SUBJECTS:
CPCRIM1
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
CPCROM2
INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
CPCRIM3
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION
CPFRS1
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY
CPFRS2
FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE
CPLEA1
LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING W/CRIME MAPPING
CPLEA2
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
CPLEA3
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCEPT
CPLEA4
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS
CPCLJ1
CRIMINAL LAW BOOK 1
CPCDI1
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & INTELLIGENCE
CPCDI2
SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION W/LEGAL MEDICINE
CPCDI3
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT & ACCIDENTAL INVESTIGATION W/DRIVING
CPLEA5
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION
CPFRS3
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
CPCRIM4
HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY (CPCRIM1)
Criminology – is the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes (Edwin Sutherland)
Raffaele Garofalo – coined the term criminology
Paul Topinard – used it for the first time in French
Cesare Beccaria – Author of crime and Punishment (1764)
Cesare Lombroso –Father of Modern Criminology
Cesare Lombroso – founder of criminal anthropology
Cesare Lombroso –Italian prison doctor working in the late 19 centuries
Enrico Ferri – A student of Lombroso believed that social as well as biological factors played a role.
ADOLPHE QUETELET –made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into the relationship between crime and
sociological factors.
ADOLPHE QUETELET – Found that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors
related to crime.
Edwind Sutherland – He suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older more experienced criminals that they
may associate with.
Criminal Demography – study of relationship between criminality and population
Criminal epidemiology – study of the relationship between environmental
Criminal Ecology – study of criminality in relation to special distribution in community
Criminal physical anthropology - study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men
Criminal Psychology – study of human behaviour in relation to criminality
Criminal psychiatry – study of human mind in relation to criminality
Victimology – study of the role of the victim in the commission of the crime
Dactyloscopy – Science of Fingerprint
Polygraphy – Science of lie detection examination
Ballistics – study of firearms and Bullets
School of Thought
Classical School – People have free will to choose on how to act
Classical School – it ignores the possibility of irrationality and unconscious drives as motivational factors.
Classical School – came about at a time when major reform in penology occurred
Classical School – Deterrence is based upon the utilitarian ontological notion of the human being a hedonist who seeks
pleasure and avoids pain
Classical School – The swifter and more certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior.
Classical School – This time period saw many legal reforms, the French Revolution,
Positivist School – presumes that criminal behaviour is caused by internal and external factor outside of the individual
control.
Positivist School – The scientific method was introduced and applied to study human behavior.
Positivist School – Positivism can be broken up into three segments which include biological, psychological, and social
positivism.
Chicago School – sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities
Chicago School – This results in social disorganization which reduces the ability of these institutions to control behavior
and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior.
Criminal Law – is defined as that branch of public law which defines crimes ,treats of their nature provides for their
punishment
Characteristics of Criminal Law
It is General in Application – the provision of the criminal or penal law must be applied equality to all person within the
territory irrespective of sex , race , nationality and other personal circumstances
It is territorial in character – As of the part of the right of a state self preservation , each independent country has the
right to promulgate law enforceable with in territorial jurisdiction
It is specific and definite – criminal law must give a strict definition of specific act which constitutes the crime
It must be in application –an act describe a crime is a crime no matter who committed it
It must be prospective –no person can be punished for his act at the time he did it is not punishable by law
Crime – as an act of committed or omitted violation of public law .
Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code.
Legal Classification of Crimes
1. As to the manner crime is committed
Dolo or deceit – when the act was done with deliberate intent Ex murder
Culpa or fault – when the wrongful act results from imprudence , negligence , lack of foresight or lack of skill .
2. As the stage in the commission of the crime
Attempted crimes – when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts and does
not perform all the acts of execution, which could produce the felony by reason of some causes or accident other than
his spontaneous desistance.
Frustrated crimes – when the offender has performed all the acts of execution which will produce the felony as
a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason of cause independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
Consummated crimes – when all the elements necessary for the execution and accomplishment of the crime
are present.
3. As to the plurality of crimes
Simple crimes – when a single act constitutes only one offense.
Complex crimes – when a single act constitutes two or more grave felonies or when an offense is a necessary
4. As the gravity of penalty or offense
Grave felonies – those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive penalties.
Less grave felonies – those which the law punishes the penalties which are correctional in nature.
Light felonies – those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding 200 pesos, or both, is imposed
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1. As to the result of crimes
Acquisitive crimes – when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act.
Extinctive crime – when the result of a criminal act is destructive
2. As to the time or period committed
Seasonal crimes – those committed only during a certain period of the year.
Situational crimes – those committed only when given the situation conducive to their commission.
3. As to the length of time committed
Instant crimes – those committed in the shortest possible time
Episodic crimes – those committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space of time.
4. As to the location of the commission
Static crimes – those committed in only one place.
Continuing crimes – those committed in several places.
5. As to the use of mental faculties
White-collar crimes – those committed by persons of respectability and of upper socio-economic class in the
course of their occupational activities.
Blue-collar crimes – those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood.
6. As to the standard of living of the criminals
Crimes of the upper world – e.g. falsification cases
Crimes of the underworld – e.g. bag snatching
Criminal – refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law.
Classification of Criminals
Acute criminals – they commit crimes due to impulse of the moment, fit of passion, anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
Chronic criminals – they are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking.
Normal criminals – their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves
with criminal prototypes.
Ordinary criminals – considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career and engage only in conventional crimes
that require limited skills.
Organized criminals – they have degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected, with
specialized criminal activities operated in large scale.
Professional criminals – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being
detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals.
Accidental criminals – they commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.
Situational criminals – they are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation.
Habitual criminals – they continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack
of self-control.
Active-aggressive criminals – they commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior.
Passive-inadequate criminals – they commit crimes because they are pushed to do it, by inducement, reward, or
promise without considering the consequences.
Socialized criminals – they are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialized process.
Pyknic Type – those who are stout and with around bodies , they tend to commit deception , fraud and violence
Athletic – those who muscular and strong . they usually connected with the crimes of violence
Asthenic type –those who are skinny and slender . their crimes are petty thieves and fraud
Dysplatic or mixed type – those are less clear evident having any predominant type . their offense are against decency
and morality
The Three Parts of Human Psyche (personality)
ID – it is the unconscious portion of personality dominated by the drive (cravings/desire) for pleasure and by inborn
sexual and aggressive impulses.
Ego – the rational part of the personality; it grows from Id.
Super ego –means the conscience of man .
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (CPCRIM2)
Criminal Justice System – it is defined as a machinery of the state or government which enforces the rules of conduct
necessary to protect life and property and maintain peace and order
CRIMINAL JUSTICE –define as the system of law enforcement, adjudication and correction that is directly involved in the
apprehension
CRIME –Refers to an event that calls for the operation of criminal justice system
Crime –is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code
CRIMINAL LAW –Defined as that branch of public law, which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.
Five Pillar of Philippine Criminal Justice System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LAW ENFORCEMENT
PROSECUTION
COURT
CORRECTIONS
COMMUNITY
Law enforcement – PNP under DILG; NBI under DOJ
Law enforcement – considered to be the “initiator” or the “prime-mover” of the Criminal Justice System
Law enforcement – It is considered as “the initiator of the action s” that other pillar must act upon to attain its goal or
objective.
PNP – It is the government agency that has the primary mandate to perform the police function under constitution
R.A 6975 – The PNP was establish by the enactment of ____
DILG ACT of 1990– RA 6975 otherwise known as the ___
R.A 8551 –The reorganization of PNP by virtue of the enactment of ___
“THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM ACT OF 1998” –R.A 8551 on February 28, 1998 entitled _____
January of 1991– PNP established
ORDER MAINTENACE– involves managing minor offenses and neighborhood disorders in order to address community
problems.
POLICE – the first component of the justice system to deal with the commission of the crime.
BUY-BUST OPERATION – also known in legal and police parlance as a form of “entrapment”.
RATIONING – refers to when the police selectively enforces criminal law for various reasons.
The Prosecution – It is under DOJ, PAO under DOJ
PROSECUTION – simply pertains to “a criminal action “
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION – Is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to
engender a well-founded belief
The following are the officers authorized to conduct preliminary investigation:
1. Provincial or City Prosecutor and their assistants;
2. National and Regional State Prosecutor; and
3. Other officers as may be authorized by law
BAIL – Is the security given for the release of the person in the custody of the law, furnished by him or the bondsman, to
guarantee his appearance before any court as required under the conditions as specified.
BAIL BONDS – essentially an extension of the principle that all suspects are innocent until proven guilty.
The following are the kinds of bail bond
1. Property
2. Cash
3. Corporate Surety
4. Recognizance
10-20% – percent does bail bond agent charge as fee in total bail
JUDGE – The person who authorized by the law to give the final judgement
Court - the regular civil courts
JURISDICTION – Is the authority of the court to hear and try a particular offense and to impose the punishment provided
by the law
VENUE – Refers to the place, location or site where the case is to be headed to be heard on its merits
Shari'a District & Circuit Courts – established in certain provinces in Mindanao where the Muslim Code on Personal
Laws is being enforced.
Regional Trial Courts– also known as Second Level Courts, which were established among the thirteen Judicial regions in
the Philippines
SANDIGANBAYAN – It has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other
offenses committed by public officers and employees
February 1, 1936 – The Court of Appeals was established on
One presiding justice and 68 associate justices – Court if appeals compose of
Supreme Court – It exercises original jurisdiction
ARRAIGNMENT – It is where the court formally charges the person who abused you with the crime.
PRE-TRIAL – when the accused pleads not guilty at the arraignment.
Purpose of Pre-Trial
1. Plea bargaining
2. Stipulation of facts
3. Marking or identification of evidence
4. Such matter as will promote a fair and expeditious trial of the criminal and civil
aspects of the case
TRIAL – is when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case.
JUDGEMENT – is the law final word pronounce by a competent authority in a controversy submitted to it.
APPEAL – statutory right granted to the accused or even the government in proper cases to seek remedy before an
appellate court
Corrections – BuCor under DOJ
Corrections – branch of the criminal justice system charge with the custody supervision and rehabilitation of a convicted
offender
MITTIMUS – Is a warrant issued by the court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge directing the jail or the
prison authorities to receive the convicted offender for service of sentence.
COMMITMENT ORDER – written order of a court or authority consigning a person to a jail or prison for detention
REPRIEVE – postpones the execution of an offense to certain day
COMMUTATION – remission of a part of punishment a substitution of a less penalty for the originally imposed.
PAROLE – conditional release of a prisoner from correctional institution after serving the minimum period of prison
sentence.
CONDITIONAL PARDON – conditional exemption of a guilty offender for the punishment imposed by a court.
ABSOLUTE PARDON – total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to whom it is granted without any
condition whatsoever resulting to the full restoration of his civil rights
PROBATION – Is a disposition under which a defendant after conviction and sentence, is released subject to the
conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer.
PENOLOGY – Simply means the treatment of the criminals
JAIL – It is the place for temporary confinement for person awaiting court action and the convicted offenders serving
short sentence.
Community
Joint Policing Committees (JPCs) – are a recent feature in Irish crime prevention. They constitute a partnership process
within each of the 114 local authority areas
FRANZIER – According to him, community policing is proactive, solution based and pro-driven.
FRANZIER –He enumerate the 5 basic purposes of Community Relations
PEOPLE LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD – PLEAB means
Legal Principles regarding crime or criminal act
Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege - there is no crime where no law punishing it
Actus non facit reum , nisi mens rea - an act does not render a man guilty of a crime unless his mind is equally guilty
Actus me invito factus,no est meus actus – An act done by me against me is not my act
Mala en se - refers to those that are naturally criminal on the moral ground . ex. Murder
Mala probihita – crimes pertains to those act that have been criminalized by regulatory purposes
Mens Rea - refers to criminal intent. The literal translation from Latin is "guilty mind”
1987 Philippine Constitution – empowers the Legislative branch of the government or Congress
Our local legislative bodies– authorized to enact laws that are criminal or penal in nature
Substantive Criminal law - Defines the elements that are necessary for an act to constitute a crime and therefore
punishable
Procedural Criminal Law – refers to the statute that provides procedures appropriate for the enforcement of the
substantive criminal law.
