaturesanctuary
EnvironmentalEducation
Turtle Conservation
IntemationalBeachClean-up
THE MTOPANGA TRAINING FARM
Organicfarmingis practicesin this farm. The farm sizeis about10Acres. Activities on
the farm includeVegetablefarming,Annualcrops,Fruits,LivestockandFish farming.
In additionalternativetechnologiessuchasBiogasproduction,Charcoalmakingand
ManuremakingarePracticed.
farming. Regularfield daysand
Thefarm is opento all who areinterestedin sustainable
trainingsareconductedon the Farmin conjunctionwith staff from the Ministry of
Agriculturewhereknowledgeis sharedwith the public. Smallscalefarmersor other
on relevantsubjectswhere
to attendtrainingsessions
interestedpartiesareencouraged
practicalandtheoreticallessonsaretaughttheselessonsinclude.
-
Principlesof organicfarming
Economicuseof Land& Labour
Soil andwaterconservation
Integrationof crop andlivestockfarming
Alternativetechnologies
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC F'ARMING
In this caseplantsaregrownusingorganicmanuresandpestscontrolledusingorganic
pesticides(neemin solution). Organicmanuresusedon the farm include;
1.
BIOGAS SLURRY
!
Biogas. After the AnaerobicBacteriahave
This is a residueof cowdungusedto generate
produce
Biogas,the resultantresidue(slurry)is usedasmanure
workedon the manureto
manureandprovideNutrientsthat areeasily
to grow crops. This is well decomposed
takenup by plants.
_
2.
>
-
Wastematerialson the farm includingcropresiduesarelumpedtogetherin some
madefrom coconutleavesto actaspits andregularlytumedandsprinkled
compartments
with wateruntil the plant residuesrot. Theresultantmaterialis thenusedasmanure.
the wastematerial. The
Earthworms,millipedesandotherinsectshelp in decomposing
plantorganismstransformorganicacidsundermoistandaeratedconditionsto organic
nutritiousmatter.
3.
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WORM CULTURE
Harewonnsarebredandusedto work on wasteproductsincludingCowdung,Donkey
materialis thenusedasmanure.The
dungandPlantwastes.The decomposed
dungis mixed with plant leavesandwormsareintroducedinto this
CowdunglDonkey
mixture. As the wormsfeedtheyhelp to breakdownthe plant debrisformingmanure.
Themixturemustbe moist andkept cool by sprinklingcold waterso that the worms
don't die dueto too high temperatures.Millipedeswork on the harderandstrongerplant
partsandbreakthemdown. The resultingmanureis usedto grow crops.
4.
b
COMPOSTMANURE
POULTRY MANURE
Woodshavingsusedin the poultryhouseaftersometimebreakdown to form manure.
of wood shavingsandthereforeits
This manurehasa high C:N ratio dueto the presence
is very slow but helpsin drainageand
usehasto be well controlled. Its decomposition
clay soils.
thereforeits betterusedin soilswith poor drainage.especially
5.
FISH DROPPINGS
Thefarm hasa few fish pondswherefish farmingis practiced.Droppingsfrom the fish
is mixedwith waterandusedasmanurein water(fertigation).This wateris usedfor
inigatingcropsin someform of fertigation. So onefeedsthe fish with pelletswhile the
fish droppingsareusedasmanurefor growingcrops.
ECONOMIC USE OF LAND AND LABOUR
Pondson the farm areusedto rearfish which areusedasfood by both Humanbeingsand
crocodiles.Waterin fish pondswith fish droppingsis usedfor fertigation. Insidesome
andthe chickendroppingsarefed on by the
ponds,chickenhouseshavebeenconstructed
fish. Soby feedingthe chicken,the fish gettheir food from the chickendroppingsand
the fish andeatenby Humanbeings.
With waterin the fish pondsthroughoutthe year,thenthereis waterfor irrigation
throughoutthe year. Smallsizedplots aregrownwith desiredcropslike vegetables,
fruits andsomeannualcrops. In this way the land is effectivelyusedandthe labouris
keptbusyall the time. Cowdungfrom the Dairy Animalskept on the farm is usedin the
Biogasplantandaswell asmanure.
