Back-Popping a Two-Current Lead-Acid Battery
WARNING:
THE FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTS ARE HAZARDOUS.
DO NOT ATTEMPT
THESE EXPERIMENTS UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES UNLESS YOU ARE AN
EXPERIENCED ELECTRICAL RESEARCHER, EXPERIENCED IN PERFORMING
EXPERIMENTS WITH LEAD-ACID BATTERIES AND PULSE CHARGE AND DISCHARGE
OF SAME, AND UNLESS YOU ALSO USE ALL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SUCH AS
GOGGLES AND PROTECTIVE GLOVES, SLEEVES, AND APRON.
YOU MUST NOT
HAVE OTHER INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES PRESENT WHICH
COULD BE IGNITED AND BURN OR EXPLODE.
SURGED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
PRODUCE HYDROGEN GAS, WHICH CAN EASILY EXPLODE SINCE SPARKING ALSO
CAN OCCUR.
THE ACID FROM SUCH AN EXPLOSION CAN EASILY BLIND YOU IF
IT GETS IN YOUR EYES, AND IT CAN BURN YOUR SKIN.
IN ADDITION, LEAD
AND LEAD COMPOUNDS ARE POISONS, AND ARE TO BE HANDLED ONLY BY
EXPERIENCED RESEARCHERS.
THESE EXPERIMENTS ARE NOT FOR AMATEURS
UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCE, BUT ONLY FOR EXPERIENCED PROFESSIONALS WITH
PROPER KNOWLEDGE AND TRAINING, AND USING PROPER
PRECAUTIONS.
NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR THE PUBLISHER IS REPONSIBLE OR
LIABLE FOR ANY ACCIDENTS OR DAMAGE YOU MAY ENCOUNTER, AND ALL
EXPERIMENTATION WITH THESE DEVICES AND PROCEDURES IS AT YOUR OWN
ASSUMED PERSONAL RISK.
More than one inventor has discovered or rediscovered a "magic" thing
about lead-acid storage batteries powering circuits, usually without
understanding precisely what it is that he has really
discovered. The chemical and electrical actions going on in a leadacid cell are quite complex, and involve interactions in both the
positive plate, negative plate, and in the electrolyte itself.
The
usual chemical interactions primarily specify the overall changes of
the plate materials from one form to the other (i. e. , for charge
and for discharge conditions).
However, there are many other ions
(including both H+ which are free protons, and free electrons)
involved in the reactions.
Particularly significant is the double surface and overpotential
effects. We state without further elaboration that the proper use
of the overpotentials in these double surfaces can produce current
that moves against the voltage.
In other words, there are processes
available in the battery that allow -- under very precise conditions
-- parts of the battery to perform as negative resistors.
When that
action occurs, the very notion of "charge and discharge" is
reversed.
Further, the multiple currents and many nonlinear mechanisms
involved, allow various currents to move in opposite directions; some
with the voltage and some against the voltage.
Again, we leave
further analysis along that line to the experts, only appealing to
them that time-reversal effects must also be considered.
In other words, in addition to the "external charges" of molecules
and atoms that they normally consider, there are also ongoing a huge
variety of nuclear currents and charging that presently do not appear
in any book on batteries, at least any I know of.
There are at least three major currents in such a battery: (1) the
ion current in the electrolyte, (2) the electron current in the
conductors (electrode materials, terminal connectors, etc), and (3)
charge transfer reactions at the electrode/electrolyte
interfaces. For our purposes we shall consider primarily only the
ion current and the electron current, and we consider only lead-acid
batteries. For an introduction to various kinds of batteries, we
refer the interested reader to a fine little text by Vincent, and to
other similar texts on modern batteries.
For deep understanding of
the electrochemistry, we refer the reader to the full series of 13
volumes by Bockris and Conway.
We shall also rather ignore the double layer effects, which are in
fact quite important because they are responsible for the producing
overpotentials, phase shifting of currents, etc.
The present
"analysis" can be materially deepened by taking into account the
double surface layers, their redistributions of charge, the internal
resistances of the cell to the various currents, etc.
