Time-spent on Facebook and Social anxiety Among Grade
12 Students of Agusan Del Sur National High School
Sy. 2022-2023
A Research Paper in Senior High Department submitted as partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 2
Devine Grace Montalaba
Kristine Marcella
Erika Pearl Borres
Aira Lynyth Velado
Ahron Jushua Jamero
_________________________
Researchers
December, 2022
WRITING A RESEARCH
PAPER
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This research attached hereto, titled “TIME-SPENT ON FACEBOOK AND
SOCIAL ANXIETY OF GRADE 12 STUDENTS OF AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2022-2023”, prepared and submitted by DEVINE GRACE V.
MONTALABA, et. al. as their partial requirement for the Subject Practical
Research 2
MR. Jhunrey P. Damian
Subject Teacher/Adviser
Approved as their research project for Practical Research 2 by the School
Research Committee
JOANNA MAREY F. MONDEJAR, ChE EnP
Head, Ethics Review
Review
JOSEPHINE V. CUIZON, LPT
Head, Instrument Validation
JOJI D. DAGUIO, LPT
Head, Plagiarism & Authenticity Review
JEAN M. TIU
Head, Technical Review
JHUNREY P. DAMIAN, LPT
Co-chairman, School Research Committee
JENNYVI H. PAPELLERO, LPT, MASE
Chairman, School Research Committee
Accepted as their research project for Practical Research 2
JOEY L. GEOLINA
Asst School Principal II
Date: _________
MARILOU P. CURUGAN, DM-HRM
School Principal IV
Date: _________
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
ABSTRACT
A good abstract is accurate, non-evaluative, coherent and readable, and
concise, (APA 6th Edition). It condenses the contents of the whole paper with not
more than 250 words. The research abstract is counted as page ii (lowercase Roman
numeral) with a running head or abbreviated title at the upper right side of the paper,
10 font size; Bookman Old Style. The word abstract should be in capital letter
centered at the top of the page in bold format. The justified abstract should be a
single paragraph with paragraph indention. It should be written in past tense when
referring to the conduct of the study (e.g. “Results showed that...”, “The participants
of the study were composed of...”); but in present tense when referring to ideas,
concepts or implications derived from the research study (e.g. The findings imply
that...”). Consider writing the abstract after the paper has been completed. It
concludes the major aspects of the study such as: short introduction; overall purpose
of the stud, the research design, brief description of the respondents or sample of
the study (identify how many and any relevant characteristics); brief description of
the research methods and procedures; basic findings/report of the results, including
effect, sizes, and confidence interval and/or statistical significance levels; and
conclusions and implications or applications. Keywords written in italic; (maybe 3
to 4 keywords after the abstract)
Keywords:
Abstract, Research, Writing guide
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, praise and thanks to God, the Almighty, for his showers
of blessings throughout our research work to complete the research successfully.
The completion of this paper would not have been feasible without the contributions
and support of a number of people, the names of whom may not be mentioned here.
Their contribution is greatly appreciated and acknowledged. Nevertheless, they felt
heartfelt gratitude for everyone who helped them achieve their goal, especially the
following:
The researchers would like to express their deep and sincere gratitude to their
research teacher, Sir Jhunrey Damian, who is a genius for answering their questions
tirelessly for the upliftment and accomplishment of this study. They would also like
to thank him for giving them the opportunity to do research and for providing
invaluable guidance throughout this research. His dynamism, vision, sincerity, and
motivation have deeply inspired them. He taught them the methodology for
conducting the research and presenting the findings as clearly as possible. It was a
great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. They are extremely
grateful for what he has offered them. They would also like to thank him for his
friendship, empathy, and great sense of humor. They are extending their heartfelt
thanks for his patience during their presentation on their research proposal.
