Time-spent on Facebook and Social anxiety Among Grade 12 Students of Agusan Del Sur National High School Sy. 2022-2023 A Research Paper in Senior High Department submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 2 Devine Grace Montalaba Kristine Marcella Erika Pearl Borres Aira Lynyth Velado Ahron Jushua Jamero _________________________ Researchers December, 2022 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This research attached hereto, titled “TIME-SPENT ON FACEBOOK AND SOCIAL ANXIETY OF GRADE 12 STUDENTS OF AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2022-2023”, prepared and submitted by DEVINE GRACE V. MONTALABA, et. al. as their partial requirement for the Subject Practical Research 2 MR. Jhunrey P. Damian Subject Teacher/Adviser Approved as their research project for Practical Research 2 by the School Research Committee JOANNA MAREY F. MONDEJAR, ChE EnP Head, Ethics Review Review JOSEPHINE V. CUIZON, LPT Head, Instrument Validation JOJI D. DAGUIO, LPT Head, Plagiarism & Authenticity Review JEAN M. TIU Head, Technical Review JHUNREY P. DAMIAN, LPT Co-chairman, School Research Committee JENNYVI H. PAPELLERO, LPT, MASE Chairman, School Research Committee Accepted as their research project for Practical Research 2 JOEY L. GEOLINA Asst School Principal II Date: _________ MARILOU P. CURUGAN, DM-HRM School Principal IV Date: _________ 2 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER ABSTRACT A good abstract is accurate, non-evaluative, coherent and readable, and concise, (APA 6th Edition). It condenses the contents of the whole paper with not more than 250 words. The research abstract is counted as page ii (lowercase Roman numeral) with a running head or abbreviated title at the upper right side of the paper, 10 font size; Bookman Old Style. The word abstract should be in capital letter centered at the top of the page in bold format. The justified abstract should be a single paragraph with paragraph indention. It should be written in past tense when referring to the conduct of the study (e.g. “Results showed that...”, “The participants of the study were composed of...”); but in present tense when referring to ideas, concepts or implications derived from the research study (e.g. The findings imply that...”). Consider writing the abstract after the paper has been completed. It concludes the major aspects of the study such as: short introduction; overall purpose of the stud, the research design, brief description of the respondents or sample of the study (identify how many and any relevant characteristics); brief description of the research methods and procedures; basic findings/report of the results, including effect, sizes, and confidence interval and/or statistical significance levels; and conclusions and implications or applications. Keywords written in italic; (maybe 3 to 4 keywords after the abstract) Keywords: Abstract, Research, Writing guide 3 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, praise and thanks to God, the Almighty, for his showers of blessings throughout our research work to complete the research successfully. The completion of this paper would not have been feasible without the contributions and support of a number of people, the names of whom may not be mentioned here. Their contribution is greatly appreciated and acknowledged. Nevertheless, they felt heartfelt gratitude for everyone who helped them achieve their goal, especially the following: The researchers would like to express their deep and sincere gratitude to their research teacher, Sir Jhunrey Damian, who is a genius for answering their questions tirelessly for the upliftment and accomplishment of this study. They would also like to thank him for giving them the opportunity to do research and for providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. His dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation have deeply inspired them. He taught them the methodology for conducting the research and presenting the findings as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. They are extremely grateful for what he has offered them. They would also like to thank him for his friendship, empathy, and great sense of humor. They are extending their heartfelt thanks for his patience during their presentation on their research proposal. Thank you to all of their family, friends, classmates, and others who stood by them and offered moral, physical, or financial support. They would like to convey their heartfelt appreciation to all of their respondents who took the time to answer the questionnaire. They would also like to commend their mentors, who have given up their time and lessons to allow the researchers to administer their questionnaire. 4 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER DEDICATION Through the researchers' effort, this work is heartily and proudly dedicated to the people who served as an inspiration during the making of the study. This work is the fruit of the countless and onerous sacrifices of the researchers who dealt with the arduous journey just to finish this paper. This research paper is dedicated to the parents of the researchers, who have provided unwavering support and never-ending inspiration throughout the study, who were their pillar of strength during their battles, who motivated them when they were about to give up, and who continue to provide for their psychological, moral, and financial needs. They are the ones who provided the resources needed for this study. This study is dedicated to the teachers who helped make this research possible by guiding the researcher through the process and helping them make this research paper successful. The researchers would also like to dedicate this study to the students who may need help battling their social anxiety. Furthermore, this study is dedicated to the school, which allows the researchers to nurture, test, and collaborate to build this study. We look up and dedicate this whole study to our Almighty God for blessing us in our daily lives, especially for the strength, courage, patience, wisdom, time, and guidance shown in completing this research study. The Researchers 5 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………….. Approval Sheet…………………………………………………………………………… Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. Acknowledgments (optional) ..