ELshorouk Academy Higher institute of Engineering Systems and biomedical Engineering (Report Name) Types of batteries Frist team Frist semester 2021 – 2022 By Name ابراهيم عادل ابراهيم السي د Sec 1 Supervisor :- Dr /Haytham Ahmed 1 Semipermiable membranes do not let the solute pass through (Think of the sugar example). A solvent will move to the side that is more concentrated to try to make each side more similar! Since there is a flow of solvents, the height of each side changes, which is osmotic pressure. When we work with aqueous solutions, we use mm of H2O to describe the difference. Osmosis is the diffusion of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane. When a semipermeable membrane (animal bladders, skins of fruits and vegetables) separates a solution from a solvent, then only solvent molecules are able to pass through the membrane. The osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure difference needed to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure of a solution is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute particles in solution. Π=inVRT=iMRT where Π • is the osmotic pressure, • R • is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L atm / mol K), • T • is the temperature in Kelvin, • i • is the van 't Hoff factor • n • is the number of moles of solute present, • V • is the volume of the solution, and • M is the molar concentration of added solute (the i factor accounts for how many species in solution are generated) 2 What is osmotic pressure? Osmotic pressure occurs due to the movement of a water molecule or a solute to the region containing a lower concentration than that of the dissolved molecule in the region containing a higher concentration and thus osmotic pressure occurs at the ends of the membrane that transports to the molecules of solutes and which works to separate the two regions of different concentration as a result The property is called osmotic pressure. And if the movement of solutes is higher or more than the membrane, the higher the concentration of the osmotic pressure increases, and the more solute molecules are inside the solution, the ratio of the movement of dissolved water molecules or solutes through the membrane is more concentrated and higher pressure, and thus the effect of osmotic pressure has a great value in the concentration of the solution The solute affected by temperature. When calculating the value of the osmotic pressure, a mathematical equation can be used that has been developed based on the most important factors that affect the osmotic pressure, such as concentration and temperature, and the Van Hoof factor is also based on whether the solute will remain one mass as sucrose or it will be dissolved inside Water becomes ions such as table salt, for example, and thus the value of the van Hoof factor is calculated for sucrose one and table salt two as it will be divided in water in the form of two ions. Therefore, the mathematical equation for calculating the value of osmotic pressure becomes as follows: iMRT= II How is the osmotic pressure process? Many living organisms depend on many meticulously organized systems in their lives in terms of distributing these devices within their bodies, and each of them has a specific task that it performs naturally as long as there is no objection to the work. If there is a disruption in the performance of these devices or any of them, this indicates a defect that results in a disease or the presence of a negative effect that derails these devices from their normal working condition. Organs within living organisms operate according to a physical or chemical system or operate based on energy law, and the work of a single device in a part can depend on any of the physical, chemical or other systems of work. This is according to the requirements of the body of the living organism, and we find that the most effective of these laws is the law of osmotic pressure, and this law depends on the difference in density and concentration, which explains the phenomenon of fluid transfer from a medium of more density and low concentration to a medium of lower density and higher concentration, and this is due to the difference in properties present in liquid. The process of osmotic pressure occurs in nature inside the ground and in the bodies of living organisms, and also occurs in the urinary system of humans inside the bladder so that a lot of fluid is not lost inside the body through the process of urination. Infiltration occurs only from the body and also occurs in plants as an important part that depends on the survival of the plant and is important in its nutrition and the distribution of materials and fluids according to the plant’s need, as water and mineral salts are transferred from inside the soil to the roots and help in raising the rate of water towards the stem with the help of other processes. After that, fluids and materials are transferred from the stem to the branches and leaves, and this process takes place inside the ground to preserve it from being desertified during the transfer of 3 groundwater from one medium to another as needed, and this process is considered natural without any human intervention. The most important applications of osmotic pressure The process of osmotic pressure is to purify well water and desalinate sea water by exposing the water to a certain pressure that exceeds the osmotic pressure rate in order to facilitate the transfer of fresh water without dissolved through a special membrane to balance the pressure. The osmotic pressure process is also performed in dialysis in patients with renal failure, and this osmotic pressure occurs to separate urine from the blood and work to purify it. It is also done when cherry kernels are placed in a solution of pure water, and over time, water molecules enter the cherries to balance the pressure, and then it happens that they swell and explode. The process of osmotic pressure takes place when the roots of plants absorb the water that is inside the ground, as the osmotic pressure in the soil is less than the pressure in the capillaries that absorb water for the roots, and then the water is transferred from the soil to the roots, but in the case that the soil was Salty, the water will move from the roots into the soil, and then plants will dry out, leading to death Exercise 1 Calculate molarity of a sugar solution in water (300 K) has osmotic pressure of 3.00 atm. Answer Since it is sugar, we know it doesn't dissociate in water, so i is 1. Then we use Equation 1 directly M=ΠRT=3.00atm ( 0 . 0821atm.L / mol. K )(300K)=0.122M Exercise 2 Calculate osmotic pressure for 0.10 M Na3PO4 aqueous solution at 20°C. Answer Since Na3PO4 ionizes into four particles (3 Na+1 + PO−34), then i=4. We can then calculate the osmotic pressure via Equation 1 Π=iMRT=(0.40)(0.0821)(293)=9.6atm Exercise 3 Hemoglobin is a large molecule that carries oxygen in human blood. A water solution that contains 0.263 g of hemoglobin (Hb) in 10.0 mL of solution has an osmotic pressure of 7.51 torr at 25oC . What is the molar mass of the hemoglobin? 4 Answer 6.51×104g/mol https://chem.libretexts.org https://mqaall.com/osmoticpressure 5
