D01. Charge 電荷 (2) Van de Graaff generator 范德格拉夫起電機 (1) positive charge 帶正電荷 negative charge 帶負電荷 Earthed (i) by finger touch (ii) by emit near sphere neutral 中性 放電 (i) 用手指接觸 (ii) 附近放出 粒子 (3) Application of electrostatics (i) Photocopier (ii) Electrostatic precipitator (iii) Van de Graaff generator (4) Lightning conductor 避雷針 靜電的應用 影印機 靜電沉積器 范德格拉夫起電機 (5) Coulomb’s law 庫倫定律 F D02. Q1Q2 ve attractive force 吸力 4 0 r 2 ve repulsive force 斥力 F 3Q 2Q 4 0 r 2 Electric field F EQ vector 向量 Q E 4 r 2 : Electric field 電場 unit 單位︰NC 1 0 (action-reaction pair 作用力反作用力對) 0 8.85 10 12 C2N–1m–2 電場 QQ Q1 F 1 22 Q2 EQ2 4 0 r 4 0 r 2 Electric potential 電勢 V Edr r1 Q dr 4 0 r 2 Q 2 r dr 4 0 r1 r1 Q r 1 4 0 1 r1 Q 1 4 0 r r1 Q 1 1 4 0 r1 Q 4 0 r1 (scalar 純量) D03. Circuits Symbol 符號 Unit 單位 V V : volt 伏特 Current 電流 I A : ampere 安培 Resistance 電阻 R : ohm 歐姆 P W : watt 瓦特 電路 Voltage 電壓 Power 功率 Energy 能量 E J : joule 焦耳 Charge 電荷 Q C : coulomb 庫侖 V IR V R P VI IRI I 2 R I V V2 R R E P t P V I Variable resistor 變阻器 - control the current flowing in the circuit & the voltage across the bulb. 控制電路中的電流和燈泡兩端的電壓 Ohm’s law 歐姆定律 - states that the current through a conductor between 2 points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. 指出導電體兩端的電壓與通過導電體的電流成正比。 I V R Q t In series 串聯 Galvanometer is very sensitive 檢流計的靈敏度非常高 V IR VDE 0 VAB I 2 VBC I 5 VAB VBC VCD 8 I 2 I 5 I 1 8 I 1A VCD I 1 V IR 8 1 RT 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 1 RT RT R1 R2 R3 Power 功率 VI I 2 R V2 R R1 : P1 2 1 12 2 22 2W 2 R2 : P2 5 1 12 5 52 5 W (光) 5 R3 : P3 1 1 12 1 12 1 W (暗) 2 RT : PT 8 1 12 8 82 8W 8 In parallel 並聯 I I1 I 2 I 3 , V IR VAB VCD VEF 10V R1 2 10 I1 2 I1 5A RT 1 1 1 1 4 R2 5 10 I 2 5 I 2 2A R3 1 10 I 3 1 I 3 10A 1 1 1 1 1 RT 1 1 1 1 1 RT 4 I I1 I 2 I 3 I 5 2 10 17 A 愈長 R 愈大 A 愈大 R 愈小 resistivity 電阻系數 V IRT 10 17 RT 10 V 17 I1 I 2 I 3 V RT V V V R1 R2 R3 V V V V R1 R2 R3 RT 1 1 1 1 R1 R2 R3 RT 1 1 1 1 RT R1 R2 R3 RT (unit 單位 : m ) R Power 功率 VI I 2 R V2 R R1 : P1 10 5 52 2 10 2 50 W 2 R2 : P2 10 2 2 2 5 10 2 20 W (暗) 5 R3 : P3 10 10 10 2 1 RT : PT 10 17 17 2 10 2 100 W (光) 1 10 10 2 170 W 17 10 17 A D04. E: N: L: F: Domestic electricity Earth (Green / yellow) Neutral (Blue) Live (Brown) Fuse 地線 (綠/黃) 中線 (藍) 活線 (棕) 保險絲 (low melting point, blow if current > xA) (低熔點,若 > xA 會燒斷) E Pt Energy (unit) 能量 (單位) : J or kWhr 1kWhr 1000W 3600s 3600000J 家居電學 Fuse : In case of a fault, the fuse will blow & break the circuit. 保險絲︰萬一有故障,保險絲會燒斷使電路中斷。 Wire : Thicker resistance (~ in parallel) Power loss 電線︰ 愈粗 電阻 (~ 並聯) 功率損失 Earth : Prevent electric shock Longer pin : make sure earth is connected before the pins of live & neutral so that earthing is achieved before current flows through the appliance. 較長的腳︰ 保證地線插腳比活線和中線的插腳先插入使電器的電流通過之前 已經接了地。 Some electrical appliance without earth wire Plastic casing is a good conductor 部分電器沒有地線 塑膠外殼是良好的絕緣體 Switch : connect to the live wire of the mains supply make sure the electrical appliance is isolated from the high potential when the switch is open. 