……………………………………………………….. Dedication (optional) ………………………………………………………………….. Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………….. List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………. List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………… List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………. i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND…………………………………. 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 1.2 Statement of the Problem (and hypotheses if applicable) ……………… 1.3 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………. 1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ………………………………………. 1.5 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………… 1.6 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework…………………… 1.7 Review Of Related Literature…………………………………………….. 1 1 5 6 7 8 Chapter 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………… 2.1Research Design………………………………………………………………. 2.2Participants of the Study …………………………………………………… 2.3 Setting of the Study………………………………………………………… 2.4 Research Instrument.………………………………………………………….. 2.5 Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………… 2.6 Statistical Treatment………………………………………………………… 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 Chapter 3. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA…….. Chapter 4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS…………….. 16 17 References…………………………………………………………………………………. Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………… Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………………………… 18 19 20 6 9 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER LIST OF TABLES Table No. Table Title 3.2.1 Page Distribution of Samples per Stratum among Grade-12 Students of Agusan del Sur National High School 11 3.6.1 Likert Scale for Mean Analysis 15 4.1.1 Table Name 16 4.1.2 Table Name 17 4.1.3. Table Name 18 The example above shows that the table number is written in the first column, followed by the Table Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the third column. The List of Table is applicable only for at least 5 tables existing in the manuscript. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space. 7 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER LIST OF FIGURES Figure Figure Title Page 1 Conceptual Framework 4 2 Theoretical Framework 5 3 Map of Agusan del Sur 7 4 Figure Title 8 5 Figure Title 9 The example above shows that the figure number is written in the first column, followed by the Figure Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the third column. The List of Figures is applicable only for at least 5 figures existing in the manuscript. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space. 8 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Appendix Title Page A Research Instrument 20 B Validation Tool for Research Instrument 21 C Letter to the Principal 22 D Letter to the Respondents 23 E Curriculum Vitae 24 The example above shows that the appendix letter is written in the first column, followed by the Appendix Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the third column. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space. 9 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction People nowadays live in a "virtual society," which means that social networking sites (SNS) are a part of their daily lives. Online social networking sites such as Facebook have grown in popularity in recent years and provide easy access to personal information and communication. When people look on the brighter side, Facebook has had a very positive effect on today’s generation. It can be the way to access long-distance relationships with friends and family; it can be the medium for communication, especially when doing group projects and assignments, where Facebook serves as the way to finish group tasks. On the other hand, Facebook has a very negative effect on today’s generation, leading to bad social interaction and anxiety that affects people's behavior. It can be disincentive to get things done and be successful. Social media is ever-present in modern society and has changed the way people communicate with those around them. Over the last two decades, social media has expanded exponentially, now comprising a variety of websites and applications used by people of all ages around the world. Social media has been defined as web-based communication platforms with three distinct features, in which the platform 1) allows users to create unique profiles and content to share with other users, 2) creates a visible network connection between users that can be navigated by other users, and 3) provides users with a space to broadcast content, consume information, and interact with others in a continuous stream of information (Ellison & Boyd, 2013). Several applications (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat) 10 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER satisfy these criteria. Social media can be used for a variety of reasons, including to keep in touch with friends, to connect with others with shared hobbies or interests, to follow celebrities, to find romantic partners, to seek out new information, to express one’s thoughts, feelings, and identity, and to share good and bad news (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Ellison & Boyd, 2013; Smith, 2011). Recent studies have indicated that utilizing social networking sites, particularly Facebook, can cause people's stress levels to rise, can lead to feelings of anxiety, and can have a negative impact on a person's sense of who they are as an individual. It is also possible that using these sites can lead to the development of a mental health illness in a person or would exacerbate an existing condition if they already have one. The power of social media even extends to the ability to instantly disseminate sentiments all over the world (Awing et al., 2017). Nevertheless, in the current study, we seek to investigate further the level of time-spent on Facebook and social anxiety in the use of SNS. Specifically, we examine how the time-spent on Facebook relates to the social anxiety among students majoring in Accountancy, Business, and Management in Grade 