Thank you to all of their family, friends, classmates, and others who stood by
them and offered moral, physical, or financial support. They would like to convey
their heartfelt appreciation to all of their respondents who took the time to answer
the questionnaire. They would also like to commend their mentors, who have given
up their time and lessons to allow the researchers to administer their questionnaire.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
DEDICATION
Through the researchers' effort, this work is heartily and proudly dedicated to
the people who served as an inspiration during the making of the study. This work
is the fruit of the countless and onerous sacrifices of the researchers who dealt with
the arduous journey just to finish this paper. This research paper is dedicated to the
parents of the researchers, who have provided unwavering support and never-ending
inspiration throughout the study, who were their pillar of strength during their
battles, who motivated them when they were about to give up, and who continue to
provide for their psychological, moral, and financial needs. They are the ones who
provided the resources needed for this study. This study is dedicated to the teachers
who helped make this research possible by guiding the researcher through the
process and helping them make this research paper successful. The researchers
would also like to dedicate this study to the students who may need help battling
their social anxiety. Furthermore, this study is dedicated to the school, which allows
the researchers to nurture, test, and collaborate to build this study. We look up and
dedicate this whole study to our Almighty God for blessing us in our daily lives,
especially for the strength, courage, patience, wisdom, time, and guidance shown in
completing this research study.
The Researchers
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page …………………………………………………………………………………..
Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………………………
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………..
Acknowledgments (optional) ..………………………………………………………..
Dedication (optional) …………………………………………………………………..
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………..
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………….
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………
List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………….
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND………………………………….
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..
1.2 Statement of the Problem (and hypotheses if applicable) ………………
1.3 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………….
1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study ……………………………………….
1.5 Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………
1.6 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework……………………
1.7 Review Of Related Literature……………………………………………..
1
1
5
6
7
8
Chapter 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………
2.1Research Design……………………………………………………………….
2.2Participants of the Study ……………………………………………………
2.3 Setting of the Study…………………………………………………………
2.4 Research Instrument.…………………………………………………………..
2.5 Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………………………
2.6 Statistical Treatment…………………………………………………………
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
Chapter 3. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA……..
Chapter 4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS……………..
16
17
References………………………………………………………………………………….
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………
Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………………………
18
19
20
6
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title
3.2.1
Page
Distribution of Samples per Stratum among
Grade-12 Students of Agusan del Sur National High School
11
3.6.1
Likert Scale for Mean Analysis
15
4.1.1
Table Name
16
4.1.2
Table Name
17
4.1.3.
Table Name
18
The example above shows that the table number is written in the first column,
followed by the Table Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written in the
third column. The List of Table is applicable only for at least 5 tables existing in the
manuscript. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one vertical space.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Figure Title
Page
1
Conceptual Framework
4
2
Theoretical Framework
5
3
Map of Agusan del Sur
7
4
Figure Title
8
5
Figure Title
9
The example above shows that the figure number is written in the first
column, followed by the Figure Title in upper and lower case, and the page is written
in the third column. The List of Figures is applicable only for at least 5 figures
existing in the manuscript. Single space, and each entry should be separated by one
vertical space.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Appendix Title
Page
A
Research Instrument
20
B
Validation Tool for Research Instrument
21
C
Letter to the Principal
22
D
Letter to the Respondents
23
E
Curriculum Vitae
24
The example above shows that the appendix letter is written in the first
column, followed by the Appendix Title in upper and lower case, and the page is
written in the third column. Single space, and each entry should be separated by
one vertical space.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
People nowadays live in a "virtual society," which means that social
networking sites (SNS) are a part of their daily lives. Online social networking sites
such as Facebook have grown in popularity in recent years and provide easy access
to personal information and communication. When people look on the brighter side,
Facebook has had a very positive effect on today’s generation. It can be the way to
access long-distance relationships with friends and family; it can be the medium for
communication, especially when doing group projects and assignments, where
Facebook serves as the way to finish group tasks. On the other hand, Facebook has
a very negative effect on today’s generation, leading to bad social interaction and
anxiety that affects people's behavior. It can be disincentive to get things done and
be successful.