開關︰ 接在市電電源的活線上 防止斷開後,電器仍處於高電勢。 Kilowatt-hour meter : 千瓦時計︰ record electrical energy supplied by the current. 量度電流所供應的電能。 V = 3V Case 1 : V IR 3 I 110 3 I 110 Case 2 : V IR 3 I 105 3 I 105 2 3 Ploss I 2 R 10 110 Ploss 7.438 10 3W 2 3 Ploss I 2 R 5 105 Ploss 4.082 10 3W Light bulb : Filament lamp > Fluorescent lamp > Energy saving lamp > LED lamp 燈泡 : 白熾燈 > 日光燈 > 節能燈 (慳電胆) > 發光二極體 (LED 燈) (LED = light-emitting diodes) D05. Magnetic force & magnetic field 磁力與磁場 How to show the magnetic field pattern? 如何顯示磁場圖形? Place the cardboard above the magnets. Sprinkle iron filings on the cardboard and then tap the cardboard gently. The pattern of the iron* filings represents the magnetic field pattern. 將紙板放在磁鐵之上,把鐵粉撒於紙板上,然後輕輕拍動紙板, 鐵*粉組成的圖形就是磁場的圖形。 * Metal can be magnetic / magnetic material : Iron, nickel, cobalt & its alloy 可被磁化的金屬 / 磁性金屬︰ 鐵、鈷、鎳 及其合金 D06. Current Magnetic field Right hand grip rule 電流 磁場 螺線管右手法則 D07. Motor 發動機 (1) B + I F Math – M2 cross product 叉積 Current 電流︰ I B 0 I 2r Magnetic field (B-field) 磁場︰ B (unit 單位︰T) a b a b sin If a // b , then a b 0 If a b 0 , then a // b a a 0 a , a b is orthogonal 直角 b , a b is orthogonal 直角 F I B F I B sin F IB sin BI sin Left hand rule 左手法則 左︰發動︰電力 右︰發電︰力電 公︰F 食︰B 中︰I F BI sin Q F B sin BQ sin BQv sin t t F BI sin F BQv sin (2) Force between 2 long wires 兩條長電線間的力 (3) B-field 磁場 ( 重過 ) F BQv sin 0 I1 B 2r F BI 2sin90 I F 0 1 I 2 2r F 0 I1 I 2 2r 0 I 2 B 2r F BI1sin90 I F 0 2 I1 2r F 0 I1 I 2 2r Action-reaction pair 作用力反作用力對 BQv r mv 2 r mv BQ (4) Solenoid 螺線管 Right-hand grip rule 螺線管右手法則 NI B 0 B magnetic field in the centre of long solenoid 長螺線管中心位的磁場 N number of turns 匝數 length of solenoid 螺線管長度 μ0 4π 10 7 Hm–1 (5) Galvanometer 檢流計 Current flow 電流方向 : (6) Motor 發動機 A, B, C, D 解法 1 (將 E 改做 commutator 換向器) 解法 1︰ F BI sin B F I deflection 偏轉 number of turns 匝數 strength of hairspring 游絲的強度 解法 2 Current flow 電流方向 : A, B, C, D 解法 2︰ Commutator : Reverse the connection of the coil with the outside circuit every time the coil passes through the vertical. This makes the current in the coil reverse and keep on rotating in the same direction. 換向器︰ 在每次線圈經過垂直位置時對調線圈和外屬電路的連接方向 使通過線圈的電流方向改變,這樣可以使線圈保持同一方向轉動。 解法 3︰ Reach vertical position : There is no magnetic force acting on the coil, but it would rotates by its inertia as the coil is originally rotating with an angular speed. 到達垂直位置時︰ 作用於線圈的磁力為 0,但因原本已在轉動,它會由於慣性而保持轉動。 F BI F : B , I , number of coil 線圈數 rotating speed 轉速 (1) number of turns of ABCD ABCD 的圈數 (2) number of turns in the solenoids strength of magnet 螺線管的線圈數 磁場的強度 (3) voltage of battery 電池的電壓 If no commutator 若沒有換向器 D08. Generator Lenz’s law 發電機 楞次定律 (2) Generator 發電機 (d.c.) A D (1) Lenz’s law 楞次定律 By Lenz’s law, the induced current will produce a magnetic field which opposes the change of magnetic field. 根據楞次定律,感生電流所生的磁場是排斥磁場上的改變。 (a) Induced e.m.f. 