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Smart materials which sense,
activate and repair damage; hollow
porous fibers in composites release
chemicals from fibers for self-healing,
damage prevention, and/or dynamic
control
Carolyn Dry
Carolyn M. Dry, "Smart materials which sense, activate and repair damage;
hollow porous fibers in composites release chemicals from fibers for selfhealing, damage prevention, and/or dynamic control," Proc. SPIE 1777, First
European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, 177726 (1 May
1992); doi: 10.1117/12.2298101
Event: First European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, 1992,
Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Paper presented
presented at
at the
the 1st
1st European
European Conf.
Conf on
1992
on Smart
Smart Structures
Structures and
and Materials,
Materials, Glasgow
Glasgow 1992
Session (11)
(11)
367
Smart materials
Smart
materials which
which sense,
sense, activate
activate and
and repair
repair damage;
damage; hollow
hollow porous
porous
fibers
release chemicals
chemicals from
from fibers
fibers for
for self
self-healing,
fibers in composites release
-healing, damage
prevention, and
/or dynamic
prevention,
and/or
dynamic control
control
Carolyn M.
M. Dry, Associate Professor
Carolyn
Architecture Materials
Materials Research
Research Lab,
Lab, Architecture
Architecture Research
Research Center
Architecture
School
of
Architecture,
University
of
Illinois
School
Architecture, University
Urbana -Champaign,Illinois
Illinois U.S.A.
Urbana-Champaign,
ABSTRACT:
ABSTRACT: The
The subject
subject of
of this
this research
research is
is the
the sensing
sensing of
of damage
damage such
such as
as
cracking
corrosion in
in a settable
settable material
material by a chemical or physical sensor
sensor
cracking or corrosion
which,
in the
which, in
the process
process of
of sensing,
sensing, starts
starts the
the activation
activation of aa remedial
remedial or
prevention process. It is aa distributed
distributed system
system in which
which sensing
sensing and actuation
actuation
repair occur when and where they are needed.
Materials
containing various
various types
types of
of hollow
hollow fibers
fibers filled
filled with
Materials containing
with a chemical
chemical
which releases
releases into
into the
the matrix
matrix at
at appropriate
appropriate times,
times, or
or over
over time,
time, are
are designed
designed
which
to address
address some of the major
major issues
issues of
of material
material performance.
performance.
Definition of A Smart
Definition
Smart Material
Material
A definition
is "systems
which sense
sense a change in a particular
definition of smart material
material systems
systems is
"systems which
physical
parameter
and
actuate
in
response
to
the
impetus
physical parameter and actuate in response
the impetus without
without external
external control"
control"
(Materials
Research Society
Societycall
callfor
forpapers,
papers,Spring
Spring’92
'92 meeting,
meeting, Pg.
Pg. 12).
12). The
(Materials Research
The focus
focus is
is
on the passive
passive nature
nature of
of the
the actuation.
actuation. The
other
concern
in
smart
materials
research
is
The other
research is
that the sensing
sensing and
and control
control functions
functions be
be distributed
distributed throughout
throughout the material.
material. Passive
distributed
sensing
and
response
to
repair
material
damage
can
be
accomplished,
distributed sensing and response to
material damage
accomplished, for
example,
by fiber reinforced
example, by
reinforced composites
composites whose
whose fibers
fibers release repair
repair materials
materials when
when
subjected
to
forces
which
cause
cracking.
The
release
of
crack
-filler,
adhesive
material
subjected to forces which cause cracking. The release of crack-filler,
from
cracked or stretched
fibers may
may totally
heal matrix
cracks and
and also rebond
from cracked
stretched fibers
totally heal
matrix cracks
rebond the
damaged interface between
between the
the matrix
matrix and
and fibers.
fibers. Thus,
this
research
addresses
the issue
Thus, this
of damage to the matrix
matrix by the
the inclusion
inclusion of
of any
any sensor,
sensor, another
another topic
topic of
ofmajor
major concern
concern
in smart
smart materials
materials research.
research.
Self -Healing
Self-Healing
We are engaged in research on the
We
the use
use of
ofhollow
hollow porous
porous fiberglass
fiberglass and
and polypropylene
polypropylene
fibers in
in cement matrices
matrices for reinforcing
reinforcing and
and release
release of chemicals
fibers
chemicals from the fibers upon
effect of
of loading
over time
loading. The
The cumulative
cumulative effect
loading over
time can lead
lead finally
finally to
to complete
complete
deterioration of
of aa structural
structural component.
component. Our design to correct this problem
deterioration
problem by closing
closing
the cracks
-linking crack
-closing
the
cracks consists
consists of
ofhollow
hollowporous
porousfibers
fiberscontaining
containingcross
cross-linking
crack-closing
First European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Brian Culshaw,
®
/SPIE and
Ltd
1992
©EOS
EOS/SPIE
and IOP
IOPPublishing
Publishing
Ltd
1992 Alaster McDonach, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 1777, 177726 · © (1992) 2017
Peter T.
