RICE PRODUCTION IN
SOUTHERN MANITOBA
X.L Larry Nguyen, 0791305, AGR 1110, November 26,
2019
Introduction to rice Consumption in Canada
A staple of many cultures around the world is rice, whether it is white, brown or wild rice. Rice is
profitable and is a popular crop around the world. Rice was first discovered over 8000 years ago. The
domestication of rice however, is debated. One school of thought is that rice was first domesticated in
China (Sweeney & Mccouch 2007). This kind of rice is the modern Asian rice we see today in
supermarkets and is one of the largest grown crops today. Another school of thought suggest that rice
was domesticated in Africa (African rice). This is staple of African diets 6and is mixed with proteins as
well as other starches in traditional African dishes (Sweeney & Mccouch 2007). Today, rice is world’s
largest food crop, providing the caloric needs of millions of people daily. According to Figure 1, it is the
second most planted crop and has the third highest revenue in the world. Rice provides an affordable
and convenient source of carbohydrates for people in poorer nations, to help fight hunger and
malnutrition. In the west, rice is a very versatile carbohydrate that can be eaten with protein sources
such as chicken, beef, pork and seafood. Furthermore, it can be use as an ingredient in dishes such as
sushi and burritos. Canada is a very diverse and multicultural country that allows people to adopt and
share cultures through food. Rice is a popular dish that has been adopted by many Canadian and
consumptions of it continues to grow.
In Canada, rice consumption is growing, as shown in figure 2. An interesting observation is that
rice is the third highest consumed starch carbohydrate. In the last 5 – 10 years it has passed corn in
terms of consumption and is trending upwards.
Figure 1. World’s Cash Crop. Data from United Nation, FAO, UNODC, data from 2014.
Figure 2: Starch based Carbohydrate consumption in Canada, data from Statistic Canada from 2018
consumption of rice.
Wild Rice Production
Rice production Canada has a rich tradition when it comes to growing wild rice. Wild rice was
grown by the indigenous people of Canada for many generations and has been a major part of their diet
and culture. Wild rice is a grown in many parts of Canada. The most significant part of Canada where it is
grown is Manitoba due to its many rivers and lakes. In the past Wild Rice was ideal for growing in
Manitoba. However, due to climate change it is becoming increasingly difficult to grow the crop.
Wild Rice is grown by dropping the seeds into the bottom of the river, lake or small body of
water then waiting for the plant to grow (broadcast) (Cheruvelil and Barton 2013). The body of water
would be ideally 0.3 to 0.6 metres deep. To harvest the crop two individuals would take a boat through
the body of water to the wild rice plant and check the top of the crop by hitting it with sticks. If the rice
falls into the lake then it is ready for harvesting and the people on the boat would collect the rice grains
from the plants. One of the most important aspect of growing wild rice is that it requires three to four
months of sub-zero temperatures to germinate properly which is why wild rice was able to grow in
Manitoba for so long (Cheruvelil and Barton 2013). However, due to climate change is expected to yield
warmer climates and increase flooding which will make it more difficult to grow wild rice (Odner 1992).
The wild rice will have less time to germinate due to the decreasing days of sub-zero degree
temperatures which will lead to the wild rice plants are not being fully developed therefore not grow
strong enough to resist floods and extreme weather(Oelke 1982). Furthermore, increasing floods will
lead to increasing water levels which will make more difficult to harvest since the boats will be struggle
to get through the wild rice paddies.
With these changes in climates, the payoff for wild rice production is decreasing and the overall
production is becoming more difficult. Wild rice being important in the ecosystem of Manitoba by
providing feed to the local and animals and a windbreaker, stabilize loose soils, serves as a natural
windbreak, and improves water quality (Oekle and Boedicker 1991). Despite this, wild rice production
will decrease and Manitoba will need to invest in another crop.
Why commercial rice production in Canada?
With the largest foreign-born population in Canada being from Asia and the continuing increase
in immigrants coming from China and India. Rice is also consumed considerably by these immigrants
groups and households with lower income levels (Townsend 1995). This makes rice a versatile and
affordable source carbohydrates for Canadians. Canada’s biggest rice importer is the United States, with
the product valued at over $125B and 23 of the 64 importers importing from the United States
(Government of Canada, 2017). Canada currently import 47236 units as shown in Table 1. To reduce the
trade deficit Canada would need to produce more commercial rice.