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
Thetrustis involvedin rehabilitatingoneof the Hills of Nguu TatunearKiembeniEstate
in Mombasawhich hasbeenadverselyaffectedby soil erosionasa resultof people
cuttingtreeson this hill for charcoalburning. Thehill hasbeenleft bareandwhenit
rainsthe soilsareerodedandtransporteddown streamto the IndianOcean.Awareness
hadto be conductedto sensitisepeopleon the needto grow treesandbuild
campaigns
Garbionsto checkthe speedof water,sothat all the soil is not erodeddownstream.
After a lot of sensitizationpeoplewereconvincedon the needto conservethe
environment.Treeplantingis beingcarriedout right now with communityparticipation.
Sofar 1100treeshavebeenplanted. Farmersarediggingterraceson their farmswhile
to collect
Garbionsarebeingbuilt on the Valleys. SomeDamsarealsobeingconstructed
Animal
use.
for
Human
and
use
the
water
the excesswaterand
TheBaobabTrustpromotesa numberof environmentaleducationinitiativesaspart of its
visionto work with communitiesto protectthe ennvironmentFarmerField School
trainingprogramsandenvironmentalTeacherTrainingcoursesareheld aswell asother
of
initiativestargetedto schoolsandcommunityfilm shows.In additionthe development
planned
which
the
from
sanctuary
is
in
Nguuni
Nature
center
education
environment
an
schoolsandcommunitiesaroundcanbenefit.
TURTLE CONSERVATION
progrurms.The Trustworkswith Local
BaobabTrustis activein Turtle conservation
KenyaWild life service(KWS) andKenyaSeaTurtle conservation
Fisherman,
Committee(KESCOM). The Trustassistsin protectingTurtleNestsandevenhasits
own hatcherywherethe Turtle eggscanbe incubatedafterbeingremovedfrom unsage
of the Turtles,the Trustworks closelywith the
nestsites. Besidesthe activeconservation
of the importanceof conservingthese
local fishingcommunitiesto createawareness
marinereptiles.
NGUUNI NATURE SANCTUARY
Only a few kilometersoutsideMombasain theNorth CoastnearKiembeini Estate,100
ha of landhasbeenleasedto BaobabTrustby Bamburicement.Herein a natural
surroundingof openAcaciawoodland,dottedwith Doumpalmssmallherdsof Oyx and
ElandAntelopesarebreed. Severaldamscreatea wetlandandmorethan200 bird
speciescanbe found.
The sunoundingcommunitiesareinvolvedin the sanctuaryandgetthe opportunityto
learnmoreaboutnatureandconservation.
to communityprojectssuchascollectingfirewood.
In additionthe trust givesassistance
Treeplantingproducingandmarketingenergysavingstoresaswell asdambuilding.
INTERNATIONAL BEACH CLEAN-UP
BaobabTrusthascoordinatedthe IntemationalBeachclean-upin Mombasasince1993.
Duringthis eventpeopleconcernedwith the environment,particularlymarinelife, go to
rubbish. The clean-up
andhelp cleanthemup by collectingthe accumulated
thebeaches
environment.
of the importanceof anunpolluted
alsocreatesawareness
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
I. BIOGAS PRODUCTION
Cowdungfrom the dairy cowson the farm is usedto generatebiogas. Onedebe
of cowdungis mixed with 4 debesof waterandfed into the digesters.The
digesterhasanaerobicbacteriawhich feedon the cowdungandgive out, biogas.
The digesteris madeof a doublepolyheneof gauge500placedonat shallow
trenchmadein the ground. The cowdungmixtureis fed from one sideandthe
excesscomesout from the otherside.
