University of Technology Jamaica
School of Computing of Computing and Information Technology
Organization and Management SEM 1 AY 2022/2023
Tutor’s Name: Mr. Oswy Gayle
Students Name: Ricardo Barrett 1903452
Page | 1
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Interrogate the phrases “we should stop fighting crime and start managing crime” from four
perspectives………………………………………………………..………………………………………………..………………………....4
Evaluate the crime situation in Jamaica from seven relevant perspectives quantitatively ………………6
Donmanship ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..6
Poverty …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...7
Lack of Education ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….…8
Music ……………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………….9
Abuse …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….10
Poor Justice system………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...11
Construct a table showing two points each on how the fields of computing and
information technology, accounting, economics, quantity surveying,
construction management, and animation development & production can aid
in this scenario based on your evaluation…………………………………….....................................................12
Technology ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………...12
What five critical questions would you ask about management/managers given your
analysis of the crime situation?……………………………………..……………………………………............................13
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Page | 2
Introduction
Crime is the deliberate performance of an act that is generally regarded as socially destructive or
dangerous and is expressly banned by, and subject to, criminal sanctions (Bernard et al.). Crime
is a persistent problem in the Caribbean and much more so in the rest of the developing world. It
manifests itself in varied observable intensities within distinct communities. These differences
result from the cultural paradigms upheld by various geographical locations and their inherent
responses to crime and violence. The fundamental components of fighting crime and the upkeep
of law and order also include peoples' tolerance for a repressive government and autocracy,
social limits on individual liberty, and the legal framework ingrained in the range of solutions
supplied as mitigation strategies (Levy, 2012). Further research must better inform policy in
order to comprehend the regional crime phenomenon and improve effectiveness in the area of
crime control. However, there is a significant research gap since, until recently, criminal justice
development as a social issue and as a field of academic study received little administrative
attention. For instance, there haven't been any analyses of the current police, sentencing, and
penitentiary procedures in Jamaica. Judges have a lot of latitude and may choose from a variety
of penalties, but neither they nor the decision-makers in policy know which sentences are most
effective in lowering criminality. Since the rehabilitation programs have never been thoroughly
examined, no institutional learning has taken place and no new innovations have been created to
increase the effectiveness of these programs (Harriott, 2000). For governments across the
Caribbean, maintaining society while combating the plague of crime has been a constant issue.
Page | 3
Interrogate the phrases “we should stop fighting crime and start managing crime” from
four perspectives.
Managers must first establish a strategy, allocate resources in accordance with the plan, inspire
people to work toward the plan, then oversee everything by tracking and evaluating the plan's
success. Jamaica, a nation of unrivaled natural beauty and sincere hospitality has a degree of
international acclaim belying its relatively small size. Another well-known characteristic of the
island's struggle against violent crime is the fact that it is more about notoriety than popularity.
Analyzing the historical influences that have formed the present crime scenario is necessary for a
thorough comprehension of it. The 1980 general election saw the island's first significant spike in
gun violence. Over 800 citizens and 27 police officers perished during this time as different
groups from the two main political parties fought for control of the political landscape.
Originally backed by political parties, these opposing organizations and their "dons," or leaders,
served as enforcers of political will and made sure that voters in their particular areas supported
their favored candidates. In return, the political parties let these enforcers act in these areas
without consequence, in some cases effectively taking the place of the law (Levy, 2012).
1. Planning and Decision Making – Determining Courses of Action
According to (Radio Jamaica News, 2022), Jamaica’s institutional incapacity to tackle violence
has been recognized by Prime Minister Andrew Holness. According to the prime minister, his
government will need to improve and develop new methods to cope with violence despite the
execution of a multifaceted plan. According to him, the measures would need new laws, an
increase in social workers and psychologists, as well as other forms of help for crime victims.
Page | 4
The plan serves as a roadmap for upcoming actions, maintaining management effectiveness.
