DEFINITION:
RLC BEHAVIOURS
RLC is a passive element
Passive Elements
Components that consumes
power but shows no physical
action compared to active
element
Inductor is a closed circuit to DC
Capacitor is an open circuit to DC
Current And Voltage Differences
KCL AND KVL
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
MESH ANALYSIS
CRAMER’S RULE?
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 ∆? (𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕)
By using FX-570ES Plus Calculator:
1. Press ‘Mode’ -> ‘6’ (Matrix) -> ‘MatA’ -> ‘3x3’
2. Substitute the values.
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆
3.
4.
5.
Press ‘AC’ -> ‘Shift -> ‘4’ -> ‘7’ (det)
Press ‘Shift’ -> ‘3’ (MatA) -> ‘=‘
Values will be shown
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟑𝒙𝟑 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙?
KVL
Green Color
+5[(9x4) - (-2x-2)]
Find I1, I2, I3
Pink Color
-(-4)[(-4x4) - (-2x0)]
By using Cramer’s Rule
Orange Color
+0[(-4x-2) - (9x0)]
Total = 160 – 64 – 0
Total = 96
Link to refer 3x3 Matrix
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfwXTMygeVs&ab_channel=MichelvanBiezen
𝑰=
𝑽
𝑹
NODAL ANALYSIS
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆
Find V1 and V2
KCL
NODE 2
NODE 1
Simplifying
SUPERNODE
What is supernode?
1.
Step 1
2.
3.
Elements that connected
parallel to the circuit is
neglected
Remove Voltage Source
Step 2
Simplifying
Original Circuit
Remove Current Source
Voltage source connected on two
nonreference nodes
Applying KCL and KVL
Could be dependent or independent
source.
SUPERMESH
What is supernode?
1.
2.
3.
Includes all
elements except
as stated above
Includes only the
elements in the
circle
Current source connected between two
loops.
Applying KCL and KVL
Could be dependent or independent
source.
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Superposition Rules
1.
2.
3.
Since there are more than one sources,
consider close all sources except one.
Assume it as V1 and calculate.
Now, repeat the other sources with
assuming it to find V2.
Find V equivalent with V1+V2
Step 2: Neglect 6V Source (V2)
Step 1: Neglect 3A Source (V1)
Original Circuit
What is Source Transformation?
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
1.
Voltage Source
Series to Resistor
Simplifying the circuit by converting
sources either dependent or
independent.
Current Source Parallel
to Resistor
Conversion Source between Voltage & Current
3Ω + 12V -> 4A // 3Ω
2 Different Arrow: 4A – 2A = 2A
I = V/R = 12V/3Ω = 4A
I = V/R = 12V/6Ω = 2A
Original Circuit
4Ω // 3A -> 4Ω + 12V
V = IR = 4Ω x 3A = 12V
Step 3
Step 2
1.
2.
1.
2.
Adding 4Ω and 2Ω together since it is series
Converting 12V Source to 2A Source
Step 1
By using V=IR formula:
1.
2.
Converting 12V Source to 4A Source
Converting 3A Source to 12V Source
Step 4: Using Current Divider
Adding 6Ω and 3Ω together in parallel.
4A source – 2A Source since it has different
arrow.
THEVENIN THEOREM
Voltage Source -> Short Circuit
Current Source and RL -> Open Circuit
Given RL = 6
Step 1
1. Remove all sources to find RTH
Original Circuit
Step 3
1. Apply Source Transformation
from the original circuit to find
IL
Step 2
1. Revert back the sources only while RL still open circuit.
2. Now find VTH by using Nodal Analysis