We leave that
for the experts and encourage that it be done.
Here we just wish to
get at the basic servomechanism overshoot mechanism that one can
evoke, which usually does not appear in conventional analyses at
all. This mechanism can be used to produce (1) currents (either ion
or electron or H+) moving against the voltage, (2) opposition charge
densities which are then volumetrically "squeezed" to produce large
overpotentials not normally connected with the charge transfer
interactions at the double surfaces, and (3) specific phase shifting
of currents.
It is our contention that, by achieving proper timing of these
overshoot effects in battery in ionic current resonance, one can
produce an asymmetrically self-regauging battery which charges itself
and also powers its load.
For the purist, there are also other
mechanisms involved that are still unknown, hence accounting for the
"adjustments" and "tuning" that usually must be meticulously
performed.
For an equal charge, the ions in the lead ion current (say, in lead
sulfate) are several hundred thousand times more massive than the
electrons in the electron current.
They are on the order of more
than 200 times more massive than the H+ ions in that ionic
current. Further, the ionic current will resonate (and probably
other currents simultaneously as well, since resonance in this case
probably represents a coordinated resonance among different currents)
as shown by Ahluktenko, usually in the multi-megahertz range.
Since
the battery is so highly nonlinear in its dynamics, subharmonic and
harmonic resonance effects also are present, particularly subharmonic
resonances. We believe that it is also possible to couple and
synchronize molecular oscillations, ion current oscillations, and
material lattice oscillations in the electrodes, in harmonic and
subharmonic oscillation fashion, but that is a quite different
subject. Such more subtle (but can be powerful) effects may occur
only after several minutes to several hours of operation in the
"normal resonance" condition.
So you can resonate the ionic current, or the "coordinated"
currents. Relatively speaking — that is a coordinated current
dominated by massive ions with lots of inertia and overshoot when the
current tries to change intensity or reverse direction, due
to Lenz's law (an induced emf in a conductor is always polarized in
a direction so as to oppose the change that causes the induced
emf). In this case we have a multiplicity of Lenz's law effects
induced when we try to change the ionic current.
Some of the
accompanying currents can be affected quite differently from the ion
current. Because of this Lenz law complex dynamics, a simple "back
pop" to oppose the ion current, or to accelerate it, is not a simple
current and voltage matter at all.
Indeed, the exact relationships
in such are a quite worthy study for some exotic physical
chemistry.
So we just grossly summarize, with rules-of-thumb, and delay the
precision to future detailed studies by very fine laboratory teams.
the chemistry of the battery is largely
dominated and affected by the ion current in the absence of
overriding electron current, while the external load is dominated and
affected by the electron current alone.
You can easily pick a
Here's the rough secret:
point in the ion current resonance cycle (say, when the ionic current
in resonance is in the battery-charging half cycle), and just
instantly switch the electron current to oppose it.
That's a bit of an oversimplification; you actually must get the
phasing correct to properly form new and increased overpotentials,
precisely at the proper times so as to charge the battery and/or
powering the load.
Note that with currents moving in opposite
directions, the intention is for one current to predominate in the
battery in charging mode, while another current or group predominates
in the load in discharging mode.
If you powerfully oppose the ion
current, Lenz's law is evoked powerfully, so that the ion current
actually increases its charge capability for a moment, due to its
massivity. The Lenz law emf and the back-popped emf also produce a
tremendous stress potential (a scalar potential by another name),
energetically lifting the ions and particles to a higher potential
state.
That is, you momentarily increased the reaction cross section of
those ions and electrons etc., and so you increased the collector
systems' dipolarity.
Thus they momentarily receive and collect
excess energy from their increased asymmetry in their active vacuum
exchange. In short, they momentarily asymmetrically self-regauge,
which is taking on free excess energy from the vacuum.
We note that
the generation of the Lenz law emf effect actually comes from the
atomic nuclei, but do not further explain it.
The point is, you just legitimately extracted excess energy from
legitimate environmental sources.