The biogasproducedby the Anaerobicbacteriarisesandgetsinto tubes
to a storagecontaineralsomadeof doublelayeredpolythenetied on
connected
both endswhich actsasthe gascylinder. As you addfreshcowdungmixture,the
old digestedoneis pushedout asbiogasslurrywhich is usedasmanurefor
growingcrops. The biogasslurrysinceit hasalreadybeenworkedon by the
Bacteriais a bettermanurethanfreshcowdung.
is that with time Drums
Drumscanalsobe usedasDigestersbut the disadvantage
rust andbreakdownandhaveto be replacedquiteoften. Two cowscanbe ableto
produceenoughdungto feeda digester5 m long and54 cm wide with onebucket
of Cowdungmixture(1:1)
of manureeveryday. A slightlyhigherconcentration
is usedfor the Drum digestersinceit is possibleto stir the mixtureregularly.
2. NEEM SOLUTION AS A PESTICIDE
Neemsolutioncanbe usedto controlsoft bodiedinsectpests. The active
compoundin Neemsolutionis limonoids. This compounddisruptslarvae,eggs
andpupae.The compoundblock larvaefrom molting,disruptmating,deter
femalesfrom layingeggsandalsodisruptfeeding.
The solutionis madeby filling a buckethalf with crashedleavesandNeembark.
Mix the mixturewith 12 litres of waterandleavethe solutionto standovernight
andfilter the solutionthe following day. Add 100ml methanol(90%) 100m/s oil
anda few dropsof soap. You canalsousecrashedseedsinsteadof leavesandthe
bark.
CHARCOAL BURNING
An oil drum is cut at the bottomto removethebottom. It is thenturnedupside
downwith the 2 normalopeningson the lid facingdown. Piecesof sticksarecut
3-5 incheslong andfilted into the drumafterloadingthe drum,a wiremeshcover
is put on top to preventthe piecesof stick from falling off whenthe drum is
turned. Thesestickscouldbe prunningsfrom biggertreesin the shamba.This
meansyou don't cut the wholetreeto makecharcoalbut ratherusethe prunnings.
Threestonesareseton the groundanda fire lit. The drum with stick piecesis
thenturnedwith the openendwith wiremestplacedon the 3 stonesfacingthe fire
andlet the fire burn for aboutt hour gettinginto the piecesof sticks. The fire is
thenextinguishedby coveringwith mud aroundthe fire place(aroundthe 3
with the sizeof the holesarethenscrewedon top of
stones).Pipescommensurate
place
for 8-9 hourswatchingthe smoke. Whenthe smoke
the drum andleft in
reducesandturnsblue,the pipesareunscrewedandthe holescoveredwith mud.
The drum is left standingfor t2 hoursfor it to cool. It is thenturnedoverandthe
charcoalharvested.
CROPSGROWN ON THE FARM
Cropsgrownon the farm includedSpiderplant,Amaranthus,Brinjals,African
Nightshape,Cowpeas,Okra,Maize,Bulrushmillet, etc. We alsohavefruits like
coconuts,Citrus,Bananase.t.c. Cropsaregrownin plotsmeasuring5 x 5 m as
well asstripsof aboutl0 m x 5 m. The smallerplots (5 x 5 m) aremainly used
for experimentswhile the largerplotsareusedfor production.
Howeverthe vegetableplotsaretoo smallfor anyeconomicprofit andtherefore
thereis needto eitherincreasethe plot sizeor plantmorefrequently,sothat there
for sale. It wasalsonotedwith a lot of
is a continuoussupplyof vegetables
concemthat the vegetableseedsusedhadvery.poorviability, maybe because
theyhavebeenexposedfor too long. Infactfor the local vegetableslike
AmaranthusandAfrican Nightshade,it wasthe volunteerseedlingsgrowingon
the farm that werebeingused. This practiceposesa challengein establishinga
uniformplot of the sameagehenceplantswerefloweringat differenttimesin the
sameplot. Infact someplantsstartedfloweringimmediatelyaftertransplanting
andhencecouldnot produceenoughleavesfor harvesting.
andproperNurserieswith freshseedsbe
This practiceshouldbe discourage
in orderto monitorgrowthandget maximumleaves
for the vegetables
established
for harvesting.Moreovertransplantingvolunteerseedlingscouldresultin
from onegenerationto another.
transferringdiseases
The fruit treesoforangesrequireproperpruningandproperpestanddisease
controlin orderto obtainoptimumyield. Theyseemto havebeenseverely
affectedby scales.Bananasfoolsappeatbushyand coulddo with proper pruning
andleavingoptimumnumberof daughterplants. The bananafruits aredestroyed
by monkeysandhaveto be baggedall the time.
