HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
1.
TOPIC OUTLINE
A.
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
I.
Topics of Anatomy
II.
Topics of Physiology
III.
Complementary Structural Functions
Levels of Structural Organization
I.
Structural Organization
II.
11 organ system of the body
Characteristics of Life/Maintaining of Life
I.
Necessary Life Functions
II.
Survival Needs
Homeostasis
I.
Homeostatic Control
II.
Homeostatic Imbalance
The Language of Anatomy
I.
Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
II.
Regional Terms
III.
Anatomical Variability
IV.
Body Planes and Sections
V.
Body Cavities and Membranes
Review Questions
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
A.
AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY
studies the structure of body parts and their relationships
to one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and
examined closely.
PHYSIOLOGY
concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the
body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining
activities.
reveals the body’s dynamic and animated workings.
often focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level.
rests on principles of physics, which help to explain
electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscles
use bones to cause body movements, among other things.
6.
1.
2.
3.
Cytology - the study of the cell of the
body
2. Histology - the study of tissues.
Developmental Anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body
throughout the life span
Embryology - a subdivision of developmental
anatomy, concerns developmental changes that
occur before birth.
For Example:
1. Pathological Anatomy - studies
structural
changes
caused
by
disease.
2. Radiographic Anatomy - studies
internal structures as visualized by
X-ray images or specialized scanning
procedures.
Molecular Biology - the structure of biological
molecules
(chemical
substances)
is
investigated.
Palpation - feeling organs with your hands
Auscultation - listening to organ sounds with a
stethoscope.
II. TOPICS OF PHYSIOLOGY
Renal Physiology
concerns kidney function and urine production.
Neurophysiology.
explains the workings of the nervous system.
Cardiovascular Physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood
vessels.
I. TOPICS OF ANATOMY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
is the study of large body structures visible to
the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and
kidneys. Relates most closely to gross anatomy
“Anatomy” derived from the greek word “to cut
apart”
Easily Observable structures.
Regional Anatomy
all the structures (muscles, bones, blood
vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of
the body, such as the abdomen or leg.
Systematic Anatomy
body structure is studied system by system.
Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to
the overlying skin surface.
Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with
the naked eye.
Subdivisions:
Ref: Tortora 15th. Ed., Table 1.1., pp. 2.
III.COMPLEMENTARY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
This key concept is called the principle of complementarity
of structure and function.
For example, bones can support and protect body organs
because they contain hard mineral deposits. Blood flows
in one direction through the heart because the heart has
valves that prevent backflow. Throughout this book, we
accompany a description of a structure’s anatomy with an
explanation of its function, and we emphasize structural
characteristics contributing to that function.
B. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
I.
THE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
CHEMICA
L LEVEL
- Atoms - tiny building blocks of matters combine to
form molecules such as water and proteins.
- Molecules associate to form organelles.
CELLULA
R LEVEL
- Cells are the smallest unit of all living things. All
cells have some common functions but individual
cells vary widely in size and shape.
- Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism that
are composed of chemicals.
TISSUE
LEVEL
ORGAN
LEVEL
- different types of tissues are joined together.
- organs are structures that are composed of two
or more diff erent types of tissues. They have
specific functions and usually have recognizable
shapes.
- Stomach - outer covering is a layer of epithelial
tissue and connective tissues that reduces friction
when the stomach moves and rubs against other
organs. Underneath are three layers of a type of
muscular tissue called smooth muscle tissue, which
contracts to churn and mix food and then push it
into the next digestive organ, the small intestine.
The innermost lining is an epithelial tissue layer that
produces fluid and chemicals responsible for
digestion in the stomach.
Examples:
Examples of organs are the stomach,
skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
ORGAN
SYSTEM
LEVEL
- is a series of organs with a common functions.
- An example of the system level, also called the
organ-system level, is the digestive system, which
breaks down and absorbs food. Its organs include
the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat),
esophagus (food tube), stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
- An organ can be part of more than one organ
system.
ORGANIS
MAL
- Any living individual.
- All the parts of the human body functioning
- are groups of cells and the materials surrounding
them that work together.
- 4 types of tissues:
1. Epithelial
covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs and cavities, and
forms glands.
2. Connective
connects, supports, and
protects body organs while
distributing blood vessels to
other tissues.
