Appendix
B
RefeRence
B1 The Periodic Table
1
1
2.2
1
1+
1–
Nelson Chemistry 11
H
hydrogen
1.01
3
1.0
1+
4
1.6
Li
2
9.01
1+
Mg
magnesium
22.99
24.31
3
2+
20
1.0
4
21
1.4
3+
Sc
Ca
K
22
1.5
5
4+
3+
Ti
6
23
1.6
5+
4+
7
24
1.7
2+
4+
9
26
1.8
3+
2+
27
1.9
2+
3+
titanium
vanadium
chromium
manganese
Mn
Fe
iron
cobalt
39.10
40.08
44.96
47.87
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
38
1.00
Rb
5
2+
39
1.2
Sr
3+
Y
40
1.3
4+
41
1.6
Zr
Cr
8
25
1.6
scandium
1+
V
3+
2+
calcium
37
0.8
5+
3+
Nb
42
2.2
6+
Mo
43
1.9
7+
Co
44
2.2
Tc
3+
4+
45
2.3
3+
Rh
Ru
rubidium
strontium
yttrium
zirconium
niobium
molybdenum
technetium
ruthenium
rhodium
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.96
(98)
101.07
102.91
55
0.8
1+
56
0.9
2+
57
1.1
3+
2+
La
Ba
Cs
6
72
1.3
4+
Hf
73
1.5
5+
74
2.4
Ta
6+
75
1.9
W
7+
76
2.2
Re
4+
77
2.2
4+
Os
Ir
cesium
barium
lanthanum
hafnium
tantalum
tungsten
rhenium
osmium
iridium
132.91
137.33
138.91
178.49
180.95
183.84
186.21
190.23
192.22
87
0.7
1+
88
0.9
Fr
2+
Ra
89
1.1
3+
2+
Ac
105
—
104
—
106
—
Db
Rf
107
—
Sg
109
—
108
—
Hs
Bh
Mt
francium
radium
actinium
rutherfordium
dubnium
seaborgium
bohrium
hassium
meitnerium
(223)
(226)
(227)
(261)
(262)
(266)
(264)
(277)
(268)
Alkali
metals
Alkaline
earth metals
Metals
58
1.1
Non-metals
3+
Ce
6
Metalloids
7
59
1.1
3+
Pr
60
1.1
3+
Nd
61
—
3+
Pm
62
1.1
3+
2+
Sm
cerium
praseodymium
neodymium
promethium
samarium
140.12
140.91
144.24
(145)
150.36
90
1.3
Hydrogen
Appendix B
55.85
potassium
4
656
name of element
atomic mass (u)—based on C-12
atomic molar mass (g/mol)
Na
1+
iron
2+
sodium
19
0.8
7
12
1.3
most common ion charge
other ion charge
3+
2+
Fe
symbol of element
(solids in black,
liquids in blue,
gases in red)
beryllium
11
0.9
26
1.8
atomic number
electronegativity
2+
Be
lithium
6.94
3
Key
2
4+
Th
91
1.5
5+
4+
Pa
92
1.4
6+
4+
U
93
1.4
5+
Np
94
1.3
4+
6+
Pu
thorium
protactinium
uranium
neptunium
plutonium
232.04
231.04
238.03
(237)
(244)
NEL
18
—
2
Periodic Table of the Elements
—
He
1
helium
13
Measured values are subject
to change as experimental
techniques improve. Atomic
molar mass values in this
table are based on IUPAC
website values (2005 and
2007).