Presumption of innocence- this means that those who are accused of crimes are considered innocence until proven
guilty
Burden of Proof – in criminal cases means that the government must prove beyond reasonable doubt
Suspect – during the investigation
Respondent – during preliminary investigation
Accused – when a case has been filed in court
Convict – the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt
Criminal – upon undergoing all the process, when the criminal has served the sentence
Bill of Rights – It is a litany of weapons, which a person may use in order to resist or defeat any abuse or misuse of
governmental power.
DUE PROCESS OF LAW –This concept means that those who are accused by the crimes and those who are processed
through the criminal justice system must be given the basic rights guaranteed by the constitution.
EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAW –It essence declares that the state may not attempt to create or enforce statutes against a
person solely because of specific characteristic such as race, age or sex
Adversarial system –assumes that the best way to get to the truth of a matter is through a competitive process to
determine the facts
Adversarial Approach – assumes the accused to be innocent
Adversarial Approach –places the burden on the public prosecutor to prove the guilt of the accused
Adversarial Approach – places emphasis on the process
Inquisitorial System –associated with civil law legal systems, and it has existed for many centuries.
Inquisitorial Approach –assumes the accused to be guilty
Inquisitorial Approach –places the burden to the accused in providing his innocence.
Inquisitorial Approach – places emphasis on the conviction of the accused
Crime Control Model – It is based on the idea that the most important function of the CJS is the repression of a criminal
conduct.
Crime Control Model – conservative approach to crime that focuses on protecting society from criminals by regulating
criminal conduct and justice.
Due Process Model – This generally requires fairness in government proceedings.
Due Process Model – considered to be a liberal approach to criminal justice that favors criminal rights
RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice System
Concept of Restorative Justice– It refers to the principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the
maximum involvement of the victim the offender and the community.
Children in conflict with law– refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudge as, having committed an offense
under Philippine laws.
Child at risk – refers to the child who is vulnerable to and the risk of committing criminal offense because of personal ,
family and social circumstances.
INTERVENTION – Refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that caused the child to commit an
offense.
DIVERSION PROGRAM – Refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo after he/she
is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings.
RA 9344 SEC. 5 –Rights of the Child in Conflict with the Law
RA 9344 SEC. 6 – Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility
ARREST– refers to the taking of the person into custody
SEARCH WARRANT– an order in writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines signed by the judge and
directed to the peace officer
WARRANTLESS ARREST (SEC.5, RULE 113)– A police officer or a private person may arrest without a warrant.
Ten (10) days from its date– A search warrant shall be valid for
PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE– an exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement that allows an officer to seize
evidence and contraband that are found in plain view during a lawful observation
EXLUSIONARY RULE – This rule not admitting any unlawfully obtained evidence against the accused
FRUIT OF POISINOUS TREE– other term for Exclusionary Rule
SEC.6, RULE 113 – Time of making arrest.
SEC.7, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by officer by virtue of warrant.
SEC.8, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by officer without warrant
SEC.9, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by private person
PATROL – law enforcement officers assigned to monitor specified geographic areas
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – is an art, which deals with the identity and the location of the offender and gather
evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings
INVESTIGATOR – one who is charged with the duty of carrying the objectives of investigation
PROFESSIONALISM – This is a quality required for any career stream
INTEGRITY – One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is
PERSISTENCE – One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is
SELF-DRIVEN – When you are a professional investigator, you are mostly working tirelessly on your own.
PROBLEM SOLVER – You need to have analytical skills and the ability to think logically.
RELIABLE– When people come to you with their private cases, you have to be able to give them the assurance that you
will help them with their problem.
COURAGE – The job of a professional investigator can be risky at times.
CRIME PREVENTION – is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of action to
remove or reduce it
CRIME PREVENTION – active approach utilizing public awareness and preventive measures to reduce crime.
DISCRETION – refers to an official action that is taken by a criminal justice official
COMMUNIY ORRIENTED – there must be a police community partnership in tackling the issues about crime prevention
and law enforcement.
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION (CPCRIM3)
CRIMINOLOGY – is defined as the scientific study of crime
Rafaelle Garofalo – the term was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor
Criminology Etiology – an attempt at scientific analysis of causes of crime.
Sociology of Law – an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws develop as a
process of formal social control
Penology – concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.
Norm – any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given
circumstances
Deviance – refers to the conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating
Crime –an act or omission against the penal law of the state
Sin – is an act or omission against the spiritual or divine law
Elements of Crime
Harm – for crime to occur, there must be an external consequence or harm.
Legality – this has two aspects, first the harm must be forbidden for a behavior to be a crime, second a criminal law
must not be retroactive or ex post facto law.
Actus reus –this Latin term refers to criminal conduct
Mens Rea –refers to criminal intent or guilty mind
Causation –refers to the causal relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the actus reus
Concurrence –this means that the criminal conduct (actus reus) and the criminal intent (mens rea) must occur together.
Punishment –there must be a statutory provision for punishment or at least the threat of punishment.
Three Ingredients of Crime
Motive or Desire – This is the driving force, the reason why the accused committed the crime
Opportunity – It refers to the time and place of the commission of the crime.
Instruments – These are tools employed by criminals
Criminal –refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law.
Acute criminals – they commit crimes due to impulse of the moment, fit of passion, anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
Chronic criminals – they are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking.
Normal criminals – their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves
with criminal prototypes.
Ordinary criminals – considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career and engage only in conventional crimes
that require limited skills.
Organized criminals – they have degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected, with
specialized criminal activities operated in large scale.
Professional criminals – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being
detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals.
Accidental criminals – they commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.
Situational criminals – they are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation.
Habitual criminals – they continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack
of self-control.
Active-aggressive criminals – they commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior.
Passive-inadequate criminals – they commit crimes because they are pushed to do it, by inducement, reward, or
promise without considering the consequences.
Socialized criminals – they are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialized process.
Classification of Criminals (The Revised Penal Code)
Recidivist – is the one who, at the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgement of
another crime embraced in the same title of RPC.
Quasi-recidivist – is one who commits another crime after having been convicted by final judgement of a crime falling
under either the RPC or Special Law, before beginning to serve such sentence or while serving the same.
Habitual delinquent – is one who, within a period of ten (10) years from the date of his release or last conviction of
crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification is found guilty of any of the said crimes
for the third time or oftener.
Offense – an act or omission that is punishable by special laws
Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code.
Delinquency/ Misdemeanor/ Infraction – is an act that is in violation of a simple rule or regulation, a minor violation of
law
Violent Crimes – include offenses where violence was applied (crimes against persons).
Economic Crimes – are primarily committed to bring financial gain to the offender (crimes against property)
White-collar crimes – committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and
legitimate occupation
Organized crimes – characterized by the use of legitimate and illegitimate business enterprise for illegal profit
Public order crimes – they are unlawful acts that interfere with the normal operation of society and ability of people to
function efficiently
Misdemeanors – they are minor offenses that are punishable by no more than fine and/or one year imprisonment,
typically in a local jail.
Mala in se – the term means “evil in itself”. They are crimes that are “wrong in themselves”.
Mala prohibita – this means “wrong because it is prohibited”.
OTHER CLASSES OF CRIMES
Crimes by imitation – crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others; based on the explanation of
crime as a learned behavior.
Crimes of passion – those committed at the height of great emotions
Service crimes – crimes committed through rendition of service to satisfy the desire of others.
Genocide – a crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations.
Transnational crimes – violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, e.g. drug
trafficking, human trafficking (Albanese,2010)
Environmental crimes – acts that breach environmental legislation and cause significant harm or risk to the
environment and human health.
Cybercrimes – crimes that involve computers and network.
Political crimes – criminal activities for ideological purposes; also, serious violation laws that threaten the security or
existence of the government.
Family-related crimes – crimes within the family.
Patriarchal crimes – those committed against women and children in the name of traditional male dominance
Demonological Theory – it was based on the belief of primitive people that every object and person is guided by a spirit
Hedonism – is a doctrine that pleasure is the highest good in life and that moral duty is fulfilled through the pursuit of
pleasure.
Classical Theory – “the punishment should fit the crime”
General Deterrence – punishment of delinquents and criminal offenders will strike fear in the hearts of other people,
thus making them less likely to commit acts of delinquency or crimes.
Specific Deterrence – punishment will strike fear in the hearts of wrongdoers, thus making them less likely to offend
others again.
Incapacitation – the simplest form of jurisdiction; wrongdoers should be locked up in jail since while they are
imprisoned in an institution, they cannot commit offenses against other people in the outside world.
Retribution – this reason objects the idea that anything good or useful will follow or result from punishing offenders
Determinism –every act has a cause that is waiting to be discovered in the natural world
Critical Theory – This theory blames delinquency on the imbalance of power within the human society.
Lombrosian Theory – this was developed by Dr. Cesare Lombroso, a prison doctor in Turin, Italy and known as the father
of criminology
The theory of atavism –Lombroso had the opinion that criminals were developed from primitive or subhuman
individuals characterized by some inferior mental and physical characteristics
Categorized criminals as follows:
Born Criminals – these refer to individuals who are born with a genetic predilection toward criminality.
Epileptic criminals – these are criminals who commit crime because they are affected by epilepsy.
Insane criminals – these are those who commit crimes due to abnormalities or psychological disorders.
Occasional criminals – these are criminals who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that push them to do at a
given occasion
Pseudo criminals – these individuals are not real criminals
Criminaloids – the term means “like a criminal” or “having resemblance with criminals”.
Habitual criminals – they have no organic criminal tendency, but in the course of their lives they have developed some
foul habits
Passionate criminals – these are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions.
PHYSIOLOGY –study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of
offense he is most prone to commit.
Endomorphs – people who tend to be fat, round and soft, and to have short arms and legs.
Mesomorphs – people who have athletic and muscular physique; with active, assertive and aggressive personality.
Ectomorphs – people who are basically skinny with lean and fragile body.
PHYSIOGNOMY –Refers to the study of the facial features of a person in relation to his criminal behavior
PHRENOLOGY – study of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of the brain and the
development of its various parts in relation to the behavior of the criminal.
Ada Juke –known as “The Mother of Criminals”.
John Kaspar Lavater – revived the study of psysiognomy
Sir Jonathan Edwards –He was a famous preacher during the colonial period
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY –This theory blames criminal or delinquent behavior in a conscience that is either so
overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt, or so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses.
Sigmund Freud –the founder of psychoanalysis
The Three Parts of Human Psyche (personality)
ID – it is the unconscious portion of personality dominated by the drive (cravings/desire) for pleasure and by inborn
sexual and aggressive impulses.
Ego – the rational part of the personality; it grows from Id.
Super ego – it grows out of ego and serves as the “conscience” of a person. It represents the moral code, norms and
values the individual has acquired.
Charles Goring – studied the mental characteristics of 3000 English convicts.
Cognitive Theory –This psychological theory up behavior is based on the belief that people organize their thoughts into
rules and loss
Moral Development Theory –This theory contended that moral reasoning develops in three stages. He called the first
stage, “preconventional”; the second stage, “conventional”; and the third, “postconventional”.
Lawrence Kohlberg–He pioneered the Moral Development Theory.