Gardiner,
SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/17/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2298101
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 1777 177726-1
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368
Future Developments in Smart Concepts
chemicals, adhesives,
adhesives, polymers,
polymers, or
or aacrystallizing
crystallizingrehydrater.
rehydrater. The chemicals are released
released
chemicals,
from fibers
fibers when
when they deform because of loading.
from
A material
-filler from stretched,
A
material in which
which the
the release
release of
ofcrack
crack-filler
stretched, cracked,
cracked, or
or debonded
debonded
fibers
is
one
specific
application
of
the
repairing
idea
to
heal
matrix
cracks
and
rebond
fibers is one specific application of the repairing idea to heal matrix cracks
rebond
debonded
fibers to
to the
the matrix.
matrix. Several
debonded fibers
Several designs
designs for
for this
this are:
are:
1.) )
1.
2.) )
2.
3.)
3. )
Due to
to Poisson’s
Poisson's effect,
occurs as
as a result of tensile loading which
Due
effect, contraction
contraction occurs
which
stretches
the
fiber
that
releases
the
chemicals
from
the
porous
fiber
wall.
stretches the fiber that releases the chemicals from the porous fiber wall. (See
(See
Figure 1.)
1.)
hollow porous
porous fiber,
fiber, debonded
debondedfrom
fromthe
the matrix
matrix and
and with
with its
its coating
coating stripped
stripped
AA hollow
away by
by tensile loading,
releases its
its chemical
chemical through
through the
the pores
pores of the fiber.
away
loading, releases
The hollow
hollow fiber
fiber breaks,
breaks, due
due to
to tensile
tensile loading,
loading, and
and the
the chemical
chemical is released.
released.
The
1
1
Figure 1. PULLING
PULLING CHANGES
CHANGES FIBER POISSON'S
POISSON’S RATIO, THUS
FORCING CHEMICAL THROUGH MEMBRANE'S
MEMBRANE’S PORES
PORES
Damage Prevention
In the design
design to
to resist
resist corrosion
corrosion damage,
damage, calcium
calcium nitrite,
nitrite, an
an anticorrosion
anticorrosion chemical,
chemical, is
pH sensitive
sensitive fiber
fiber coating,
released
released from
from hollow
hollow porous
porous fibers
fibers when
when the
the sensor,
sensor, aa pH
Corrosion is an
an electrochemical
electrochemical process
process which requires an
an appropriate
appropriate pH
dissolves. Corrosion
level
to
proceed.
When
that
pH
level
is
reached,
some
of
the
sensor
(fiber
level to proceed. When that pH level is reached, some of the sensor (fiber coating) is
dissolved,
fiber. In this design
design the
the filled
filled fibers
fibers
dissolved, releasing
releasing the
the actuator
actuator chemical
chemical in the fiber.
the
metal
or
even
wrapped
may
be
distributed
throughout
the
matrix
or
clustered
near
even
wrapped
may
throughout
around it. (See Figure 2.)
iiil
HililllMli
IIMANDANDB
f
■Mit
<X-VC>'
»>>>:
HOLLOW POROUS FIBER
CONTAINS CHEMICAL
Figure 2.
2.
Figure
REINFORCING BAR
BAR IS WRAPPED WITH A SLEEVE OF
HOLLOW POROUS
POROUS FIBERS CONTAINING AN
HOLLOW
ANTICORROSIVE CHEMICAL
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 1777 177726-2
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First European Conference on Smart Structures
Structures and Materials
369
Preliminary results
results indicate
indicate that
that this
this design
design to
to prevent
preventcorrosion
corrosionwill
willbe
be successful.
successful. (See
Preliminary
Figure 3.)
o
E
o
H
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
CONTROL.
FIBERS
--ü-■O—
CONTROL.
NONO
FIBERS
1.5
1.0
--
—
-Y--
■O—
-0—
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-0.5 -1.0
3
4
MIXED
CALCIUM NITRITE FREELY MIXED
CALCIUM NITRITE IN FIBERS
POLYOL
COATED WITH POLYOL
CALCIUM NITRITE IN FIBERS
COATED WITH WAX
i ■■■[—»■
5
(WEEKS)
DURATION (WEEKS)
COMPARISON OF VOLTAGE DROP (mV)
COMPARISON
(mV) ACROSS A
10 OHM
OHM RESISTOR
RESISTOR OF VARIOUS SAMPLES
UNDERGOING
UNDERGOING CORROSION TESTING
Figure 3.