Table 1 Rice Imports
2014
All Countries (Total)
7561
2015
28161
2016
55873
2017
187252
2018
47236
Value Chain of Rice
Rice needs to go through many stages of production before it reaches the consumer. In
figure 3 there are six steps in the value chain for rice. Each step in the value chain is vital and no
matter what country rice is grown or produce in the value chain is similar.
Figure 3. Rice Value Chain, Shrestha, 2012 from Knowledge for Development.
Inputs
Commercial Rice Seeds
When looking at what rice seed to plant there are a few factors that need to be considered, so
that the rice crop is grown, harvested, and processed correctly for best yield and quality results. Rice
seeds needs to be uniform and pure to avoid weeds from growing (Matloob and Khaliq, 2014).
Furthermore, the seeds need to viable and have a high germination potential to which will allow seeds
to mature early and be uniform. This helps rice perform better in different environment conditions.
Finally, moisture content of the seed is important because it shows how much water in the rice grain,
the higher the moisture content the lower the storage time for the rice seeds. The method of seeding
and quality of seeds becomes important when planting.
Direct seeding (dry seed is manually broadcast onto the soil surface and then incorporated
either by ploughing or by harrowing while the soil is still dry) requires 60−80 kg of seeds per hectare,
while transplanting (pre- germinated seedlings are transferred from a seedbed to the wet field) only
requires 40 kg per hectare (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019). In Table 2 there are three seeds all from China,
all of the seeds are high quality with high purity and germination rate with low moisture rates. There is
still a need for Canadian company to start growing and producing their own seeds so that the seeds can
be modified with genetic manipulation so that the seeds can be optimally grown in Canada.
Currently, there are small companies in Canada who sell rice seeds in small quantity for
individual use. Commercial sale of rice seeds is not feasible right now and the only option is to import
the seed from countries such as China and India. With that being said, modern rice seed are drought and
cold resistant since rice is grown in Northern China where the climate is similar to Southern Manitoba
(National Research Council 1992). An interesting company called Wild Folk Farming in Maine has started
to sell rice seeds for organic farming. The seeds can survive in freezing temperature and take light frost
early in the season and will continue to mature into the frost nights of fall (Wild Folk Farming, 2019).
Table 2. Price of Rice Seeds
Rice seed
price
supplier
Location
Germination
Purity
Moisture
Height
Hybrid rice
seeds
$35
USD/KG
Shanghai Herbary Biotechnology Co., Ltd
Shanghai,
China
≥85%
≥95%
≤8%
119.3 cm
Rice seeds
hybrid rice
seeds
$24.98
USD/KG
$38
USD/KG
Fuyang Bestop Import and Export Ltd.
Pingnan Junong Mountain Farming Specialized
Farmers Cooperative
Jiangsu,
China
Fujian,
China
93%
100%
N/A
N/A
80-85%
98%
N/A
89 cm 115 cm
Note. Machine and cost data from Alibaba, 2019.
Production
Introduction
With climate change in Manitoba, commercial rice is becoming more of a feasible crop to grow.
Currently the most ideal part of Manitoba is in the southern part of Manitoba close to the Winnipeg
river. This is where wild rice is grown and has good infrastructure for commercial rice to grow.
Commercial rice is grown by firstly prepare the field by tilling (dig) with either machine, hand or animal.
Then the rice seed is planted in the field through either transparent or direct seeding Water
management and nutritional management is important too. Finally, the plant is harvested by cutting the
rice crop with simple hand tools like sickles and knives or with a machine cutting the rice must be
threshed to separate the grain from the stalk and cleaned.
Tillage
When it comes to tillage in rice production, tilling the land has led to a minimum 2.1% higher
yield and 11% economic benefit (McArthur and McCord, 2017). The benefit from tillage soil bulk density
and hardness were decrease, soil porosity and available Phosphate and Potassium were increase which
provide ideal soil for rice to grow in. In table 3 there are prices for tractor and tiller. The TAGRM is a
tilling rotary cart machine while the other two options are attachment to tractors, this machine would
be ideal for farmers since it would be the most efficient and least labour intensive to till the field. The
cost of this machine is will be small, compared to the cost of labour using the more manual equipment
listed.