Mental deficiency – This is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind existing before the age of 18,
whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury
Idiots –persons with a mental defect to a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical
dangers. Their mentality is comparable to that of a two year old child.
Imbeciles – persons with a mental defect, which though not amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounced that they are
incapable of managing themselves or their affairs.
Feeble-minded – persons with a mental defect, which though not amounting to imbecility, is yet to pronounced that
they require care, supervision and control for their own or for protection of others, or in case of children, they appear to
be permanently incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in ordinary schools.
Morally defective – persons with strong vicious or criminal propensities. They require care and supervision and control
for their own or for the protection of others.
PSYCHOSIS –It is characterized by infantile level of response, lack of conscience, lack of affection to others and
aggression to environment and other people
Schizophrenia – This is manifested by delusions or hallucinations or a clear-cut thought disorder
Paranoia – it is a psychotic delusion characterized by incorrect or unreasonable ideas which can be seen as truth by
people suffering from this disorder
Neurosis – This is another common type of mental disorder linked to criminal behavior.
Neurasthenia – this is a condition of weakened nerves that manifests in fatigue and nervousness
and sometimes in physical symptoms such as pain.
Anxiety – the person feeling anxious, fearful or apprehensive. The person may also be irritable and restless and has
chronic tension, poor concentration and overreaction to noise.
Obsessive-compulsive neurosis – This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something.
Kleptomania – The compulsive desire to steal.
Dipsomania – the compulsive desire to drink alcohol.
Homicidal compulsion – the irresistible urge to kill somebody.
Hysteria – This refers to an unhealthy or senseless emotional outburst coupled with violent emotional outbreaks.
Phobia – It is generally called exaggerated fears of things that normal people fear to some degree, and fears of things
that ordinary people do not fear.
Depression – People who suffer from depressive neurosis generally have feelings of pain, hurt, unpleasantness, sadness,
rejection, self pity, helplessness, despair, boredom, pessimism, and rejection
Epilepsy – This is a condition characterized by compulsive seizures and a tendency to mental deterioration.
Differential Association Theory –assumes that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal
patterns and isolation from non-criminal patterns.
EDWIN SUTHERLAND – He developed the Differential Association Theory.
RONALS AKERS – He proposes the Differential Reinforcement Theory.
KARL MARX – He proposed the Radical Theory
Differential Reinforcement Theory – According to acres people learn to be “neither all the violent nor all confirming”
but rather strike a balance between the two opposing poles behavior.
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY – looking for factors that make people become criminal, these theories tried to explain why
people did not become criminal.
Labeling Theory –This theory states that the reaction of other people in the immediate effects of this reactions create
deviance
Conflict theory –assumes that society is based primarily on conflict between competing interest groups
NEUTRALIZATION – This theory review the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential
delinquents and criminals master techniques that enabled them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values
and drift back and forth between illegitimate in conventional behavior.
RADICAL THEORY – argue that capitalism is an economic system that requires people to compete against each other in
the individualistic pursuit off material work period the destructive effects of capitalism, such as crime, are not caused by
income or property inequality or by poverty.
SOCIAL REACTION THEORY – Commonly called labeling theory
SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY – This theory suggests that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower
class areas push many of their presidents into criminal behavior patterns.
Social Disorganization Theory – links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. What is organize area is
one in which institutions of social control
Social Disorganization Theory – Indicators of ____ include high unemployment, school dropout rates, with their you
rated housing, low income levels and large numbers of single parent household
STRAIN THEORY – This theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the ghost people have and the
means they can use to legally obtain them
Cultural Deviance Theory –This theory combines elements of both stream and social disorganization.
THEORY OF DELIQUENT SUBCULTURES – This theory suggests that a delinquent behavior of lower class suits protests
against the norms and values of middle class culture.
The Theory of Delinquent Subcultures –incapable of achieving success legitimately, lower class experience status
frustration, they join in gangs and engage in nonutilitarian, malicious and negativistic behavior.
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY – suggest that delinquency can result from differential opportunity for lower
class youth
REACTION FORMATION –according to Albert Cohen, it is when the youth rebound from conventional failure
ROBERT MERTON – He postulated the Strain Theory.
CLIFFORD SHAW – Social Disorganization Theory is based on the work of Henry McKay together with ___?
CLOWARD AND OHLIN – these two see lower working-class deliquents as sharing their own deviant sub cultural values
HENRY MCKAY AND CLIFFORD SHAW – social disorganization theory is based on the work of these two.
North and south pole – according to Quetelet’s “thermic law of delinquency”,crimes against persons predominate in the
South Pole during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries.
Approach to the equator – according to Montesquieu (Spirit of Laws, 1748), criminality increases in proportion as one
approaches the equator, and drunkenness increases as one approaches the North and South pole.
Season of the year – Crimes against persons are more in summer than in rainy season well crimes against property or
more during rainy season. Climatic conditions directly affect once irritability and cause criminality.
Soil formation – More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly, rugged terrain.
Month of the year – There is frequent incidents of violent crimes during warm months from April to July having its peak
in May.
Temperature – Studies showed that the number of arrests increases quite regularly with increase of temperature
Humidity and atmospheric pressure – According to a survey, large numbers of assaults are to be found correlated with
low humidity and a small number with high humidity.
Wind velocity – Studies explain the during high wind, arrests were less.
Alcoholism – It is a form of vice causing mental disturbance.
Drug addiction – This is another form of vice which causes strong mental disturbance
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY (CPFRS1)
Romans –formulated the first essential element of forensic science
Forensic –comes from the Latin word ‘forensis’ / ‘forum’ which means marketplace, used in conducting public
discussion, business, and legal proceedings
Forensic Science –is an application of scientific principles to criminal and civil laws that are enforce by police agencies in
a criminal justice system.
Criminalistics –is the largest branch of forensic science, may be defined as scientific discipline directed toward the
recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation
Forensic Chemistry –deals with the application of chemical theories and principles in the solution of legal problems in
connection with the administration of justice.
Forensic Toxicology –is the use of toxicology to aid medico-legal investigation of death and poisoning.
ANCIENT CHEMISTRY –use of medicines and materials based on experience of what worked and did not
Hammurabi’s code – the most famous code named for the Babylonian king in power
Greeks –were the first one to set forth idea of science as a system or method of looking at the world.
The Frye rule (general acceptance) – The court’s ruling held that scientific evidence is admissible if the techniques are
accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community
The Daubert Decision (1975) – The decision provided a list of criteria of judge could use such as error rate and peer
review. Forcing a reexamination of evidence.
Kumho Decision (1999) – This decision extends Daubert decision to focus on expert’s testimony and acknowledge
standards
Forensic Chemist – expert in forensic chemistry and tasked to analyze the chemical specimen using analytical methods
available.
Forensic Toxicologist –is a person who investigates and detects poisons in an alleged poisoning.
DR. EDMUND LOCARD – a French criminologist, is the Father of Modern Forensics
Prof Mathieu Orfila – a chemist and Spanish physician, is the father of modern Toxicology
Evidence –is a means sanctioned by law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting matter of fact.
Major classification of evidence
Direct – evidence which directly establishes the main facts of issue.
Indirect or Circumstantial – incriminates a person. Evidence derived from any other source than the testimony of those
who witness the act against a person accused of a crime.
Hearsay – a statement given by a witness in authority of another person and not from his own personal knowledge.
Prima facie – evidence established by law. If unexplained or not contradicted is sufficient to sustain preposition it
supports or to establish the facts
Corroborative – additional evidence required to strengthen the testimony of a witness.
Tierce – extremely small items
Exculpatory – helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty.
Corpus delicti (Latin: the body of the wrong) – literally, body of a crime and denotes that a crime has been committed
Associative evidence – links the suspect to a crime.
Physical evidence –composed of any all objects that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link
between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetrator.
EXHIBIT – a term used for an object or documentary evidence when presented in court
SPECIMEN – usual term of chemist for evidence examined in the laboratory, composed of the whole bulk of evidence
SAMPLE/SPECIES – part of the specimen selected for the actual laboratory testing
Witness –is a person who is subpoena by court to testify on certain issues.
Ordinary witness – states facts based on his personal knowledge but limited to drawing out opinion and conclusions.
Expert witness – is a person who has skill in an art, trade or science or has a knowledge in matters that is not known by
other men with ordinary education.
IDENTIFICATION – an analytical method to determine the identity of substances
CLASSIFICATION – placing the evidence to a class member
INDIVIDUALIZATION – the process of establishing the common source of physical evidence
Qualitative Examination – identification of substance present in the sample.
Physical test – investigating the physical property of the sample specimen.
Chemical test –investigating the chemical property of the sample specimen.
Confirmatory examination –utilize higher form of analysis that prove the result of physical and chemical test.
Quantitative Examination –determining the percent purity of the sample.
COMPARISON – Method of determining similarity or conformity of the characteristic of questioned evidence to a known
standard
Individual Characteristics – attributed from a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty. The evidence
produced the same characteristics repeatedly.
Class Characteristics – property of evidence that can only be associated with the group and never with a single source.
The property is the same throughout the whole group not by a single specimen.
Crime scene – is an area or vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence.
Crime scene investigation – is much more than processing (searching), documenting (notes, photos, and sketches), and
certainly, more than bagging and tagging/ markings physical evidences, the main objective is to know how to recognize
physical evidences to be processed
Recognition –is a qualitative process of systematically evaluating physical evidence to determine if their qualifications
are sufficiently similar or substantially equivalent
Identity – is always sought during criminal investigation
Mathematical probability – most of the human action requires judgements. The outcome of an event can be logically
estimated based on past performance, known conditions and experience.
Individual characteristics – what make one thing different from all other similar items are individual characteristics.
Class characteristics – while class characteristic is a property of evidence that can only be associated with a group and
never with a single source.
Comparison – the obvious physical match between objects. Example are rip, tear, or breakage of a counterpart of for
the object that was used to inflict the damage.
Rarity – the exceptional circumstances connected with the place, time, or general conditions under physical evidence is
discovered tend to heighten its quality.
Exchange – when two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of small materials between the two.
Locard’s exchange principle – is a concept which states that “Whenever a criminal comes into contact with a victim, an
object, or a crime scene, he or she will leave evidence, and will also take away evidence”
Edmund Locard – (early 20th century) a Frenchman who sets up a forensic laboratory in Lyons, France. He is considered
as the Father of Forensic Science.
Sherlock Holmes – a fictitious character but considered as the Father of Crime Detection.
Dr. Hans Gross – written the first investigation book entitled “Search for the Truth” and known as the “Father of
Criminalistics”
Sample – is a small, homogenous (same throughout) sample whose composition is representative of the larger/ real
object.
Sampling – is the process of selecting representative material to analyze
SMURFING – 50 grams of shabu is required by the trafficker, the pusher will effort to give this amount via courier to
purchase and bring only 49 grams to avoid the maximum penalty.
SLOPPING – purchasing contaminated or diluted chemical from legal source during transfer clearing process
Blood – is highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances suspended
in fluid medium
4-5 LITERS – FEMALE BLOOD
5-6 LITERS – MALE BLOOD
Plasma (55%) - fluid portion composed principally of water and other constituents such as enzymes, glucose, etc.
Cells (45%) – solid portion consist of red blood and white blood cells and platelets.
RBC (erythrocytes) – carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain hemoglobin – an ironcontaining protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transport it too tissues in the body.
WBC (leukocytes) – fight disease.
Platelets (thrombocytes) – cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.
Blood Clotting – when a protein in the plasma called fibrin traps and enmeshes the red blood cells, the blood clots
forming solids that separates the serum.
Serum – is the remaining pale-yellowish liquid when the clotted material where removed from the blood
ANTI-SERUM – The serum that contains antibodies
Antigens – are defined as substances recognized by the body to produce an antibody to react specially to it
Antibody – is a protein that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen. Usually denotes using the prefix “anti”.