3. Muscular
contracts to make body parts
move and generates heat.
4. Nervous Tissue
carries information from one
part of the body to another
through nerve impulses.
2
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
LEVEL
together constitute the total organism.
II.
11 ORGAN SYSTEMS
1, Endocrine System
- Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus,
pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and
hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
- Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical
messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or
tissue to target organ).
4. Muscular System
- Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue— muscle usually attached
to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).
- Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains
posture; produces heat.
2. Cardiovascular System
- Blood, Heart and Blood Vessels.
- Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries
oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes
away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance,
temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood
components help defend against disease and repair damaged
blood vessels.
3. Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and
tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells,
and others).
- Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and
proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against
disease-causing microbes.
5. Nervous System
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such
as eyes and ears.
- Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external
environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing
muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
6. Respiratory System
- Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat),
larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes
leading into and out of lungs.
3
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
- Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base
balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal
cords produces sounds.
7. Digestive System
- Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the
mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus(food tube), stomach, small
and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs
that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
- Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs
nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
- Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and
associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis,
ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis
in males).
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to
form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that
regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated
organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce
milk.
10. Integumentary System
- Components: skin and structures associated with it; hair, nails,
sweat glands, oil glands
- Forms the external body covering
- Protects deeper tissue from injury
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Location of cutaneous nerve receptors, detects sensations
such as touch, warmth and cold, pain
- Eliminates some waste; helps make vitamin D (calciferol).
8. Urinary System
- idneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and
regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps
maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s
mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
11. Skeletal System
- Composed of bones and joints of the body and their
associated cartilages
- Protects and supports body organs
- Provides muscle attachment for movement
- Site of blood cell formation
- Stores minerals and lipids (fats)
9. Reproductive System
4
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
1.
Catabolism - breakdown of complex chemical
substances into simpler components
2. Anabolism - building up of complex chemical
substances from smaller, simpler components
Using oxygen and nutrients to produce (via cellular
respiration) ATP (energy-rich molecules that power cellular
activities)
Metabolism depends on the digestive and respiratory system
to make nutrients and O2 available to the blood and on the
cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances
throughout the body
Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by the
endocrine system glands
Example of Interrelationships among the body organ systems:
C. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE/MAINTAINING OF LIFE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
Maintaining Boundaries
In single celled organisms, the external boundary is a
limiting membrane that encloses its contents and lets
in needed substances while restricting entry of
potentially damaging or unnecessary substances.
Similarly, all the cells of our body are surrounded by a
selectively permeable membrane.
For example: Integumentary System - This system
protects our internal organs from drying out (a fatal
change), bacteria, and the damaging effects of heat,
sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemicals in
the external environment.
Movement
includes the activities promoted by the muscular
system.
The skeletal system provides the bony framework
that the muscles pull on as they work.
Movement also occurs when substances such as
blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through
internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and
urinary systems, respectively. On the cellular level,
the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening is
more precisely called contractility.
Responsiveness
is the ability to sense changes (which serve as
stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.
Digestion
is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple
molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
Amoeba - the cell itself is the “digestion factory,” but
in the multicellular human body, the digestive system
performs this function for the entire body
Metabolism
is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that
occur within body cells.
refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the
cells and internal environment of an organism sum of all
the chemical reactions in the body that break substances
down and build them up
enables us to acquire and use energy to fuel life
processes
PHASES:
6. Excretion
- is the process of removing wastes from the body.
7. Reproduction
- occurs at the cellular and the organismal level.
- formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) on
the cellular or organismal level
- production of new individual, by the reproductive system
which produce the egg and sperm cells
*Reproductive system is regulated accurately by hormones.
1.
2.
II.
