Human Anatomy
and
Physiology
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anatomy is the study of the
_______ of the body, while
physiology is the study of its
______ .
The study of large body structures
is called _______anatomy
.
The study of a body area
such as the foot is called
________anatomy
The study of an organ
system's structure
is called ______anatomy.
The study of the
relationship between
internal structure and
surface features of the
body is called
_________anatomy.
is the
study of small body
structures, often too small to
be seen with the naked eye
________________________________________________
________ is the study of
tissues, and ______is the
study of cells
The study of changes in the
body's structure over time is
called__________ anatomy:
a specialized sub-field that
deals with such changes prior
to birth is called _________.
One common way to
organize physiological
knowledge is to classify it
by ____________
An organ is made of several
types of _______
The __________system forms
the external body covering
The _________system protects
and supports body organs
The _______system
houses the blood-forming
cells of the body
The _______system allows
us to move objects in the
environment, as well as to
move our own bodies.
The________system is a
major source of heat (allowing
us to maintain body
temperature
The _______system is the
fastest-acting control system of
the body, activating muscles
and glands as needed
Organs of the
_________system
secrete chemicals
called hormones into
the blood
The________system
regulates processes such
as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use
The __________system
transports oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, and
wastes throughout the body,
in the blood.
The _________system
picks up fluid "leaked" from
the blood vessels and
returns it to the blood.
The_________system attacks
foreign substances within the
body
The__________system
keeps blood supplied with
oxygen and disposes of
unwanted carbon dioxide.
The ________system breaks
food down into chemicals
which can enter the blood for
distribution to the body's cells
The ________system
disposes of items which
have been eaten, but which
lack nutrient value
The
system eliminates
excess nitrogen from the body
The
system produces
sperm or eggs and
sex hormones.
The _________system
regulates water and electrolyte
levels and (to some extent) the
pH of the blood
Organisms that ingest other
organisms must
these
items to capture energy and
raw materials
_________ refers to the entire
set of chemical reactions which
occur within an organism
__________ refers to chemical
reactions which lead to the
production of complex
molecules or structures within
an organism.
__________ refers to chemical
reactions which degrade or
destroy complex molecules or
structures within an organism in
order to capture energy or raw
materials
Life must dispose of unneeded
items, which is done is a process
called ________
When a constant, dynamic
equilibrium is maintained despite
changes in the environment (for
example, our ability to maintain a
constant body temperature), this
is called _________
The knees are
_____________to the ankles
The spine is ________
to the breastbone
The eyes are _______
to the bridge of the nose
The nose is _______
to the mouth
The mouth is _______
to the forehead
The genitals are ______
to the hips
''Acromial'' refers to the
____________
''Antecubital'' refers to the
_____________
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
•Studies the structure of body parts and their
relationships.
Physiology
•Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
Pathophysiology
•Study of functional changes associated with
disease and aging.
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross or Macroscopic anatomy
•Larger structures
•Can be seen with the naked eye
•Approached of study: Regional and
Systemic Anatomy
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Surface anatomy
•Study of internal structures as they relate to
the overlying skin surface.
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic anatomy
•Structures cannot be seen with the
naked eye
•Structures can only be viewed with a
microscope
•Subdivisions include cytology and
histology
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Developmental anatomy
•Traces structural changes that occur in
the body throughout the life span.
•Embryology – concerns developmental
changes that occur before birth.