You converted the system into an
open dissipative system, removing any necessity for it to conform to
classical thermodynamics because it momentarily is far from
equilibrium with its active vacuum environment.
Further, the inertia of the ions together with the Lenz law effects,
causes the ions to continue in charging mode.
This in turn
"volumetrically squeezes" the opposing charges into a smaller volume,
further increasing the charge density and thereby the potential
magnitude (i. e. , further increasing the asymmetry of all those
charges in the vacuum exchange, and thereby absorbing more energy
from the vacuum).
The production of that "charge density squeeze"
produces a new kind of overpotential that we can use to power the
load (i. e. , in electron discharge mode) at the same time that the
ion current continues to charge the battery.
You've just got yourself a true free energy or negative resistor
effect, if you can master it and use it with proper timing.
Note
that by simple switching (very sharply, in 5 nanoseconds or less) and
phase relationships, you can take power electron current in the
external circuit in the discharge mode, by simply letting this
overpotential be connected to the external circuit to energize the
Drude electrons.
And you are momentarily doing that while you are
still charging the battery.
Since you are going to be producing "discharge pulses of Poynting
energy flow from the overpotentials" onto the external circuit in
brief spurts, it is wise to use the "pulse discharging" to also
charge a "current smoothing" capacitor of proper
capacitance.
Therefore you convert your "overpotential pulses" in
the external circuit into smoothed rippling current through the
load.
If you elaborate on these processes and play with them for awhile
(like several months!), you can also see how to phase things in
either "DC" through the load fashion, or "AC" through the load
fashion.
But the point is, you really can induce one or more processes that
allow simultaneously charging the battery (changing the chemistry in
the charging mode) while discharging energy onto the Drude electron
gas in the external circuit, powering them up and thereby powering
the load.
And you have not violated any laws of physics or thermodynamics, and
the conservation of energy law is enforced at all times.
Presently I know of no other book or paper that has such as its
stated goal.
The books and current research seem to all try to
"coherently organize and synchronize" the various battery processes
and currents to maximize charging and maximize
discharging efficiency, while keeping the two completely
separate. On the other hand, our purpose is to "decoherently
organize and synchronize" the various battery processes and currents,
to accomplish charging of the battery and discharging through the
load to power it, simultaneously.
In short, we seek to convert the
battery and its processes into an open dissipative system capable of
overunity operation, and all the way to self-powering operation while
powering a load also.
The ion current can only sluggishly slow to a stop for its reversal;
it requires it a finite amount of time to do that.
So it continues
right on charging the battery for awhile.
During that ion current
hysteresis or overshoot time, you have a tremendous "charge density
squeeze" occurring.
This gives you an overpotential to use, and you
can use it in dramatically different manners, simultaneously, on
differing current types.
So you produce a large overpotential in spike or very sudden
buildup, essentially "for free" or nearly so.
The other end of that
overpotential can be connected (switched onto) the load to deliver a
surge of power (sorry for the "normal" terminology!) in the load
because of the surge of the overpotential across it.
If you time it
correctly, you can get a much higher voltage surge from that
overpotential, across the load's impedance.
And that means you
generate a higher electron current through that load, which
consequently produces greater power because of the overpotential,
than what you yourself had to pay for.
Clever devil that you are, you used that massive old ion current's
overshoot to "squeeze" the charge density dramatically upward and
almost freely form that overpotential for you.
Then you adroitly
(and quite suddenly) connected that overpotential near its peak,
right across the external circuit electrons, to power the load,
and "let 'er rip. "
After all, applying a voltage V to a circuit is in
fact asymmetrically regauging that circuit and changing its
collected energy.
The magnitude of  V or overpotential is a
measure of the additional amount of asymmetrical self-regauging of
the system you obtained.
It’s a measure of how much more the
system was "opened" to receiving excess energy freely from its active
vacuum potential environment.
Who says you must have all the currents in the entire batteryexternal circuit systems all in phase or nearly so?
Simply put, you
wish the ion current in the battery to be about 180° out of phase
with the electron current in the load.