Microscopic Exam – examination of menstrual blood corpuscles to differentiate mammal blood to other animals
Spectroscopic method – characteristic absorption band to Frauen Holfer lines
Semen – viscid gelatinous, sticky character but after exposure teds to become more liquid due to enzyme action
1.5-3.5 ML – normal quantity in a single ejaculation
Spermatozoa – healthy young man is about 400 to 500 ml
Aspermia/ Oligospermia – sperm disease
Microscopic examination – the sperm cell was stained and viewed under a high-power microscope.
Ultraviolet examination – seminal stain exhibit bright bluish fluorescence.
Florence test – named after introduction of Dr Florence of Lyons, France for this test. Based on formation of choline
periodize crystal, a dark brown rhombic or needle shape
Barberios test – spermine picrate, a slender yellow tinted rhombic needle with obtuse angles and sometimes appeared
as ovoid crystals.
Acid phosphatase – Dr Sidney Kaye, a specific sperm test for human, forming orange-ed pigment
Forensic entomology – is a branch which makes use of insects in the detection of crime and used to calculate the time
since death.
Blood stain pattern analysis – focuses on the analysis of the size, shape, and distribution of blood stain resulting from
blood shed events as a means of determining the types of activities and mechanisms that produce them.
Dr. Edward Piotrowski – published the first study of BPA regarding “Origin, shape, direction and distribution of blood
stain following head wounds caused by blows”
Dr. Paul Jeserich – documented study of blood stain patterns of his examined homicide scenes during the first decade of
20th century
Dr. Victor Baltazard – conducted original research and experimentation with blood stain trajectories and patterns
presented in 22nd Congress of Forensic Medicine entitled “Research on Blood Spatte
Dr. Paul Kirk (Father of Criminalistics in the US) – prepared and affidavit regarding his findings based on blood stain
evidence to the court of common pleas in the case of State of Ohio vs. Samuel Sheppard
Herbert Leon Mc Donell – published a book entitled “Flight Characteristics and Stain Pattern of Human Blood” through
assistance of Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
Viscosity – the resistance of any liquid to flow.
Surface tension – the elastic-like property of the blood surface tends to contract to resist penetration and separation.
Specific Gravity – the density of blood as compared to the density of water.
Passive Blood Stains – are drops created or formed by the force of gravity acting alone with no significant external force
or impact.
Transfer Blood Stain – form of blood stain is created when a wet bloody surface comes in contact with a secondary
surface.
Contact Bleeding – a recognizable mirror image of all or a portion of the original surface may be observed in
the pattern as in the case of a bloody hand or footwear.
Swipe or Smear – made from moving blooded object swipe in an unstained surface producing characteristics feathered
edge indicating direction of movement.
Wipe – created when object moves through an existing stain, removing or altering its appearance. (e.g. stamp,
feathered edge suggests direction)
Smudge – formed by altering the original contact stain to erase the mark.
Projected Blood Stain – are blood projected forward by force greater than the force of gravity.
Arterial spurt – blood stain pattern resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery
producing large stains with downward flow on vertical surfaces.
Cast off – first blow causes bleeding, subsequent blows contaminate weapon with blood.
Gunshot back spatter – arises from entrance wound that passes b ack towards weapon and shooter
Gunshot forward spatter – arises from exit wound
COMPARISON MICROSCOPE – It is the combination of two compound microscope attached to one unit.
STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE – This type of microscope produces a three-dimensional image of the specimen magnified
used to examine trace evidence.
MICROSCOPE – It is an optical instrument that uses lens or combination of it to magnify and resolve the fine details of
an object.
MAGNIFYING GLASS – is the earliest and simplest single lens microscope.
FIELD OF VIEW – Refers to the area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified.
Sensitivity – minimum detectable amount of sample.
Selectivity – distinguishing property by differentiating one substance from another
Objective lens – the lower lens where the object to be magnified is placed. It forms a real, inverted and magnified
image.
Eyepiece lens – the inverted magnified object from objective lens is viewed through this upper lens which further
magnifying it into a virtual image
Explosives – any chemical compound or mixture that undergo rapid burning or decomposition by influenced of heat
TROJAN WAR – The oldest known recorded explosives in history are the Greek fire
High Explosives (detonating charges) – the speed of its detonation wave equal to 1000 m/s and pressure equal to
thousands of atmospheres.
Primary – used to start explosion
Secondary – stable but can be detonated by primary explosives
Low Explosives (deflagrating charge) – the rate of decomposition are relatively slow process and the wave produced is
less than the speed of sound.
Primer – use to propel ammunitions
Igniter – use to initiate explosions (e.g. safety fuse)
Propellant – use to launch rockets and missile
Grenades – derived from Greek word “Grabatus” as implied by the Spanish in 16th century. Granada
Filler – the chemical or explosive substance in the grenade body.
Body – this contains the filler and provides fragmentation
Fuze Assembly – heart of then grenade function to give chain reaction of chemical, mechanical or electrical action
Fuses – use to initiate explosive in any war hood (part of missile)
Explosion – is a violent bursting or expansion caused by the release of the mechanical, chemical, or nuclear energy from
a confined area.
Implosion – is similar phenomenon except that the energy released is initially directed inward.
Mechanical Explosion – it is a sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting into pieces by internal pressure as that of
gas or steam boiler; also known as pressure explosion.
Chemical Explosion – a source of explosion wherein the source of this energy comes from an explosive such as
gunpowder.
Nuclear explosion – an explosion due to nuclear fusion and fission of particles.
Act #2255 (11 Feb 1913) – act prohibiting the manufacture, possession and sale of dynamite and other explosives or
components without a special permit, from Chief, PC or Senior Inspector in the province
Executive order #9 (01 Feb 1954) – control and supervise licensing sales, possession, use, storage and manufacture of
explosives.
Executive order #60 (09 Feb 1967) – promulgating rules and regulations on the control and supervision of the
importation, sale and possession of chemicals used in manufacture of explosives
Gunshot residue –is defined as the traces of materials that remain after the use of a firearm using gunpowder
ammunition.
Primer or Lead Residue – are devices used to initiate the propellant in ammunition
Propellants Components – contain up to 23 organic compounds (FBI study).
Black powder propellants –the trick to making as suitable ballistic propellant was in the correct ratio of the three (3)
chemicals.
Smokeless propellants – since the discovery of nitrocellulose in 1845, by treating cellulose
Flake – common form of propellant
Cylindrical – are mistakenly called extruded. This is technically incorrect because nearly all propellants are extruded at
some point in their manufacturer
Ball or Spherical
Cut sheet – common and European propellant. Cylindrical powders are mistakenly called extruded
Stabilizer and Plasticizer – stabilizers are organic material that are added to propellants and explosives to retard their
decomposition during storage.
Burning rate – is the rate at which energy released during burning.
Slow-burning powders –release their energy (in the form of pressure) more slowly than fast-burning powders.
Fast-burning powders –are commonly used for light loads with light bullets.
PARRAFIN WAX – A white, translucent, odorless solids consisting of a mixture of solids hydrocarbons of high molecular
weight.
Burning (direct) – the principal damage due to flame and muzzle blast is more visible than to the penetration of bullet.
Singeing (1 to 2 inches) – slightly burning
Smudging – produced when the gun is held from about 2 inches to the maximum of 8 inches
Tattooing (8 to 18 inches) – (Black coarsely peppered pattern). Individual specks of tattooing around the hole are visible
by the naked eye
Harrison-Gilroy – test for the presence of lead, antimony and barium
Sodium Rhodizonate Griess Test – test for the presence of nitrates.
Lucas Test – a characteristic smell that decreases in intensity with lapse of time and is observable immediately after
firing.
Hydrogen sulfide – another product of combusting gunpowder and is present in the gaseous state that can be detected
by means of a lead acetate paper.
Rusting – as a rule does not commence for several days.
Presence of nitrates – diminishes after a lapse of time
Toxicology – the scientific study of the nature, properties and effects on living organism and detection of poisons and
the treatment of poisoning.
Paracelcus (16th century) – German-Swiss physician/ alchemist and Father of Modern Toxicology
Descriptive Toxicology – involves toxicity testing of chemicals providing information for safety evaluation and regulatory
requirements.
Mechanistic Toxicology – concerns with identifying and understanding mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic
effects on living organism.
Regulatory Toxicology – involves in decisions, based on data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicology,
whether a chemical poses a sufficiency low risk capable for consumers for stated purposes.
Forensic Toxicology – concerns primarily with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on human
and animals.
Clinical Toxicology – concerns with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances.
Environmental Toxicology – focused on the impacts of the chemical pollutants in the environment on biological
organisms.
Occupational Toxicology – study of the adverse effects of agents that may be encountered by workers during the course
of their employment.
Risk – the potential likehood that injury will occur in a given situation
Exposure – is the amount of chemical that is available for absorption
Safety – the probability that harm will not occur under specified conditions
Poison – is a substance that when introduce into or absorbed by a living organism in sufficient amounts causes death or
injury
Volatile poisons – poisonous substance capable of converting from liquid to gas without the application of heat.
Gases – class of poisons usually not chemically detectable however some may be isolated from blood or lung tissue.
(e.g. carbon monoxide, chlorine etc)
Non-volatile poison – most of drugs is non-volatile. They can be extracted using acid and basic medium in a suitable
solvent.
Anions – usual examples are household chemicals. These range of poison are usually inorganic in nature.
Metallic – usually encountered in places near mining
Posology (dosage) –is a science which deals with the study of the dosage of medicine to be administered within a
certain period.
Medicine – is any substance administered to correct or alleviate the disease or disordered state of the system.
Dose – is the quantity of medicine to be administered at one time.
Safe dose – is one that do not cause harmful effects. Sometimes, however, it may be too small to produce the desired
effects.
Minimum dose – is the smallest amount of medicine that can produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing
harm.
Maximum dose – the largest amount of that will cause no injury but at the same time can produced the desired
therapeutic effect.
Toxic or poisonous dose – is one that is harmful both to the healthy and the sick
Lethal or fatal dose – dose that kills.
Antidotes – is any agent that neutralize a poison or otherwise counteracts or opposes its effects
Circumstantial or Moral Evidence – that evidence contributed by the circumstances or deduced from various
occurrences and facts.
Symptomatic Evidence - this include the symptoms observed during the poisoning.
Chemical evidence – that evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance, or the decomposed or
changed or it have been placed after death.
Postmortem evidence – that obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs after death
Experimental evidence – (psychological test) obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal
and noting the effect or symptoms
Alcohol – is a class of organic compound containing hydroxyl groups includes ethanol.
Ethanol – is a specific kind of alcohol normally diluted with water and consumed as beverages.
Fermented – low alcoholic content
Wine – 8-14%
Distilled – high alcoholic content
Combination – (fortified; port & sherry wines)
Oxidation – alcohol oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via acetaldehyde to acetic acid using alcohol dehydrogenase in
the liver.
Excretion – breath, urine and perspiration.
TRACE EVIDENCE – These are any materials left by any suspects or victim which serves as a link to a crime.
HAIR – is an appendage of the skin that grows out of an organ known as the hair follicle.
CUTICLE – It is a protective coating made of overlapping scales (appearance of shingles on a roof) that always point
toward the hair tip
CORTEX – Made of spindled-shaped cells aligned in a regular array, parallel to the length of the hair.
MEDULLA – Collection of cells having the appearance of a central canal running through a hair.
Standard – considered samples from known source.
Questioned – sample from unknown source
tool mark – is defined as any impression, compression, cut, gouge, scratch, indentation, or any other making left in an
object by another harder object or instrument
Natural fibers – derived in whole from animal or plant resources
Serial number – a number of related or similar objects arranged in order or success
Light – is described as the combination of particles and waves.