The Language of
Anatomy
•Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
•Exact terms are used for
•Position
•Direction
•Regions
•Structures
• prone position - anatomical position is
placed face-down
• supine position- anatomical position is
placed face-up
• posterosuperior view combines the posterior
and superior
• B) anterosuperior
Regional Terms
• Anterior body
landmarks
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Upper limb
Acromial
Deltoid
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Pubic (genital)
Crural (leg)
KEY:
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Figure 1.5a
Regional Terms
• Posterior body
landmarks
Cephalic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Vertebral
Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Digital
Sacral
Gluteal
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
KEY:
Thorax
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Figure 1.5b
Directional Terms
•Superior (cranial or cephalad)
toward the head end or upper part of a
structure or the body; above
•Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure
the body; below
Directional Terms
•Ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
•Dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the backside of the
body; behind
Directional Terms
•Medial:
toward or at the midline of the
body; on the inner side of
•Lateral:
away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side of the
body
•Intermediate:
between a more medial and a
more lateral structure
Directional Terms
•Proximal:
close to the origin of the body
part or point of attachment to a
limb to the body trunk
•Distal:
farther from the origin of a body
part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body trunk
Directional Terms
•Superficial:
toward or at the body surface
•Deep:
away from the body surface;
more internal
•Ipsilateral: on the same side
•Contralateral: opposite side
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(a) Median (midsagittal)
Vertebral
column
Rectum
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Intestines
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
Right
lung
Liver
Heart
Left
lung
Stomach Spleen
(c) Transverse plane
Liver Aorta
Spinal
cord
Spleen
Subcutaneous Stomach
fat layer
Figure 1.6
Naming Structures of the Body
PREFIX
MEANING
EXAMPLE
abdomin/o
abdomen
Peritoneal
acr/o
extremity
Acromegaly
aden/o
gland
Adenoma
angi/o
vessel
Angiogram
arthr/o
joint
Arthritis
cardi/o
heart
chondr/o
cartilage
cyst/o
bladder
Cystitis
cyt/o
cell
cytology
den/o
tooth
dermat/o
skin
derm/o
skin
duoden/o
duodenum
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Naming Structures of the Body
PREFIX
MEANING
EXAMPLE
gastro
stomach
Gastritis
hepat/o
liver
Hepatitis / Hepatoma
laryng/o
larynx
Laryngitis
my/o
muscle
Myology/Myositis
nephr/o
kidney
Nephritis
neur/o
nerve
Neurology
oste/o
bone
Osteoporosis
ot/o
ear
Otitis
path/o
disease
Pathologic Anatomy
rhin/o
nose
Rhinitis / Rhinoplasty
stomat/o
mouth
Stomatitis
thorac/o
Thorax (chest)
Pleural
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Body Cavities
•Dorsal body cavity
•Cranial cavity houses the brain
•Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
•Ventral body cavity
•Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and
others
•Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs
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Body cavities (and organs found within them):
•Dorsal
Cranial cavity
- within the rigid
skull, contains the
brain.
Spinal cavity
- which runs within
the bony vertebral
column, protects the
spinal cord.
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Body cavities (and organs found within them):
•Ventral
•Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavity
• Mediastinum
• Pericardial cavity
•Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
- stomach
- intestines
- liver, etc.
• Pelvic cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
•Called serous membranes or serosa
•Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
•Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
•Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Heart Serosae
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Figure 1.10b
Serous Membrane Relationship
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Figure 1.10a
Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in each
region):
•Right upper
•Right lower
•Left upper
•Left lower
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Nine abdominopelvic regions (and organs in
each regions):
• Right hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Left hypochondriac
• Right lumbar
• Umbilical
• Left lumbar
• Right iliac (inguinal)
• Hypogastric
• Left iliac (inguinal)
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Other Body Cavities
•Oral and digestive cavities
•Nasal Cavity
•Orbital cavities
•Middle ear cavities
•Synovial cavities
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Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessels
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardio–
vascular
system
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues.
5 Organ systemlevel
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
Levels of Structural
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6 Organismal level
Human organisms are
made up of many organ
systems.
Figure 1.1
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Figure 1.1, step 2
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Figure 1.1, step 3
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Figure 1.1, step 4
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Figure 1.1, step 5
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Figure 1.1, step 6
Organ System Overview
•Integumentary
•Protects deeper organs from
injury due to bumps,
chemicals, bacteria, and
dehydration.
