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E&M

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D01.
Charge
電荷
(2) Van de Graaff generator 范德格拉夫起電機
(1)
positive charge
帶正電荷
negative charge
帶負電荷
Earthed
(i) by finger touch
(ii) by emit  near sphere
neutral
中性
放電
(i) 用手指接觸
(ii) 附近放出  粒子
(3) Application of electrostatics
(i) Photocopier
(ii) Electrostatic precipitator
(iii) Van de Graaff generator
(4) Lightning conductor
避雷針
靜電的應用
影印機
靜電沉積器
范德格拉夫起電機
(5) Coulomb’s law 庫倫定律
F
D02.
Q1Q2  ve attractive force 吸力

4 0 r 2  ve repulsive force 斥力
F
3Q  2Q 
4 0 r 2
Electric field
 F  EQ

vector 向量
Q

 E  4 r 2 : Electric field 電場 unit 單位︰NC 1
0


(action-reaction pair 作用力反作用力對)
 0  8.85  10 12 C2N–1m–2
電場
QQ
Q1
F  1 22 
 Q2  EQ2
4 0 r
4 0 r 2
Electric potential 電勢

V   Edr
r1
Q
dr
4 0 r 2
Q  2

r dr
4 0 r1


r1


Q  r 1 
4 0   1  r1

 Q 1 
4 0  r  r1

Q  1 1

4 0   r1 

Q
4 0 r1

(scalar 純量)
D03.
Circuits
Symbol 符號
Unit 單位
V
V : volt 伏特
Current 電流
I
A : ampere 安培
Resistance 電阻
R
 : ohm 歐姆
P
W : watt 瓦特
電路
Voltage 電壓
Power 功率
Energy 能量
E
J : joule 焦耳
Charge 電荷
Q
C : coulomb 庫侖
V  IR
V
R
P  VI  IRI  I 2 R
I
V V2

R R
E  P t
P V 
I
Variable resistor 變阻器
-
control the current flowing in the circuit & the voltage across the bulb.
控制電路中的電流和燈泡兩端的電壓
Ohm’s law 歐姆定律
-
states that the current through a conductor between 2 points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points.
指出導電體兩端的電壓與通過導電體的電流成正比。 I 
V
R
Q
t
In series 串聯
Galvanometer is very sensitive
檢流計的靈敏度非常高
V  IR
VDE  0
VAB  I  2
VBC  I  5
VAB  VBC  VCD  8
I  2  I  5  I 1  8
I  1A
VCD  I 1
V  IR
8  1  RT
1  R1  1  R2  1  R3  1  RT
RT  R1  R2  R3
Power 功率  VI  I 2 R 
V2
R
R1 : P1  2  1  12  2 
22
2W
2
R2 : P2  5  1  12  5 
52
 5 W (光)
5
R3 : P3  1  1  12  1 
12
 1 W (暗)
2
RT : PT  8  1  12  8 
82
 8W
8
In parallel 並聯
I  I1  I 2  I 3 , V  IR
VAB  VCD  VEF  10V
R1  2 10  I1  2 I1  5A
RT  1  1  1  1  4
R2  5 10  I 2  5 I 2  2A
R3  1 10  I 3  1 I 3  10A
1 1 1 1 1
   
RT 1 1 1 1
1
RT  
4
I  I1  I 2  I 3
I  5  2  10  17 A
 愈長 R 愈大
A 愈大 R 愈小
 resistivity 電阻系數
V  IRT
10  17 RT
10
V

17 I1  I 2  I 3
V
RT 
V V V


R1 R2 R3
V V V
V



R1 R2 R3 RT
1
1
1
1



R1 R2 R3 RT
1
1
1
1
 

RT R1 R2 R3
RT 
(unit 單位 : m )
R
Power 功率  VI  I 2 R 
V2
R
R1 : P1  10  5  52  2 
10 2
 50 W
2
R2 : P2  10  2  2 2  5 
10 2
 20 W (暗)
5
R3 : P3  10  10  10 2  1 
RT : PT  10  17  17 2 
10 2
 100 W (光)
1
10 10 2