感生電動勢 B C d dt t Magnetic flux 磁通量 BAcos 解法 1 Right-hand rule 右手法則 (b) Right hand rule 右手法則 公︰F 食︰B 中︰I Direction of current flow 電流方向 : BADC CDAB BADC clockwise anticlockwise clockwise 順時針 逆時針 順時針 CDAB anticlockwise 逆時針 解法 2 (3) Generator 發電機 (a.c.) P Q S R QR PS d dBA dt dt A0 PS PQ A PS PQ cos A0 cos dBA0 cos d d BA0 sin BA0 sin dt dt dt If constant rotational speed 若固定轉速 : (4) Search coil 探察線圈 d C dt sin t 0, 2 t t 2t 2 T 2 T 2t 2t sin sin cos T 2 T 2 When B-field change By Lenz’s law, current induced in the coil record in CRO. 當磁場改變 根據楞次定律於線圈中感生電流於示波器紀錄。 2t BA0C cos T Source of forces in generator (1) Wind energy (2) Hydroelectric power (3) Tidal energy 發電機力的來源 (1) 風能 (2) 水力發電 (3) 潮汐能 (5) Moving-coil microphone 動圈式微音器 [Magnet 磁石、coil = 線圈、Diaphragm = 膜片] When someone speaks in front of microphone, the diaphragm and coil will vibrate when the coil move in and out, it cuts magnetic field and induces current in the coil. The magnitude of the current depends on the amplitude of the sound. While the frequency of the current depends on the rate of change of magnetic field which is affected by the frequency of sound. The induced current is transmitted and amplified. Sound is generated in a moving-coil loudspeaker. 當有人在微音器前說話時,膜片及線圈會震動,當線圈內外移動時, 它切割磁場,於線圈內外移動時,它切割磁場,於線圈中感生出電流。 電流大小取決於聲音的振幅而電流的頻率取決於磁場改變速率 而它是由聲音頻率所影響。 感生電流傳遞及放大,聲音會通過動圈式擴音器生產。 (6) Eddy current 渦電流 Change in B-field By Lenz’s law Induced current + resistance = heat Induction cooker 磁場改變 根據楞次定律 感生電流 + 電阻 = 熱 電磁爐 D09. Alternating current vs. direct current 交流電 vs. 直流電 D10. Transformer 變壓器 Frequency 頻率 : 50 Hz (10 進制國家) vs. 60 Hz (12 進制國家) (50 Hz 的電器可用於 60 Hz 的電源) 2t V V peak sin T r.m.s. = root mean square 方均根 Vrms T 2 0 Turn ratio 匝數比 2 2t V peak sin T dt T 2 2 V peak T 2 V peak T T 2 0 T 2 0 T 2 0 V I 2 2 V peak T 1 1 T dt 2 2 4 2 1 2 T t 0 V peak T 2 8 T a.c. : it can be stepped up or down with transformer while direct current (d.c.) cannot. 可以被變壓器升壓或降壓而直流電 (d.c.) 不能。 4t T dt Power 功率 V1 I1 V2 I 2 2t sin2 dt T 1 cos T 2 0 cos 4t 4t d T T 2 T V peak T 4 V peak 2 T1 : step up voltage of electricity T2 : step down voltage of electricity 提高電壓 降低電壓 T 4t 2 sin T 0 2 1 T T V peak 0 sin 2 sin 0 T 2 2 8 n1 V1 I 2 n2 V2 I1 The transformer T1 steps up the voltage and this reduces the current flowing through the wires. Power loss in the wire is equal to I 2 R , the decrease in I will result in a reduction of power loss in the wires. 變壓器 T1 提電壓而減少流經電線的電流。 損失於電線的功率等如 I 2 R ,減少 I 可以減少電線所消耗的功率。 Power output 功率輸出 Efficiency 效率 100% Power input 功率輸入 Use laminated soft iron core (1) To increase the strength of magnetic field produced by the coil. (2) To improve efficiency of the transformer. The energy lost due to induced currents (eddy currents) in the iron core of a transformer is reduced if the core is laminated. 使用薄片叠成的軟鐵心 (1) 增加由線圈所產生的磁場強度。 (2) 提升變壓器的效率 變壓器若採用叠片式鐵心, 可降低鐵心內因感生電流 (渦電流) 而耗損的能量。 Ploss I 2 R V 2 2000 1980 2 R R Electric charging system 充電系統 a.c. change in B-field 磁場改變 induced current in secondary coil 次級線圈會感生出電流 charging electricity 充電