12 at Agusan del Sur National High School for the school year 2022–2023. The study is very essential for the researchers since it will allow them to obtain knowledge and insight of the two variables, particularly the amount of time-spent on Facebook and social anxiety. A psychological disorder known as social anxiety occurs when a person has a fear of interacting directly with other people in social settings. People who go through this tend to communicate their anxiety to others through means of social media, including such Facebook or text messaging, in order to cover it up. Students taking Accountancy, Business, and Management in Agusan del Sur National High School's Grade 12 will participate in this study, which will allow the researchers to determine 11 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER the extent to which they spend their time on Facebook as well as their level of social anxiety. Researchers are encouraged to aid individuals who are in this situation. As a result, people can assist themselves in overcoming their fear and improving their lives by improving not only their communication skills but also their self-esteem. The study is essential to gain knowledge and understanding because the researchers intend to know the level of time-spent on Facebook by students and their level of social anxiety. It also assesses if there is a relationship between time-spent on Facebook and the level of social anxiety among Grade 12 ABM students. This research has the potential to significantly benefit Agusan del Sur National High School's 12th-grade ABM students for the School Year 2022-2023. 1.2 Conceptual Framework This study will use two variables which are Time-spent on Facebook and social anxiety. Social anxiety has other factors that are concerned with it, first factor would be anxious attachment where people who are anxious or preoccupied with attachment tend to have fewer positive views about themselves. Second, social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction. The topic includes interpersonal rejection or peer rejection, romantic rejection and familial estrangement. Lastly, as they feel rejected, they would feel social depression or feeling down in general. Moreover, this diagram shows if time-spent on Facebook can greatly help to improve or lessen social anxiety through the help of Facebook to cover up their anxiety. 12 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Independent Variable Dependent Variable Time-spent on Facebook Social Anxiety Figure 1 A schematic diagram of Time-spent on Facebook and Social Anxiety The figure above shows the Independent and Dependent variables of the study. It is presumed that the more number of hours a student spent on facebook, the higher the possibility of their social anxiety. 1.3 Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the relationship between Time-spent on Facebook of Grade 12 ABM students and their social anxiety. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the mean score of time-spent on Facebook by students on the Facebook Intensity Scale? 2. What is the mean score of social anxiety of the students on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale? 3. Is there a significant relationship between time-spent on Facebook and the social anxiety of students? Null/Alternative Hypothesis (may vary) Based on the problems above, the following null/alternative hypotheses are made: Ho1: There is no significant relationship between Time-spent on Facebook and Social Anxiety among Grade 12 ABM students. Ha1: There is a significant relationship between Time-spent on Facebook and 13 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Social Anxiety among Grade 12 ABM students. (Note: Null Hypothesis section can only be written based on the nature of your research problems or of your research design. 1. 4 Significance of the Study This study is beneficial to the following: Students. As a result of reading this study, students will gain some understanding of social anxiety and excessive Facebook usage, as well as how it can be reduced, and how it can be reduced. It will also help them to boost their selfesteem, improve their social skills, and remove the concept of being introverted. Research Teachers. They can help their students express themselves, improve social functioning and participate in class. In addition to that, teachers can also encourage their students by letting them join in various activities such as school clubs, performing arts, and sports. Teachers would be able to understand why students have social anxiety and, later, provide solutions to help their students express themselves, improve social functioning, and participate in class. Parents. Like the teachers, the parents too will understand why their children experience this kind of problem through the given data. Parents could talk with their children like in parent-student counseling in order to know the reason behind it, and they should also show support and give words of encouragement so that their sons or daughters will boost their self-confidence. 14 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study The first paragraph of this section discusses the perimeter or depth of the study. This is by writing the scope that specifies the topic and main purpose of the study, the variables, population or participant, and timeline the objectives or problems to be addressed, the time frame, place where the study will be conducted, the characteristics of the respondents and the method or research instruments. The second paragraph discusses the delimitations or what is included and excluded. After enumerating the variables, emphasize that other factor that may intervene the results are not under study. Example “Other factors not stated in this section are beyond the scope of this study”. 1.6 Definition of Terms Term 1 - terms should be in sentence case, bold, and flash left. Definitions should be defined conceptually or operationally. Terms should be arranged alphabetically. You may include the following below: Academic performance. Academic performance is the extent to which a student has achieved their short- or long-term educational goals. In this study, the academic performance is the average grade in Practical Research 2. Self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments In this study, self-efficacy is the belief of the students to complete the requirements or achieve a goal with confidence in Practical Research 2. 