14
—
5
2.0
B
C
11
2+
3+
29
1.9
Ni
30
1.7
2+
8
3.4
N
17
2–
O
F
Ne
20.18
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
14.01
16.00
19.00
14
1.9
—
Si
15
2.2
3–
16
2.6
2–
P
S
—
10
—
carbon
3+
4.00
1–
17
3.2
1–
18
—
—
Cl
Ar
aluminum
silicon
phosphorus
sulfur
chlorine
argon
26.98
28.09
30.97
32.07
35.45
39.95
31
1.8
3+
4+
33
2.2
2–
1–
copper
zinc
gallium
germanium
arsenic
selenium
bromine
krypton
65.41
69.72
72.64
74.92
78.96
79.90
83.80
Pd
Ag
silver
106.42
107.87
palladium
78
2.3
4+
2+
79
2.5
2+
49
1.8
Cd
3+
1+
3+
50
2.0
4+
2+
51
2.1
3+
5+
2–
53
2.7
1–
—
54
2.6
cadmium
indium
Sn
tin
antimony
tellurium
iodine
xenon
112.41
114.82
118.71
121.76
127.60
126.90
131.29
2+
1+
Hg
81
1.6
1+
3+
82
2.3
2+
4+
83
2.0
Te
3+
5+
Bi
84
2.0
I
2+
4+
85
2.2
Xe
1–
—
At
Rn
Au
gold
mercury
thallium
Tl
Pb
lead
bismuth
polonium
astatine
radon
195.08
196.97
200.59
204.38
207.2
208.98
(209)
(210)
(222)
110
—
111
—
Ds
112
—
Rg
113
—
Cn
114
—
Uut
Po
Uuq
117
—
116
—
115
—
Uup
Uuh
darmstadtium
roentgenium
copernicium
ununtrium
ununquadium
ununpentium
ununhexium
(281)
(272)
(285)
(284)
(289)
(288)
(291)
63
—
3+
2+
64
1.2
3+
65
—
Gd
Eu
3+
Tb
66
1.2
3+
Dy
67
1.2
3+
Ho
68
1.2
3+
Er
69
1.3
Uus
Uuo
ununoctium
Halogens
Noble gases
(294)
3+
70
—
3+
2+
Yb
Tm
71
1.3
2+
Lu
terbium
dysprosium
holmium
erbium
thulium
ytterbium
lutetium
151.96
157.25
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.05
174.97
Am
96
1.3
3+
Cm
97
1.3
3+
4+
Bk
98
1.3
3+
Cf
99
1.3
3+
Es
100
1.3
Fm
3+
101
1.3
Md
7
ununseptium
gadolinium
3+
4+
6
118
—
europium
95
1.3
5
—
86
Pt
platinum
4
Kr
In
80
2.0
Sb
52
2.1
Br
3
—
36
3.0
63.55
48
1.7
Se
35
3.0
nickel
1+
As
34
2.6
58.69
47
1.9
Ge
3–
Zn
2+
3+
Ga
32
2.0
2
neon
Cu
46
2.2
NEL
9
4.0
12.01
12
2+
1+
16
3–
boron
Al
10
7
3.0
10.81
13
1.6
28
1.9
15
—
6
2.6
2+
3+
102
1.3
2+
3+
No
103
—
6
3+
Lr
americium
curium
berkelium
californium
einsteinium
fermium
mendelevium
nobelium
lawrencium
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(259)
(262)
7
Reference
657
B2 Units, Symbols, Quantities,
and Prefixes
Table 4 Stoichiometry Symbols and Units
Throughout Nelson Chemistry 11 and in this reference
section, we have attempted to be consistent in the presentation and usage of units. As far as possible, the text uses
the International System of Units (SI). However, some
other units have been included because of their practical
importance, wide usage, or use in specialized fields. Nelson
Chemistry 11 has followed the most recent Canadian
Metric Practice Guide (CAN/CSA-Z234.1-00), published
in 2000 and updated in 2003 by the Canadian Standards
Association.