Table 3. Price of Tilling machines
Machines
price
supplier
Location
Farm Cultivator
$340 USD
Luoyang Two Diamonds Trading Co.,Ltd
Henan, China
Zhongda
TAGRM
$1450 USD
$2500 USD
ChangChun ZhongDa tractor manufacturing Co,LTD
Nanning Tagrm Co.,Ltd
Jilin, China
Guangxi, China
Note. Machine and cost data from Alibaba, 2019.
Planting
Rice seeds are planted through two methods through direct seeding or transplanting. Direct
seeding is when the seed is planted into the field rather than transplanting rice seedlings grown in a
nursery and are moved into puddled and leveled fields after seeding. Transplanting is the more common
form of seeding despite; direct seeding helps maintaining crop residue on the soil surface and so builds
soil organic matter resulting in healthy soil and improved nutrients in the soil. However, the yields are
lower compared to transplanting and provides and is much cheaper. In table 4 the machines used for
transplanting are more affordable than those use for direct seeding. Furthermore, with transplanting
the seed can be grown in a more ideal conditions to avoid conditions such as floods, droughts and cold
weather (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019). However, with the infrastructure of wild rice in southern
Manitoba, direct seeding can be done since we could drop the seeds into the body of water and manage
the water and weeds. Finally, using transplanting will require less seed then direct seeding to grow the
same yields (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019).
Rice seeds need warmer climates, water to grow and best grown in the lowland. With research
being done in Canada about growing rice, a colder resistant seed looks feasible and will allow rice to be
planted in southern Manitoba.
Table 4. Rice Seed Planting Machines
Machines
price
supplier
Location
Type
One wheel
riding type
4 Row
Walking
Behind Rice
Transplanter
Diesel rice
planter
machine
STAR
$3500 USD
Zhengzhou VOS Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd.
Henan,
China
Shandong,
China
Transplanting
$2342 USD
Shengrui Transmission Corporate Limited
$2500 USD
Zhengzhou VOS Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd
Guangxi,
China
Transplanting
$7000 USD
Yancheng Foreign Machinery Parts Co., Ltd
Jiangsu,
China
Direct
Seeding
Transplanting
Note. Machine and cost data from Alibaba, 2019.
Weed and Water Management
The two most difficult part of growing rice is managing the water levels and controlling the
weeds. With water management, continuous flooding helps ensure sufficient water and control weeds.
With the increase of precipitation and flooding in southern Manitoba, this makes water management
more manageable for farmers. Farmers will also need to construct bunds that are high so that when it
comes to heavy rain it will not destroy the crop. Bunds will also reduce erosion and water run off so
there is enough rain in the field (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019).
In terms of weed management, flooding the field will kill weeds and will benefits the rice by
giving the rice seed the water it needs. Another way to manage weeds is to apply herbicides in field
while the seed is in the nursey before it is transplanted into the field. This will provide the best condition
for the seed to grow in.
Harvesting
After four to five months the rice is ready to harvest, which is the last stage on the farm
production. In table 5, the prices for harvest machinery is listed, rice can be harvested by hand.
However, in Manitoba the avgerage wage is $17.31CAD (Government of Canada, 2018) and when it
come to harvesting a large field it will be more efficient to use a machine. For larger rice field, the mini
harvester will be more appropriate to use. Rice will then be transported to a rice mill to be dry and
processed.
Table 5. Rice Seed Harvesting Machines
Machines
price
supplier
Location
Combine
Harvester
Combine
Harvester
$3800 USD
HENAN BEST MACHINERY CO.,LTD
Henan, China
$3750 USD
Nanning Tagrm Co.,Ltd
Guangxi,
China
Mini Harvester
$50000 USD
Henan Excellent Commercial & Trading Co., Ltd
Henan, China
Note. Machine and cost data from Alibaba, 2019.
Processing
Rice Mills
In Canada, despite not having commercial rice fields there are two rice mills. One is Western
Rice Mills in Richmond, British Columbia and Danity in Windsor, Ontario. These two mills will take rice
from outside Canada to be processed for Canadian consumers. These mills are also used for wild rice,
which use the same processing as commercial rice.
Rice mills usually are used to cleaning, processing, and getting it ready to be packaged the rice
from the farms (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019). When harvested, rice grains are covered in hard husk then
you get brown rice, when you remove the husk. Once the bran is removed white rice is created, figure 4
shows that calcium and dietary fibers are lost when the bran is removed (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019).
