Chapter 15, 16, 17 US History Study Guide:
By: Darcy Keller
Chapter 15:
Terms:
- 14th amendment everyone who is a United States citizen receives equal rights and protection of laws
o 5 parts of 14th amendment:
1. Birthright citizenship “due process” for “person”
2. Representation whole person
3. No confederates can serve in government
4. No southern debt goes to the United States
5. Congress enforces laws
- Lincoln reconstitution plan 0% of state had to state their loyalty to US government, no former
confederate officials could serve
- Wade Davis Bill Radical republicans created stated that over 50% white males
Johnson’s Presidency:
- First reconstruction act created 5 regions or military states in south to be run by a governor
- Civil rights bill this was created to start giving rights to the “freedman”. Johnson was against the passage
because he felt it gave too much to the freed slaves
- Freedman’s bureau creation of a group that offered food, created schools, and helped destitute whites
as well as freed slaves. Supposed to last for 1 year
- Johnson vetoed freedman’s bureau
- Congressional reconstruction plan
- Military reconstruction Act abolished all governments in the rebel states, established military control
o Each state needed a new constitution that allowed black males the right to vote and had to ratify the
14th amendment
- Command of the Army Act all orders to the military had to go through the General in charge (US Grant)
Johnson’s Impeachment:
- Put on trial during reconstruction because many people felt he wasn’t good for country
- Tenure of Office Act the law stated that the president could not remove anyone from office without
congress’ consent
- Johnson fired Stanton who was the secretary of war which violated the Tenure of Office Act
- Impeachment vote 35-19, saved by Edmund g ross
Carpetbaggers:
- People who came into the south and squatted on land to make their own
- People who came to south in search of cheap land or a chance to start over
- Troops from union army asked to oversee the carpetbaggers but led to animosity for north because they
took advantage of south
Black Codes and Laws:
-
Created to keep democratic control of south
Black republicans given difficult task of being citizens
Some laws started to disenfranchise black voters
Freedman bureau
Reconstruction:
- When does the fighting end?
- Johnson presidency
- grant presidency
Ulysses S Grant Presidency:
-
1868-1876
Ku klux klan act 1871
Specie Resumption Act 1873 Greenback System
Seward’s Folly ($7.2 million) “sewards ice box” United States bought Alaska for access to Canada
Scandals:
o credit mobilizer railroad and land that congressmen cannot use their own companies for railroads
o panic (depression) of 1873
Election of 1876: End of Reconstruction
- Rutherford B Hayes vs. Samuel Tilden
o Hayes loses popular vote
o Neither man has majority of electoral college
o Special committee created to investigate voter fraud
o Hayes wins and promises to remove federal troops “Home Rule”
Chapter 16:
Robber Baron vs. Captain of Industry:
John D. Rockefeller (standard oil)
Andrew Carnegie (US Steel)
Andrew Mellon (banking)
Leland Stanford (trains)
Joy Gould (railroads)
Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)
- Horizontal integration control one step in the production monopoly
- Vertical integration control production/distribution from start to finish
- Urbanization
- Immigration
o Irish
o Eastern European
o Chinese
Terms/People to define/know:
- American Federation of Labor (AFL)– organized in 1886
o People from 25 unions united to create meetings in Columbus Ohio
o Federation of many separate labor unions each union acted on their own when
dealing with owners of businesses
o Greatest success in organized skilled workers
o Important industrial union affiliates of AFL  United Mine Workers, International Ladies
Garment workers, Amalgamated Clothing Workers
- Knights of Labor – labor group of national standing emerged in 1869;
o spread rapidly after other unions broke apart in 1870
o Endorsed reforms advanced by previous workingmen’s groups
o Supported creation of labor statistics and mechanics lein laws (ensured payment of
wages)
o Condemned violence, class warfare and socialism preferred boycotts for strikes
o Terence V Powderly became head of knights of labor in 1879
- Samuel Gompers – served as president of American Federation of Labor
o Served from 1924 to his death
o Came to US as teenager, dutch jew
o Joined cigarmarks union in 1864
o became president of nyc local union in 1877
o unlike knights of labor focused on economic gains, higher wages, shorter hours,
better working conditions and avoided utopian ideas
- Pinkerton - Henry Clay Frick’s army of 316 men from Pinkerton during Homestead Steel Strike
o Protected “Fort Frick”
o July 6th 1892, Pinkertons came up Mononongahela River on 2 barges
o 14 hour shooting between pinkertons and unionists and supporters
o “Kill the Pinkertons”
o Pinkertons surrendered and agreed to be tried for murder
- Child Labor Laws- laws set up to protect the safety and rights of children in workforce
o Thousands of children in New England and south worked in dusty textile mills
o Factories were dangerous places of work for children
Homestead
Steel Strike
(1892)
Causes
Sides
Events of Strike
Results
-Tensions between steel workers and
management
-Amalgamated Association of Iron and
Steel Workers (AA)
. Union of steelworkers against
the low/decreasing wages
-Management closes down the mill
-Frick builds 12 foot high fence
around the plant (watchtowers,
barbed wire, etc.)