SURVIVAL NEEDS
Oxygen
- required for chemical reactions
- body needs oxygen to obtain energy to fuel all our living
processes
- available to blood and body cells by the cooperative
efforts of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Nutrients
5
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
- Food which contains chemical substances used for
energy and cell building
- Plant derived from food are rich in carbohydrates (major
energy fuel for body cells); vitamins and minerals are
required for chemical reactions that go in cells and for
oxygen transport in the blood; minerals and calcium help
to make bones hard and required for blood clotting
3. Water
- 60-80% of body weight
- Single abundant chemical substance in the body
- Provides watery environment necessary for chemical
reaction and the fluid base for body secretions and
excretion
- Obtained from ingested foods or liquids and is lost from
the body by evaporation from lungs and skin and body
excretion
4. Stable body temperature
- Most of the body heat is generated by the activity of the
muscular system
- Decrease in temperature = metabolic reactions slow and
eventually stop
- Too high temperature = chemical reactions become rapid
and proteins begin to break down, and will eventually stop
functioning; death occurs in extreme cases
5. Atmospheric pressure or air pressure
- the force that air exerts on the surface of the body
- must be appropriate at high altitude, atmospheric pressure
is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate
to support cellular metabolism
*All these survival factors must be present in appropriate
amounts. Excess and deficits may be harmful.
D. HOMEOSTASIS
I.
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
HOMEOSTASIS
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment of the body.
“unchanging” (homeo = the same; stasis = standing still),
Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s
many regulatory processes.
VARIABLES
As the body undergo their everyday processes, we are
continuously exposed to new conditions calles variables
Called variables because their conditions can change. E.g.
body temperature is a variable that can increase a hot
environment or decrease in a cold environment.
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
E.g sweating or shivering
Normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal
value of set point.
These mechanisms are not able to maintain body
temperature precisely at the set point. Instead, the body
temperature increases and decreases slightly around the
set point to produce a normal range of values.
As long as the body temperature remains within this
normal range, homeostasis is maintained.
Ref: Seeleys 11th Ed. Figure 1.4 pp. 10
The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point to establish
a normal range of values.
FEEDBACK SYSTEM
Feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in
which the status of a body condition is monitored,
evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so
on.(teamwork of different organs to maintain homeostasis)
COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. Receptor
- Type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes
in the environment.
- Responds to such changes called stimuli by sending
information (input) to the second component along the
afferent pathway.
2. Control Center
- Determines the level at which the variable is to me
maintained.
- Analyzes the information it receives and then determines
the appropriate response/course of action.
3. Effector
- Provides the means for the control center’s response
(output) to the stimulus.
Ref: Marieb 12th Ed. Figure 1.9 pp. 46
The Elements of a Homeostatic Control System
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Most body systems of the body
negative-feedback
mechanisms,
homeostasis.
Negative - Any deviation from the
smaller or is resisted.
The response to the original stimulus
from the set point, becoming smaller
are regulated by
which
maintains
set point is made
results in deviation
Example of Important Negative-Feedback Mechanisms
Maintaining Normal body temperature
6
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
Normal body temperature is critical to our health
because it allows molecules and enzymes to
keep their normal shape so they can function
optimally, (prevents molecules from being
permanently destroyed). If the body is exposed
to extreme heat, the shape of the molecules in
the body could change, which would eventually
prevent them from functioning normally.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Rare in the body because they tend to increase the
original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable
farther from its original value.
Effectors respond by exaggerating or enhancing the
stimulus.
Typically used to deal with threat or stress.
Example of Positive Feedback
Giving birth release more hormones (oxytocin)
promote more contractions and pressue until
delivery.
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Table 1.2 pp. 15
II. REGIONAL TERMS
Anterior View
II. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
- Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as
a result of its disturbance, a condition called homeostatic imbalance.
Supplementary Video: https://youtu.be/uH_-Nc2QmHU
E. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
I. ANATOMICAL POSITION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.10 pp. 16
Posterior View
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.9 pp 14
-
Stands Erect
Feet flat on the floor
Palms and face facing forward
Arms at the sides
Supine (lying face upward)
Prone (lying face downward)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Describe parts of the body relative to each other
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.10 (cont.) pp. 17
Central Region of the body
Head
Nech
Trunk
Trunk can be divided into
Thorax (where the heart and lungs are located)
Abdomen (liver, stomach, intestines)
7
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
Pelvis (bladder and the reproductive system)
The Upper limb
Arm (extends from shoulder to elbow)
Forearm (extends from elbow to wrist)
Wrist
Hand
The Lower limb
Thigh (extends from hip to knee)
Leg (extends from knee to the ankle)
Ankle
Foot
III. ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY
Anatomical Variations
Differences founded in body structures
Variations are caused by the growing and development of
the body.