And as the ion current
oscillates, you wish it highly overpotentialized in the charge mode,
and very much less potentialized in its discharge half cycle (for
resonance conditions).
You need just the opposite in the electron current through the
load. You need that current highly potentialized whenever it is
flowing through the load.
If you use DC power in the load, you must
disconnect the overpotential formed by the back-popping "squeeze" and
let the smoothing capacitor discharge to power the load, during the
discharge half of the ion current
Let me warn you that you must use microwave switching techniques, and
you must switch in 5 nanoseconds or less; one nanosecond is
better. The entire overpotential is likely to be over in about 20
to 40 nanoseconds, depending upon the specific battery, load, and
other circuit conditions.
Capacitance effects may extend this in
some cases up to a microsecond.
So if all you know is ordinary
motor switching, go get the services of a microwave switching
engineer first. The average motor switching fellow will be amazed
at the notion of switching so suddenly.
The microwave switching
engineer will simply shrug his shoulders and say, "Piece of
cake!" He does that every day without a second's hesitation.
But as you can see, working your way through all this and getting
everything timed just right, is still a significant
undertaking.
It's not a simple thing at all.
You can also see why
so many ordinary switching guys have failed at it, and why most of
them were incapable of replicating John Bedini's little batterypopping self-powered motor system.
If you are very clever with your measurements and timing, you can get
that ion current to keep on resonating, and use it as a "very stiff
oscillating spring" on which to store and release larger amounts of
energy in terms of electron charges and potentials.
You can
manipulate the potentials, including the overpotential.
You can essentially do what Nikola Tesla did in his circuits: You can
shuttle potential and potential energy in different directions in
different parts of your overall circuit, use multiple currents and
multiple current directions.
You can control what you do
energetically in the various parts of the circuit.
And you can
eliminate the back-emf phenomenon that in the normal current loop
with single current type is responsible for always killing the source
dipole. Now you can continually restore the dipole and power the
load independently, simultaneously.
There are many variations on the above, at least four major
ones. There are many additional ones when you apply other timed
oscillations (LC oscillators), inductors, etc.
to the circuit.
In
all, there are at least a hundred or more major variations you can
make to this basic circuit operation.
All have something to be said
for them. Various inventors have discovered various ones of them.
The end result is the partial removal of the Lorentz condition that
is normally restored by forcing the killing of the source
dipole. Now you can dramatically reduce the amount of "killing,"
and in fact have a net "restoring", while at the same time increasing
the power in the load.
A Recommendation to the Department of Energy
We urge the experienced electrical laboratory teams in the DOE to
give this one a real try.
It's nearly all just ordinary theory,
only with multiple currents having dramatically different response
characteristics, all in the same circuit loop.
There is also a
little servomechanism theory involved, as well as the "charge density
squeeze" to provide a large overpotential.
You need microwave
switching, and asymmetrical self-regauging thrown in.
It's quite
straight forward, it can fairly readily be made to work by an
experienced lab team, and it's not expensive.
But it does first
require a dramatic change in the mindset of the experimenters and a
completely different view of what you were taught as "conservation of
energy. " If you cannot get past that orthodox practice of
accounting only for the dissipated Poynting energy component, you
will never understand it or do it.
You are also treating and using
a battery as the highly nonlinear system it really is, not just as a
linear beast with a plus and a minus terminal, and a single
current.
You do not have to expend one half the free energy -received from the vacuum by the source dipole and sent into the
circuit -- to kill the source dipole! The assumption that you do, is
a complete delusion.
There is nothing in the conservation of energy
law that requires that to happen in a circuit, once the energy is
received from the vacuum and sent along the circuit.
It's merely
our own century-old stupidity and standard practice that keeps that
insanity going in all our power systems.
We again strongly warn the reader against casually experimenting with
this, unless you are an experienced researcher, know what you are
doing, and take proper precautions! This is for experienced lab
people only.
Even then, they must use all the proper procedures and
precautions.
You experiment with this at your own legally assumed
risk.