Plantingotherannualcropslike maizeposesa challengedueto monkeydamage.
A way hasto be foundto takecareof the monkeyssothat they don't damagethe
maizegrown. Thereis alsothe threatof Birds damageon Rice andBullrush
millet grownanda properscaringmethodhasto be designedto scarethe birds
away.
b
PRODUCTION OF AMARANTHUS
Thereare2 groupsof Amaranthus
Theybelongto the FamilyAmaranthaceae.
which arewell developed.That is grainAmaranthusandvegetableAmaranthus
GrainAmaranthis usedto makeAmaranthponidgeandthereforethe interestis
on flowers(reproductionstage)whilethe focuson vegetableAmaranthis on
leaves.
Therearea numberof AmaranthspeciesincludingAmaranthusblitum MeditenaneanAmaranthusdubius- SouthAmerican,Amaranthusgraecicans
which is wild with no knowncenterof origin.
It is an annualcrop andgrowsuprightmostof the time, althoughwe havesome
that areprostratee.g.Amaranthusblitum. Theplant is largelyself pollinatedand
irrigationAmaranthcan
thereforegoodfor breedingpu{poses.With adequate
grow at the rateof 3 inchesper day. Amaranthis a broadleafedplantthat
producessignificantamountsof ediblecerealgrain. The seedcontainsprotein
ttigtrin aminoacid lysine,which is goodsincemostcerealslay sufficientamounts
of lysine.
ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS
It is a wann seasoncrop (25-300c)andprefersshortdays(shortdayplant)when
grownasgrainAmaranth.It requiresa daylengthof lessthan 12hoursfor it to
flo*"t. Amaranthcantoleratea low pH (a.5)andis alsodroughttolerant. This is
becauseit formsdeeprootsandhashigh osmoticpotentialin leaveswhich helps
it to survivestressconditions.Amaranthis alsoableto closethe stomatapartially
andhencereducewaterlossthroughthe transpiration.In this way the plantcan
withstandwaterstress.
AGRONOMY
or directseeded.Spacingdependon purpose
Amaranthcanbe transplanted
(eithergrainsor leaves)anda rangesfrom 30 x 10to l0 x 10cm. Spacingwill
alsodependon harvestingmethod(eitherharvestingfew leavesat a time or
uprootingthe wholeplant).
Nutrition - The plant is a heavyfeederandrequireshigh amountsof nutrients.
Organicmanuresaregoodsourcesof nutrientsfor this crop.
Theplantrequiresa lot of Nitrogenin therateof 48 Kg N per hectare.Nitrogen
vegetative
applicationis alsousedto delayfloweringin orderto encourage
growth.
E
The crop alsorequiresa lot of waterandat the coastthe crop is inigatedtwice a
day(in the morningandin the evening).The cropgrowsvery fastwith proper
inigation (cangrow at the rateof 3 inchesper day).Flood inigation is the main
methodof inigation at the coast.
PESTSAND DISEASES
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Aphidsarethe main pests,althoughwe do haveotherpests.Amaranthpests
mainly feedon leaves.Leaf-minershavealsobeenfoundon Amaranthleaves.
Otherinsectpestsincludespidermitesandstemweevil (Lixus truncatulus).
shouldbe guardedagainstAnts andTermiteswhich carryseedsaway.
Seedbeds
L
b
The commondiseaseof Amaranthis dampingoff causedby pythiumand
Rhizoctoniafungusespeciallyat nurserystage.We alsohaveblight diseaseof
leavesandflowerscausedby Alternariaamaranthi.While Rustcausedby Albiyo
bliti in which white pustuleson the undersideof the leavesreducethe market
appealof vegetableamaranth.
canbe controlledby well drainedsoils.Various
Control: Fungaldiseases
fungicidescanalsobe used. Manuringcaneliminatesomeof the fungal
problems.
