STATIONS INSTRUCTIONS What stations will you be going to? First: Second: Third: When you arrive at each new station, first collect the handout for that station, then follow the steps below! DNA STRUCTURE/REPLICATION STATION (1) AT THE STATION ON YOUR HANDOUT STEP 1 GO TO: tinyurl.com/PCreplication Complete: “VIDEO QUESTIONS” on your DNA Structure/Replication handout STEP 2 Complete reading and annotations (located on handout) Complete: “READING QUESTIONS” on your DNA Structure/Replication handout STEP 3 GO TO: Write: your practice score where it says “ONLINE QUIZ SCORE” on your DNA Structure/Replication handout tinyurl.com/pcrepquiz STEP 4 Take exit ticket (located on handout) Complete: “EXIT TICKET ANSWERS” on your DNA Structure/Replication handout CENTRAL DOGMA STATION (2) AT THE STATION ON YOUR HANDOUT STEP 1 GO TO: tinyurl.com/PCdogma complete: “VIDEO QUESTIONS” on your Central Dogma handout STEP 2 Complete reading and annotations (located on handout) complete: “READING QUESTIONS” on your Central Dogma handout STEP 3 Take exit ticket (located on handout) complete: “EXIT TICKET ANSWERS” on your Central Dogma handout MUTATIONS STATION (3) AT THE STATION ON YOUR HANDOUT STEP 1 Complete reading (at station) Complete: “READING QUESTIONS” on your Mutations handout STEP 2 Go to: Complete: “QUIZLET PRACTICE” on your Mutations handout tinyurl.com/pcquizlet STEP 3 Take exit ticket (located at station) Complete: “EXIT TICKET ANSWERS” on your central Dogma handout TAKE ME! Name: DNA STRUCTURE/REPLICATION HANDOUT (1) VIDEO QUESTIONS → 1. What enzyme unwinds DNA? 2. What are the original DNA strands used for? 3. What adds the new nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA? 4. What do you end up with at the end of DNA replication? READING QUESTIONS → 1. DNA is made up of repeating 2. Draw a nucleotide here: . 3. Put an arrow to the coding region of the above nucleotide. 4. What makes up the backbone of DNA? 5. Write the complementary DNA strand for: ATAGCAGCCAATT 6. How many hydrogen bonds between A&T: ONLINE QUIZ SCORE → SCORE Incorrect questions and explanations: EXIT TICKET ANSWERS → 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C & G: DNA STRUCTURE/REPLICATION READING DNA DOUBLE HELIX (28 NUCLEOTIDES, 14 on each side) Zoom In: DNA UNTWISTED (14 NUCLEOTIDES, 7 on each side) Zoom In: DNA UNTWISTED (6 NUCLEOTIDES, 3 on each side) The three pictures above are all DNA - the first one is the most zoomed out, and the last one is the most zoomed in. DNA is a macromolecule made up of repeating phosphates, sugars, and bases (A, T, C, G). Phosphates and sugars make up the backbone of DNA, while the nitrogenous bases make up the lines of the ladder. Each building block of DNA (one sugar, one phosphate, and one base) is called a nucleotide. The order of nucleotides determines what traits will be coded for because of the order of nitrogenous bases. The Sugars and phosphates never change - so while they are important for the structure of DNA, they do not code for the genetic information. For example: An organism with the base order: A T T A C G will look different from an organism with the base order A C C C A G but both organisms will have the same sugars and phosphates. When DNA replicates, it follows a base-pairing rule. Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C). Holding the two nucleotides together by the base are weak hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine and three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine. The number of hydrogen bonds each base demands helps them find their complementary base when replicating. If you look at the two zoomed in pictures of DNA, you can see the hydrogen bonds (dotted lines) holding the bases together. Hydrogen bonds must be weak because when DNA needs to divide, the hydrogen bonds are broken to create two template strands of DNA. DNA STRUCTURE/REPLICATION EXIT TICKET 1. What is the significance of the process represented in the diagram to the right? A. Provides the cell’s genetic code to daughter cells. B. Ensures that proteins are synthesized for cell division C. Provides the cell a chance to adapt to environmental changes D. Ensures that environmental conditions are conducive to cell division. 2. Which of the following macromolecules are held together mainly by weak bonds? A. Proteins B. DNA C. Lipids D. Carbohydrates 3. Which diagram best represents a segment of a normal DNA molecule? 4. The main purpose of DNA replication is to: a. Capture sunlight b. Store energy c. Synthesize proteins d. Copy genetic information 5. What codes for the genetic information of an organism and why? a. The nucleotide sequence; because the order of sugar & phosphate determines what proteins are made. b. The nucleotide sequence; because the order of the bases determine what proteins are made c. The base pairs; because ribosomes read both sides of DNA when they’re making amino acids. d. The five-carbon sugar; because each side codes for something different. CENTRAL DOGMA EXIT TICKET 1. The diagram shows a function of DNA in cells. What function does DNA serve in the diagram? a. DNA provides genetic material for offspring. b. DNA provides a template for protein synthesis. c. DNA provides structure to support the cell nucleus. d. DNA directly regulates what enters and leaves the cell. 2. During the process of protein synthesis, amino acids are added to the protein chain according to the DNA code. The amino acids coded for by each RNA codon are shown in the chart to the right. According to the chart, which amino acid strands are coded for by the mRNA strand AUGUGUCCAGUA? A. Met-Leu-Arg-Val B. Met-Cys-Pro-Val C. Val-Met-Cys-Met D. Val-Met-Phe-Try 3. DNA and RNA are involved in the production of proteins within a cell. Which diagram accurately illustrates the stage in protein formation where DNA and RNA most directly interact? 