Still, big financial empires don't give up their empires without a
real fight — by fair means or foul.
And that fight includes the
ruthless suppression of true negative resistors.
Such as the really
excellent battery poppers.
Bedini's Battery-Popper Motor
John Bedini is one of the most creative inventors on this
planet. He is also a close friend and colleague.
It was my great
privilege to be able to work with John for several years.
Though it
was sad that he had such an inept pupil!
John built several experimental motors (both electrical and magnetic)
in the overunity area, and performed successful transmutation
experiments.
John is a recognized genius in high-end sound
amplifier development.
Many audiophiles worldwide still swear that
the Bedini amplifier is the best and sweetest-sounding audio
amplifier ever built.
Even the test engineers for leading
audiophile magazines have said so.
One of John's battery-powered electrical motors, e.g., ran
continuously off its battery for about five years, and kept the
battery charged.
When you realize that such a small electric motor
is only about 35% efficient, then you realize that about 65% of the
energy flowing out of the battery was being dissipated in the motor
as heat, core losses, etc.
So the unit was continuously performing
work for that five years.
The 1/8 hp motor represented a load in
which the continuous rate of work being done (the rate of energy
dissipation) was about 0. 08 hp.
The little device was a battery-popper, and we have already covered
the theory of such units in the treatise above.
We need not repeat
it here.
John built a variety of other motors and generators, some of
extremely novel design.
Several of these units did work at
overunity performance.
John also was active in assisting other young inventors to get
started.
I can assure you of one thing.
If I personally ever succeed in this
area, then there are a few people who are going to be endowed.
John
Bedini is right up there at the top of the list.
Nelson's Self-Regenerating "Back-Popped" Battery Power Unit
WE CALL THE READER'S ATTENTION AGAIN TO THE PREVIOUS WARNING IN BOLD
PRINT.
DO NOT EXPERIMENT WITH THIS UNLESS YOU ARE AN EXPERIENCED
EXPERIMENTER, PROPER QUALIFIED, AND TAKE ALL SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS.
YOU EXPERIMENT AT YOUR OWN ASSUMED RISK.
Microwave switching engineer Bill Nelson and a colleague became
interested in Bedini's little motor.
So they met with John several
times, discussed the theory of its operation at length, and even
called me a time or two to see what thoughts I had.
Once they
thoroughly understood the principles, they reasoned that the motor
was just a load, and all the action was in the battery as controlled
by the switcher.
Bedini confirmed that this was correct.
Being expert microwave switching engineers and not motor engineers,
they just used an ordinary lamp for the load.
In the theory of such
battery poppers below, we will see that microwave switching
techniques are required.
However, that posed no problem for Nelson
and colleague.
Before very long, they had a battery-popper working in the overunity,
self-powering mode.
It would keep its battery charged and also
power the lamp.
Nelson took his little demonstrator to his work (a large aerospace
engineering firm) and showed it to his fellow engineers and
scientists to test their reactions.
He stated that (1) a few were
naïve and would believe anything anyway, (2) some would instantly
become hostile and disturbed and promptly leave, (3) some would
become agitated and immediately wish to argue, even in a tirade, and
(4) a few would closely examine the unit, with real scientific
curiosity and open-mindedness though skeptical.
At one time Nelson investigated putting a little kit on the market,
but legally it was inadvisable.
Popped lead acid batteries produce
hydrogen gas and can explode.
Someone very naïve would have hurt
themselves, and entered a lawsuit.
So there the matter rested.
We corresponded sporadically for a few
years, then that was that.
But Nelson and colleague had
demonstrated both the necessary and sufficient things to prove the
concept and mechanism: (1) independent replication and (2)
independent qualified testing which showed overunity operation.
Watson's 8 kW Battery-Popper Motor
WE CALL THE READER'S ATTENTION AGAIN TO THE PREVIOUS WARNING IN BOLD
PRINT.
DO NOT EXPERIMENT WITH THIS UNLESS YOU ARE AN EXPERIENCED
EXPERIMENTER, PROPER QUALIFIED, AND TAKE ALL SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS.