Table 1 SI Base Units
Symbol
Unit
Symbol
amount of substance
n
mole
mol
electric current
I
ampere
A
length
L, l, h, d, w
metre
m
luminous intensity
Iv
candela
cd
mass
m
kilogram
kg
temperature
T
kelvin
K
time
t
second
s
Symbol
Unit
Symbol
2
pressure
P
newton per
square metre
N/m
amount
concentration
c
mole per litre
mol/L
volume
V
amount of substance
n
mol
mass of substance
m
g or kg
amount concentration of
solution
c
mol/L
volume of solution or gas
V
mL or L
molar mass of substance
M
—
molar volume of gas
—
L
Prefix
cubic metre
m3
SI base
unit
2
kg/m?s
kmol/m3
m3
Table 3 Defined and Measured Quantities
Defined (exact) quantities
Measured (uncertain) quantities
1 t 5 1000 kg 5 1Mg
STP 5 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
(use 0 °C and 101 kPa)
SATP 5 25 °C and 100 kPa
0 °C 5 273.15 K (use 273 K)
1 atm 5 101.325 kPa
(use 101 kPa)
1 atm 5 760 mm Hg
1 bar 5 100 kPa
R 5 8.314 kPa?L/(mol?K)
VSTP 5 22.4 L/mol
VSATP 5 24.8 L/mol
NA 5 6.02 3 1023 entities/mol
Appendix B
Unit(s)
Powers and subpowers of ten
Table 2 Some SI-Derived Units
658
Quantity symbol
Table 5 Numerical Prefixes
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Power
Symbol
deca
101
da
hecto
102
h
kilo
103
k
mega
10
6
M
giga
109
G
tera
1012
T
peta
10
15
P
deci
1021
d
centi
1022
c
milli
1023
m
micro
1026
m
nano
1029
n
pico
10212
p
femto
10215
f
atto
10218
a
Some Examples of Prefix Use
0.00350 L
5 3.50 3 1023 L 5 3.50 mL
0.27 m
5 27 3 1022 m 5 27 cm
3 000 000 000 Hz 5 3 3 109 Hz 5 3 GHz
NEL
Table 6 Greek Letters Used in Chemistry
Learning Tip
A
a
alpha
B
b
beta
G
g
gamma
D
d
delta
Table 7 Physical Constants
Quantity
Symbol
Approximate value
atomic mass unit
u
1.661 3 10227 kg
Avogadro’s constant
NA
6.022 141 99 3 1023
(use 6.02 3 1023)
SI Prefixes
Sometimes it is difficult to remember the metric prefixes. A
mnemonic is a saying that helps you remember something. “King
Henry Doesn’t Mind Drinking Chocolate Milk” is a mnemonic for
kilo, hecto, deca, metre, deci, centi, and milli. Another helpful hint is
that mega (M) represents a million (3 106) and tera (T) represents
a trillion (3 1012). The first letters of the prefix and of what it
represents are the same.
B3 Elements and Compounds
Table 1 The Elements
Atomic
number
Ionization
energy (kJ/mol)
Ionic radius
(pm)
Common
ion charge
Ac
89
509
1.1
111
31
aluminum
Al
13
578
1.6
50
31
americium
Am
95
578
1.3
97.5
31
antimony
Sb
51
834
2.1
100.9
76
31
argon
Ar
18
1521
—
arsenic
As
33
947
2.2
78
222
astatine
At
85
2.2
[270]
227
12
barium
Ba
56
503
0.9
[14]
135
21
berkelium
Bk
97
601
1.3
98
31
beryllium
Be
4
899
1.6
31
21
bismuth
Bi
83
703
2.0
91.3
95
31
boron
B
5
801
2.0
26.7
bromine
Br
35
1140
3.0
324.54
196
12
cadmium
Cd
48
868
1.7
97
21
calcium
Ca
20
590
1.0
99
21
californium
Cf
98
608
1.3
95
31
carbon
C
6
1086
2.6
cerium
Ce
58
528
1.1
102
31
cesium
Cs
55
376
0.8
45.50
169
11
chlorine
Cl
17
1251
3.2
348.57
181
12
chromium
Cr
24
653
1.7
64.3
64
31
Element
Symbol
actinium
NEL
Electronegativity*
Electron affinity
(kJ/mol)
42.5
1.78
121.85
reference
659
Atomic
number
Ionization
energy (kJ/mol)
Electronegativity