Planning entails choosing objectives as well as the routes to get them.
2. Organizing – Coordinating Activities and Resources
Adequate finance is necessary for a strong judicial system. The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) only
receives little more than 10% ($6.1 billion) of the Ministry of National Security's ($57 billion)
current budgetary allotment. We need to go back to the years 1988 to 1992 when the Ministry of
Justice received 25 to 32% of the Ministry of National Security's budget on average (Jamaica
Gleaner, 2016). As there are still numerous activities under the Ministry of National Security that
need further financing, the idea is not to reduce the funds for that ministry. Efforts including
establishing a CCTV network around the island, expanding the forensic lab's capability,
enhancing the environment at police stations, and supporting the Major Organized Crime and
Anti-Corruption Agency (MOCA). Successive administrations have appropriately boosted
financing for the Ministry of National Security in response to growing crime, but they have
overlooked the need to do the same for justice. Thus, creating an intended framework of
responsibilities for employees to fulfil in the company is part of managing, which also includes
organizing.
3. Leading – Managing, Motivating, and Directing People
According to (LINTON, 2018), the information was provided by His Excellency the Most Hon.
Sir Patrick Allen states that the major emphasis will be the merging of the Police Services
Commission and the Police Civilian Oversight Authority, which would require modifying the
Constitution. The government will also amend the Firearms Act to include provisions relating to
Page | 5
(a) criminal offenses relating to the illicit manufacture and trafficking of firearms, in accordance
with international law; (b) efficient control and security measures, including the disposal of
firearms, to prevent theft and diversion for criminal use; and (c) ensuring that the revised
Firearms Act is effective.
4. Controlling – Monitoring and Evaluating Activities
Mr. Holness emphasized that the ZOSO is a long-term legislative mechanism created to act when
geographically delimited areas have been "controlled by criminal forces (Smith, 2022). The
action isn't designed to denigrate any one group of people; rather, it's supposed to encourage
interaction and mutual trust between the public and the security personnel. The focus is on
medium- and long-term actions that will benefit our children, grandkids, and the country as a
whole rather than on solving a problem that exists right now. Also, the legislation permits
measures to deter crime while defending locals' human rights and fostering neighborhood
development via social intervention programs in the areas where the operation is being
conducted.
Evaluate the crime situation in Jamaica from seven relevant perspectives quantitatively.
Donmanship
A don is the male gang boss who exercises power over a garrison village or a larger territory
using his access to weapons and other resources. Initially, he served as the local representative
for the MP whose district included the neighborhood or region. Through him, the MP exerted
political influence and awarded contracts for road construction and other infrastructure upgrades.
Page | 6
But over time, dons and gangs gathered their own riches through the drug trade and lessened
their reliance on the authorities (Levy, 2012). For example, the neighborhood of Tivoli Gardens,
which located southwest of Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, was ruled by Christopher "Dudus"
Coke and the criminal organization known as the Shower Posse. The "incursion" of a huge
number of police and troops intended to arrest Dudus in front of the barricades Tivoli had
constructed. The USA had demanded Dudus' extradition, but the Jamaican government of Prime
Minister Bruce Golding, whose constituency Tivoli is located, had opposed it for nine months.
According to (BBC News, 2011), the attack led to the greatest mobilization of security personnel
in Jamaican history as well as the proclamation of an emergency in Kingston. Hundreds of troops
were sent to aid the police in searching Tivoli Gardens and the surrounding regions for Mr.
Coke. For many days, the army engaged in fierce combat with highly armed militants who had
blocked off the streets. More than 70 individuals died as a consequence of the conflicts, trapping
thousands of others in the vicinity. Despite the attack, Mr. Coke managed to get away and flee.
Police officers "working on information" ultimately apprehended him at a vehicle roadblock on
the outskirts of Kingston approximately four weeks after that.