-Hires private army from Pinkerton
Detective Agency
-14 hour gun battle on the shore (7
workers and 4 Pinkertons killed)
- Pinkertons surrender & agree to
be tried for murder
- Alexander Berkman tries to
assassinate Frick
^^^ less sympathy for strikers
- Management closes down the mill
- Frick builds 12 foot high fence around
the plant (watchtowers, barbed wire,
etc.)
- Hires private army from Pinkerton
Detective Agency
- 14 hour gun battle on the shore (7
workers and 4 Pinkertons killed)
- Pinkertons surrender & agree to be
tried for murder
- Alexander Berkman tries to
assassinate Frick
^^^ less sympathy for strikers
-workers said no trains would
leave until wages increased
-police got involved, then
militia, finally federal troops
shut it down and allowed
trains to go through
-resulting strike events:
Pennsylvania railroad burned,
many more rebellions, etc.
Crowd of protesters/ Strikers
stormed the Haymarket
square . Someone threw a
bomb and the police resorted
to firing their guns killing
people as well as some police
-encouraged new strikes to occur
all over railroad system
-strikes ended up collapsing
because federal troops didn’t
budge
-didn’t do much, owners
continued to lower wages
• A boycott against trains that had
Pullman cars
• Pullman workers walk off the job
in response to company president
George M. Pullman refusing to
meet with them to discuss their
demands.
• Attorney General Richard Olney
obtains an injunction that prohibits
ARU leaders from inciting workers
to strike and from even
communicating with them.
• Grover Cleveland sent troops to
Illinois to stop the strike and in
result the rioters destroyed a bunch
of railcars
The troops ended up firing into the
crowd, killing rioters and making
arrests
• Railway companies began to
hire nonunion workers to restart
the companies
. Innovation created higher production
and the workers were paid undervalue
of the work they were doing
. Carnegie Steel Company dropped
wages to improve production/expand
. Began in Pittsburg Pennsylvania
. Carnegie Steel Company
. Andrew Carnegie and Henry
Clay Frick (chief of operations)
. Tried to maximize production
and minimize costs
Great Railroad
Strike (1877)
people refused to work and release
trains due to wages decreasing
workers at B&O station vs owners of the
station
-militia also got involved, dispatched by
Henry Mathews (WV Governor
Haymarket
Strike/Riot
(1886)
• Someone threw a bomb at the police
Low wages and long working hours
• Protesters/ Strikers
Police/Government official
Pullman Strike
(1894
• Lack of democracy and its politics
• Citizens in the town of Pullman were
upset because of things like excessive
water and gas rates and other economic
problems related to rights of companies
ARU vs Pullman and the federal
government
• Hours of workers were increased
while wages were cut
Along with the hours being increased
and wages being decreased the jobs
were cut as well making union workers
unhappy
• Born of Xenophobia
• All labor meetings were banned
the following morning.
Sentence of the people involved
in the strike
• Railway companies had lost
millions in damage
• Eventually this strike caused
Grover Cleveland to pass a bill
making labor day a holiday
Political Cartoon
Photograph
Chapter 17:
Terms:
-bureau of Indian affairs= try to enhance quality of life of native Americans
-ghost dancers= ceremony of hope, willing peace and help the land
Wars:
-sand creek = massacre of peaceful native Americans (COLORADO/WYOMING) 1864
-red clouds war= fight over land between USA and tribes (WYOMING) 1866
-Nez perce war= war between nez perce tribes and USA (OREGON, IDAHO, WYOMING, MONTANA)
1877
-battle of greasy grass= aka little big horn, tribes fighting again Custer's troops (MONTANA) 1867
-wounded knee= Lakota people vs USA (DAKOTAS) 1890
Treaties:
-fort Laramie= first in 1851, then again in 1868, basically laid off of Native American land
-treaty of medicine lodge= promised tribes peace and protection, 1867
People:
-black kettle= leader of southern Cheyenne
-chief joseph= leader of Nez Perce
-sitting bull= leader of Lakota
-crazy horse= leader of Lakota
-William t Sherman = American soldier
-George a Custer= American soldier, against Native Americans
-Geronimo = leader and medicine man for Apache peoples