Variations may differ among sexes and groups and
populations.
It does not mean abnormality; it is a deviation from the
usual. It is also expected and observed.
Some variations may produce symptoms other will pass
asymptomatic and only discovered dusring routine clinical
investigations or operations.
Supplementary Videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vs_tMxGf5JM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BmZMm4FkJE
IV. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Planes
-
Describing the body as having imaginary flat surface
It divides or section the body making it possible to “look
inside” and observe the body’s structure.
Sagittal Plane
Runs vertically through the body separating it into left and
right portion.
Sagittal means “the flight of an arrow” and refers to the
way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriroly
to posteriorly.
Median Plane
A sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the
body dividing it into equal right and left halves.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
Runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior
and inferior portions.
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Runs vertically to divide the body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.
Longitudinal Section
A cut through the length of the organ. (lengthwise)
Transverse (cross) Section
A cut at the right angle of to the length of an organ
Oblique Section
A cut across the length of an organ at other than a right
angle. (Diagonal)
V. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES
Two sets of internal body cavities that provides different degrees of
protection to the organs within them.
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
Has two subdivisions which are continuous with each
other (1) Cranial Cavity, the space inside the bony skull
protecting the brain, and (2) Spinal Cavity which extends
from the cranial activity to the end of the spinal cord.
The spinal cord, which is a continuation of the brain, is
protected by the bony vertebrae, which surround the
spinal activity and form the spine.
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
Much larger than the dorsal cavity
Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen.
Subdivisions of Ventral Body Cavity
1. The Superior Thoracic Cavity
8
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
-
2.
3.
Separated from the rest of the ventral cavity with
a dome-shaped muscled, the diaphragm.
The organs in this cavity (lungs, heart, and
others) are protected by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
The central region
Separates the lungs into right and left cavities in
the thoracic cavity.
It houses the heart, trachea, and several other
visceral organs.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The cavity inferior to the diaphragm
It is subdivided into two parts (1) Superior
Abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver,
intestines, and other organs, and (2) Inferior
Pelvic Cavity containing the reproductive
organs, bladder, and rectum.
However, there is no actual physical structure
dividing the abdominopelvic cavity. The pelvic
cavity is not immediately inferior to the
abdominal cavity, but rather tips away from the
abdominal cavity in the posterior direction.
quadrants named according to their relative locations with respect to
anatomical position that is1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
2. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
3. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Another system divides the abdominopelvic cavity into nine separate
regions by four planes namely;
●
Umbilical Region
The centermost region deep to and surrounding
the umbilicus (navel)
●
Epigastric Region
Located superior to the umbilical region
“Epi” = upon, above “gastric” = stomach
●
Right Iliac (inguinal) Region and Left Iliac Region
Lateral to the hypogastric region
“Iliac” = superior part of the hip bone
●
Right Lumbar Region and Left Lumbar Region
Lie lateral to the umbilical region
“lumbus” = loins
●
Right Hypochondriac Region and Left Hypochondriac
Region
Flank the epigastric region and constrain the
lower ribs
“chondro” = cartilage
Ref: Marieb 12th Ed. Figure 1.6 pp. 43
Because the adbominopelvic cavity is quite large and contains many
organs, it is divided into four more or less equal regions called
Ref: Marieb 12th Ed. Figure 1.8 pp. 44
9
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
Other Body Cavities
In addition to the large closed body cavities, there are several
smaller body cavities. Most are in the head and open to the body
exterior.
●
Oral Cavity and Diggestive Cavity
Oral cavity = the mouth, contains the teeth and
tongue
Part of and continuous with the digestive
organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.
●
Nasal Cavity
Located within the nose
Part of the respiratory system
●
Orbital Cavities
Orbits in the skull house the eyes and present
them in another anterior position
●
Middle Eat Cavities
Carved into the skull lie just medial to the
eardrums.
Contain tiny bones that transmit sound
vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner
ears.
Frontal section showing the parietal pericardium (blue), the visceral pericardium (red), and
the pericardial cavity.
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.16(a) pp. 21
2.
SEROUS MEMBRANES
Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these
cavities.
Parietal Serous Membranes
Found againts the outer wall of a body cavity
Visceral Serous Membranes
Found covering the organs in a body cavity.