 170 W
17 10
17

A
D04.
E:
N:
L:
F:
Domestic electricity
Earth (Green / yellow)
Neutral (Blue)
Live (Brown)
Fuse
地線 (綠/黃)
中線 (藍)
活線 (棕)
保險絲
(low melting point, blow if current > xA)
(低熔點,若 > xA 會燒斷)
E  Pt
Energy (unit) 能量 (單位) : J or kWhr
1kWhr  1000W  3600s  3600000J
家居電學
Fuse : In case of a fault, the fuse will blow & break the circuit.
保險絲︰萬一有故障,保險絲會燒斷使電路中斷。
Wire :
Thicker  resistance  (~ in parallel)  Power loss 
電線︰ 愈粗  電阻  (~ 並聯)  功率損失 
Earth : Prevent electric shock
Longer pin : make sure earth is connected before the pins of live & neutral so that
earthing is achieved before current flows through the appliance.
較長的腳︰ 保證地線插腳比活線和中線的插腳先插入使電器的電流通過之前
已經接了地。
Some electrical appliance without earth wire
 Plastic casing is a good conductor
部分電器沒有地線
 塑膠外殼是良好的絕緣體
Switch : connect to the live wire of the mains supply
 make sure the electrical appliance is isolated from the high potential
when the switch is open.
開關︰ 接在市電電源的活線上
 防止斷開後,電器仍處於高電勢。
Kilowatt-hour meter :
千瓦時計︰
record electrical energy supplied by the current.
量度電流所供應的電能。
V = 3V
Case 1 :
V  IR
3  I  110
3
I
110
Case 2 :
V  IR
3  I  105
3
I
105
2
 3 
Ploss  I 2 R  
  10
 110 
Ploss  7.438  10 3W
2
 3 
Ploss  I 2 R  
 5
 105 
Ploss  4.082  10 3W
Light bulb : Filament lamp > Fluorescent lamp > Energy saving lamp > LED lamp
燈泡 : 白熾燈 > 日光燈 > 節能燈 (慳電胆) > 發光二極體 (LED 燈)
(LED = light-emitting diodes)
D05.
Magnetic force & magnetic field
磁力與磁場
How to show the magnetic field pattern?
如何顯示磁場圖形?
Place the cardboard above the magnets.
Sprinkle iron filings on the cardboard and then tap the cardboard gently.
The pattern of the iron* filings represents the magnetic field pattern.
將紙板放在磁鐵之上,把鐵粉撒於紙板上,然後輕輕拍動紙板,
鐵*粉組成的圖形就是磁場的圖形。
*
Metal can be magnetic / magnetic material : Iron, nickel, cobalt & its alloy
可被磁化的金屬 / 磁性金屬︰ 鐵、鈷、鎳 及其合金
D06.
Current  Magnetic field
Right hand grip rule
電流  磁場
螺線管右手法則
D07.
Motor
發動機
(1) B + I  F
Math – M2 cross product 叉積
Current 電流︰ I
B
0 I
2r
Magnetic field (B-field) 磁場︰ B
(unit 單位︰T)

a  b  a b sin 

If a // b , then a  b  0

If a  b  0 , then a // b


a  a  0
a , a  b is orthogonal 直角

b , a  b is orthogonal 直角
F  I  B
F  I  B sin
F  IB sin  BI sin
Left hand rule 左手法則
左︰發動︰電力
右︰發電︰力電
公︰F
食︰B
中︰I
F  BI sin
Q

F  B  sin  BQ sin  BQv sin
t
t
 F  BI sin

 F  BQv sin
(2) Force between 2 long wires 兩條長電線間的力
(3) B-field 磁場 (  重過  )
F  BQv sin
 0 I1

B 
2r

 F  BI 2sin90
I
F  0 1 I 2
2r
F 0 I1 I 2


2r
0 I 2

B 
2r

 F  BI1sin90
I
F  0 2 I1
2r
F  0 I1 I 2


2r
Action-reaction pair 作用力反作用力對
BQv 
r
mv 2
r
mv
BQ
(4) Solenoid 螺線管
Right-hand grip rule 螺線管右手法則
 NI
B 0

B  magnetic field in the centre of long solenoid
長螺線管中心位的磁場
N  number of turns 匝數
  length of solenoid 螺線管長度
μ0  4π  10 7 Hm–1
(5) Galvanometer 檢流計
Current flow 電流方向 :
(6) Motor 發動機
A, B, C, D
解法 1
(將 E 改做 commutator 換向器)
解法 1︰
F  BI sin

B 


F  I 
deflection 偏轉  


number of turns 匝數 

strength of hairspring 游絲的強度 
解法 2
Current flow 電流方向 :
A, B, C, D
解法 2︰
Commutator :
Reverse the connection of the coil with the outside circuit every time the coil
passes through the vertical. This makes the current in the coil reverse and
keep on rotating in the same direction.
換向器︰
在每次線圈經過垂直位置時對調線圈和外屬電路的連接方向
使通過線圈的電流方向改變,這樣可以使線圈保持同一方向轉動。
解法 3︰
Reach vertical position :
There is no magnetic force acting on the coil, but it would rotates by its inertia
as the coil is originally rotating with an angular speed.
到達垂直位置時︰
作用於線圈的磁力為 0,但因原本已在轉動,它會由於慣性而保持轉動。
F  BI
F : B , I , number of coil 線圈數 
 rotating speed
 轉速
(1)
 number of turns of ABCD
 ABCD 的圈數
(2)
 number of turns in the solenoids   strength of magnet
 螺線管的線圈數   磁場的強度
(3)
 voltage of battery
 電池的電壓
If no commutator 若沒有換向器
D08.
Generator
Lenz’s law
發電機
楞次定律
(2) Generator 發電機 (d.c.)
A
D
(1) Lenz’s law 楞次定律
By Lenz’s law, the induced current will produce a magnetic field which opposes the
change of magnetic field.
根據楞次定律,感生電流所生的磁場是排斥磁場上的改變。
(a) Induced e.m.f. 感生電動勢   
B
C
d