YOU EXPERIMENT AT YOUR OWN ASSUMED RISK.
Jim Watson successfully replicated Bedini's device (with direct
advice from Bedini).
Watson made improvements and modifications,
and eventually was able to build one and adjust it as he wished.
He
demonstrated an 8 kW device at the first International Tesla
conference in Colorado Springs.
Later Watson was moving toward development and marketing.
Then Watson and his entire family disappeared.
Neither Bedini nor I
could locate him.
Neither could his financial backer, the late
R. J.
Reynolds III.
This was a researcher and friend whom I was
in contact with several times a week.
Then bingo!
Nothing
further.
He abruptly and completely broke off all communication with
everyone. A squirrelly message was left on his answering machine
for a few days, saying he had moved (but not in Jim's voice).
Then
it too was removed.
And that was that.
Eerily, it seems that if you call the police in the town where Jim
Watson lived, they will tell you he still lives there on the same
street in the same house.
At least that's what they told a friend
of mine who checked a few months ago, which is years after Jim and
his family originally disappeared.
And that check may be the oddest
thing of all.
The police implied on the phone that Jim and his
family never disappeared.
Everything fine.
AOK.
And that's a
bald-faced lie.
He and his family did disappear.
No one could
find them, regardless of how they tried.
His financial
backer couldn't even find him.
The clear implication is, stay away from that one.
Somebody "from
the dark side" may have made Jim the "offer he could not refuse. "
One may never know what really happened, whether or not Jim ever
surfaces again — or has already surfaced again and is living there
very, very quietly.
But Jim's entire overunity motor effort ended
abruptly, even though highly successful.
And even though the motor
was almost ready to be put into production.
Watson has not been seen at an energy conference since that sudden
mysterious disappearance.
No one has had a phone call from him.
have not found anyone I trust who has seen him again.
You have not seen a Watson overunity power system go to market.
almost certainly never will.
I
You
Yet Jim's device was perfected to the point where he could make the
things like pretzels, adjust them readily, and they worked every
time. They could have been put into mass production very
easily. Obviously that made him a grave threat to the Energy
Cartels around the world.
At rare intervals, the Energy Cartel does suppress an invention and
an inventor by making the inventor "an offer he cannot refuse," in
Mafia terms.
Presently the going price when that offer is made, is
$10 million.
You take your $10 million, quit all research, quit
your contacts, and you live.
But you live very quietly, although
you live very well financially.
The engineers who measured Jim's 8 kW machine there in Colorado
Springs are still alive.
And they know what they measured.
There's one other little thing.
At that same International Tesla
Conference in Colorado Springs, the folks who were in charge (for the
energy barons) of suppressing all successful overunity devices in the
Western world were also there when Jim demonstrated his 8 kW
device. There is a certain effect which happens in a battery
sometimes for a large overunity battery popper unit like that, if the
device is "for real."
Time-reversal operations and wave
transductions can occur, resulting in time-excitation charging inside
the battery materials, in a negative time charge sense (remember, the
overunity operation is a negentropic operation).
After a machine of
that type and with that particular internal effects has been used to
furnish energy for quite a while, you can make a definitive test on
it. Simply hook it to a normal battery charger for that size
battery, and start to charge it.
You then may find to your surprise
that the power will just seem to "disappear" in that battery, without
charging the needle one iota, for 16 to 48 hours or longer, and in a
rare case for two weeks.
The reason is that wave transduction occurs of your charging spatial
energy into time-energy, and so you have to furnish rather enormous
energy to get a little bit of that negative-time charge
reversed. After you fill that seemingly "bottomless pit", then
suddenly the negative time-charge will have been eliminated, and at
that point the battery will start to charge up in quite normal
fashion.
It is significant that Jim's battery was stolen right out of the
machine. Whoever did it, almost certainly knew how to test it to
find out if Jim's generator was actually a true overunity
device. If so, then they tested it and found that indeed it was
genuine.
And there was only one group there who would have known that little
tidbit.
Dated: 1999