Social media is ever-present in modern society and has changed the way
people communicate with those around them. Over the last two decades, social
media has expanded exponentially, now comprising a variety of websites and
applications used by people of all ages around the world. Social media has been
defined as web-based communication platforms with three distinct features, in
which the platform 1) allows users to create unique profiles and content to share
with other users, 2) creates a visible network connection between users that can be
navigated by other users, and 3) provides users with a space to broadcast content,
consume information, and interact with others in a continuous stream of information
(Ellison & Boyd, 2013). Several applications (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat)
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
satisfy these criteria. Social media can be used for a variety of reasons, including to
keep in touch with friends, to connect with others with shared hobbies or interests,
to follow celebrities, to find romantic partners, to seek out new information, to
express one’s thoughts, feelings, and identity, and to share good and bad news (Boyd
& Ellison, 2007; Ellison & Boyd, 2013; Smith, 2011).
Recent studies have indicated that utilizing social networking sites,
particularly Facebook, can cause people's stress levels to rise, can lead to feelings of
anxiety, and can have a negative impact on a person's sense of who they are as an
individual. It is also possible that using these sites can lead to the development of a
mental health illness in a person or would exacerbate an existing condition if they
already have one. The power of social media even extends to the ability to instantly
disseminate sentiments all over the world (Awing et al., 2017). Nevertheless, in the
current study, we seek to investigate further the level of time-spent on Facebook and
social anxiety in the use of SNS. Specifically, we examine how the time-spent on
Facebook relates to the social anxiety among students majoring in Accountancy,
Business, and Management in Grade 12 at Agusan del Sur National High School for
the school year 2022–2023. The study is very essential for the researchers since it
will allow them to obtain knowledge and insight of the two variables, particularly the
amount of time-spent on Facebook and social anxiety.
A psychological disorder known as social anxiety occurs when a person has a
fear of interacting directly with other people in social settings. People who go through
this tend to communicate their anxiety to others through means of social media,
including such Facebook or text messaging, in order to cover it up. Students taking
Accountancy, Business, and Management in Agusan del Sur National High School's
Grade 12 will participate in this study, which will allow the researchers to determine
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
the extent to which they spend their time on Facebook as well as their level of social
anxiety. Researchers are encouraged to aid individuals who are in this situation. As
a result, people can assist themselves in overcoming their fear and improving their
lives by improving not only their communication skills but also their self-esteem.
The study is essential to gain knowledge and understanding because the researchers
intend to know the level of time-spent on Facebook by students and their level of
social anxiety. It also assesses if there is a relationship between time-spent on
Facebook and the level of social anxiety among Grade 12 ABM students. This
research has the potential to significantly benefit Agusan del Sur National High
School's 12th-grade ABM students for the School Year 2022-2023.
1.2
Conceptual Framework
This study will use two variables which are Time-spent on Facebook and social
anxiety. Social anxiety has other factors that are concerned with it, first factor would
be anxious attachment where people who are anxious or preoccupied with
attachment tend to have fewer positive views about themselves. Second, social
rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social
relationship or social interaction. The topic includes interpersonal rejection or peer
rejection, romantic rejection and familial estrangement. Lastly, as they feel rejected,
they would feel social depression or feeling down in general. Moreover, this diagram
shows if time-spent on Facebook can greatly help to improve or lessen social anxiety
through the help of Facebook to cover up their anxiety.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Time-spent on Facebook
Social Anxiety
Figure 1 A schematic diagram of Time-spent on Facebook and Social Anxiety
The figure above shows the Independent and Dependent variables of the
study. It is presumed that the more number of hours a student spent on facebook,
the higher the possibility of their social anxiety.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the relationship between Time-spent on
Facebook of Grade 12 ABM students and their social anxiety. Specifically, the study
sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the mean score of time-spent on Facebook by students on the
Facebook Intensity Scale?
2. What is the mean score of social anxiety of the students on the Social
Interaction Anxiety Scale?
3. Is there a significant relationship between time-spent on Facebook and the
social anxiety of students?
Null/Alternative Hypothesis (may vary)
Based on the problems above, the following null/alternative hypotheses are
made:
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between Time-spent on Facebook and
Social Anxiety among Grade 12 ABM students.
Ha1: There is a significant relationship between Time-spent on Facebook and
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Social Anxiety among Grade 12 ABM students.
(Note: Null Hypothesis section can only be written based on the nature of your
research problems or of your research design.
