Module # ____ Part ____
Basic First Aid Training
This module provides basic first aid knowledge and training that are fit for day-today emergencies that NSTP students may encounter. NSTP’’s basic first aid training
gives access to the class instruction in unique way which is the freedom to learn at
your own pace online,
First aid is not only about life saving techniques. It is an act of humanity showing
willingness to save lives with full respect for diversity. NSTP adapted the Red Cross and
Institutional Safety, Security, and Emergency Services Office/ISSESO modules
I.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the students must be able to
* recognize an emergency and evaluate a scene for safety.
* respond to accidents and ensure that injuries can be efficiently and
promptly dealt with before a trained medical professional arrives
III.
CONTENTS
Part 1. Definition of First Aid
A. Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aid
B. Objectives of First Aid
C. Characteristics of A Good First Aider
D. Hindrances in Giving First Aid
E. Transmission of Diseases and the First Aid
Part 2. EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
A. Survey the Scene
B. Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility
C. Emergency Transfer
Part 3. Common Trauma Cases
A. Bleeding
B. Wounds
C. Burns
D. Specific Body Injuries
E. Fainting(Shock)
F. Ingested Poison
G. Heat cramps
H. Sprain
I. Dislocation and Broken Bones
Part 4. BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
Part 5. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)
A. Chain of Survival
B. Cardiovascular Disease
IV. ACTIVITY
V. REFERENCES
Part 1. Definition of First Aid
First aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly
taken ill. It includes self- help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
A. Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aid
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician
a. It is not intended to compete with, or take the place of the services of the
physician.
b. It ends when the services of a physician begin.
2. Ensure safety of him / herself and that of bystanders.
3. Gain access to the victim.
4. Determine any threats to patient’s life.
5. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
6. Provide needed care for the patient.
7. Assist advanced personnel.
8. Record all findings and care given to the patient.
B. Objectives of First Aid
1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger
3. To prolong life.
4..To provide reassurance
Cardinal Principle: Do No FURTHER Harm
C. Characteristics of A Good First Aider
1. Gentle
should not cause pain.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Resourceful
Observant
Tactful
Emphatic
Respectable
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should make the best use of things at hand.
should notice all signs.
should not alarm the victim
should be comforting.
should maintain a professional & caring attitude
D.Hindrances in Giving First Aid
1. Unfavorable surroundings.
2. Presence of crowds.
3. Pressure from victim or relatives.
E.Transmission of Diseases and the First Aider
1. Direct contact
2. Indirect contact
3. Airborne
4. Vector
Part 2: EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
•Scene safety
•Knowing what happened
•Cause of injury
•Nature of illness
•Role of bystander
•Number of casualties
•Asking permission or Consent
A.
-
-
Survey the Scene
Is the scene safe?
What Happened?
How many people are injured?
Are there bystanders who can help?
Identify yourself as a trained First Aider
Get consent to give care
Primary Survey
CHECK for CONSCIOUSNESS
CHECK AIRWAY
CHECK for Signs of Life
- Coughing
- Breathing
- Movement
B. Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility
Depending on the situation:
- A bystander should make the telephone call for help(If available).
- A bystander will be requested to call for a physician.
- Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.
- Care First or Call First. (Lone Rescuer)
IF A LONE RESPONDER
● CALL FIRST (Activate Medical Assistance before providing care) If:
○ An unconscious adult victim or child 8 years old or older.
○ An unconscious infant or child known to be at a high risk for heart problems.
● CARE FIRST (provide first aid for 1-2 minutes and then call fast) If:
○ An unconscious victim less than 8 years old;
○ Cardiac Arrest in children known to be at high risk of arrythmias
○ Any victim of submersion or near drowning
○ Any victim of arrest associated with trauma
○ Any victim of drug overdose
Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:
● What happened?
● Location?
● Number of persons injured?
● Extent of injury and First Aid given?
● The telephone number from where you are calling?
● Person who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself and drop the
phone fast.
Secondary Survey
1. Interview the victim
- Ask victim’s name
- Ask what happened
- Assess the SAMPLE History
- Signs & symptoms
- Allergies
- Medications
- Past medical history
- Last oral intake
- Events prior to the episode
2. Check vital signs.
- Pulse Rate
- Respiratory Rate
-
Temperature
Blood Pressure
Skin Appearance
Pupil Reaction
3. Perform head-to-toe examination.
C. EMERGENCY TRANSFER is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place
of safety.
1. Danger of fire or explosion
2. Danger of toxic gasses or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen
3. Serious traffic hazards
4. Risk of drowning
5. Danger of electrocution
6. Danger of collapsing walls
7.