Thickeners – used in water paints to increase the viscosity of paints
BLIND SEARCH – This method is used for searching trace evidence particularly hairs and fibers which is usually more
difficult to find
FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION (CPFRS2)
Alphonse Bertillon - Father of Scientific ldentification
MARCELLO MALPIGHI - GRANDFATHER OF DACTYLOSCOPY
MARCELLO MALPIGHI - An Italian Anatomist, who published his work "De Externo Tactus organo" depicting the
construction of the layers of the human skin.
Dermis - Inner layer
Epidermis - outer layer
JCA MAYER - He was the first to state that the prints of two different persons are never alike.
SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL - FATHER OF CHIROSCOPY
DR. HENRY FAULDS - He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol
bottle.
GILBERT THOMPSON - used his thumbprint on a document to prevent Forgery
ARTHUR KOLLMANN - first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus
FRANCIS GALTON - British anthropologist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, began his observations of fingerprints as a
means of identification in the 1880s.
FRANCIS GALTON - he published his book 'Fingerprints', establishing the individuality and permanence of fingerprints.
JUAN VUCETICH - An Argentine Police Official began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types
JUAN VUCETICH - He developed his system of classifying prints that were officially adopted in Argentina and was used in
most Spanish peaking Country.
SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - FATHER OF FINGERPRINTS
MARY K. HOLLAND - the first American Instructress in Dactyloscopy
DR. EDMOND LOCARD - FATHER OF POROSCOPY
Mr. Jones - one who first taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary in the Year 1900.
Generoso Reyes - First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by the Philippine Constabulary.
Isabela Bernales - first female Filipino Fingerprint Technician
Capt. Thomas Dugan - New York Police Department and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI Washing ton gave the first examination
in fingerprinting in 1927 and Agustin Patricia of the Philippines, top the examination.
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY - states that no two fingerprints of different persons or the neighboring fingers of the
same person have ever been found to be identical or exactly alike in all respect
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY - the states that the papillary ridges are immutable, perennial, and individual from the third
month of the embryonic while the child is still at the mother's womb and it will never change until decomposition sets in
after death.
PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY - This states that the fingerprint can never be forged or copied.
JOHN DILLENGER - US notorious public enemy No. 1,
ROBERT JAMES PITTS - Gained fame as the man without fingerprints knowing from an inmate of the possible
destruction of fingerprints.
LOCARD AND WITKOWSKI - Who performed rather painful experiments on themselves by burning their fingerprints
with boiling water.
Friction Skin - is the epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral/lower surface of the hands and feet covered with
minute ridges and furrows and without pigment and coloring matters.
EPIDERMIS - the outer covering of the skin
DERMIS - the inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, Various glands, and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae
are found.
DACTYLOSCOPY - the science which deals with the study of fingerprints as a means of personal identification.
DACTYLOGRAPHY - the study of fingerprints for identification.
DACTYLOMANCY - an attempt at character reading through the pattern of fingerprints.
DERMATOGLYPHICS - are the lines, tracings, and designs on the skin of fingers,
CHIROSCOPY - scientific examination of the palm of the handpalms, and soles.
POLYDACTYL - a hand having more than ten required numbers of fingers
PODOSCOPY - scientific examination of the sole of the foot.
POROSCOPY - Scientific examination of sweat pores/glands.
BERTILLION SYSTEM – This method was developed by Alphonse Bertillon
ODONTOLOGY – This system measures the tooth structure as a means of identification.
HAIR EXAMINATION – is one of the oldest forms of physical evidence.
RIDGE SURFACE - is that component of. the friction skin that forms the fingerprint impression.
RIDGES – are the tiny elevation or hill-like structures found on the epidermis layer of the skin containing sweat pores.
DISCRETION – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compared with the
low area in a tire thread.
SWEAT PORES – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compared with the
low area in a tire thread.
SWEAT DUCT – is a long host like structure that serves as the passage way for the sweat that exits at its mouth, the pore.
SWEAT GLANDS – are found in the dermis layer of the skin which is responsible for the production of the sweat (watery
substance)
27 BONES – The human hand has
TERMINAL PHALANGE – is the particular bone that is covered with the friction skin having all the different types of
patterns and located near the tip of the finger.
MIDDLE PHALANGE – is a phalange of the finger located at the middle of the terminal and basal phalange is a phalange
of the finger located at the base portion just below the middle phalange
DERMAL PAPILLAE - irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate connective tissues, protruding and forming the ridges of
the skin, each containing a small opening or pores
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS – also known as minutiae
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS – This refers to the details of ridge structures, formations, and elements
Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides itself into two or more branches
Converging Ridge - a ridge formation characterized by a closed angular end and serves as a point of Convergence
Diverging Ridges - two ridges that are flowing side by side and suddenly separating or spreading apart
Enclosure (Lake or Eyelet) - a ridge that divides into two branches and meets to form the original ridge.
Ending Ridge - an endpoint of a ridge with an abrupt ending.
Recurving or Looping Ridge - a kind of ridge formation that curves back in the direction from which it started.
Sufficient Recurve - a recurving ridge complete in its shoulder and is free from any appendage
Appendage - a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurving ridge
Rod or Bar- a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge of a loop pattern.
Obstruction Ridge - short ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge that spoiled the inner flow towards the
center of the pattern
Fragmentary Ridge - a ridge of extremely short length having frequent breaks.
Crossover or Bridge - a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.
Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size.
Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles
FOCAL POINTS - are enclosed within the pattern area.
PATTERN AREA - is that part of a loop or a whorl in which appear the core, deltas, and ridges used in the classification of
a loop.
TYPELINES - The two innermost ridges which start or go parallel, diverge, and Surround or tend to surround the pattern
area
CORE - The inner terminus or the approximate center of a fingerprint pattern
DELTA - The outer terminus or that point in a ridge at or in front of or nearest the center of the divergence of the
typelines.
Plain Arch - a pattern in which the ridges flow from one side to the other without recurving
Tented Arch - a pattern where one or more ridges at the center form an up trust
Radial Loop - a loop in which the downward slope or the slanting ridges runs towards the direction of the thumb.
Radial Bone - the inner bone of the forearm that runs to the wrist on the side where the thumb is located.
Ulnar Loop - a loop in which the downward slope or the slanting ridges runs towards the direction of the little finger.
Ulna Bone - the bone running to the wrist located or situated on the little finger.
Plain Whorl - a pattern consisting of two deltas and which at least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit.
Central Pocket Loop Whorl - a pattern that possesses two deltas with core or more ridges forming a Complete circuit
Double Loop Whorl - a pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop formations, with sets of the shoulder and
two deltas
Accidental Whorl - a pattern consisting of a combination of two different types of pattern such as a loop and a whorl, a
loop
LATENT PRINTS - has been defined as the markings of oily matter or perspiration from the skin glands left upon the
surface which the hands and fingers may have touched
VISIBLE PRINTS - Open impress On dust, blood oil, or grease.
MOLDED PRINTS - those marks on the Surface whenever fingers touch soft
CHANCE IMPRESSIONS - these are impressions left by chance at the crime scene
INVISIBLE PRINTS - those prints that are made due to the sweat present in the fingers and thumb or person that is
transferred to any object that he holds.
SMUDGE PRINTS - those prints that are indistinct due to sliding motion of fingers at the time they are impressed
FRAGMENTARY PRINTS - those prints that show only a portion of the pattern objects or the friction skin
PLASTIC PRINTS (Plastic Impression) - Prints formed on plastic material, such as melted paraffin from a pitch, paste on
an envelope, and stamps
Latent Impression - This type of friction ridge impression is not readily visible
Patent Impression - This type of friction ridge impression is Visible
Plastic impression - This type of friction ridge impression is molded into the surface of material such as putty or
modeling clay forming a threedimensional impression.
Pure Grey Powder - General materials
Black powder Paper - unglazed pottery, eggshells, synthetic resins
White Powder - Leather, rubber, oily fingerprints
Copper Powder - Plant stem and leaves, fruit rinds
Gold Powder - Rough surface metals, synthetic resins
Yellow Powder - Leather, rubber
Lycopodium Powder - General materials, oily fingerprints
Dragon Blood Powder - Rough surface metal, stone
Indigo Powder - Synthetic resins, frosted glass, metal frames, eggshell
SP Black Powder - Aluminum building materials
Ultranium Powder - Synthetic resins
Aluminum Powder - Glass, ceramics, lacquer
Pure Aluminum Powder - Synthetic resins, plastic metal
Lead Carbonate Powder - Synthetic resins, leather
Stone Powder - Leather, rubber, oily fingerprints
Fluorescence Powder - Color print paper (viewed under UV light)
Anthracene Powder - Leather, rubber
Magnetic Powder - Paper (works with brush or wand)
Nonporous Surfaces – Powder technique is usually used to identify latent prints on nonporous surfaces
Porous Surfaces –The development of latent fingerprints using the powder method is not as effective on porous
surfaces
SILVER NITRATE – The technique is effective for detecting fresh finger marks on most paper surfaces and untreated
wood.
ROLLED IMPRESSION – is an impression mace or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the
ten fingers of the subject
PLAIN IMPRESSION – is an impression made simultaneously that serves as a reference impression
BIOMETRICS – refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits
Postmortem Fingerprinting – One of the most challenging and also rewarding, aspects of a latent print examination is
the determination of the identity of deceased individuals.
MACERATED FINGER – Partially rotten and saponified to the extent that the end joints have hardened and wrinkled
after excessive submersion in water.
MUMMIFIED FINGER – Usually hard and shrunken mummified fingers can be'be restored
TISSUE BUILDER – Used to take the fingerprints of wrinkled fingers
POST MORTEM FINGER STRAIGHTENERS – Made to fit a variety of finger sizes
0.5% – A ninhydrin solution of approximately ______% weight per volume in concentration is required to develop
fingerprints on paper.
REMOVAL OF SKIN – With the onset of decomposition, both the flesh and the skin may become soft or flabby as well as
fragile.
180 – Rolled Impression is an impression mace or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the
ten fingers of the subject _____ degrees from tip to the second joints.
DEAD IN DIFFICULT – In cases involving badly decomposed bodies, the first thing to do is to examine the fingers to see if
all are present.
SUPERGLUE – It is a chemical process that exposes and fixes fingerprints on a nonporous surface.
INJECTION – The fingertips may be wrinkled due to the immersion of hands in water, excessive humidity, or
mummification.
NINHYDRIN – This chemical reacts to the amino acid present in the latent fingerprint which will be stained with a purple
color.
INK ROLLER – Refers to an instrument used for spreading the ink into the ink slab or inking plate.
Ink Slab / Inking Plate – refers to a piece of metal or a plane glass
Card Holder - refers to a gadget used for clipping the fingerprint card
Fingerprint ink - refers to an especially manufactured ink for purposes of taking fingerprints
Fingerprint Card - refers to a piece of the card used for recording the ten fingerprints
Scissors - refer to a simple instrument for cutting latent print tapes and for other purposes.
Rubber Gloves - to protect the technician's fingers from leaving his pints on the object or the scene.
Postmortem Fingerprint Equipment - refers to a set of equipment consisting of hypodermis syringe, spoon
Fingerprint Table - a table intended for taking fingerprints
Fingerprint Pointers - use for pointing the ridges in the conduct of ridge counting.
Fingerprint cameras - use in photographing the developed latent prints
Forensic Optical Comparator - equipment use to compare two fingerprints at the same time
TEMPORARY DEFORMITIES - Occupational problems
PERMANENT DISABILITIES - One permanent disability is a case of an amputated finger
DEFORMITIES - In this situation, an infrequent problem of a person with an extra finger.