1. 4 Significance of the Study
This study is beneficial to the following:
Students. As a result of reading this study, students will gain some
understanding of social anxiety and excessive Facebook usage, as well as how it can
be reduced, and how it can be reduced. It will also help them to boost their selfesteem, improve their social skills, and remove the concept of being introverted.
Research Teachers. They can help their students express themselves,
improve social functioning and participate in class. In addition to that, teachers can
also encourage their students by letting them join in various activities such as school
clubs, performing arts, and sports. Teachers would be able to understand why
students have social anxiety and, later, provide solutions to help their students
express themselves, improve social functioning, and participate in class.
Parents. Like the teachers, the parents too will understand why their children
experience this kind of problem through the given data. Parents could talk with their
children like in parent-student counseling in order to know the reason behind it, and
they should also show support and give words of encouragement so that their sons
or daughters will boost their self-confidence.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The first paragraph of this section discusses the perimeter or depth of the
study. This is by writing the scope that specifies the topic and main purpose of the
study, the variables, population or participant, and timeline the objectives or
problems to be addressed, the time frame, place where the study will be conducted,
the characteristics of the respondents and the method or research instruments.
The second paragraph discusses the delimitations or what is included and
excluded. After enumerating the variables, emphasize that other factor that may
intervene the results are not under study. Example “Other factors not stated in this
section are beyond the scope of this study”.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Term 1 - terms should be in sentence case, bold, and flash left. Definitions
should be defined conceptually or operationally. Terms should be arranged
alphabetically. You may include the following below:
Academic performance. Academic performance is the extent to which a
student has achieved their short- or long-term educational goals. In this study,
the academic performance is the average grade in Practical Research 2.
Self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in his or her capacity to
execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments In this
study, self-efficacy is the belief of the students to complete the requirements or
achieve a goal with confidence in Practical Research 2.
1.7 Review of Related Literature
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
1.7.1 Related Literature
Chapter 2 can be written by citing first the “2.1 Related Literature” followed
by the “2.2 Related Study” section. Each of the citation should be arranged also in
chronological manner. Texts gathered from varied sources should not be copied
directly to avoid plagiarism. They should be rephrased and sources should be labeled
based on the APA 6th edition format. (Dela Cruz, 2018)
“If there are statements or direct quotation that you want to include in
your Chapter 2, do not revise the statement. Instead, write it directly in an
inclosing quotation mark, and indent the entire statement. After the
statement, write the source.” (Makiling, 2018)
1.7.2 Related Study
In this section, you will write findings from related studies that might be
important in substantiating your findings in Chapter 4. Like the Related Literature
section, arrange your citation chronologically or arrange them by topic. Source or
citation should be in APA 6th edition (Rizal, 2018). The last paragraph of your
Chapter 2 should contain the summary of your entire readings including the gap or
the necessity of conducting your study.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
The first sentence of this section states the research design whether
experimental, correlational, descriptive, quantitative, qualitative or combination,
historical, etc. which you are using in your study. This will be followed by sentences
that will support your chosen research design. You may do this by explaining why
you chose this design or by explaining what procedure or instrument you are using
for this design.
2.2 Participants of the Study
Choose “Participants of the Study” if you are gathering data from human
beings, use “Subject of the Study” if you are gathering data from non-human
biological beings, phenomenon, or non-animate things. In this section, you will
explain the respondents or participants of the study, and provide reasons of your
choice. You will then write the sampling procedure that you employed in this study
and its method of identifying the samples. If you are using Probabilistic Sampling
(Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, etc.),
state the formula and the margin of error that you will consider in identifying the
samples.
The next paragraph tells the table showing the sample distribution below
(except for Non-probabilistic Sampling). Label it as “Table 2.2.1”.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Table 2.2.1
Distribution of Respondents from Grade 12 Track X and Track Y
TRACK
TRACK X
Population
per section
Male 250
Sample
Sample (Pilot testing)
105
11
Female 300
127
13
Male 200
84
8
Female 350
148
15
Male 450
189
19
Female 650
275
28
TRACK Y
Overall Total
(example of table using Stratified Random Sampling)
2.3 Locale of the Study
Write the place or locale where you are going to conduct your study and
explain the reason why you chose this setting. Insert map if necessary, the map
should be labeled” Figure 2.3.1”.