TRANSFER
One-man carries/ assists
1. Assist to Walk
2. Carry in Arms
Two-man Carries
1. Carry by Extremities
2. Hand as a litter
Three-man Carries
1. Hammock Carry
Part 3. Common Trauma Cases
A. Bleeding
B. Wounds
Two Types of Wounds
1. Closed wound
a. First Aid Management
i.
C - Cold Application
ii.
S - Splinting
2. Open Wound (Puncture, Abrasion, Laceration, Avulsion)
a. First Aid management
i.
Control Bleeding
ii.
Cover the wound with dressing and secure with a bandage.
iii.
Care for shock.
iv.
Consult or refer to physician.
C. Burns
TYPES OF BURN INJURIES:
1. Thermal Burns
2. Chemical Burns
3. Electrical Burns
1. Superficial (First-degree) burns
2. Partial-thickness (Second-degree) burns
3. Full-thickness (Third-degree) burns
D. Specific Body Injuries
●
●
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●
●
●
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Blows to the Eye
Chemical Burns
Foreign Object
Nose Injuries
Impaled Objects
Amputations
Sucking Chest Wound
Abdominal Injuries
E. Fainting(Shock)
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
● Face – pale or cyanotic in color.
● Skin – cold and clammy.
● Breathing – irregular.
● Pulse – rapid and weak.
● Nausea and vomiting
● Weakness
● Thirsty
F. INGESTED POISON
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Signs and Symptoms
Altered mental status.
History of ingesting poisons.
Burns around the mouth.
Odd breath odors.
Nausea, vomiting.
Abdominal pain.
Diarrhea
1.
First Aid for Ingested Poisoning
Try to identify the poison. Call the National Poison Control Center.
2.
Place the victim on his or her left side.
3.
Monitor ABCs.
4.
Save any empty container, spoiled food for analysis.
5.
Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken to an emergency
facility.
G. Heat cramps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Transfers the victim to a cool place
Have the victim rest with his/her feet elevated
Cool the victim (do not use an alcohol rub)
Give the victim an electrolyte beverages to sip.
Massage affected muscle gently and firmly until they relaxes.
H. Sprain
1.
2.
3.
4.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Remove all clothing or jewelry around the joint.
Apply cold compress at once.
Immobilize, Rest and Elevate the affected joint.
Seek Medical Help if needed.
I. Dislocation and Broken Bones
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
● Check the victims sign of life (if unconscious)
● Keep the victim still
● If there is bleeding, cover and control bleeding
● Immobilize the affected part
● Get medical help
Part 4. BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
OPEN PHASE
CRAVAT PHASE
Part 5. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)
An emergency procedure that consist of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest
or both and the proper application of CPR to maintain life until a victim recovers or
advanced support arrived
Chain of Survival
.
Cardiovascular Disease
1.
Risk factors that cannot be changed (Non-modifiable) :
● Heredity
● Age
● Gender
2.
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Risk factors that can be changed (Modifiable) :
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Lack of exercises
Obesity
Stress
Diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular Disease
Signs and Symptoms
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Chest Discomfort
Sweating
Nausea
Shortness of Breathe
Tingling Sensation
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF HEART ATTACK
1. Recognized the signals of heart attack and take action.
2. Have patient stop what he or she is doing and sit or lie down in a comfortable
position. Do not let the patient move around.
3. Have someone call the physician or ambulance for help.
4. If patient is under medical care, assist, him/her in taking his/her prescribe
medicine/s
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Common causes
1. Improper Chewing
2. Excessive Intake of Alcohol
3. Presence of Dentures
4. Running while eating
5. Children hand to mouth stage left unattended
Types of Obstruction:
1. Mild Obstruction - with good air exchange
a. Mgt: Encourage Coughing
2. Severe Obstruction - with poor or no air exchange
a. Mgt: Back Blows, Abdominal Thrusts, Chest Thrusts
CARDIAC ARREST is the condition in which circulation ceases and vital organs are
deprived of oxygen.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) is a combination of chest
compression and ventilation.
*COMPRESSION ONLY CPR
Criteria for Not Starting CPR
● The patient has a valid “Do Not Attempt Resuscitation” (DNAR) order.
● The patient has signs of irreversible death
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
When to STOP CPR:
1. SPONTANEOUS signs of circulation are restored.
2. TURNED OVER to medical services or properly trained and authorized
personnel.
3. OPERATOR is already exhausted and cannot continue CPR.
4. PHYSICIAN assumes responsibility (declares death, take over, etc.).
SEQUENCE IN PERFORMING CPR
1. Survey the Scene.
2. Check Responsiveness
3. Check Airway (Head- Tilt-Chin Lift)
4. Check Signs of Life (Look, Listen & Feel) for more than 10 seconds.
5. Give 2 initial breaths
6. Start CPR if still no signs of life
7. Place in Recovery Position if Victiom has signs of life.
IV. ACTIVITY
V. REFERENCES