Electron affinity
(kJ/mol)
Ionic radius
(pm)
Common
ion charge
Co
27
758
1.9
63.9
74.5
21
copper
Cu
29
745
1.9
119.2
72
21
curium
Cm
96
581
1.3
97
31
dysprosium
Dy
66
572
1.2
91.2
31
einsteinium
Es
99
619
1.3
98
31
erbium
Er
68
589
1.2
89.0
31
europium
Eu
63
547
—
94.7
31
fermium
Fm
100
627
1.3
97
31
fluorine
F
9
1681
4.0
328.16
136
12
francium
Fr
87
0.7
[44]
180
11
gadolinium
Gd
64
592
1.2
93.8
31
gallium
Ga
31
579
1.8
29
62.0
31
germanium
Ge
32
762
2.0
119.0
53.0
41
gold
Au
79
890
2.5
222.75
91
31
hafnium
Hf
72
680
1.3
[≈0]
78
41
helium
He
2
2372
—
holmium
Ho
67
581
1.2
90.1
31
hydrogen
H
1
1312
2.2
72.55
10–3/154
11/12
indium
In
49
558
1.8
29
81
31
iodine
I
53
1008
2.7
295.15
216
12
iridium
Ir
77
880
2.2
151.0
64
41
iron
Fe
26
759
1.8
14.6
64.5
31
krypton
Kr
36
1351
3.0
lanthanum
La
57
538
1.1
[48]
106
31
lawrencium
Lr
103
94
31
lead
Pb
82
716
2.3
35.1
120
21
lithium
Li
3
520
1.0
59.63
68
11
lutetium
Lu
71
524
1.3
86.1
31
magnesium
Mg
12
738
1.3
65
21
manganese
Mn
25
717
1.6
80
21
mendelevium
Md
101
635
1.3
114
21
mercury
Hg
80
1007
2.0
110
21
molybdenum
Mo
42
685
2.2
62
61
Element
Symbol
cobalt
660
Appendix B
—
72.2
NEL
Atomic
number
Ionization
energy (kJ/mol)
Electronegativity
Nd
60
530
1.1
neon
Ne
10
2081
—
neptunium
Np
93
605
1.4
nickel
Ni
28
737
1.9
niobium
Nb
41
664
1.6
nitrogen
N
7
1402
3.0
nobelium
No
102
642
1.3
osmium
Os
76
840
2.2
[19]
oxygen
O
8
1314
3.4
140.98
140
palladium
Pd
46
805
2.2
54.2
86
phosphorus
P
15
1012
2.2
72.03
212
platinum
Pt
78
870
2.3
plutonium
Pu
94
585
1.3
polonium
Po
84
812
2.0
potassium
K
19
419
0.8
praseodymium
Pr
59
523
promethium
Pm
61
protactinium
Pa
radium
Element
Symbol
neodymium
Electron affinity
(kJ/mol)
Ionic radius
(pm)
Common
ion charge
98.3
31
75
51
111.5
72
21
86.2
72
51
110
21
65
41
70
41
86
41
65
41
138
11
1.1
99
31
535
—
97
31
91
568
1.5
78
51
Ra
88
509
0.9
148
21
radon
Rn
86
1037
—
rhenium
Re
75
760
1.9
60
71
rhodium
Rh
45
720
2.3
75
31
rubidium
Rb
37
403
0.8
148
11
ruthenium
Ru
44
711
2.2
77
31
samarium
Sm
62
543
1.1
95.8
31
scandium
Sc
21
631
1.4
18.1
81
31
selenium
Se
34
941
2.6
194.96
198
silicon
Si
14
786
1.9
silver
Ag
47
731
1.9
125.6
126
11
sodium
Na
11
496
0.9
52.87
95
11
strontium
Sr
38
549
1.0
4.6
113
21
sulfur
S
16
1000
2.6
200.41
184
tantalum
Ta
73
761
1.5
31.1
68
NEL
205.3
21
[183]
48.38
[14]
46.88
[101]
51
Reference
661
Atomic
number
Ionization
energy (kJ/mol)
Electronegativity
Tc
43
702
1.9
[53]
tellurium
Te
52
869
2.1
190.15
terbium
Tb
65
564
—
(248)
thallium
Tl
81
589
1.6
29
thorium
Th
90
587
thulium
Tm
69
tin
Sn
titanium
Element
Symbol
technetium
Electron affinity
(kJ/mol)
Ionic radius
(pm)
Common
ion charge
58
221
92.3
22
31
144
11
1.3
94
41
596
1.3
88.0
31
50
709
2.0
107.3
71
41
Ti
22
658
1.5
7.6
68
41
tungsten
W
74
770
2.4
78.6
65
61
uranium
U
92
598
1.4
73
61
vanadium
V
23
650
1.6
59
51
xenon
Xe
54
1170
2.6
ytterbium
Yb
70
603
—
86.8
31
yttrium
Y
39
616
1.2
93
31
zinc
Zn
30
906
1.7
74.0
21
zirconium
Zr
40
660
1.3
79
41
50.7
29.6
41.1
Values in this table are taken from Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry unless otherwise stated.