2.4 Research Instrument
Begin by discussing what type of instrument you are using, and describe the
contents of this instrument by explaining how each variable will be measured
separately, and the number of items in each variable. Discuss further by describing
on how the data can be extracted and the scoring procedure using this instrument.
The Instrument section should also report how the instrument was developed by
indicating whether you designed or adopted the tool. Do not forget to mention the
source for instruments that were adopted. Discuss also the validation procedures
and the reliability of your instrument.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
2.5 Data Gathering Procedure
The first paragraph talks about the preliminary procedures before the
researchers will collect the data. This includes the preparation and distribution of
intent letters to the various offices and agencies involved.
The second paragraph discusses the mining of data using the instruments
developed and/or adopted to the target respondents, either face to face or online
administration. You should be able to enumerate the procedures from setting the
respondents, distribution of materials up to the retrieval of instrument. If you will
use online survey using google forms or email adds, do not forget to include informed
consent and instructions on how to answer the instrument.
The last paragraph indicates the proper handling of data extracted from the
respondents by keeping the data anonymous and/or confidential. You may add on
Other ethical considerations such as the principles of beneficence that refers to the
need for the benefits or the welfare of the study to outweigh any harm sustained by
the research participants and the principle of justice which includes the right of
respondents to be fairly treated, to be informed and to make voluntary participation.
2.6 Data Analysis
This section discusses the statistical tools and data analysis techniques
employed in your study.
Mean. Begin enumerating by indenting once the paragraph and write the
statistical tool you are using (example above is “Mean”). It should be in sentence case
and in bold format. The following sentences will then discuss the tool at the context
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
of your study. Meaning you should not define the statistical tool, rather discuss it in
context.
t-test. If there are plenty of statistical tools that should be discussed,
enumerate them one by one and discuss them at the context of your study.
(Note: You may also include tables that will show how you will analyze your data e.g.
Likert-scale, etc.)
Table 2.2.1 Four-point Likert Scale
Point Scale
Description
4
3.28 - 4.00 Strongly Agree
3
2.52 - 3.27 Agree
2
1
Qualifying Statement
The students always exhibit research vigor.
The students oftentimes exhibit research
vigor.
1.76 - 2.51 Disagree
The students sometimes exhibit research
vigor.
1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree The students never exhibit research vigor.
(Example of table used in data analysis)
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Chapter 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
3.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents (It is based on the sequence of the
research problem)
(The results of the study are discussed in detail. The order of the figures
follows the discussion themes. Discussions on how the current data compare or
contrast with previous works done).
3.2 Perception of high school students on the developed research manual.
Table 3.1.1
Perception of high school students on the usability of the developed research manual
MEAN
SD
Description
1. Statement 1
3.94
0.12
Strongly Agree
2. Statement 2
3.50
0.20
Strongly Agree
3. Statement 3
3.20
0.23
Agree
4. Statement 4
2.90
0.12
Agree
5. Statement 5
4.00
0.15
Strongly Agree
General Weighted Mean Strongly Agree
Table 3.1.1 shows the format of the table in Chapter 4 which is similar to the
table formats in the previous chapters. The table number is in sentence case and
bold format.
Example above is “Table 3.1.1”. The next line will be the name of the table in
sentence case. The table number and table name have a single spacing with no space
after the paragraph. The first paragraph is the interpretation of data. You may do
this by grouping all similar results (example: The table above shows that items
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
number 1, 2, and 5 are strongly agree with mean scores 3.94, 3.50 and 4.00,
respectively. This means that the students find the research manual very easy to
use.), you may also interpret the data by
citing only the highest three and highest low, especially if you have a long list of
items or provisions.
The second paragraph is the discussion of the interpreted results. You may
do this by revisiting your Chapter 2 for related phenomenon that may explain the
similarity of your findings. Example: “The students find the research manual very
easy to use because examples on how to write the specific sections in the research
paper are present. This is because examples provide concrete reference and
elaboration of a concept as mentioned by Dela Cruz (2018)”.