HARVESTING OF AMARANTH
Harvestingcanbe done20-45daysafterplanting. Harvestinginvolvesplucking
of leavesover a periodof time or uprootingthe wholeplant. Amaranthcan
accumulatea lot of nitratesin the leaves.Howeverboiling the leavesremoves
mostof the Nitrates. Oxalic levelsin Amaranthcanbe uncomfortablyhigh
particularlywhenthe plant is grownunderdry conditionsboiling dissolvesthe
oxalic acid in water,andthereforemakeAmaranthusnon-toxic.
GROSSMARGIN F'ORAMARANTHUS
VARIABLE COSTS
I
2
J
4
5
6.
7.
8.
9.
l0
l1
Plouehine
Makinebasins
Purchasingmanure
QUANTITY PER
ACRE
6 times
UNIT PRICE
(KSHS)
TOTAL
(KSHS)
3.000.00
18.000.00
3.552.00
3 SevenTon
Lorries
14,700.00
5 Buckets
300.00
Spreadine manuttre
Seedourchases
Plantins
Weedine
Soravine
Harvesting
Transport
Marketing(CESS)at
wholesalemarket
4.800.00
1.500.00
4.800.00
960.00
555bass
555bags
20.00
r0.00
34.180.00
8.640.00
I1.100.00
5.500.00
12
13
Miscellaneous 5olo
Interest on working
caoital atSYo
7,234.00
t2,154.00
t4
TOTAL VARIABLE
COSTS
YIELD
GROSSMARGIN
PERACRE
GROSSMARGIN
PERHECTARE
156,520 .50
55.555Bundles
5.00
277.775.00
r2r,254.50
303.136.25
VEGETABLE EXPERIMENTS
Vegetableexperimentsweresetto try andestablishthe bestmanureto usefor
differentcrops. Manuretypesusedincludedbiogasslurry,compost,wonn
cultureandpoultry. Cropsgrownincludedmaize(PHl), Cow peas, African,
The cropsweregrownusingdifferentmanuretypesanddatataken
Nightshades.
to gaugeplant
on stemlength,numberof leavesandleafwidth asparameters
weeksandthe resultswereasfollows:
growth. Datawastakenfor 4 consecutive
SUMMARY
CROP: MAIZE
PARAMETER:PLANT HEIGHT AVERAGES
TREATMENT:BIOGAS SLURRY
PLOT NUMBER
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
l4
2l
28
35
I
12.9cm
19.6cm
32.6cm
56.8cm
2
1 2 .Icm
l8.8cm
34.Ocm
49.8cm
a
J
l1.9cm
l6.4cm
29.6cm
40.2cm
11.9cm
16.4cm
29.6cm
40.2cm
GRAND AVERAGE
MAIZE + COMPOST
I
10.3
12.8
r8.2
2r.8
2
8 .9
t2.0
t7.2
26.8
a
J
9.1
t2.8
18.8
24.0
9.4
12.5
l8.l
24.2
GRAND AVERAGE
PARAMETER:AVERAGE NUMBER OF LEAVES
MAIZE + BIOGAS SLURRY
PLOT NUMBER
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
t4
2l
28
35
I
6
9
10
t2
2
6
9
l0
1l
^
6
8
9
11
6
9
l0
1l
I
5
7
7
7
2
5
7
7
8
a
J
5
8
8
9
5
7
7
8
J
GRAND AVERAGE
MAIZE + COMPOST
GRAND AVERAGE
PARAMETER:LEAF WIDTH AVERAGE (CM)
MAIZE + BIOGAS SLURRY
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