BIFURCATION – may not be selected as a delta if it does not open towards the core.
RIDGE COUNTING – the process of counting the ridges that touch the imaginary line drawn between the delta and the
core of a loop.
RIDGE TRACING – This refers to the process of tracing the ridges of a whorl pattern from the left delta to the right delta.
INNER (I) – a whorl pattern whereby the tracing ridge runs or goes inside or above the right delta
OUTER (O) – a whorl pattern whereby a tracing ridge runs or goes below or outside the right delta.
MEETING (M) – whorl pattern having two or less intervening ridges regardless of whether the tracing ridge flows below
or above the right delta
BLOCKINGS - is the process of writing below each pattern the corresponding symbol of the fingerprint pattern
Plain Arch - A a
Tented Arch - T t
Radial Loop - R RH- / LH- \
Ulnar Loop - U RH- \ LH- /
Plain Whorl - W W
Central Pocket Loop Whorl - C c
Double Loop Whorl - D d
Accidental Whorl - X x
Points of Similarity - Minutiae on two different fingerprint impressions meet the criteria.
Points of dissimilarity - Minutiae do not meet these criteria.
Points of identification - Sufficient minutiae are located in the same true relative sequence or unit relationship, then
identification is assumed.
Poroscopy - is the study of the size, shape, relative position, arrangement ard frequency of sweat pores.
Edgeoscopy - is the study of the friction ridge edges for their alignment and the shape of their ridge units, as well as the
shapes and alignments of pores close to the ridge edges which appear as notches.
Ridgeology - is the study of the uniqueness of all friction ridge skin formations and their Use as a means of personal
identification.
Analysis - also highlights the assessment for the causes/factors of distortion and the upon the latent print is performed.
Poor Clarity - Note how the friction ridges have become diffuse. There is a lack of distinction between the edges of the
ridges and the intervening valleys.
Matrix - The substance that the unknown mark was made by.
Distortion - if there was any pressure placed on the unknown mark when it was deposited or movement as this can
affect the appearance of the ridges.
Further Analysis - The final aspect of analysis to be considered are the anatomical features within the unknown mark.
Ridge Flow and Pattern - The fingerprint expert will then analyze the print in more detail looking at the actual flow of
the ridges to determine if there is any discernable pattern type.
Digit Determination - The examiner considers any clues in the print that may indicate which finger, thumb, or area of
palm that could have left the impression.
Quality and Clarity - After the analysis stage, the fingerprint expert will have decided as to the suitability of the print for
further examination.
FEATURES - The expert looks into the quality and clarity of the unique features and characteristics that are revealed in
the print.
SCAR – This scar displays disruption to the friction ridges causing a ‘puckering' of the ridges at the point of injury
CREASE – This distal transverse crease in the hypothenar region of this palm print exhibits prominence and clarity,
qualifying it as a target.
EVALUATON – After comparing the unknown mark and known print the fingerprint expert will e make their
VERIFICATION – The most crucial aspect of the identification process is the verification element.
SUBSTRATE – The surface on which the unknown mark was discovered
Psoriasis - Named from the Greek word for "itch", psoriasis is a persistent skin condition.
Fragmenting - The center or the print is fragmenting
Scar Tissue - A Scar on the finger interferes with print ridges but creates a new unique.
Simple method - the identical points of identity in both enlargements are drawn with straight lines (in red ink) to the
margin.
Modified Method - in the lines preceding the numbers are names of the corresponding ridge characteristics
Drawn Method - the numbers are placed about one centimeter immediately at the end of the lines
Osborn Method - the two enlarged photographs are divided each into squares, both exactly alike
Seymour Method - makes first a skeleton tracing of the questioned print and that of the standard print of the suspect by
making the comparison
Pricking Method - make an enlargement of the same size of the chance impression and the suspect's standard print.
Pricking Method - With the use of a needle prick the identical points to determine if they coincide with one another
LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING W/CRIME MAPPING (CPLEA1)
POLICE OPERATION - are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and activities that law enforcement agents complete
in the field.
SOCIAL SERVICE - the police help people who need emergency assistance
ORDER MAINTENANCE - traffic control, crowd control, resolving domestic disputes, and moving prostitutes from the
streets.
CRIME CONTROL - such as patrol and criminal investigation, such as patrol and criminal investigation.
24 hour Availability - broadens police contacts with the public
authority to use force - stamps police work with a uniqueness that sets it apart from other lines of work.
DISCRETION - Police are often free to choose among alternative courses of action or inaction
Enforcing laws - Investigating crimes and apprehending offenders
Preventing crime - Responding to routine incidents
Responding to emergencies - many police officers showed up to help control crowds
Providing support services - In addition to all of their other duties, police officers need to provide support services for
their town.
Source/Encoding - person or organization who has information to share with another person or group.
Message - contains the information or meaning the source or sender hopes to convey.
Channel - method or medium by which the communication travels from source or sender to receiver.
Receiver/Decoding - person(s) with whom the sender shares thoughts or information
Noise - factors that can distort or interfere with adequate reception or comprehension.
Response/Feedback - reaction the receiver has after seeing, hearing and/or reading the message.
SEMANTICS - barriers which arise because of the different meanings that different words contexts.
Motivation and interest - our interest to send or to receive a message can determine the effectiveness of
communication
Perfunctory attention - difference between speaking and listening capabilities of the communicating parties
Internal Operational Communication - Communication that occurs for carrying out operations of the organization
BRIG. GEN. RAFAEL CRAME - First Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.
RA 541 - passed by the Philippine Congress which seek to improve the police service and administration, this law was
called Police Pension Law.
PD 482 - was promulgated to bolster the entire police agency in the country.
PD 1184 - known as police professionalization law of 1977, which gives birth of the PNPA.
RA 6975 - known as act establishing the PNP under a reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government.
RA 8551 - known as “the PNP reform and reorganization act of 1998” was enacted to amend certain provisions of RA
6975.
KEMPETAI - The Japanese also during their invasion on December 8, 1941, introduced their police system called
Investigating Accidents - Patrol officers are expected to direct traffic, examine the scene, interview witnesses, provide
first aid for any injured victims
JANUARY 9, 1901 - Americans introduced their own version of policing system in the creation of the first police
department headed by Col. Mathew Harmon
Foot Patrol - is assigned to an area of crowded population such as downtown, heavy traffic congestion and other places.
Fixed foot patrol - is used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events.
Moving foot patrol - is used when there is foot movement such as business, shopping center and family dwelling.
Line beat patrol - is used in securing certain portion of the road.
Random foot patrol - is used in checking residential building, business establishment, dark alley and parking lots.
Automobile Patrol - the most economical and effective patrol by means of transportation.
Mobile Data Terminal – refers to a computer that is installed inside a patrol car
Vehicle-mounted TV – refers to a video camera which is attached and installed in patrol car with a high resolution and
wide angle lens.
High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan – refers to a heavy duty light that can provide two million candle power of light
MOTORCYCLE PATROL - The two-wheeled motorcycle is adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades and escort duty.
BICYCLE PATROL - is a land vehicle used by police departments, most commonly in the form of a mountain bicycle.
CCTV - It is basically used for traffic control which originates in West Germany.
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE - use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
TRAFFIC CONGESTION - Condition on transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased
vehicular queueing.
TRAFFIC JAM - the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for
periods of time
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL - It is the control of the movements of road users according to proportionate time
through traffic signal or hand gesture.
Prevention/Mitigation - reduce or eliminate to probability of a disaster and to reduce the vulnerability of people and
communities to the negative impacts of a disaster.
Preparedness - process of identifying the personnel, training, and equipment needed for a wide range of potential
incidents
Response - Follow an emergency or disaster and are generally designed to provide emergency assistance for casualties
Recovery - constitute a comprehensive approach to restore the environment by addressing the social, environmental,
political and economic aspects of the community
Natural disasters - disasters caused by natural forces
man made disasters - caused by activities of human beings
EMERGENCY RESPONSE - systematic response to an unexpected or dangerous occurrence.
LAW ENFORCEMENT - plays a critical role in emergency management in regard to response, search and rescue, and
recovery efforts.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - undertaking that seeks, collects, and gathers evidence of a crime for a case or specific
purpose.
INVESTIGATION - involves establishing that a crime was committed and whether an arrest should be pursued
ARREST - The suspect is apprehended.
COURT PROCEEDINGS - All the evidence gathered during the investigation is presented to the court and a decision is
made in regards to punishment.
KIDNAPPING INVESTIGATION - not only involves uncovering and charging the guilty party but ensuring the safety of the
victim
ASSAULT INVESTIGATION - inquiring into violent crime particularly aggravated assault
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION - who is responsible for a murder by looking at motive and surrounding circumstances
CRIME DEFENSE INVESTIGATION - verify the validity of evidence gathered against an individual
REACTIVE INVESTIGATION - start with the report from general public and referral by other agencies
PRO ACTIVE INVESTIGATION - can start from an intelligence package identifying groups
THEFT INVESTIGATION - penetrated by employees, criminal opportunities, customer, and competitors continues to
threaten the welfare of the company
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - highly trained and have access to a wide variety of tools including networks of investigators,
surveillance equipment, and records checks.
CRIME - an intended action that is against the rules of law for a community.
BACKGROUND CHECK - shed light on a suspect part and may even reveal motive
DOCUMENT SEARCHES - utilize important documents as hard evidence for court cases
FRAUD INVESTIGATION - determines whether a scam has taken place
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION - analyzing the area in a crime has occurred
SEXUAL CRIME INVESTIGATION - establishes the occurrence and type of sexual misconduct
CRIME PREVENTION - process of trying to reduce the amount of crime in a given area.
POLICE - a group of persons established, maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, protection of lives and
property and for prevention and detection of crimes
COMMUNITY - body of people organized into political, municipal or social unity or a body of persons living in the same
locality
POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS - the sum total of the dealings between the police and the people it serves, and whose
goodwill and cooperation it craves, for the greatest possible efficiency in the service
POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE - refers to how the people in the community perceive or regard the police
COMMUNITY SERVICE - activities that provide service to the community
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION - involvement of the community in the various social particularly, in the area of crime
prevention
PUBLIC RELATIONS - activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable impressions to the public
YOUTH ORIENTED APPROACH - directed the majority of police efforts towards the youth of the community
PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM - designed to bridge the communication gap between the police and the public
PUBLIC RELATION PROGRAM - designed to maintain harmony and mutual support between the police and the
community
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRAM - designed to condition both friendly and hostile public, ensuring the facilitation of the
attainment of police objectives
COMMUNITY RELATION - refers to the various methods companies use to establish and maintain a mutually beneficial
relationship with the communities in which they operate
COMMUNITY RELATIONS UNIT FUNCTION - to keep channels of communication open between the Police Department
and the public
CIVILINIZATON - policing has required more specialist skills. The development of ‘civilianization’ has been particularly
pronounced in England and Wales
RA 8551 - declared the policy of the State to establish a highly efficient and competent police force
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP - When police work together with businesses and citizen groups
COMPARATIVE MODLES IN POLICING (CPLEA2)
COMMON LAW - also known as “Anglo-American Justice
CIVIL LAW SYSTEM - It is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
SHIRE-RIEVE - It was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas
DEVIANCE CONTROL - It is the modern police function that primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values
and laws.
CONTINENTAL - It is the theory of police service that maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities.
HENRY FIELDING - He is appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street
Runners.
BOW RUNNER - It is made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer
constables and watchmen.
PRAETORIAN GUARD - It is the military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue,
arrest, chastise, and imprisonment violators of the law.
STAR CHAMBER COURT - A special court designed to try offenders against the state.
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM - A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of
age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people .
SOCIALIST SYSTEM - It is distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
LEGIS HENRICI - The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s
arrest.”
