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Albert Einstein: Biography, Theories & Quotes
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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27973.88804
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Albert Einstein: Biography, Theories & Quotes
The difference between stupidity and genius is that genius has its limits
2
Early years
 Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany
 Two "wonders" deeply affected his early years — a compass — at age 5. The
second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry.
 Contrary to popular belief, young Albert was a good student. He excelled in
physics and mathematics. However, Einstein rebelled against the
authoritarian attitude of some of his teachers and dropped out of school at 16.
 He was admitted to Swiss Polytechnic in 1896. In 1901, he received a diploma
(to teach physics and mathematics).
 Einstein could not find a teaching position, and famously began work in a
Bern patent office in 1901.
 Einstein married Mileva Maric, a longtime love of his from Zurich, in 1903.
He divorced Maric in 1919 and subsequently married Elsa Löwenthal, a
cousin on Einstein's father's and mother's sides
Everything should be as simple as possible, but not simpler.
3
Career highlights
 Einstein's career was peripatetic. He earned his doctorate in 1905, and
subsequently took on professor positions in Zurich (1909), Prague (1911)
Zurich (1912) and Berlin (1914). He became a German citizen.
 A major validation of Einstein's work came in 1919, when Sir Arthur
Eddington, measured the position of stars during a total solar eclipse. The
group found that the position of stars was shifted due to the bending of light
around the sun. Eddington's results rocked the foundations of science.
 When that was published in the press, Einstein became this global celebrity
 Einstein remained in Germany until 1933, when dictator Adolf Hitler rose to
power. Einstein moved to the United States to become a professor of
theoretical physics at Princeton. He became a U.S. citizen in 1940 and retired
in 1945.
 In 1939, he famously penned a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt
warning that uranium could be used for an atomic bomb.
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
4
Einstein's brain
 Einstein died of an aortic aneurysm on April 18, 1955. When asked if he
wanted to have surgery, Einstein refused. "I want to go when I want to
go," he said. "It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my
share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly.“
 Einstein's body — most of it, anyway — was cremated and his ashes were
spread in an undisclosed location. However, a doctor at Princeton Hospital,
Thomas Harvey, had performed an autopsy, apparently without permission,
and removed Einstein's brain and eyeballs.
 Harvey sliced hundreds of thin sections of brain tissue to place on microscope
slides, and snapped 14 photos of the brain from several angles. The story of
Einstein's brain was largely forgotten until 1985 when a study was finally
published.
 Harvey failed a competency exam in 1988, and his medical license was
revoked. He eventually donated the brain to Princeton Hospital.
God does not play dice with the universe
5
Einstein's Brain Reveals Clues to Genius
Mütter Museum
I don't believe in mathematics
6
What the studies found?
 One of the first papers, titled "On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein"
was published in 1985 in the journal Experimental Neurology. The
researchers found that Einstein's brain had a greater number of glial cells
per neurons (nerve cells) than other brains they examined. They
concluded that it might indicate the neurons had a higher "metabolic
need" — that they needed and used more energy and that might explain
why Einstein had better thinking abilities and conceptual skills.
 Another study, published in 1996 in the journal Neuroscience Letters, found
that Einstein's brain weighed only 1,230 grams, less than the average adult
male brain (about 1,400 g). Also, Einstein's cerebral cortex was thinner than
that of five control brains, but the density of neurons was greater.
 A study published in 2012 in the journal Brain revealed that the Einstein's
brain had extra folding in the gray matter, the site of conscious thinking. In
particular, the frontal lobes, regions tied to abstract thought and planning,
had unusually elaborate folding, analysis suggested.
Everything should be as simple as possible, but not simpler
7
Scientific work
 Theory of special relativity:
Einstein showed that physical
laws are identical for all observers, as long as they are not under
acceleration. However, the speed of light in a vacuum is always the
same, no matter at what speed the observer is travelling.
 Theory of general relativity:
This was a reformulation of
the law of gravity. Einstein determined that when thinking about spacetime, a massive object is a distortion in space-time (like putting a heavy
ball on a trampoline.) Gravity is exerted when other objects fall into the
"well" created by the distortion in space-time, like a marble rolling
towards the large ball.
 Photoelectric effect:
Einstein's work in 1905 proposed that
light should be thought of as a stream of particles (photons) instead of
just a single wave, as was commonly thought by the time.
 Unified field theory:
Einstein spent much of his
later years trying to merge the fields of electromagnetism
and gravity. He was unsuccessful……………….
Imagination is more important than knowledge
8
Special relativity
1.
Special relativity includes only the special
case (hence the name) where the motion is
uniform. The motion it explains is only if
you’re traveling in a straight line at a constant
speed.
2. Einstein’s theory was based on two key
principles: (i) The principle of relativity
(ii) The principle of the speed of light.
3. Einstein’s theory of special relativity created a
fundamental link between space and time.
4. The most famous work of Einstein’s life also
dates from 1905 (a busy year for him), when
he applied the ideas of his relativity paper to
come up with the equation E=mc2 that
represents the relationship between mass (m)
and energy (E).
Albert Einstein around 1905, the year his "Annus Mirabilis papers" – which included Zur Elektrodynamik
bewegter Körper, the paper founding special relativity – were published.
9
Applications of Einstein's work
 Gravitational waves: In 2016, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory (LIGO) detected space-time ripples — otherwise known as gravitational waves
— that occurred after black holes collided about 1.4 billion light-years from Earth. LIGO also
made an initial detection of gravitational waves in 2015, a century after Einstein predicted
these ripples existed. The waves are a facet of Einstein's theory of general relativity.
 Mercury's orbit: Mercury is a small planet orbiting close to a very massive object
relative to its size — the sun. Its orbit could not be understood until general relativity
showed that it's the curvature of space-time that is affecting its motions and changing the
orbit. There is a small chance that over billions of years, Mercury could be ejected from our
solar system due to these changes (with an even smaller chance that it could collide with
Earth.)
 Gravitational lensing: This is a phenomenon by which a massive object (like a
galaxy cluster or a black hole) bends light around it. Astronomers looking at that region
through a telescope can then see objects directly behind the massive object, due to the light
being bent. A famous example of this is Einstein's Cross, a quasar in the constellation
Pegasus. A galaxy roughly 400 million light-years away bends the light of the quasar so it
appears four times around the galaxy.
Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it
10
Insane Amounts of Energy from an
Incredibly Small Mass…..
Between 600mg860mg of Uranium
were converted to the
energy released by
the atomic bomb
How much is 860mg?
I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
11
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