PLOT NUMBER
t4
2l
28
35
I
2.7
3.9
5.9
7.8
2
2.4
3.9
6.3
7.2
J
2.2
J.Z
5.6
7.7
2.4
3.7
5.9
7.6
I
t.9
2.6
3.3
4,1
2
1.4
2.3
3.2
4.4
a
J
t.3
2.3
2.4
4.0
1.5
2.4
3.0
4.2
GRAND AVERAGE
MAIZE + COMPOST
GRAND AVERAGE
SUMMARY
TREATMENTS PLOT
IMBER
Biogasslurry
Compost
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
\XIMUM
\XIMUM
\XIMUM
IGHT (cm)
NO.OF
LEAF WIDTH
AVES
(cm)
I
56.8
t2
7.8
2
49.8
ll
7.2
a
J
40.2
11
7.7
I
21.8
7
4.r
2
26.8
8
4.4
J
24.0
8
4.0
SUMMARY
CROP:AFRICANNIGHTSHADE
PARAMETER: PLANT HEIGHT AVERAGES TREATMENT: POULTRY
MANURE
PLOT NUMBER
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
t4
2l
28
35
I
l0.6cm
20.2cm
27.8cm
27cm
2
l 5 cm
22cm
32.2cm
45.8cm
a
J
Il.2cm
21.8cm
3Ocm
38.2cm
12.3cm
2l.3cm
30cm
40.3cm
GRAND AVERAGE
TREATMENT:BIOGAS SLURRY
I
9.lcm
16.8cm
23.8cm
34.8cm
2
7.6cm
14cm
l8cm
30.4cm
a
J
8.4cm
l5cm
23.8cm
28cm
8.4cm
lScm
2l.9cm
3l.1cm
GRAND AVERAGE
PARAMETER:NUMBEROFLEAVES
AFRICANNIGHTSHADE+ POULTRYMANURE
PLOT NUMBER
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
l4
2l
28
35
I
9
JJ
60
98
2
8
22
aa
JJ
97
a
9
JJ
55
97
9
29.0
49.0
97
GRAND AVERAGE
AFRICAN NIGHTSHADE+ BIOGAS SLURRY
I
9
t7
24
3s
2
8
t4
18
30
a
J
8
15
24
28
8.0
15
22
31
GRAND AVERAGE
PARAMETER: LEAF WIDTH
AFRICAN NIGHTSHADE+ POULTRYMANURE
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
PLOT NUMBER
T4
2l
28
35
I
3cm
3.5cm
4lcm
4.6cm
2
4.5cm
4.5cm
3.9cm
4.1cm
J
3.8cm
4.9cm
3.9cm
4.7cm
3.8cm
4.3cm
4cm
4.5cm
GRAND AVERAGE
I'
AFRICANNIGHTSHADE+ BIOGASSLURRY
I
3.2
3.5
4.3
4.3
2
2.9
3.6
4.5
4.7
J
3.1
3.2
4.2
4.7
3.1cm
3.4cm
4.3cm
4.7cm
GRAND AVERAGE
GRAND SUMMARY
TREATMENTS PLOT
IMBER
Biogasslurry
Compost
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
DflMUM
\XIMUM
\XIMUM
,IGHT(cm)
NO.OF
LEAF WIDTH
AVES
(cm)
I
37
98
4.6
2
45.3
97
4.1
a
J
38.2
97
4.7
I
34.8
35
4.3
2
30.4
30
4.7
J
28.0
28
4.7
ANALYSIS
Analysisof varianceusingcompletelyrandomizeddesign(CRD) for maize
Trt total
Plantheight
Treatment
Trt
ans
Biogasslurry
32.6
34.0
29.6
96.2
32.07
Compost
t8.2
17.2
18.1
53.5
17.8
149.7
49.9
Grand total
ANOVA TABLE
Source
Degreesof
iation
:dom
Sumof
nre
Mean
Observed Tabular
lare
F
F
5%
Treatment
2 -l - l
Experimenta 5-l=4
303.882 303.882 113.47** 7.71
10.713
l%
21.20
2.678
ror
Total
6 -1 :5
3t4.195
E
:
E
b
,
>
:n4rc.09 :3735.015
factor- !19:!