MARINE POLICE FORCE - He is the first modern police force in the world.
Continental - police officers are servants of higher authorities
Home Rule - police officers are servants of the community or the people.
Old police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made
Modern police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.
Tun Policing System - A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period where by all male residents were
required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
Hue and Cry - shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest
Trial by Ordeal - A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience.
Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge - A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve
and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases
Justice of the Peace (About 1361) - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to
pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law.
Star Chamber Court - A special court designed to try offenders against the state
Comparative Police System - It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.
Transnational crime - It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent
years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues
“Safari” method - a researcher visits another country
HISTORICAL-COMPREHENSIVE METHOD - It is basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research
methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism.
Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and
opportunities for committing crime multiply.
Theory of anomie and synomie - the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values
Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state
to another.
Centralized policing system - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country
Adversarial SYSTEM - The accused is innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until
proven innocent or mitigated.
Inquisitorial Systems - Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject
to little interpretation.
GENOCIDE - It refers to destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
FOLK-COMMUNAL - It has little codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just
lets things go for a while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is
resorted to.
URBAN COMMERCIAL - It is some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces (some for religious
offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient.
URBAN INDUSTRIAL
- Police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is
run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.
MODEL SYSTEM - These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they are the focus
of comparison being studied.
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM - It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in
recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues.
INQUSITORIAL SYSTEM - Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and
subject to little interpretation.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL SYSTEM - It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or
justice (Erika Fairchild).
ECONOMIC AND MIGRATION - It is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population
in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
DECENTRALIZED LAW - It refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent of one state
to another.
CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - It is a country with only one recognized police force that operates entirely in that
country.
INTERNATIONAL CRIME - It refers to the crimes against the peace and security of mankind
ALERTNESS O CRIME THEORY - They report more crime to the police and also demand the police become more effective
at solving crime problems.
HISTORICAL COMPREHENSIVE THEORY - It is basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research
methods.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE - It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and
emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems.
SAFARI METHOD - It refers to a researcher who visits another country) or a “collaborative” method (the researcher
communicates with a foreign researcher).
PUBLISHED WORKS - The examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often requires an historical
perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed under unique social, economic, and
political structures
OPPORTUNITY THROEY - It is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
Purple Notice - To provide information on modus operandi, procedures, and hiding places used by criminals.
Green Notice - To provide warnings and intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely
to repeat these crimes in other countries.
Black Notice - To seek information on unidentified bodies.
Blue Notice - To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in relation to a crime.
Yellow Notice - To help locate missing persons, often minors
Red Notice - To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition
INTERPOL - aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do not exist between
particular countries.
IACP - world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in
over 80different countries
GLOBALIZATION - reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate to flow of goods,
capital, services and labor although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE - IACP stands for.
La Cosa Nostra - Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia
Heijin - Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations.
Human Trafficking - is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor: a
modern-day form of slavery
Money Laundering - is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money obtained from serious
crimes
ORGANIZED CRIME - obtain a financial or other material benefit, whereas power and control can be secondary motives.
Computer Fraud - altering data or gaining unlawful use of computer or services.
CYBERCRIMES - any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or public network,
Transnational - organized crime involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by groups or networks of
individuals working in more than one country terrorism has a political objective
TRIADS - Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus routes and are often
involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.
RUSSIAN MAFIA - They have been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom,
robbery and murder.
JAO PHO - Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal political and business activity.
DRUG TRAFFICKING - It involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is it a local exchange between a user and
a dealer or a major international operation.
IDENTITY THEFT - It refers to using another's personal information to commit fraud or other crimes.
RED WA - It refers to the gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and trafficking
methamphetamine.
CYBERSTALKING - It refers to a technologically based attack on person because of anger, revenge, or control.
FUCKHING - Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and
human trafficking.
INTEGRATION - It refers to the purchase of luxury assets, financial investments, commercials, and industrial
investments.
COMPUTER VIRUSES - It is a program that copies itself and infects a computer.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING - It is a crime against humanity. It further defined as an act of recruiting, transporting,
transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of
exploiting them.
HUMAN SMUGGLING - It refers to the state that provides service and voluntary short-term, one-off payment, and
always across borders.
HEIJIN - Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They are often involved in white collar
crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office.
COMPUTER FRAUD - It refers to altering data or gaining unlawful use of computer or services.
YAKUZA - Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals activities, including human trafficking,
gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.
MALWARE - It is malicious software that interferes with the functioning
the internet.
of computers and sending data of users over
INFORMATION WARFARE - It refers to attacks on information and computer systems.
Cuardilleros - a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836.
Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
PO1 to SPO4 - appointed by the PNP Regional Director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for National
Head Quarter’s personnel and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC)
Inspector to Superintendent - appointed by the Chief PNP as recommended by their immediate superiors and attested
by the Civil Service Commission (CSC).
The Basic Recruit Training - the most basic of all police training.
Appraisal - refers to the process of measuring the performance of people in achieving goals and objectives. It is also
known as “performance evaluation system”.
Promotion - is a system of increasing the rank of a member of the police service.
Police assignment - is the process of designating a police officer at a particular function, duty or responsibility.
The PNP Field Training - is the process by which an individual police officer who is recruited into the service receives
formal instruction on the job
police inspection - is to ascertain the standard policies and procedures, review and analyze the performance, activities
and facilities affecting operations and to look into the morale,
RA 4864 - It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President.
Carabineros De Seguridad Publica - This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the
duties of a port, harbor and river police.
RA 6975 - It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December
13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP, and the PPSC.
GUARDIA CIVIL - It consists of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the
province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. - Appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP with the
endorsement of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with confirmation by the Commission on Appointment (CA).
NAPOLCOM - Who shall promulgate standards on incentives and award system in the PNP administered by the Board of
Incentives and Awards?
DIRECTOR GENERAL
- It refers to appointed by the President from among the most senior officers down to the rank
of Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the Commission on Appointment (CA).
HENRY ALLEN - Who is the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary?
‘EXTERNAL AFFAIRS - It embraces the community relationship of the organization, the crime and vice situation of the
locality, and the prevailing public opinion concerning the integrity and reputation of the personnel.
AUTHORORTIVE - It is conducted by the head of subordinate units on a regular basis.
PERMANENT - if the applicant is able to finish the required field training program for permanency it is classified as _.
56 - What is the retirement age for PNP?
PLEB - It is the central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint against PNP members.
10 - How many percentages are entitled to longevity pay for every five years in service?
CUARDILLEROS - It mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this
police organization for 3 years.
RA 4864 - It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President.
Carabineros De Seguridad Publica - This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the
duties of a port, harbor and river police.
RA 6975 - It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December
13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP, and the PPSC.
GUARDIA CIVIL - It consists of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the
province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. - Appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP with the
endorsement of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with confirmation by the Commission on Appointment (CA).
NAPOLCOM - Who shall promulgate standards on incentives and award system in the PNP administered by the Board of
Incentives and Awards?
DIRECTOR GENERAL - It refers to appointed by the President from among the most senior officers down to the rank of
Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the Commission on Appointment (CA).
HENRY ALLEN - Who is the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary?
‘EXTERNAL AFFAIRS - It embraces the community relationship of the organization, the crime and vice situation of the
locality, and the prevailing public opinion concerning the integrity and reputation of the personnel.
AUTHORORTIVE - It is conducted by the head of subordinate units on a regular basis.
PERMANENT - if the applicant is able to finish the required field training program for permanency it is classified as _.
.
Specialized Police - main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways, airports,
harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division - this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs
The Police Field Force (PFF) - JUNGLE SQUAD
Police Counter-Terrorism Unit - an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations
Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) - its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief &rescue, as well as special
operations assistance
Mounted Police - police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback.
Hong Kong Police Force - It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing
system.
Myanmar Police Force - formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM - also known as Polri
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM - It is the official police force of Indonesia organized 1946 and also known as Polri .
Myanmar Police Force - It is established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was
reorganized on 1 October 1995.
ADMIN OFFICE - These are generally referred to as those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of
household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
LOGISTICS - It has the role to provide several equipments needed in RMP
SPECIALIZED - The main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways, airports,
harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
MARITME POLICE - It is responsible in protecting the territorial sea
SPECIAL POLICE - These are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government, establishing contingent
plans, and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining public order.
Special Branch - This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE - It is under the supervision of the
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY - which is directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR under effective civilian control
POLICE CONSTABLE - What is the lowest rank of Royal Malaysian police?
Ministry of State Security - the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is
also involved in domestic security matters.
People’s Armed Police (PAP) - 1980’s deals with
Prison Police - a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system
Koban - a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs
Imperial Guards - provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family
National Public Safety Commission - a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the police
Japanese Yakuza - considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.
Japanese Colonial Government - the one which organized the first formal policing in China.
Singapore Police Force (SPF) - is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state.
Francis James Bernard - formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819
Keihoryo - (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairsto1945)
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE - It is at the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such as the
Ministry of Public Safety and the Ministry of State Security.
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECIRTY - It is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China
which oversees the day-to-day law enforcement.
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION - It is a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the
police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) - operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out
COMMISIONER GENERAL - What is the position of its supreme head in the Royal Thai police?
Regional Police Bureau - exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides support with
PRC - What is the basis for regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for a police officers?
Judicial Police - responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments
PRISON POLICE - It is a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and correction units.
This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice
Japan National Police Agency (NPA) - a totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team.
People’s Armed Police (PAP) - 1980’s deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government
compounds and foreign embassies.
Japanese Colonial Government - the one which organized the first formal policing in China.
State Security Police - (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies.
People’s Liberation Army - Chinese Armed forces.
MEXICO - They are sometimes referred to by Hollywood and the American media by the slang term "Federales."
TEXAS RANGER - first organized by Stephen F. Austin in 1823
RCMP - colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”
Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United States
LAPD - police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins Well
NEW YORK CITY - first full time police force was organized in the United States
Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law except when the
enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency
State Police - includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
Municipal Police - includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments.
US SECRET SERVICE - It is concerned with the investigation of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the money or
other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and his family, and of the executive
mansion grounds
MUNICIPAL POLICE - It includes village, township, city, and country police departments, sheriff departments.
IMMIGRATION - It investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol borders to prevent the
surreptitious entry of aliens,
CITY POLICE - It is most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated
municipality.
TEXAS RANGER - It refers to the police force originally created in response to colonization.
NEW YORK POLICE - It is the largest police force in the United States.
PROPRIETORY POLICE - It refers to a person who wishes to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly.
BOSTON POLICE DEPT. - It is the first local modern police department established in the United States.
STATE POLICE - It includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
HS GRAD - What is the minimum qualification to enter in Policia Militar in Brazil?
MEXICO - They are sometimes referred to by Hollywood and the American media by the slang term "Federales."
NYC - It is where the first full-time police force was organized in the United States
60 - What is the retirement age for the police force in the country of Mexico?
COMM - What is the highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police?
ALICE WELLS - What is the name of a first female police officer?
FBI - It investigates all violations of federal law except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific
federal agency
PENNSYLVANIA - What is the first state police agency established?
COUNTRY SHERIFF - It refers to the in charge with the operation of the county jail, a civil function such as service of
eviction notices and other court orders, and police responsibility.
LA POLICE DEPT. - What police force hired the first female police officer?
15 - What is the entrance age for a police officers in the country of Chile?