4. Amino acids are a structural component of which macromolecule? a. Lipids b. Proteins c. DNA 5. Which sequence depicts the correct order of protein synthesis within a cell? a. DNA → mRNA → amino acids → proteins b. DNA → amino acids → mRNA → proteins c. DNA → mRNA → proteins → amino acids d. DNA → proteins → amino acids → mRNA d. RNA TAKE ME! Name: CENTRAL DOGMA HANDOUT (2) VIDEO QUESTIONS → Watch once through and then answer questions the second time. 1. What does the nucleus hold? 2. What do chromosomes contain? 3. What do genes do? 4. What happens when genes are turned on? 5. How does RNA polymerase work? 6. What is transcription? 7. What happens when mRNA gets into the cytoplasm? 8. How are the amino acids connected to the mRNA code? 9. What does a folded amino acid chain form? 10. What is translation? READING QUESTIONS → Where does this step occur? What enzyme helps with this step? Using the reading, label the drawing: ------------------Where does this step occur? EXIT TICKET ANSWERS → 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CENTRAL DOGMA READING The central dogma of biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA, to protein (a functional product). The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation. Transcription takes the information encoded in DNA and converts it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell's nucleus and into the cytoplasm. Nothing in the body can happen without help. DNA can only be converted into mRNA with the help of an enzyme called RNA polymerase - RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and attaches the RNA nucleotides to synthesize an mRNA strand. The RNA pairs up with DNA using the same base pair rule EXCEPT it replaces thymine with uracil: A/U and G/C. Example: REPLICATION DNA: ATCG DNA: TAGC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA: ATCG RNA: UACG Once out of the nucleus, the mRNA strand is in search of a ribosome (the location of protein synthesis). When the mRNA strand has found a ribosome, it starts being read and translated into amino acids (the building blocks of proteins). Every three bases of mRNA (codon) pair with 1 amino acid - when the whole mRNA strand has been read, the amino acid chain breaks off and folds into a protein. Again, nothing in the body can happen without help, the molecule that helps attach mRNA and amino acids is called a transfer RNA (tRNA). The chart to the left demonstrates how mRNA bases pair with amino acids. For example: The mRNA strand: AUU GUA GUU ACU CCC The amino acids: ile -- val -- val -- thr -- pro Each set of three bases is called a codon. In order to actually synthesize a protein, you would have to start with the codon: AUG In order to stop making a protein, you would need to end with one of these codons: UGA, UAA, UAG 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Here are the steps broken down: DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase mRNA strand leaves the nucleus Ribosome attaches to mRNA strand tRNA brings amino acids and connects them to mRNA strand in the ribosome Amino acids connect to one another as mRNA strand is read Amino acid chain is released and protein is folded! TAKE ME! Name: MUTATIONS HANDOUT (3) READING QUESTIONS → 1. What type of mutation causes progeria? Give an example of what this would look like on a gene. 2. What do scientists know about Uner Tan Syndrome? 3. What type of mutation causes the “werewolf” syndrome? 4. What type of mutation causes Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis? Why did this mutation cause such a problem? 5. What is the cause of ectrodactyly? Write an example of each type of mutation that could cause ectrodactyly. 6. Which disorder did you find most interesting? QUIZLET PRACTICE → Fastest scatter time: Test grade: Learning round 1: EXIT TICKET ANSWERS → Finish early? round 2: round 3: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Play a game! Go to: tinyurl.com/pcmutgame MUTATIONS READING No two people are alike, due slightly to the different ways our genomes are expressed. But sometimes these biological differences lead to genetic mutations that are extremely rare, and sometimes harmful. Historically, many people suffering from these mutations were labeled monsters or freaks — but today, we know they are simply part of the broad spectrum of genetic variations in our species. Here are 10 of the most unusual genetic mutations we've identified in humans. 