Poverty
According to (kiriienko, 2016), Poverty is one of the main causes of crime and violence in our
nation. The fact that many families in Jamaica are destitute is well acknowledged. There is often
just one parent, who is almost always a female, and multiple kids in many of these homes. In
such cases, the parent is unable to take care of so many kids. Families with five, seven, and even
ten or more children often appear on our local news shows begging for help because they are
unable to pay for their children's necessities or send them to school. Many of these families are
Page | 7
unable to provide their kids decent housing, nutritious food, or the means to send them to school.
Such a youngster may grow up to be ignorant and may not be able to find employment in the
future. Another youngster can decide that he cannot continue living in poverty and may resort to
crime in order to get "fast cash" or in an effort to support himself. Violence may also result from
poverty since using force to get a lot of commodities is a simple method to do so. Many destitute
criminals believe that the chance of finding riches outweighs the risk of getting caught. As a
result, poverty fuels desire, which in turn raises crime rates (Holzman-Escareno, 2016).
Lack of Education
Another element that fuels violence and criminal activity in Jamaica is a lack of knowledge. It is
claimed that "Education is the key to success," yet tragically, Jamaican teenagers fall short in this
regard. For a number of circumstances, many young people must leave school early. Numerous
teenage girls get pregnant in school and are forced to leave school to try and find work to take
care of themselves and their child. Other students decide that school is just "not working out"
and they choose to drop out. Still other students are unable to afford school fees, books, and
other important materials to attend school. With inadequate education and skills, the state of the
economy, and other factors, finding employment will be next to impossible. Many young
individuals commit to crime because they lack education and are unable to find employment
(kiriienko, 2016). For example, lottery fraud is seen as a desirable choice by young individuals
with limited job prospects after school. What possibilities do we leave our young people with
when they graduate from high school without CXCs, are barely literate, and are unable to
compete for entry-level jobs? We force people into a corner and make other ways of survival
Page | 8
more appealing when the demands exceed the available resources and talents. After some time, it
started to draw the interest of criminals and quickly turned into one of the elements for the gang
disputes, which have resulted in more than 100 deaths in St. James since the beginning of 2006
(Thomas, 2019).
Music
In Jamaica, the impact of music is another element that contributes to crime and violence. Over
the last several years, dancehall music has gotten more and more aggressive, and it is clear that
this has a bad impact on our people, particularly our youth. It is no secret that youths in Jamaica
emulate and look up to the actions of our Jamaican musicians. It is difficult to imagine that
dancehall superstar Tommy Lee would permit the circulation of such violent songs and films
after seeing his tremendously violent movies. Due of their extreme violence, his films are only
available on the well-known social media platform Youtube. For radio play, his tracks are also
significantly modified. It is almost hard for them to avoid being affected by his derogatory lyrics
when so many young people look up to him and sing his songs. And our civilization has
experienced this in reality. At his school, an adolescent wrestled a classmate to the ground and
rubbed his shoe in his face, according to my own brother, who told me about the incident. The
youngster said, when escorted to the office, that a classmate had said something he did not like,
citing well-known songs by Tommy Lee. Here, we can observe how music influences violence in
our nation. These well-known songs often include lyrics that discuss using marijuana and other
drugs. Teenagers will want to use marijuana when they hear it mentioned in these songs and by
the role models they look up to. As a result, the illicit drug is used and distributed throughout our
nation.
Page | 9
Abuse
Violence and criminality in Jamaica are influenced by abuse, parental influence, or a challenging
family environment. There are certain young individuals who come from violent or abusive
households. It is evident that the adage "The kid is a product of his surroundings" is accurate.