12%
13%
41%
34%
Descriptive-evaluative Research Design
Completely Randomized Experimental Design
Pre-experimental, Pre-test Post-test Design
Descriptive-registration Method
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Figure 3.1 Types of research design used by Grade 12 students in S.Y. 2022-2023
Presentations of data using graphs or analytics should be in 2D, colored, no
shadows or other unnecessary picture formatting, and with labels in Times New
Roman, size 12, color black or white. The figure title, unlike with the table title,
should be found below the figure. It should be written in sentence case. The figure
number should be a counting continuation with the previous figure (example: Figure
1, Figure 2,… and so on). Interpretation of data should be emphasized in the first
paragraph.
Discussion of the data should be in the second paragraph. This can be done
by citing related literature, studies, or phenomena, with corresponding citation or
source related to your findings.
Reminder, subsection in this chapter like “3.1 Perception of high school
students on the developed research manual” is a declarative form of your research
questions in chapter 1. If you have five problems, then you should have five
subsections in chapter 3.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Chapter 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Summary
Make sure that the summary of findings provides a clear in a clear and
concise/brief manner. Write the main problem of your study first, followed by a short
description of your research method (research design, sampling technique, and data
analysis) that will be carried out to attain or to answer your main question.
4.2 Findings
A brief introduction must be written first by writing the title prior to the
presentation of findings. Then state that based on analysis and interpretation of the
data, the following findings are drawn.
Findings are the results of your analysis in chapter 3. Each finding should be
in order based on how you presented them in the previous chapter. You should not
repeat what you have written in the previous chapter. Instead, rephrase each of them
in direct, clear, and concise sentence(s).
Each finding has to be given a number, sentence case, and flash left.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
4. 3 Conclusions
Based on the findings above, the following conclusions are drawn:
Keep in mind that in drawing conclusions it should be based on the
results/findings of your study (i.e. given one or two or more findings for research
problem number one, what conclusion/s can you derive).
Conclusions are not just repeating your findings but abstractions of the
summary of findings.
Numerical values (e.g. mean, standard deviation, t value, F ratio, etc.) should
no longer be reported in this chapter since they have already been presented in the
previous chapter. See to it that your conclusions are tied to the research questions
of your study. Like the findings, each conclusion should be numbered, sentence
case, and flash left.
The conclusion section should begin with a short introductory sentence.
Example “Based on the findings above, the following conclusions are drawn:”.
4.4 Recommendations
As
synthesized
from
the
findings
and
conclusions,
the
following
recommendations were made:
Like the findings and conclusions, recommendations should be numbered,
sentence case, and flash left. The recommendation section should begin with a short
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
introductory sentence. Example “As synthesized from the findings and conclusions,
the following recommendations were made:”.
Aside from recommendations, you can also give the implications or possible
applications of the results of your study.
You can also suggest future research possibilities vis-a-vis research you
conducted.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
REFERENCES
(Use APA referencing style)
(Books, Reference Books, and Book Chapters)
(For an entire book, use the following reference formats:)
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Year of Publication)). Title of work. doi (digital object identifier):xxxxx
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
(For a chapter in a book or entry in a reference book, use the following
formats:)
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B.
Editor, &
C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1993). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor & B.
Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B.
Editor, &
C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx)
(Reference book)
VendenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
(Periodicals
Periodicals include items published on a regular basis such as journals,
magazines, newspapers, and newsletters. General reference form:)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx,xxxxxxxxxx
(Journal Articles, General Format:)
Author, A.A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2004). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume, page-numbers.
(Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES”
section.)
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
Belecina, R. R. (2008). Portfolio as an alternative assessment: Effects on problem –
solving performance, critical thinking, and attitude in mathematics. The
Normal Lights, 4, 54 – 81.
Mercado, E. P., & De Mesa, T. E. (2008). On the spot behavior intervention
techniques applied to common behavior problems manifested by children
with special needs. The Normal Lights, 4, 221 – 247.
(Magazine article)
Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing
worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their
research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29.