Pleural (associated with the ribs) Cavities
The two lung cavities
Each lung is covered by visceral pleura and
surrounded by a pleural cavity
The pleural cavity lies between the visceral
pleura and the parietal pleura and contains
pleural fluid.
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.15 pp. 20
The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous
membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous
fluid produced by the membranes. As organs rub against the body
wall or against another organ, the combination of serous fluid and
smooth serous membranes reduces friction.
The thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane-lined cavities
1. Pericardial Cavity
The cavity that surrounds the heart, which is
contained within a connective tissue sac lined
with the parietal pericardium.
Located between the visceral pericardium and
the parietal pericardium
Frontal section showing the parietal pleura (blue), the visceral pleura (red), and the pleural
cavities
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.16(b) pp. 21
●
●
●
●
Peritoneal Cavity
Serous membrane lined cavity contained in the
abdominopelvic cavity.
Located between the visceral peritineum and
the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal
fluid.
Visceral Peritoneum
Covers many of the organs of the
abdominopelvic cavity.
Perietal Peritoneum
Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and
the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
Mesenteries
Specialized membranes in the abdominopelvic
cavity
10
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
-
-
-
-
Anchor the organs to the body wall and provide
a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach
the organs.
Consist of two layers of peritoneum fused
together.
They connect the visceral peritoneum of some
abdominopelvic organs to the parietal
peritoneum on the body wall. However, other
abdominopelvic organs are more closely
attached to the body wall and do not have
mesenteries.
Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs,
which are sait to be retroperitoneal (behind the
peritoneum)
The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys,
the adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the
intestines, and the urinary bladder.
F. REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity showing the parietal peritoneum (blue),
the visceral peritoneum (red), the peritoneal cavity, mesenteries (purple), and parts of the
retroperitoneal organs.
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.16(c) pp. 21
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Photo of mesentery (green) in a cadaver.
In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?
Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you
investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the
location of the lungs in the body?
What level of structural organization is typical of a
cytologist’s field of study?
What is the correct structural order for the following terms:
tissue, organism, organ, cell?
Which organ system includes the bones and cartilages?
Which includes the nasal cavity, lungs, and trachea?
What separates living beings from nonliving objects?
What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur
within body cells?
Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when
flying at 30,000 feet?
What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or
extreme cold?
When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty,
which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative
or a positive feedback control system? Defend your
choice.
Why is the control mechanism shown in Figure 1.6 called
a positive feedback system? What event ends it?
What is the anatomical position? Why is it important that
you learn this position?
The axillary and acromial regions are both in the general
area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?
What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and
posterior parts?
Joe went to the emergency room where he complained of
severe pains in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen.
What might be his problem?
Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, and heart, which
is/are in the dorsal body cavity?
When you rub your cold hands together, the friction
between them results in heat that warms your hands. Why
doesn’t warming friction result during movements of the
heart, lungs, and digestive organs?
John has been suffering agonizing pain with each breath
and has been informed by the physician that he has
pleurisy. (a)Specifically, what membranes are involved in
this condition? (b) What is their usual role in the body? (c)
Explain why John’s condition is so painful.
At the clinic, Harry was told that blood would be drawn
from his antecubital region. What body part was Harry
asked to hold out? Later, the nurse came in and gave
Harry a shot of penicillin in the area just distal to his
acromial region. Did Harry take off his shirt or drop his
pants to receive the injection? Before Harry left, the nurse
noticed that Harry had a nasty bruise on his gluteal region.
What part of his body was black and blue?
Terms that apply to the backside of the body in the
anatomical position include:
(a) ventral; anterior
(b) back; rear
(c) posterior; dorsal
(d) medial; lateral
Ref: Seeley’s 11th Ed. Figure 1.16(d) pp. 21
11
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Year and Semester: First Year First Semester A.Y. 2022 - 2023
Chapter/Unit: 1
Lesson: The Human Body: An Orientation
References:
Maireb Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition
Marieb_Human_Anatomy_-_Physiology_9th_txtbk_(1)(1).pdf.
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology - Gerald J. Tortora 15th
Edition.pdf
Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology 11th Edition
12
Created by:
Aaron C. Mora, Danica M. Fernandez, (BSRT 1-A)