Children who are raised in families with violence or criminal activity are more likely to follow in
their parents' footsteps. Sadly, some parents in our nation even expose their children to a criminal
lifestyle. For instance, there have been instances when adolescent girls have been persuaded to
become prostitutes by their moms (kiriienko, 2016). Such a kid will develop in this way, and
even if she later wants to reform, it will be difficult for her since that is what she is accustomed
to. Additionally, if such a youngster tries to change, other obstacles could stand in the way.
factors include lack of education and poverty. She will struggle to stand on her own and will
ultimately be compelled to maintain the way of life. In such cases, the parents are to fault for
exposing the kid to certain lifestyles, but they might also unintentionally influence their child to
choose a criminal career. A youngster with a challenging family life where there is abuse or
conflict would be an illustration of this. Because of this, the youngster may suffer from poor selfworth and self-esteem, be susceptible to peer pressure, and ultimately get engaged with
substances like drugs. The same youngster can also be resentful toward his classmates and act
violently. For example, Violence has wrecked Mr. Coke's life on a regular basis. Lester Brown,
his father, who also went by the alias Jim Brown, served as the commander of the Shower Posse,
an organization that got its name from "showering" neighborhoods with gunshots and was held
accountable for more than a thousand homicides in the 1980s. While pending extradition to the
US on drug and murder accusations, he passed away in 1992 in a suspicious fire in his cell. The
US government claims that Mr. Coke succeeded his father in leading the Shower Posse and
Page | 10
expanding his commercial holdings, which included a construction firm and an entertainment
company (BBC News, 2011).
Poor Justice System
According to (kiriienko, 2016), the weak legal system in Jamaica also fuels violence and
criminality in our society. Recently, it has become more common for those accused of
committing crimes to be imprisoned while awaiting trial for weeks, months, or even years at a
time. Others go free and go on to perpetrate more crimes after never being found guilty. It seems
sense that people would want to see justice served for crimes committed against them or their
loved ones. Being able to see a murderer roaming about unpunished when a person's father,
friend, or sibling has had their life taken must be incredibly painful. The surviving family
members or friends of this dead individual may ultimately opt to take affairs into their own hands
rather than continue to rely on the court system. When this individual chooses to take the life of
the suspected murderer, some of this person's friends or family may opt to take vengeance on the
irate person, continuing the cycle of violence. Also, it has also been shown that certain police
officers are complicit in crimes committed around the nation. Who can we trust if not those who
are expected to look out for our best interests and safeguard us? This again explains why a lot of
individuals choose to exact their own retribution rather than waiting for the legal system to do its
job. Even non-criminal police personnel may undermine public confidence in the legal system by
shoddy investigative techniques, inaction, and bad judgment. Police personnel who are either
unaware of the proper protocols to follow while acquiring evidence, or who are merely careless,
put many ongoing investigations and cases in danger. With so many issues with the legal system,
Page | 11
it is understandable why some people decide to take things within their own hands and exact
their own retribution.
Construct a table showing two points each on how the fields of computing and information
technology, accounting, economics, quantity surveying, construction management, and
animation development & production can aid in this scenario based on your evaluation.
Business
information technology
Fields
Donmanship Face-recognition technology is
particularly rewarding, enabling law
enforcement officials to literally pick
faces from crowds
Poverty
Music
Lack of
Education
Abuse
Page | 12
Modern computing power speeds up
Data harvested from the Internet of
data analysis and enables law
Things (IoT) by police can be analyzed to
enforcement to track crime trends
create a picture of crime patterns and trends
geographically
What five critical questions would you ask about management/managers given your
analysis of the crime situation?
1. Are efforts mainly aimed at catching gang members or at modifying the conditions that
lead young people to join crews and gangs?
2. Are they primarily to suppress the outcomes or also to treat the causes?
3. How to effectively focus efforts on lessening killings and other crimes committed by
defense teams and criminal organizations?
4. Along with short-term attempts to lower crime, is the government planning to launch
systematic and organized social intervention programs? Along with mentoring of young
people, these social interventions should focus on parenthood, motherhood, selfconfidence, justice, material deprivation, economic survival, a feeling of worth and
belonging, and social equality.
5. Is there a crime observatory that is relatively autonomous and has the trust and
confidence of the general public?