Figure 4. White rice vs. Brown rice nutritional info for 100g, retrieved from www.NutritionData.com
Rice Milling Machines
Another way rice can be processed is on the farm using a rice mill machine. This is common in
Asia and in small scale operations. Processing rice on the farm will decrease the cost of transportation of
rice to a mill to British Columbia or Ontario. When comparing to wild rice production, wild rice is
processed by the indigenous people who grow the plant. This is due to the fact that most of the wild rice
is consumed by those who grow it. Wild rice is processing using very traditional methods by boiling it in
water and using animals such as worms to try and clean and process the rice (Oelke 1991). In Table 5,
there are variety types of machines used to depend on how much rice is planted. For farmers in
subsistence farm, the Agriculture Rice Milling Machine is a big investment for them but because of their
size of the farms it is extremely necessary. These farmers need to provide enough for their family and to
processing is important for making the rice edible (Gummert et al. 2013).
Table 5.
Cost of Rice Mills Machine
Machines
price
Single Rice Mill
Machine
Agriculture Rice
Milling Machine
rice mill plant
supplier
Location
$3000 USD
Anyang Best Complete Machinery Engineering Co., Ltd.
Henan, China
$180 USD
Wuxi Rafiki Tools Co., Ltd
Henan, China
$30000 USD
Zhengzhou VOS Machinery Equipment Co., Ltd.
Henan, China
Note. Machine and cost data from Alibaba, 2019.
For Manitoba, Multistage milling is necessary since Canadian consumers want high quality
products. Therefore, transferring the rice from farms to a rice mill would have to be done. Currently in
Canada, rice is imported to a rice mill after it was processed in its host nations to ensure Canadians get a
high-quality product. Since Canada main import of rice are from the United States, the quality of rice is
high and there are 180 rice mills which make it seems that United states rice is local rice for Canadians
compare to rice imported from Asia (USA Rice, 2018).
Wholesale and Retail
Wholesale
There are many wholesalers of rice all over Canada. Many of them are located in close proximity
to area with high volume of immigrants such as Montreal, Vancouver and Toronto. If the rice is to be
produced in Manitoba the rice would need to be shipped to these major metropolitan cities. Since the
wholesalers are close to retail stores the transportation cost will be low. When rice is done being grown
on the farm and processed it will need to be transported to the supplier and wholesalers who then can
sell it to buyers at a reduced price. The two rice mills in Canada also act as suppliers and wholesalers of
rice which decreases the cost of Transportation.
Retail
The last step in the value chain before the consumer is the retail stores and supermarkets. Rice
is very accessible today and can be purchased at any supermarket. Whether it is white or brown, long or
short grain, most stores in metropolitan areas will have the rice that people prefer. Canada’s retail price
of rice is relatively expensive compared to other countries. In table 6, it shows the price of rice is the
fifth highest in the world. This is due to the lack of domestic production, the high standard of living, and
the expenses in processing to get the best quality rice. In countries where the rice is cheaper, the rice
production is usually domestic or in close proximity.
Table 6 Rice Prices around the world (CAD)
Rice
Rank
Country
(white),
(1kg)
1
Japan
6.25
2
United States
5.11
3
South Korea
4.59
4
Taiwan
4.03
5
Canada
3.97
Data from Numbeo, 2019
Conclusion for Rice Production
Currently, climate change in southern Manitoba has made the land condition more ideal to grow
commercial rice in Canada. However, many barriers still exist when it comes to growing, distributing and
selling the rice from Manitoba. Research is still being done to see if commercial rice can grow in Canada
and with temperatures not yet ideal, there will need to be more research done in creating a better cold
resistant seed. Furthermore, with the high cost of importing the equipment from China as well as the
maintenance of these machine may drive farmers away from growing commercial rice. Finally, with the
transport of rice from farm to the rice mills and wholesaler may not make the growing of rice feasible or
sustainable economically.