Conection
6
6
+342+29.62+ 18.22+ n.22 +18.12-3735.45
Totalss: 32.62
:314.595
- 3735.0r5
4049.61
Treatmentss: 951.2+-53J2- CF
3
-3735.015: 303.882
: 4038.897
:
cv: r/2.678x loo 3.279-3.3%
49.9
Thereis a significantdifferencebetweenthetreatmentswith biogasslurrydoingbetter
thancomPost
ANOVA FOR AFRICAN NIGHTSHADE
Treatment
Leaf total
Numberof leaves
Treat
ans
Poultrvmanure
98
97
97
292
97.3
Biogasslurry
35
30
28
93
31.0
385
128.3
Grand total
ANOVA TABLE
Sourceof
Degreeof
iation
ldom
Treatment
I
Experimenta 4
Sumof
nres
Mean
Observed TabularF
l%
5%
Elre
2t.20
6600.166 6600.166 989.98** 7 . 7 r
26.667
6.667
TOr
Total
5
6626.833
orrectionfactorCF 1]!52:24704.167
6
g72
g72
:
+ 352+ 302+ 282+ - 2404.167
+
+
Total ss 982
: 6626.833
: 31331- 24704.167
b
Treatmentss29* +.932- CF
3
:31304.333-24704'16: 6600.166
CV : ,lo.aelx 100:2.013
ngT
!
with poultrymanuregiving
Thereis a significantdifferencebetweenthe 2 treatments
moreleaves
COW PEAS
PARAMETER:PLANT HEIGHT
TREATMENT:WORM CULTURE
DAYS
AFTER
PLANTING
t4
21
28
35
I
8.4cm
9.3cm
13cm
l6cm
2
7.4cm
8.4cm
13.4cm
16cm
J
8.Ocm
9.9cm
10.8cm
14.8cm
7.9 cm
9.2cm
12.4cm
15.6cm
PLOTNUMBER
GRAND AVERAGE
TREATMENT :BIOGASSLURRY
I
9.4cm
10.8cm
10.6cm
13.8cm
2
l0.6cm
14cm
15.2cm
l6.4cm
a
J
8.8cm
11.4cm
13.Ocm
l4.6cm
9.6cm
l2.1cm
12.9cm
14.9cm
GRAND AVERAGE
PARAMETER: NUMBER OF LEAVES
COWPEAS+ WORM CULTURE
DAYS
AFTER
PLANTING
l4
2l
28
35
I
8
9
13
l6
2
7
8
l3
t6
J
8
t0
t1
l5
8
9
t2
t6
PLOTNUMBER
GRAND AVERAGE
COW PEAS+ BIOGASSLURRY
1
6
8
9
1l
2
5
8
ll
t3
J
5
8
t0
1l
f,
8
10
12
DAYS
AFTER
PLANTING
t4
2l
28
35
I
3cm
3.7cm
6.1cm
7.lcm
2
3 .3 cm
4.lcm
5.5cm
7.3cm
J
3.2cm
4.2cm
5.9cm
7.3cm
3.2 cm
4cm
5.8cm
7.2cm
GRAND AVERAGE
PARAMETER:LEAF WIDTH
COWPEAS+ WORM CULTURE
PLOTNUMBER
GRAND AVERAGE
COW PEAS+ BIOGASSLURRY
I
3.4cm
3.6cm
3.9cm
4.lcm
2
3.4cm
3.5cm
3.8cm
4.Ocm
J
3.1cm
4.Ocm
4.3cm
4.5cm
3.3cm
3.7cm
4cm
4.2cm
GRAND AVERAGE
GRAND SUMMARY
TREATMENTS PLOT
IMBER
Worm culture
Biogasslurry
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
lXIMUM
\XIMUM
DilMUM
IGHT (cm)
NO.OF
LEAF WIDTH
AVES
(cm)
I
I6
t6
7.1
2
I6
l6
7.3
J
14.8
l5
7.3
I
13.8
l1
4.1
2
t6.4
13
4.0
J
14.6
11
4.5
ANOVA FOR COWPEAS
Leaf total
Treatment Numberof leaves
Treat
ans
Worm culture
16
l6
15
47
15.67
Biogasslurry
11
13
1l
35
tt.67
82
27.34
Grand total
ANOVA TABLE
Sourceof
Degreesof Sumof
iation
:dom
Treatment
Mean
]ares
are
23.996
23.996
3.334
0.8335
I
Experimenta 4
Observed Tabular F
28.789**
5%
l%
7.7r
2t.20
TOr
Total
E
f,
27.33
C F = g 2 2 :Jl Z 4 :1 1 2 0 .6 7
6
6
Totalss= 162+ 162+ 152+ ll2 + 132+ l(:l 148-1
120.67:27
.33
1120.67
Treatment
ss:472+ ?5'- CF
3
:1144.67- 1120.67
:23.996
>
>
S
!