*Electronegativity values are taken from WebElements.com.
Table 2 Common Chemicals
Common name
Recommended name
Formula
Common use/source
acetic acid
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH(aq)
vinegar
acetone
propanone
(CH3)2CO(l)
nail polish remover
acetylene
ethyne
C2H2(g)
cutting/welding torch
ASA (Aspirin)
acetylsalicylic acid
C6H4COOCH3COOH(s)
for pain relief medication
baking soda
sodium hydrogen carbonate
NaHCO3(s)
leavening agent
battery acid
sulfuric acid
H2SO4(aq)
car batteries
bleach
sodium hypochlorite
NaClO(s)
bleach for clothing
bluestone
copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
CuSO4?5 H2O(s)
algicide/fungicide
brine
aqueous sodium chloride
NaCl(aq)
water-softening agent
carbon monoxide
carbon monoxide
CO(g)
toxic product of incomplete combustion
citric acid
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
C3H4OH(COOH)3
in fruit and beverages
CFC
chlorofluorocarbon
CxClyFz(l); e.g., C2Cl2F4(l)
refrigerant
charcoal/graphite
carbon
C(s)
fuel/lead pencils
dry ice
carbon dioxide
CO2(g)
“fizz” in carbonated beverages
662
Appendix B
NEL
Common name
Recommended name
Formula
Common use/source
ethylene
ethene
C2H4(g)
for polymerization
ethylene glycol
1,2-ethandiol
C2H4(OH)2(l)
radiator antifreeze
formaldehyde
methanal
CH2O(g)
preservative, solvent
freon-12
dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl2F2(l)
refrigerant
Glauber’s salt
sodium sulfate decahydrate
Na2SO4?10H2O(s)
solar heat storage
glucose
D-glucose; dextrose
C6H12O6(s)
in plants and blood
grain alcohol
ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
C2H5OH(l)
beverage alcohol
gypsum
calcium sulfate dihydrate
CaSO4?2H2O(s)
wallboard
lime (quicklime)
calcium oxide
CaO(s)
masonry
limestone
calcium carbonate
CaCO3(s)
chalk and building materials
lye (caustic soda)
sodium hydroxide
NaOH(s)
oven/drain cleaner
malachite
copper(II) hydroxide carbonate
Cu(OH)2?CuCO3(s)
copper mineral
methyl hydrate
methanol (methyl alcohol)
CH3OH(l)
gas-line antifreeze
milk of magnesia
magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2(s)
antacid (for indigestion)
MSG
monosodium glutamate
NaC5H8NO4(s)
flavour enhancer
muriatic acid
hydrochloric acid
HCl(aq)
in concrete etching
natural gas
methane
CH4(g)
fuel
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen dioxide
NO2(g)
air pollutant
ozone
ozone
O3(g)
atmospheric gas; ground-level pollutant
PCBs
polychlorinated biphenyls
(C6HxCly)2; e.g., (C6H4Cl2)2(l)
in transformers
potash
potassium chloride
KCl(s)
fertilizer
radon
radon
Rn(g)
radioactive indoor air pollutant
road salt
calcium chloride or sodium chloride
CaCl2(s) or NaCl2(s)
melts ice
rotten-egg gas
hydrogen sulfide
H2S(g)
in natural gas
rubbing alcohol
2-propanol
CH3CHOHCH3(l)
for massage
sand (silica)
silicon dioxide
SiO2(s)
in glass making
slaked lime
calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2(s)
limewater
soda ash
sodium carbonate
Na2CO3(s)
in laundry detergents
sugar
sucrose
C12H22O11(s)
sweetener
sulfur dioxide
sulfur dioxide
SO2(g)
industrial air pollutant; major cause of
acid precipitation
table salt
sodium chloride
NaCl(s)
seasoning
washing soda