1.7 Review of Related Literature 15 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER 1.7.1 Related Literature Chapter 2 can be written by citing first the “2.1 Related Literature” followed by the “2.2 Related Study” section. Each of the citation should be arranged also in chronological manner. Texts gathered from varied sources should not be copied directly to avoid plagiarism. They should be rephrased and sources should be labeled based on the APA 6th edition format. (Dela Cruz, 2018) “If there are statements or direct quotation that you want to include in your Chapter 2, do not revise the statement. Instead, write it directly in an inclosing quotation mark, and indent the entire statement. After the statement, write the source.” (Makiling, 2018) 1.7.2 Related Study In this section, you will write findings from related studies that might be important in substantiating your findings in Chapter 4. Like the Related Literature section, arrange your citation chronologically or arrange them by topic. Source or citation should be in APA 6th edition (Rizal, 2018). The last paragraph of your Chapter 2 should contain the summary of your entire readings including the gap or the necessity of conducting your study. 16 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research Design The first sentence of this section states the research design whether experimental, correlational, descriptive, quantitative, qualitative or combination, historical, etc. which you are using in your study. This will be followed by sentences that will support your chosen research design. You may do this by explaining why you chose this design or by explaining what procedure or instrument you are using for this design. 2.2 Participants of the Study Choose “Participants of the Study” if you are gathering data from human beings, use “Subject of the Study” if you are gathering data from non-human biological beings, phenomenon, or non-animate things. In this section, you will explain the respondents or participants of the study, and provide reasons of your choice. You will then write the sampling procedure that you employed in this study and its method of identifying the samples. If you are using Probabilistic Sampling (Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, etc.), state the formula and the margin of error that you will consider in identifying the samples. The next paragraph tells the table showing the sample distribution below (except for Non-probabilistic Sampling). Label it as “Table 2.2.1”. 17 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Table 2.2.1 Distribution of Respondents from Grade 12 Track X and Track Y TRACK TRACK X Population per section Male 250 Sample Sample (Pilot testing) 105 11 Female 300 127 13 Male 200 84 8 Female 350 148 15 Male 450 189 19 Female 650 275 28 TRACK Y Overall Total (example of table using Stratified Random Sampling) 2.3 Locale of the Study Write the place or locale where you are going to conduct your study and explain the reason why you chose this setting. Insert map if necessary, the map should be labeled” Figure 2.3.1”. 2.4 Research Instrument Begin by discussing what type of instrument you are using, and describe the contents of this instrument by explaining how each variable will be measured separately, and the number of items in each variable. Discuss further by describing on how the data can be extracted and the scoring procedure using this instrument. The Instrument section should also report how the instrument was developed by indicating whether you designed or adopted the tool. Do not forget to mention the source for instruments that were adopted. Discuss also the validation procedures and the reliability of your instrument. 18 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER 2.5 Data Gathering Procedure The first paragraph talks about the preliminary procedures before the researchers will collect the data. This includes the preparation and distribution of intent letters to the various offices and agencies involved. The second paragraph discusses the mining of data using the instruments developed and/or adopted to the target respondents, either face to face or online administration. You should be able to enumerate the procedures from setting the respondents, distribution of materials up to the retrieval of instrument. If you will use online survey using google forms or email adds, do not forget to include informed consent and instructions on how to answer the instrument. The last paragraph indicates the proper handling of data extracted from the respondents by keeping the data anonymous and/or confidential. You may add on Other ethical considerations such as the principles of beneficence that refers to the need for the benefits or the welfare of the study to outweigh any harm sustained by the research participants and the principle of justice which includes the right of respondents to be fairly treated, to be informed and to make voluntary participation. 2.6 Data Analysis This section discusses the statistical tools and data analysis techniques employed in your study. Mean. Begin enumerating by indenting once the paragraph and write the statistical tool you are using (example above is “Mean”). It should be in sentence case and in bold format. The following sentences will then discuss the tool at the context 19 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER of your study. Meaning you should not define the statistical tool, rather discuss it in context. t-test. If there are plenty of statistical tools that should be discussed, enumerate them one by one and discuss them at the context of your study. (Note: You may also include tables that will show how you will analyze your data e.g. Likert-scale, etc.) Table 2.2.1 Four-point Likert Scale Point Scale Description 4 3.28 - 4.00 Strongly Agree 3 2.52 - 3.27 Agree 2 1 Qualifying Statement The students always exhibit research vigor. The students oftentimes exhibit research vigor. 1.76 - 2.51 Disagree The students sometimes exhibit research vigor. 