•Excretes salts and urea
•Helps regulate body
temperature
•Produces vitamin D
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• Components
• Skin
• Nails
• Hair
• Cutaneous sense
organs and glands
Organ System Overview
•SKELETAL
al
•Protects and supports intern organs
•Provides levers for muscular action
•Cavities provide a site of
blood cell formation
•Stores minerals
• Components
• Bones
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
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Organ System Overview
•Muscular
•Produces movement
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat
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Organ System Overview
•Nervous
•Fast-acting control system
•Responds to internal and
external change
•Activates muscles and
glands
•Helps maintain short-term
homeostasis of the body
via rapid transmission of
electrical signals
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Organ System Overview
•Endocrine system
•Secretes chemical
molecules, called hormones,
into the blood
•Body functions controlled by
hormones include:
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Use of nutrients
•Plays a role in regulating
long-term homeostasis
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Organ System Overview
•Cardiovascular
•Transports materials in
body via blood pumped
by heart
•Oxygen
•Carbon dioxide
•Nutrients
•Wastes
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Organ System Overview
•Lymphatic
•Returns fluids to blood
vessels
•Cleanses the blood
•Involved in immunity
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Organ System Overview
•Respiratory
•Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
•Removes carbon dioxide
•Contributes to the acidbase balance of the
blood
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Organ System Overview
•Digestive
•Breaks down food
•Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
•Eliminates indigestible
material as feces
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Organ System Overview
•Urinary
•Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
•Maintains acid-base
balance
•Regulates water and
electrolytes
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Organ System Overview
•Reproductive
•Produces offspring
•Testes produce
sperm and male
hormone
•Ovaries produce
eggs and female
hormones
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Necessary Life Functions
•Maintain boundaries
•Internal environment remains distinct from
the external environment
•Movement
•Locomotion
•Movement of substances
•Responsiveness or excitability
•Ability to sense changes and react
•Digestion
•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions
•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the
body
•Break down complex molecules into smaller
ones
•Build larger molecules from smaller ones
•Produces energy
•Regulated by hormones
•Excretion
•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces
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Necessary Life Functions
•Reproduction
•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
•Produces future generation
•Growth
•Increases cell size and number of cells
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Survival Needs
•Nutrients
•Chemicals for energy and cell building
•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
•Oxygen
•Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
•Water
•60 to 80 percent of body weight
•Most abundant chemical in the human body
•Provides for metabolic reaction
•Stable body temperature
•37°C (98°F)
•Atmospheric pressure
•Must be appropriate for gas exchange
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Maintaining Homeostasis
•The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
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Homeostasis
•Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively
stable internal conditions
•A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
•Necessary for normal body functioning and
to sustain life
•Homeostatic imbalance
•A disturbance in homeostasis results in
disease
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3 Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
2 Receptor
Receptor
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Effector
5 Response
detects change.
1 Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
4 Output: Information
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
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of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level.
Figure 1.4
1 Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
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Figure 1.4, step1
•Receptor
•Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
2 Receptor
detects change.
Receptor
•Sends information to control
center
1 Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
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Figure 1.4, step2
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
2 Receptor
Receptor
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
detects change.
1 Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
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•Control center
•Determines set
point
•Analyzes
information
•Determines
appropriate
response
Figure 1.4, step3
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
2 Receptor
Receptor
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
4 Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Effector
detects change.
1 Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
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•Effector
•Provides a
means for
response to the
stimulus
Figure 1.4, step4
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
2 Receptor
Receptor
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Effector
5 Response
detects change.
1 Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
4 Output: Information
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
© 2012 Pearson Education,Inc.
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level.
Figure 1.4, step5
Feedback Mechanisms
•Negative feedback
•Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
•Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
•Positive feedback
•Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby
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Homeostatic imbalance +
• SEROSITIS – inflammation of the serous
membrane
3 TYPES:
• Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium
(heart)
•Pleuritis – also pleurisy
- inflammation of pleura (lungs)
•Peritonitis – peritoneum
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