cv = {0.833-5x 100:33 Yo
27.34
*Thereis significantdifferencebetweenthetwo treatmentswith worm culturedoing
betterthanbiogasslurry.
DISCUSSIONAND CONCLUSIONS:
Cropsperformeddifferentlydependingon the manureused.In caseof maizebiogas
slurryperformedbetterthanthe compost.However,it wasdifficult to makea firm
some
the plot of compostexperienced
conclusionbasedon this performancebecause
plotshadbetterperformancein poultry
problemsof waterlogging.The African nightshade
manurethanthe biogasslurrywhile for cowpeasbetterperformancewasobservedin worm
culturethanin biogasslurry.
However,sincethe experimentswereonly conductedoncewith attendantwater
loggingproblems,there'sneedto repeatthe sameundermoreidealconditionsbeforemaking
final andbindingconclusions.
run by a boardpf Trustees.This meansthe
BaobabTrustis a non profit makingorganisation
organizationis not involvedin anyprofit makingventurebut rely solelyon donors.
However,I think this is a bit tricky in the eventthe donorspull out. It is thereforenecessary
to up gradethe scaleof operationssothat atleastthe recurrentexpenditureis covered.It is
aremade.
thereforein the light of the abovethat somerecommendations
l.
It wasnotedthat the scaleof vegetableproductionwastoo low andpoorly
coordinated.Thereis thereforeneedto increaseacreageandplant at a regular
intervalsothat yieldsfrom the samecanatleastpayfor the labourandseeds.The
farm beingnearMombasacity shouldnot experienceanyproblemin marketing
the same.
2.
It wasalsonotedthat plantingwasdoneusingvolunteerseedlingsfoundgrowing
in the field. This is a very poor way of raisingseedlingsasthis may resultin
to the next. Moreoverit is difficult to
from onegeneration
transferringdiseases
getseedlingsof the sameageat the sametime. This thereforeresultin a situation
wheresomeplantsflower earlierthanothersandsomeevenflower immediately
aftertransplantinggiving very little vegetativegrowth. It mustalsobe notedthat
someseedsarepurchasedin a hybrid stateandcontinuedreplantingof the same
resultin reducedhybrid vigour e.g.the earlyfloweringof plantscouldbe an
indicationof reducedvigour.
a
J.
mannerto ensurethat thereis
Plantingof the vegetablesshouldbe in a staggered
alwaysplantsreadyfor harvesting.This will ensurea steadyflow of cashfor
payingthe labourandpurchaseof freshseeds.Ideallyproductionshouldbe at the
level whereit can paythe personworkingthereandbuy seedsandother
continuouslyusedinputs.
4.
It wasalsonotedwith a lot of concernthe damagecausedby monkeyse.g.all the
maizeplantedon the farm is destroyedby monkeys.Thereis thereforeneedto
controlthe monkeysandavoiddamageon the cropeitherthroughscaring
methodsusinga dog andHumanLabouror completeelectrificationof the fence
in areasplantedwith the same.Bird damageis alsoanotherproblemthat needto
astheydestroythe rice, sorghumandbulrushmillet grownon the
be addressed
farm. This is very discouragingto the personworking on the sameif he/shewill
plantthingsandneverharvestanythingat the endof the season.
5.
Theplantsgrownundersterilemedia(pumice)seento be doingpoorly. This
couldbe dueto the uncontrolledlevelof saltsin the irrigationwater. It is
to periodicallyanalysethe inigation waterandmakethe
thereforenecessary
adjustmentsasper plantrequirements.
necessary