sodium carbonate decahydrate
Na2CO3?10 H2O(s)
water softener
vitamin C
ascorbic acid
H2C6H6O6(s)
vitamin
VOCs
mixture of volatile organic compounds
—
air pollutant
NEL
Reference
663
B4 cations and Anions
Table 4 Common Polyatomic Ions
Table 2 Common Anions
Table 1 Common Cations
Ion
Name
Ion
Name
H1
hydrogen
H2
hydride
Li1
lithium
F2
fluoride
Na
sodium
Cl
chloride
K
potassium
Br
bromide
Cs1
cesium
I2
iodide
1
1
2
2
beryllium
21
Be
Mg
Ca
Ba
sulfide
32
nitride
32
phosphide
N
P
barium
21
22
S
calcium
21
oxide
O
magnesium
21
22
aluminum
31
Al
silver
Ag
1
Table 3 Selected Multivalent Cations
Metal
Ions
Classical names
IUPAC names
copper,
Cu
Cu1
Cu21
cuprous
cupric
copper(I)
copper(II)
iron,
Fe
Fe
Fe31
ferrous
ferric
iron(II)
iron(III)
tin,
Sn
Sn21
Sn41
stannous
stannic
tin(II)
tin(IV)
21
lead,
Pb
Pb
Pb41
plumbous
plumbic
lead(II)
lead(IV)
manganese,
Mn
Mn21
Mn31
Mn41
Mn61
Mn71
—
manganese(II)
manganese(III)
manganese(IV)
manganese(VI)
manganese(VII)
21
Ion
Name
C2H3O22
acetate
NH41
ammonium
BO332
borate
BrO32
bromate
CO322
carbonate
ClO32
chlorate
ClO22
chlorite
CrO422
chromate
CN2
cyanide
Cr2O722
dichromate
H2PO42
dihydrogen phosphate
H2PO32
dihydrogen phosphite
HCO32
hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
HPO422
hydrogen phosphate
HPO322
hydrogen phosphite
HSO42
hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)
HS2
hydrogen sulfide (bisulfide)
HSO32
hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)
ClO2, OCl2
hypochlorite
H3O1
hydronium
OH2
hydroxide
IO32
iodate
NO22
nitrite
NO32
nitrate
C2O422
oxalate
ClO42
perchlorate
chromium,
Cr
Cr
Cr31
chromous
chromic
chromium(II)
chromium(III)
gold,
Au
Au1
Au31
—
gold(I)
gold(III)
MnO42
permanganate
SCN2
thiocyanate
nickel(II)
nickel(III)
O222
peroxide
PO432
phosphate
SO422
sulfate
SO322
sulfite
S2O322
thiosulfate
nickel,
Ni
664
21
21
Ni
Ni31
Appendix B
—
NEL
Table 5 Ion Colours
Table 6 Solubility of Ionic Compounds at Room Temperature
Ion in solution
Solution colour
Solubility
Ion
Exceptions
Groups 1, 2, 17
colourless
NO32
none
Cr21
blue
very soluble
(aq)
≥ 0.1 mol/L
halides
except with Cu1, Ag1, Hg221, Pb21
Cr31
green
SO422
Co21
pink
except with Ca21, Ba21, Sr21, Hg21,
Pb21, Ag1
Cu1
green
C2H3O22
Ag1
Cu21
blue
Na1, K1
none
Fe21
pale green
NH41
none
Fe31
yellow-brown
CO322
except with Group 1 ions and NH41
Mn21
pale pink
PO432
except with Group 1 ions and NH41
Ni21
green
OH2
except with Group 1 ions, Ca21, Ba21,
Sr21
CrO422
yellow
S22
Cr2O722
orange
except with Groups 1 and 2 ions and
NH41
MnO42
purple
Ion
Flame colour
Li1
bright red
Na1
yellow
K1
violet
Ca21
yellow-red
Sr21
bright red
Ba21
yellow-green
Cu21
green
Pb21
light blue-grey
Zn21
whitish green
slightly
soluble (s)
< 0.1 mol/L
The AcTiviTy SerieS of MeTAlS
displace hydrogen
from cold water
Li
K
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
displace hydrogen from acids
most reactive
least reactive
NEL
Reference
665
B5 Naming Conventions
Table 4 Oxyanions in Ionic Compounds
Table 1 Common Hydrates
Traditional
name
Alternative
names
Name of hydrate
Examples
name of the ionic
compound 1 Greek
prefix 1 “water”
• copper(II) sulfate
pentahydrate
• magnesium sulfate
heptahydrate