Page | 13
Conclusion
Crime is a persistent problem in the Caribbean and much more so in the rest of the developing
world. It manifests itself in varied observable intensities within distinct communities. Even if our
nation does have a high crime rate in certain areas, people must maintain our efforts for and work
for a day when our little island is free of criminal activity and violence. In order to attain this
aim, we must first address the underlying causes of crime and violence, which include things like
a lack of employment opportunities, inadequate educational opportunities, poverty, the impact of
music, domestic abuse, and a weak legal system. The Jamaican government has tried multiple
times to stop the crime issue. The government used a crime-management strategy to address the
issue, doing everything from boosting the portion of spending allocated to national security to
passing harsher laws to combat crime. The Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), the local law
enforcement organization, has placed a strong emphasis on the need for citizens to be active
participants in the battle against crime during the last four years. To this goal, a variety of
community-based programs have been successfully carried out. Despite this, the need for a
stronger response to the crime issue and the murder rate both continuing to be alarmingly high.
Page | 14
Reference
BBC News. (2011, August 31). Profile: Christopher “Dudus” Coke. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/10146172
Bernard, T., Allott, A., & Edge, I. (2018). Crime | law. In Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/crime-law
Campbell, H., Bourne, P. A., Peterkin, V., & Burke, M. (2020, October). Politicking with Crimes
in Jamaica: Specially Established Paramilitary Units in the Jamaica Constabulary
Force, Zones of Special Operations, and States of Emergency | The Corporate
International [ISSN: 2581-6438 (online)]. Www.management.eurekajournals.com.
http://www.management.eurekajournals.com/index.php/Corporate_International/article/vi
ew/474
Harriott, A. (2000). CONTROLLING THE JAMAICAN CRIME PROBLEM: PEACE BUILDING
AND COMMUNITY ACTION CgCED.
https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00951/WEB/PDF/CRIME_PO.PDF
Holzman-Escareno, A. (2016). English 215 Final Project 15.
https://hilo.hawaii.edu/campuscenter/hohonu/volumes/documents/Vol07x03TheCauseof
Crime.pdf
Jamaica Gleaner. (2016, October 30). Funding Justice Essential To Fighting Crime – The
Independent Commission of Investigations. Www.indecom.gov.jm.
https://www.indecom.gov.jm/funding-justice-essential-to-fighting-crime/991
Page | 15
kiriienko. (2016, October 10). Crime and Violence in Jamaica. StudyMoose; StudyMoose.
https://studymoose.com/crime-and-violence-in-jamaica-essay
Lalah, R. (2006, January 5). Jamaica Gleaner Online. Old.jamaica-Gleaner.com.
http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060105/lead/lead5.html
Levy, H. (2012). YOUTH VIOLENCE AND ORGANIZED CRIME IN JAMAICA: CAUSES AND
COUNTER-MEASURES An Examination of the Linkages and Disconnections Final
Technical Report. https://idl-bncidrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/51348/IDL-51348.pdf
LINTON, L. (2018, February 15). Laws to Be Strengthened to Fight Crime – Jamaica
Information Service. Jis.gov.jm. https://jis.gov.jm/laws-strengthened-fight-crime/
Radio Jamaica News. (2022, August 22). PM Holness Says Jamaica Lacks Institutional Capacity
To Fight Crime. Http://Www.radiojamaicanewsonline.com.
http://radiojamaicanewsonline.com/local/pm-holness-says-jamaica-lacks-institutionalcapacity-to-fight-crime
SMITH, A. (2022, January 22). Zone Of Special Operations Declared in Parade Gardens –
Jamaica Information Service. Jis.gov.jm. https://jis.gov.jm/zone-of-special-operationsdeclared-in-parade-gardens/
Thomas, C. (2019, February 8). Scamming a dream job for wayward youth – UWI lecturer.
Jamaica-Gleaner.com. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/leadstories/20190208/scamming-dream-job-wayward-youth-uwi-lecturer
Page | 16