(Online magazine article)
Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the
misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/ monitor/
(Newspaper article)
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
(Online newspaper article)
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York
Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
(Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses
For a doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis available from a database service, use
the following reference template:)
Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral
dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession
or Order No.)
(For an unpublished dissertation or thesis, use the following template:)
Author, A. A. (1978). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Name of Institution, Location.
(Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES”
section.)
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
(Master’s thesis, from a commercial database)
McNeil, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing
growing up with an alcoholic mother (Master’s thesis). Available from
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1434728)
(Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database)
Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher
education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http:// www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
(Doctoral dissertation, from the web)
Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and learning in
a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology).
Retrieved
from
http://wwwstatic.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis/
(Doctoral dissertation, abstracted in DAI)
Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture
amplification, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation.
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering,
65(10), 5428.
(Video)
American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically
to patient expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://
www.apa.org/videos/
(Music Recording)
Lang, k. d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY:
Nonesuch Records.
(Measurement instrument)
Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., & Heatherington, L. (2002). E-SOFTA: System for
observing family therapy alliances [Software and training videos].
Unpublished instrument. Retrieved from http://www.softa-soatif.com/
(Note: For other reference style and format see APA Manual 6th ed.)
(Note: Bold sentences inside the parentheses are not part of the “REFERENCES”
section.)
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
APPENDIX A
Curriculum Vitae of the Student Researchers
This section is for the necessary attachments like additional instrument/s
(e.g. test/ s, survey instrument/s, interview schedule, observation guide, etc.)
letter/s of request, instructions and other supplementary tools you used in the
study. You may also include additional information that might be lengthy to include
in your main paper.
In this section, the APPENDIX X, should be written in bold, centered, and in
UPPER CASE. A CAPITAL LETTER should follow after the word APPENDIX to indicate
the succession. Below the title is the appendix description. Example, “Letter of
Permission to the School Principal”. The appendix description should be centered
with first letters of every noun, adjective, and verb are CAPITALIZED.
Below are some attachments that should be included in the appendices.
Letters (e.g. Letter of Intent, Letter of Permission, etc.)
Research Instruments (e.g. Questionnaires, checklist, etc)
Validation Rubric
Curriculum Vitae of the Validators
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
APPENDIX B
Curriculum Vitae of the Validators (format)
Name:
Course
Designation:
No. of Years in Teaching Experience:
Highest Educational Attainment:
School Where the Degree is Obtained:
Subject Taught:
Address: Email/Contact Number:
APPENDIX C
Research Instrument
Attached the research instrument in this section.
APPENDIX D
Data Analysis
Include all the data analysis in this part.
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WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
SUMMARY OF GENERAL PHYSICAL FORMAT
Margins
Left margin: 3.8 cm (soft bound),
Top margin: 2.54 cm (to give space of the header which is 0.50
inches from the top edge of the paper)
Right margin:
2.54 cm
Bottom margin:
2.54 cm
Line Length and Alignment
Alignment of the Body: Justify alignment
Figure Titles: Center
Alignment of Table Titles: Left
Alignment of Pagination: Right
Alignment of Condensed Title: Right
Typeface and Font Size
Title in Cover Page: Bookman Old Style ALL CAPS), size 12
Title in Title Page: Bookman Old Style (Bold), size 12
Body: Bookman Old Style, size 12
Chapter Font & Subtitle: Bookman Old Style (Bold) (Bold), size 11
Table and Figure Caption: Bookman Old Style (Bold), size 11
Header and Footer: Bookman Old Style (Bold), size 10
Preliminary Pages: Bookman Old Style (Bold) size 11
Pagination
Preliminary Pages: i, ii, iii, iv and so on
Body and Final Pages: 1, 2, 3, and so on
No pagination in the first page of every chapter
Title : 4 spaces from the top of the margin
A partial fulfillment..: 8 spaces from the title
Name of the researchers: 8 spaces from the A partial fulfillment
Month and year : 8 spaces from the Name of Researchers
Name of Researchers: Pyramid and put asterisk in the name of the leader
Reference: Salvaña, K. (2018) TAGNAU Manual. DepEd Division of Agusan
del Sur
32