1. Progeria This genetic disorder is as rare as it is severe. The classic form of the disease, called Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria, causes accelerated aging. Most children who have progeria essentially die of agerelated diseases around the age of 13, but some can live into their 20s. Death is typically caused by a heart attack or stroke. It affects as few as one per eight million live births. The disease is caused by a genetic mutation where thymine replaces cytosine at one location in the LMNA gene, a protein that provides support to the cell nucleus. Other symptoms of progeria include rigid skin, full body baldness, bone abnormalities, and growth impairment. Progeria is of great interest to gerontologists who hope connect genetic factors to the aging process. 2. Uner Tan Syndrome Uner Tan syndrome is a somewhat controversial condition, whose most obvious characteristic is that people who suffer from it walk on all fours. Uner Tan syndrome has been found in only one family where the individual members walk using all four limbs, use primitive speech, and have a congenital brain impairment. The family was featured in a 2006 documentary called, "The Family That Walks On All Fours." Tan describes it like this: “The genetic nature of this syndrome suggests a backward stage in human evolution, which is most probably caused by a genetic mutation, rendering, in turn, the transition from quadrupedality to bipedality. This would then be consistent with theories of punctuated evolution.” The new syndrome, says Tan, “may be used as a live model for human evolution.” Some experts think this is bunk, and that genetics may have very little to do with it. 3. Hypertrichosis Hypertrichosis is also called “werewolf syndrome” or Ambras syndrome, and it affects as few as one in a billion people; and in fact, only 50 cases have been documented since the Middle Ages. People with hypertrichosis have excessive hair on the shoulders, face, and ears. Studies have implicated it to parts of chromosome 8 moving to other chromosomes. 4. Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is an extremely rare disorder that makes people prone to widespread human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This infection causes scaly macules and papules to grow on the hands, feet, and even face. These skin “eruptions” appear as wart-like lesions — and even wood-like and horn-like growths — with reddish-brown pigmented plaques. Typically, the skin tumors start to emerge in people between the age of 20 and 40, and the growths tend to appear on areas exposed to the sun. Also called Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia, there is no known cure, though treatments to scale back the growths are possible. The disorder was brought to the public’s attention in November 2007 when a video of a 34-year-old Indonesian man named Dede Koswara appeared on the internet. In 2008, he underwent surgery to have 13 pounds of the warts removed. After the lesions and horns were extracted from his hands, head, torso, and feet, his hands were grafted with new skin. In all, about 95% of the warts were removed. This disease is caused by a single nucleotide mutation that created an early stop codon - because of the early stop codon, the protein that was made lacked 537 necessary amino acids. 5. Ectrodactyly Formerly known as “lobster claw hand,” individuals with this disorder have a cleft where the middle finger or toe should be. These splithand/split-foot malformations are rare limb deformities which can manifest in any number of ways, including cases of only the thumb and one finger (typically the little finger or little finger). It’s also associated with hearing loss. Genetically speaking, it’s caused by several factors, including deletions, translocations, and inversions in chromosome 7. MUTATIONS EXIT TICKET 1. A genetic counselor tests a patient for cystic fibrosis. The test results show mutated DNA, but the same number of base pairs as the normal DNA. In fact, just one nucleotide was changed. Which of the following mutations does this patient likely have? A. Nondisjunction B. Insertion C. Substitution D. Deletion 2. Given the original sequence of DNA and the mutated DNA below, what type of mutation happened? ORIGINAL: GCTTAGCGTAACG MUTATED: GCTTAGCGTAACGA A. B. C. D. Insertion Inversion Deletion Substitution 3. The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three mutated sequences of a segment of DNA. Which row correctly identifies the cause of each type of mutation? Mutation A Mutation B Mutation C A. Deletion Substitution Insertion B. Insertion Substitution Deletion C. Insertion Insertion Substitution D. Deletion Insertion Substitution 4. What type of mutation is represented in the diagram to the left? A. Deletion B. Inversion C. Translocation D. Substitution 5. What are the effects of mutations on organisms? A. Mutations always have harmful effects. If any part of the DNA is changed, there are negative side effects. B. Mutations can have serious side effects, beneficial side effects, or have no effect at all - it depends on what bases are changed. C. Mutations are always beneficial - without mutations, life would not exist today. D. Mutations have no effect on organisms. DNA is built to withstand mutations.