Dynamic Control
Control
Vibration damping is a dynamic control issue to be addressed by the release of chemicals
from hollow
hollow fibers over
over time.
time. In the laboratory
laboratory we have found that the
the modulus
modulus of
elasticity changes as expected for the
the variable
variable states
states in
in aa material
material in
in the
therelease
releaseof
ofcrack
crack-filler from
of fibers,
from stretched,
stretched, cracked,
cracked, or
or debonded
debonded fibers
fibers (see
(see Figure
Figure4).
4). The emptying of
the
phase change
encapsulated chemicals
the phase
change of the encapsulated
chemicals(in
(in the
the matrix
matrix or
or in
in the
the fibers), fiber
debonding, and reattachment and the varying amount of
of bond between fiber
fiber coating and
debonding,
"tuneable" system of
of fibers
fibers and
and matrices
matrices (see
(see Figure 5).
5).
matrix are all components of aa "tuneable"
■ SAMPLE
SAMPLE 11
4000 -
0
SAMPLE 2
SAMPLE2
3500 g 3000
2500 2000
11
CONTROL SAMPLES
3
2
EMPTY RBERS
FIBERS
CALCIUM NITRITE
IN FIBERS
FIBERS COATED
IN
COATED
WITH WAX
WITH
WAX
Figure 4.
44
NITRITE
CALCIUM NITRITE
IN
IN FIBERS
FIBERSCOATED
COATED
WITH POLYOL
RESONANT
RESONANT FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY OF SAMPLES
SAMPLES CONTAINING EMPTY
FIBERS,
CONTAINING CALCIUM
CALCIUM NITRITE COATED
COATED
FIBERS, FIBERS CONTAINING
WITH WAX,
WAX, AND
AND FIBERS CONTAINING
CONTAINING CALCIUM NITRITE
NITRITE
COATED WITH
WITH POLYOL1
POLYOL1
'1 Dry, Carolyn,
Carolyn, 'Passive
"Passive Tuneable
Tuneable Fibers and Matrices,"
Matrices," Proceedings:
Conference
Proceedings: Conference
on Electrorheological Fluids, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, October
October
14
-15, 1991,
1991,World
World Scientific
Scientific Publishing
Publishing Co.,
Co., River Edge, N.J., in
14-15,
in press.
press.
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 1777 177726-3
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370
Future Developments in Smart Concepts
:
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OF FIBER
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IIII
!)))))))))))l)))))))))))))))))))))))))l)))))))))))))tt11
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PHASE CHANGE
CHANGE OF
CHEMICAL IN
CHEMICAL
IN FIBERS
MATRIX
OR MATRIX
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///////,
nuuuuuuuunuuuunnuuuuununuiuluuuuuununuuuuu)
_
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,2éi'ÑxiRO 2 ms,:ivo4
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FIBER DEBONDING
DEBONDING
AND REATTACHMENT
REATTACHMENT
AND
&&&
!)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))M
WlillUiUuuUUlWlmHUUi
---------------------:.,
DffiOND
41
t.f?,f5'!G!<4sdi/,,.' } s
*Mr,
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIillllllllllllli
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uuuuuuuuuunuuuuuoonuuuuuuuunnununnuoml
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SLIPPERY VS.
STICKY-----STICKY
/'
Figure 5.
5.
111<
VARYING AMOUNT
AMOUNT OF
VARYING
FIBER
BOND BETWEEN FIBER
MATRIX
AND MATRIX
y
>4
COMPONENTS OF A
A TUNEABLE SYSTEM
OF FIBERS AND
AND MATRICES
MATRICES
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 1777 177726-4
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First European Conference
Conference on Smart Structures and Materials
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Dry, Carolyn,
Tuneable Fibers
Fibers and
and Matrices,"
Matrices," Proceedings:
Proceedings: Conference
Dry,
Carolyn, "Passive
"Passive Tuneable
Conference on
on
Electrorheological
Fluids,
Southern
Illinois
University,
Carbondale,
Illinois,
Electrorheological Fluids,
University, Carbondale, Illinois,
-15, 1991,
1991, World
World Scientific
Scientific Publishing
Publishing Co.,
Co., River
River Edge,
Edge, N.J.,
N.J., in press.
October 14
14-15,
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 1777 177726-5
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371