dt
t
Magnetic flux 磁通量   BAcos
解法 1
Right-hand rule 右手法則
(b) Right hand rule 右手法則
公︰F
食︰B
中︰I
Direction of current flow 電流方向 :
BADC
 CDAB
 BADC

clockwise
anticlockwise clockwise
順時針
逆時針
順時針
CDAB
anticlockwise
逆時針
解法 2
(3) Generator 發電機 (a.c.)
P
Q
S
R
QR
PS
 
d
dBA

dt
dt
A0  PS  PQ
A  PS  PQ cos  A0 cos
 
dBA0 cos
d
d
  BA0  sin 
 BA0 sin
dt
dt
dt
If constant rotational speed 若固定轉速 :
(4) Search coil 探察線圈
d
C
dt
  sin
t 0,  

2
t  
t
 2t
 2  
T
2 T
2t
  2t 
sin  sin 
  cos
T
2 T 


2

When B-field change
 By Lenz’s law, current induced in the coil record in CRO.
當磁場改變
 根據楞次定律於線圈中感生電流於示波器紀錄。
2t
  BA0C cos
T
Source of forces in generator
(1) Wind energy
(2) Hydroelectric power
(3) Tidal energy
發電機力的來源
(1) 風能
(2) 水力發電
(3) 潮汐能
(5) Moving-coil microphone 動圈式微音器
[Magnet 磁石、coil = 線圈、Diaphragm = 膜片]
When someone speaks in front of microphone, the diaphragm and coil will
vibrate when the coil move in and out, it cuts magnetic field and induces current
in the coil.
The magnitude of the current depends on the amplitude of the sound.
While the frequency of the current depends on the rate of change of magnetic
field which is affected by the frequency of sound.
The induced current is transmitted and amplified.
Sound is generated in a moving-coil loudspeaker.
當有人在微音器前說話時,膜片及線圈會震動,當線圈內外移動時,
它切割磁場,於線圈內外移動時,它切割磁場,於線圈中感生出電流。
電流大小取決於聲音的振幅而電流的頻率取決於磁場改變速率
而它是由聲音頻率所影響。
感生電流傳遞及放大,聲音會通過動圈式擴音器生產。
(6) Eddy current 渦電流
Change in B-field
 By Lenz’s law
Induced current
+ resistance
= heat
Induction cooker
磁場改變
 根據楞次定律
感生電流
+ 電阻
= 熱
電磁爐
D09.
Alternating current vs. direct current
交流電 vs. 直流電
D10.
Transformer
變壓器
Frequency 頻率 : 50 Hz (10 進制國家) vs. 60 Hz (12 進制國家)
(50 Hz 的電器可用於 60 Hz 的電源)
 2t 
V  V peak sin

 T 
r.m.s. = root mean square 方均根
Vrms 

T
2
0

Turn ratio 匝數比 
2

 2t 
V peak sin T  dt



T
2
2
V peak
T
2

V peak
T
T
2
0

T
2
0

T
2
0
V I 
2
2
V peak
T
1
1 T
dt 
2
2 4

2
1 2 T
t 0 
V peak
T
2
8
T
a.c. :
it can be stepped up or down with transformer while direct current (d.c.) cannot.
可以被變壓器升壓或降壓而直流電 (d.c.) 不能。
4t
T dt


Power 功率  V1 I1  V2 I 2
 2t 
sin2 
dt
 T 
1  cos
T
2
0

cos
4t  4t 
d

T  T 

2
T
V peak
T
4
V peak
2
T1 : step up voltage of electricity
T2 : step down voltage of electricity
提高電壓
降低電壓
T
 4t  2
sin T 
0
2
1 T
 T

V peak
 0  sin 2  sin 0
T
2  2
 8

n1 V1 I 2
 
n2 V2 I1
The transformer T1 steps up the voltage and this reduces the current flowing
through the wires.
 Power loss in the wire is equal to I 2 R , the decrease in I will result in a reduction
of power loss in the wires.
變壓器 T1 提電壓而減少流經電線的電流。
 損失於電線的功率等如 I 2 R ,減少 I 可以減少電線所消耗的功率。
Power output 功率輸出
Efficiency 效率 
 100%
Power input 功率輸入
Use laminated soft iron core
(1) To increase the strength of magnetic field produced by the coil.
(2) To improve efficiency of the transformer.
The energy lost due to induced currents (eddy currents) in the iron core of a
transformer is reduced if the core is laminated.
使用薄片叠成的軟鐵心
(1) 增加由線圈所產生的磁場強度。
(2) 提升變壓器的效率
變壓器若採用叠片式鐵心,
可降低鐵心內因感生電流 (渦電流) 而耗損的能量。
Ploss  I 2 R 
V 2 2000  1980 2

R
R
Electric charging system 充電系統
a.c.  change in B-field 磁場改變
 induced current in secondary coil
次級線圈會感生出電流
 charging electricity 充電
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