Challenges
Transportation Cost:
Transportation is the biggest cost of when it comes to growing commercial rice in Canada. The
biggest transportation is challenges is getting the grown rice to the rice mills or wholesaler. Once the
rice is grown it will need to be transported to the to the wholesalers, which are located in the major
cities such as Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal so that they are easily sold to the consumers. In table 7,
we are given the cost of shipping to Windsor and Richmond which are where the two rice mills are
located, as well as the cost of shipping from the mills to the closest suppliers. Since there is no
infrastructure to transport rice from farm to mill within Canada, this will create a barrier to overcome in
the value chain to reduce cost in transportation.
Table 7 Shipping cost for Transportation of rice
From
To
Purpose
Price/LBS
Duration
Winnipeg
Winnipeg
Windsor
Richmond
Windsor
Toronto
Farm to Mill
Farm to Mill
Mill to supplier
74.38
37.48
29.56
1 week
1 week
1 day
Richmond
Vancouver
Mill to supplier
25.89
1 day
Note. Cost calculated from UPS, 2019
Regulations:
In Canada, a challenge to overcome is the existing regulations that will make it hard to grow rice.
Firstly, regulations limit the application of pest control products to aquatic areas (OMFRA, 2012).
Pesticides are very important when dealing with rice growth since it will be use to get rid of unwanted
weeds. An approved pesticide will need to be developed or discovered in order for rice to be grown in
Canada (Rice Knowledge Bank, 2019).
Global Challenges:
The biggest challenge for growing rice in Canada is the fact that Canada already has a system in
place for exporting rice. Rice produced in Asia is very cheap compared to one that would be grown in
Canada due to labour cost, the use of simplistic machinery and the fact that the infrastructure (rice
seeds and machinery are made domestically) in those country makes it easier to grow rice. In table 6, it
shows that Canada has the fifth most expensive retail price of rice in the world. Furthermore, when
competing with United States in rice production. This is due to their rice production infrastructure leads
to massive suppliers buying from Canadian source. Furthermore, when it comes to Manitoba, there are
currently no rice suppliers in Manitoba so make sure that there are rice suppliers or rice mills. In order
for rice production to be successful, there needs to be an existing value chain in Manitoba.
Potential and Benefits
Benefits:
Rice being grown in southern Manitoba will have many potential benefits to the area. Firstly,
with many challenges coming up with wild rice production, there is a need for farmers to switch crop to
one that will fit better with the climate change (Prairie Climate Change Centre, 2019). Warmer
temperatures and increase precipitation will make it more ideal to grow commercial in Manitoba.
Furthermore, there is a high demand for local Canadian products and be able to market a Canadian rice
to people who frequent farmer’s markets will definitely provide value and merit. Canada is also a very
diverse nation and introducing rice with a Canadian twist will definitely attract customers and allow
them to experience the culture of Asia food. Finally, growing commercial rice will be needed since the
total farm income is increasing and investing in new seeds will help grow the agri-food sector in the
area. With climate change farmers will need to adapt to new ideas and growing commercial rice maybe
considered due to the seed being able to adapt to these changing conditions.
Research:
Right now, there are currently is one commercial rice farm in Canada, based in Chatham-Kent
Ontario. It is operated by FangZheng Agriculture Enterprises along with researchers from University of
Guelph Ridgetown Campus (Pinto, 2019). The farm has been in operation for only one growing season
so there still need a few more years before a definitive answer of whether rice can be grown in Canada.
However, FangZheng Agriculture Enterprises are very optimistic about the prospects and plan on
learning from this year growing period to expand their 74-acre farm (Pinto, 2019). Unlike other
emerging products in Canada, rice has shown promise and currently there is an investment and research
being done to see if the product can be grown and sustained in Canada.
Conclusion
Commercial rice growth is a novel idea and should definitely be considered due to climate
change in southern Manitoba. However, there are still challenges in order for the idea to work. Firstly,
Canada need to be able to build more rice mills and there need more rice suppliers in Manitoba to bring
down the transportation cost. Furthermore, a new seed and pesticides need to be developed to
overcome strict Canadian regulation and cold weather. With the research being done FangZheng
Agriculture Enterprises along with researchers from University of Guelph shows that the work is being
done so that rice in Canada can one day be feasible. Growing commercial rice may not be ideal to be
grown now. It can provide to southern Manitoba with need crops to grow and contribute to the local
economy. It seems that commercial rice can provide value and benefits to the area. With the research
being done and climate change occurring the possibility of commercial rice being grown in southern
Manitoba may some day be feasible.
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