Awareness of Astigmatism as an Eye Disorder among Adults
in Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur
A Research Proposal presented to the Faculty of Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School (BNCHS)
Bayugan City Division
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in
RESEARCH 11
Blessie Gayle A. Chiong
Jenifer Dumapias
Princess Mae Monreal
Francel Joy V. Pateno
Cristine A. Pepito
Jhellyn Grace Tumenlaco
Grade 11- Descartes
Research adviser
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTESIS
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Light rays passing through the eye do not converge at a single focal
point, but instead form focal lines. (Sutter E et al., 2000). Astigmatism is a
condition in which parallel rays of light passing through the cornea do not
converge to a point of focus on the retina. (Wajuihian SO, 2007). Astigmatism
can be regular or irregular in nature. Astigmatism can have corneal,
lenticular, or retinal causes. Regular astigmatism is classified as with rule,
against the rule, oblique, and bi-oblique astigmatism. The optics of regular
astigmatism are define by the Sturm’s conoid principle.
Astigmatism is further classified as simple, compound, and mixed
astigmatism. (Veno Y et al., 2021). Astigmatism symptoms include
asthenopia, discomfort, blurred and defective vision, object, elongation, and
accommodation issues. Partial lid closure, head tilt, vertically oval or tilted
optic disc, and different power in different meridians are among the
symptoms. Retinoscopy, slit lamp examination, keratometry, Schiempflug
imaging, astigmatic fan, and Jackson cross-cylinder evaluation are all
required tests. (Dungel D et al., 2017)
Astigmatism usually worsens with age. The cornea is steep in early
childhood, from 0 to 4 years of age, there is a high degree of age, there is a
high degree corneal astigmatism, and the most common axis is against the
rule astigmatism. The cornea flattens, astigmatism decreases, and small
degrees of with the rule astigmatism are common in children aged 4 to 18
years. Between the ages of 18 and 40, the cornea remains stable, and a
small degree of with the rule astigmatism is common. After the age of 40, the
cornea steepens again, and the rule of corneal astigmatism is reversed. (Che
J et al., 2018). Astigmatism is characterized by asthenopic symptoms such as
headache, pain, heaviness. In the eyes, frontal headache, difficulty focusing,
transient blurring, drowsiness, and nausea. The patient also complained of
blurred vision, decreased vision, and object elongation due to astigmatism.
(Chen Z et al., 2018)
1.2 Statement of the problem
This study aims to know the level of awareness of adults of Bayugan City,
Agusan del Sur in terms of being aware about astigmatism as an disorder by
answering these questions.
1. What is the demographic profile of the adults-respondents in Bayugan
City?
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Educational background
2. What signs and symptoms that an adult has astigmatism?
3. Are the adults in Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur are aware about
Astigmatism as an disorder?
4. What visual problem does a person with astigmatism experience?
1.3 Objective of the Study
1. To identify the profile of the Adults respondents in terms of their age and
gender
2. To determine the visual problem does a person with astigmatism
experience.
3. To identify the signs and symptoms of an adults that has astigmatism.
4. To find out if the adults in Bayugan City, Agusan Del sur are aware about
astigmatism as an eye disorder.
1.4 Statement of Hypothesis
Ha: The level of awareness among adults in Bayugan City about astigmatism has
an effect in their daily life.
Ha: The adults in Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur are about Astigmatism as an
disorder.
H0: The level of awareness among adults in Bayugan City about astigmatism has
no effect in their daily life.
H0: The adults in Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur are not aware about Astigmatism as
an disorder.
1.5 Conceptual Framework
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Profile of the
1. Data collection of
Astigmatism use
respondents
person’s profiles
glasses, contact
2.) Organize
lenses and surgery
a.) Sex
questions.
to minimize the
b.) Year- level
3.) Combine of
according to:
symptoms.
C.) Age
person’s
Current – curriculum
used by the
Figure 1. Research of an eye Disorder of Astigmatism
institution.
This study will determine the healthcare awareness people that has
Astigmatism in Bayugan City. Then surveys will be conducted to determine the
thoughts of Bayugan locals toward the awareness in astigmatism of the people in
Bayugan City.
1.6 Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on the Awareness of Astigmatism as an Eye Disorder
among Adults in Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur. By determining the perceive
symptoms awareness towards astigmatism among people. This study limits
conducting to an written survey exclusively to those adult people in Bayugan City.
This study does not include eye examine or test the respondents’ eyes to
determine the awareness of astigmatism. The researchers aim to know the result of
the survey which is to inform us how awareness of astigmatism affects people.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The pledges of this study will benefit to those following specifics people
differently.
Adult. This study will help the adults to become aware about their condition.
Most adults have it but don’t know it. They can also find out why their eyesight is
blurry.
Student. It helps students to have an idea and knowledge about astigmatism.
Future Researchers. This is a big help to future researcher because it
serves as their guide in making their first research.
1.8 Definition of terms
The following definitions of terms were used for the purpose of the study:
Astigmatism. a problem with the eye that prevents a person from seeing clearly.
Disorder. an illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions.
Awareness. is the state of being conscious of something.