Name of parent oxyanion
Examples
stem of the non-metal name 1 -ate
• chlorate, ClO32
• nitrate, NO32
• sulfate, SO422
• phosphate, PO432
• carbonate, CO322
Names of related oxyanions
Examples
name of the ionic
compound 1 number
of water molecules 1
“water”
• copper(II) sulfate-5-water
• magnesium sulfate-7water
If oxyanion has one
more oxygen atom
than the parent
oxyanion
per 1 stem
of non-metal
name 1 -ate
• perchlorate, ClO42
name of the ionic
compound 1
“water” 1 ratio
of formula units to
water molecules
• copper(II) sulfate—water
(1/5)
• magnesium sulfate—
water (1/7)
If oxyanion has one
fewer oxygen atom
than the parent
oxyanion
stem of
non-metal
name1 -ite
• nitrite, NO22
• sulfate, SO322
If oxyanion has two
fewer oxygen atoms
than the parent
oxyanion
hypo 1 stem
of non-metal
name 1 -ite
• hypochlorite, ClO2
Table 2 Prefixes Used in the Names of Hydrates and Molecular
Compounds
Number of atoms or water
molecules in the chemical formula
Prefix
Table 5 Binary Acids and Oxyacids
1
mono or mon
Name of binary acid
Examples
2
di
3
tri
hydro 1 stem of anion name
1 -ic acid
• hydrochloric acid, HCl
• hydrocyanic acid, HCN
4
tetra
Name of parent oxyacid
Examples
5
penta
6
hexa
If the anion name ends in
-ate, then the acid name
ends in -ic acid.
• sulfate ion → sulfuric acid, H2SO4
• acetate ion → acetic acid, C2H4O2
7
hepta
Names of related oxyacids
8
octa
9
nona
If the anion name starts with per- and ends in -ate, then the acid
name is per-____-ic acid
10
deca
If the anion name ends in -ite, then the acid name ends in -ous acid
If the anion name starts with hypo_ and ends in -ite, then the acid
name is hypo____-ous acid
Table 3 Binary Molecular Compounds
Name of compound
Prefix
prefix 1 name of first element 1 prefix
1 name of second element
[exception: omit “mono” for first
element]
• dinitrogen monoxide
• carbon dioxide
666
Appendix B
NEL
B6 Summary of Reaction Types
Table 6 Oxyacids
Synthesis reaction: A 1 B → AB
Decomposition reaction: AB → A 1 B
Single displacement reaction: A 1 BC → AC 1 B
Double displacement reaction: AB 1 CD → AD 1 CB
[In an aqueous reaction at least one of the products is a
precipitate.]
Combustion of a hydrocarbon: CxHy 1 O2(g) →
CO2(g) 1 H2O(g) 1 energy [complete combustion]
Combustion of an element: A 1 n O2(g) → AxOy
Acid name
Chemical formula
Parent oxyanion
acetic acid
HC2H3BrO2(aq)
bromate, BrO32
bromic acid
HBrO3(aq)
bromate, BrO32
carbonic acid
H2CO3(aq)
carbonate, CO322
chloric acid
HClO3(aq)
chlorate, ClO32
iodic acid
HIO3(aq)
iodate, IO32
nitric acid
HNO3(aq)
nitrate, NO32
phosphoric acid
H3PO4(aq)
phosphate, PO432
sulfuric acid
H2SO4(aq)
sulfate, SO422
perbromic acid
HBrO4(aq)
perbromate, BrO4
hypobromous
HBrO(aq)
hypobromite, BrO
perchloric acid
HClO4(aq)
perchlorate, ClO42
chlorous
HClO2(aq)
chlorite, ClO22
hypochlorous
HClO(aq)
hypochlorite, ClO2
hypofluorous
HFO(aq)
hypofluorite, FO2
periodic acid
HIO4(aq)
periodate, ClO42
hypoiodous
HIO(aq)
hypoiodite, IO2
nitrous acid
HNO2(aq)
nitrite, NO22
NEL
2
2
B7 Summary of Bond Characteristics
Electronegativity difference, DEN
Bond type
DEN 5 0
non-polar covalent
0 , DEN , 1.7
polar covalent
DEN $ 1.7
ionic
Reference
667