1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree The students never exhibit research vigor. (Example of table used in data analysis) 20 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 3.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents (It is based on the sequence of the research problem) (The results of the study are discussed in detail. The order of the figures follows the discussion themes. Discussions on how the current data compare or contrast with previous works done). 3.2 Perception of high school students on the developed research manual. Table 3.1.1 Perception of high school students on the usability of the developed research manual MEAN SD Description 1. Statement 1 3.94 0.12 Strongly Agree 2. Statement 2 3.50 0.20 Strongly Agree 3. Statement 3 3.20 0.23 Agree 4. Statement 4 2.90 0.12 Agree 5. Statement 5 4.00 0.15 Strongly Agree General Weighted Mean Strongly Agree Table 3.1.1 shows the format of the table in Chapter 4 which is similar to the table formats in the previous chapters. The table number is in sentence case and bold format. Example above is “Table 3.1.1”. The next line will be the name of the table in sentence case. The table number and table name have a single spacing with no space after the paragraph. The first paragraph is the interpretation of data. You may do this by grouping all similar results (example: The table above shows that items 21 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER number 1, 2, and 5 are strongly agree with mean scores 3.94, 3.50 and 4.00, respectively. This means that the students find the research manual very easy to use.), you may also interpret the data by citing only the highest three and highest low, especially if you have a long list of items or provisions. The second paragraph is the discussion of the interpreted results. You may do this by revisiting your Chapter 2 for related phenomenon that may explain the similarity of your findings. Example: “The students find the research manual very easy to use because examples on how to write the specific sections in the research paper are present. This is because examples provide concrete reference and elaboration of a concept as mentioned by Dela Cruz (2018)”. 12% 13% 41% 34% Descriptive-evaluative Research Design Completely Randomized Experimental Design Pre-experimental, Pre-test Post-test Design Descriptive-registration Method 22 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Figure 3.1 Types of research design used by Grade 12 students in S.Y. 2022-2023 Presentations of data using graphs or analytics should be in 2D, colored, no shadows or other unnecessary picture formatting, and with labels in Times New Roman, size 12, color black or white. The figure title, unlike with the table title, should be found below the figure. It should be written in sentence case. The figure number should be a counting continuation with the previous figure (example: Figure 1, Figure 2,… and so on). Interpretation of data should be emphasized in the first paragraph. Discussion of the data should be in the second paragraph. This can be done by citing related literature, studies, or phenomena, with corresponding citation or source related to your findings. Reminder, subsection in this chapter like “3.1 Perception of high school students on the developed research manual” is a declarative form of your research questions in chapter 1. If you have five problems, then you should have five subsections in chapter 3. 23 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Chapter 4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Summary Make sure that the summary of findings provides a clear in a clear and concise/brief manner. Write the main problem of your study first, followed by a short description of your research method (research design, sampling technique, and data analysis) that will be carried out to attain or to answer your main question. 4.2 Findings A brief introduction must be written first by writing the title prior to the presentation of findings. Then state that based on analysis and interpretation of the data, the following findings are drawn. Findings are the results of your analysis in chapter 3. Each finding should be in order based on how you presented them in the previous chapter. You should not repeat what you have written in the previous chapter. Instead, rephrase each of them in direct, clear, and concise sentence(s). Each finding has to be given a number, sentence case, and flash left. 24 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER 4. 3 Conclusions Based on the findings above, the following conclusions are drawn: Keep in mind that in drawing conclusions it should be based on the results/findings of your study (i.e. given one or two or more findings for research problem number one, what conclusion/s can you derive). Conclusions are not just repeating your findings but abstractions of the summary of findings. Numerical values (e.g. mean, standard deviation, t value, F ratio, etc.) should no longer be reported in this chapter since they have already been presented in the previous chapter. See to it that your conclusions are tied to the research questions of your study. Like the findings, each conclusion should be numbered, sentence case, and flash left. The conclusion section should begin with a short introductory sentence. Example “Based on the findings above, the following conclusions are drawn:”. 4.4 Recommendations As synthesized from the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were made: Like the findings and conclusions, recommendations should be numbered, sentence case, and flash left. The recommendation section should begin with a short 25 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER introductory sentence. Example “As synthesized from the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations were made:”. Aside from recommendations, you can also give the implications or possible applications of the results of your study. You can also suggest future research possibilities vis-a-vis research you conducted. 26 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER REFERENCES (Use APA referencing style) (Books, Reference Books, and Book Chapters) (For an entire book, use the following reference formats:) Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx Author, A. A. (Year of Publication)). Title of work. doi (digital object identifier):xxxxx Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher. (For a chapter in a book or entry in a reference book, use the following formats:) Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1993). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx) (Reference book) VendenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Periodicals Periodicals include items published on a regular basis such as journals, magazines, newspapers, and newsletters. General reference form:) Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx,xxxxxxxxxx (Journal Articles, General Format:) Author, A.A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2004). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume, page-numbers. (Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES” section.) 27 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Belecina, R. R. (2008). Portfolio as an alternative assessment: Effects on problem – solving performance, critical thinking, and attitude in mathematics. The Normal Lights, 4, 54 – 81. Mercado, E. P., & De Mesa, T. E. (2008). On the spot behavior intervention techniques applied to common behavior problems manifested by children with special needs. The Normal Lights, 4, 221 – 247. (Magazine article) Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. (Online magazine article) Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ monitor/ (Newspaper article) Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. (Online newspaper article) Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com (Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses For a doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis available from a database service, use the following reference template:) Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.) (For an unpublished dissertation or thesis, use the following template:) Author, A. A. (1978). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location. (Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES” section.) 28 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER (Master’s thesis, from a commercial database) McNeil, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with an alcoholic mother (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1434728) (Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database) Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http:// www.ohiolink.edu/etd/ (Doctoral dissertation, from the web) Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://wwwstatic.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis/ (Doctoral dissertation, abstracted in DAI) Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplification, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428. (Video) American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http:// www.apa.org/videos/ (Music Recording) Lang, k. d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY: Nonesuch Records. (Measurement instrument) Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., & Heatherington, L. (2002). E-SOFTA: System for observing family therapy alliances [Software and training videos]. Unpublished instrument. Retrieved from http://www.softa-soatif.com/ (Note: For other reference style and format see APA Manual 6th ed.) (Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES” section.) 29 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER APPENDIX A Curriculum Vitae of the Student Researchers This section is for the necessary attachments like additional instrument/s (e.g. test/ s, survey instrument/s, interview schedule, observation guide, etc.) letter/s of request, instructions and other supplementary tools you used in the study. You may also include additional information that might be lengthy to include in your main paper. In this section, the APPENDIX X, should be written in bold, centered, and in UPPER CASE. A CAPITAL LETTER should follow after the word APPENDIX to indicate the succession. Below the title is the appendix description. Example, “Letter of Permission to the School Principal”. The appendix description should be centered with first letters of every noun, adjective, and verb are CAPITALIZED. Below are some attachments that should be included in the appendices. Letters (e.g. Letter of Intent, Letter of Permission, etc.) Research Instruments (e.g. Questionnaires, checklist, etc) Validation Rubric Curriculum Vitae of the Validators 30 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER APPENDIX B Curriculum Vitae of the Validators (format) Name: Course Designation: No. of Years in Teaching Experience: Highest Educational Attainment: School Where the Degree is Obtained: Subject Taught: Address: Email/Contact Number: APPENDIX C Research Instrument Attached the research instrument in this section. APPENDIX D Data Analysis Include all the data analysis in this part. 31 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER SUMMARY OF GENERAL PHYSICAL FORMAT Margins Left margin: 3.8 cm (soft bound), Top margin: 2.54 cm (to give space of the header which is 0.50 inches from the top edge of the paper) Right margin: 2.54 cm Bottom margin: 2.54 cm Line Length and Alignment Alignment of the Body: Justify alignment Figure Titles: Center Alignment of Table Titles: Left Alignment of Pagination: Right Alignment of Condensed Title: Right Typeface and Font Size Title in Cover Page: Bookman Old Style ALL CAPS), size 12 Title in Title Page: Bookman Old Style (Bold), size 12 Body: Bookman Old Style, size 12 Chapter Font & Subtitle: Bookman Old Style (Bold) (Bold), size 11 Table and Figure Caption: Bookman Old Style (Bold), size 11 Header and Footer: Bookman Old Style (Bold), size 10 Preliminary Pages: Bookman Old Style (Bold) size 11 Pagination Preliminary Pages: i, ii, iii, iv and so on Body and Final Pages: 1, 2, 3, and so on No pagination in the first page of every chapter Title : 4 spaces from the top of the margin A partial fulfillment..: 8 spaces from the title Name of the researchers: 8 spaces from the A partial fulfillment Month and year : 8 spaces from the Name of Researchers Name of Researchers: Pyramid and put asterisk in the name of the leader Reference: Salvaña, K. (2018) TAGNAU Manual. DepEd Division of Agusan del Sur 32