IRELAND - has one national civilian police force, called “An Garda Síochána’
Schutzpolizei - This is the equivalent of municipal police particularly patrol officers in the Philippines
Kriminalpolizei - They are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigation and situations that require
developing case against the suspect
Bereitschaftspolize - These are officers – in training living in barracks, but they serve as civil police
Verkehrspolize - was the traffic-law enforcement agency and road safety administration of Germany
SWITZERLAND - effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach toward those who commit crime and come from
the bottom echelons of Swiss society
Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) - Territorial police force responsible for policing Greater London
Australian Federal Police (AFP) - responsible for the investigation of crimes against Commonwealth law which occurs
throughout
INSPECTOR POLICE - highest rank in Germany
CONSTABLE - lowest rank in New Zealand
BAHN - It was (railway police) was made up of part time police officers who were also employees of the Reichbahn
(state railway).
VARIOUS STATE - The state police forces are responsible for enforcing state law within their own states (including cities
within the states).
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF INTERIOR - What agency is under the Federal Police of Germany?
TERTIARY - What is the educational requirement in New Zealand?
55 - What is the retirement age in New Zealand Police?
17 -What is the entrance age in national Police France?
GARDA - What is the minimum rank of Ireland police?
Wsserschutzpolizei - coast guard of the third reich. Tasked with the safety and security of Germany’s rivers, harbors, and
inland waterways
POLICE RANK 4 - What is the minimum rank of Switzerland police?
ABU DHABI POLICE - Is the primary law enforcement agency in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab
Emirates.
Sudan Police System - In 1901 the authorities decentralized the police to improve efficiency.
ICELAND - safest country in the world for the 12th year in a row.
AUSTRIA - Serious crimes are uncommon, although people should be aware of pickpockets and purse-snatchers.
DENMARK - a welfare state, meaning that everyone receives services and perks that help them live comfortable lives.
SINGAPORE - has one of the lowest crime rates in the world, which is due to severe penalties that are issued for even
small crimes.
JAPAN - Is known for having limited immigration and limited access to firearms
CZECH REPUBLIC - The country’s fall in rankings is due to its relatively high involvement in foreign conflicts
KENYA - most corrupt ones as they take bribes and also neglects the law and order of the country
IRAQ - They participate in kidnapping, bribery and other actions through which they earn good amount of money.
JAPAN - What country is known for having limited immigration and limited access to firearms and does not see carrying
a firearm to be an individual’s right?
ICELAND - What country does not have a military and the police do not carry firearms with them (only extendable
batons and pepper spray)?
NEW ZEALAND - What country where citizens open-minded and have laws in place to prevent abuse of anyone’s
freedom of speech or expression?
HAITI - What country, where the police force has negatively influenced society through their unethical practices and the
lawlessness of the country, and the brutality of the police, have developed a negative impression on the world.?
INTERNAL AFFAIRS - What country, where the police force has negatively influenced society through their unethical
practices and the lawlessness of the country, and the brutality of the police, have developed a negative impression on
the world.?
FIA - What is Pakistan National Police under of agency?
CANADA - It has some of the most notoriously friendly people in the world.
AFGHANISTAN - What country in which police forces are getting worse with every passing day as they are extorting
money and inflicting violence on civilians? They are releasing the criminals from the prison and they also tend to avoid
arrest of the criminals.
SOMALIA - What country which police force is ineffective and is underpaid because of which they indulge in steeling,
extortion and bribery?
RUSSIA - What country has one of the lowest crime rates in the world, which is due to severe penalties that are issued
for even small crimes?
DENMARK - What country has access to healthcare with no additional fees to them, tuition-free education, and the
elderly are provided at-home care helpers?
SUDAN - What country has proved its level of corruption so many times through extorting bribes from civilians and also
avoids ignoring the investigation of crimes and violence?
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCPET (CPLEA3)
Physical Security
sum total of all physical protection employed or installed to secure assets.
Document or Information Security
sum total of all policies, regulations, practices, enforce to safeguard the
contents and integrity of any classified information
Industrial security
operations.
involves industrial plants and business enterprises, to safeguard the personnel, properties and
Hotel security measures to safeguard hotel guest and their personnel effects, hotel properties
VIP security
dignitaries.
involves the protection of top-ranking officials of the government, private company and foreign
Operational security
from espionage
involves the protection of processes, formulas, patents, industrial and manufacturing activities
Communication security
measures to prevent or delay the unauthorized person in gaining information
School Security is concern with the protection of students, faculty members and school properties
Mall Security
are trained to detect shoplifter, robbery and bomb detection and customer relation.
Security
damages
is a state or quality, condition of being secured, freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or
PERIMETER BARRIER
First line of defense
ENERGY BARRIER
alarm system.
An electrical or electronic devices used to provide assistance to guard personnel like lighting and
PERIMETER BARRIER A medium or structures which define the physical limits of installation or area to restrict or
impede access thereto.
BARRIER
Any structure capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to an installation.
PHYSICAL BARRIER
Any physical means to impede, delay or prevent intrusion into a protected area.
SEE THRU FENCE
Types of fence that constructed visualize access between two areas.
7 FEET The height measurement of the fence should be, excluding the top guard.
INSIDE PERIMETER
A line protection adjacent to protected area and passing through points of possible entry into
the area such as doors, windows, tunnels, etc.
INTERIOR CONTROL
Third line of defense
STATIONARY LUMINARY
continuously.
This type of protective lighting consisting of series of fixed luminaries to light given area
SOLID FENCE
A types of fence that constructed of opaque materials is called
PERIMTER
barrier placed between the potential intruder and the matter to be protected.
STRUCTURAL BARRIER barrier that features constructed by man who tends to delay the intruder like fence, walls,
floors, ceiling, etc.
BARRIER
installation.
is an structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to an
GUARD CONTROL STATIONS This is normally provided at main perimeter entrance to secure areas located out of
doors and manned by guard on a full time basis as known a
PHYSICAL BARRIER
BARRIER
Any physical means to impede, delay or prevent intrusion into a protected area.
Any structure capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to an installation.
7 FEET The standard height of the fence including the top guard is
PROTECTIVE LIGHTING is a sufficient illumination of area during hours of darkness to ensure visibility and act as a
deterrent to intruder.
ENERGY BARRIER
alarm system.
An electrical or electronic devices used to provide assistance to guard personnel like lighting and
STANDBY LIGHTING
automatic means.
is a system which is similar to continuous lighting, turn on manually or by special device or other
FENCE is an independent structure usually existing in a vertical plane, designated to control physical or visual access
between outside areas.
LOCK
is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry into a building.
VAULT is a heavily-constructed fire resistance container usually part of the building structure used to keep and protect
cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
MASTER KEY
A special key capable of opening a series of locks.- is called
SPOT DETECTION
A component of alarm system used to detect the activity of an intruder at a single location like
expensive cabinets is calle
AUXILIARY SYSTEM
s system installed that led into local police or fire department by lease telephone lines.
CENTRAL SATION SYSTEM
security company or agency.
PADLOCK
is a types of alarm detection system that operated and maintained by the offsite
A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring is called
SAFE cabinet metallic containers used for the safekeeping of document or small items in an office or installation.
BILL TRAPS
is a device of the protected alarm usually place in the teller’s top cash drawer.
CHANGE KEY
A key to a single lock within a master keyed system.
SPOT DETECTION
A component of alarm system used to detect the activity of an intruder at a single location like
expensive cabinet is called
MASTER KEY
A special key capable of opening a series of locks.- is called
FOOT RAIL ACTIVATOR
It is type of protective alarm that place on the floor in such a position that the teller may
activate the alarm by placing in front of their foot.
LEVER LOCK
Used in safe deposit boxes, in desk, lockers and cabinets.
LOCK
is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry into a building.
SAFE
cabinet metallic containers used for the safekeeping of document or small items in an office or installation.
SPOT PROTECTION
It is used to detect the activity or pressure of an intruder at a single location like filing cabinet.
PETERMAN
A term used in England for lock picker, safecrackers and penetrators of restricted areas is called
PALOCK
. A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring is calle
PADLOCK
15. A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring is called
AUXILIARY SYSTEM
s system installed that led into local police or fire department by lease telephone lines.
DISC TUMBLER LOCK
A type of lock designed for the use of the automobile industry and is used in car doors.
ELECTROMAGNETIC LOCK
The device holding a door closed by magnetism.
BETRAL SATITION SYSTEM
security company or agency.
is a types of alarm detection system that operated and maintained by the offsite
VAULT is a heavily-constructed fire resistance container usually part of the building structure used to keep and protect
cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
SECURITY EDUCATION
POSITIVE VETTING
is conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company
It is the process of inspecting or examining with careful thoroughness
PROFILING
It is the process whereby a subject’s reaction in a future critical situation is predicted by observing his
behavior or by interviewing him or analyzing his responses to a questionnaire such as honesty test
Deception Detection Techniques
the process of using devices in detecting deception during the interview stage.
Uncover investigation the placement of an agent in a role in which the agent’s true identity and role remains unknown
in order to obtain information for criminal prosecution or for recovery of asset losses.
refresher conferences it is design to remind employees about their responsibilities, review the guidelines, policies and
regulations is being implemented.
security promotion
the act of emphasizing the importance and role of security achieving the
company goals and objectives.
Exclusion Areas are used only for handling and storage of high value cargo and classified documents
Personnel Security Investigation
It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals and
loyalty of an individual in order to determine a person’s suitability for appointment.
security promotion
objectives.
TELEPHONE
the act of emphasizing the importance and role of security achieving the company goals and
A threat of sensitive information which intercept from two lines.
EAVESDROPPING
A threat of sensitive information which have unauthorized listening.
PROPRIETORY The sensitive information which relates to the structure, product and method of operations of the
organization.
D
A classification of document which has no value.
VITAL The type of document which is irreplaceable with have no the same value as the original.
C
A classification of document which contain intelligence value.
CONFIDENTIAL The classified information which unauthorized disclosure to the interest of the nation.
B
A classification of document which contain communication and cryptographic document.
ALL
A systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about the competitor’s activities.
A
A classification of document which contain reportable time, order and significant information.
Top Secret
requires highest degree of protection with great reserve.
Secret Matters information and material, unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security causes
serious injury to the interest of the country.
Confidential Matters
to individual.
unauthorized disclosure would be prejudicial to the interest of the nation or unwarranted injury
Document Security
deals with measures to prevent unauthorized disclosure of classified information.
Competitive Intelligence
is a systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about the competitor’s
activities. (industrial espionage).
Eavesdropping unauthorized listening
Wiretapping
interception of a communication circuit.
Bugging
interception of communication using an electronic device.
Telephone Eavesdropping
interception from two lines.
Dialed number recorder (pen register) records and prints detailed information.
Proprietary information
information related to the status, operations and activities.
Trade Secret
refers to the formula, pattern device or compilation of information used in one’s business.
SECURITY HAZARD
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life and
destruction of property or disruption of the activity of the installation.
Relative criticality of operation is the importance of the firm with reference to the natural economy and security.
Relatively vulnerability is the susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage or disruption of operation due to
various hazards.
SABOTEUR
He is the most dangerous for whom security will have to deal with while planning and implementing
security measures and techniques.
ESPIONAGE
He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in deception.
Casual pilferer one who steals due to the inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has fear of detection.
Systematic pilferer
economic gain.
one who steals with preconceived plans and take away all types of items or supplies for
Location of items
the systematic pilferer surveys shopping, store ares or contracts from the firms.
Access to the Items
techniques can be from fake documents, bribing of guards, creating disturbances or other
methods to divert the attention
Removal of Items
VIP security
individuals
VIP
can be done by wearing a stolen items and using false documents.
aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent
Very Important Person
ESCORT one or more persons accompanying another to give guidance or protection or to pay honor.
BODYGUARD
one or more persons accompanying another to give guidance or protection or to pay honor.
Area security covers the surrounding areas of engagement. It conducts prophylactic (neutralize the area), operations
in the area of engagement.
Perimeter security
personnel.
secures the immediate areas surrounding the place of engagement. It usually for the uniformed
Advance security
the advanced security at the place of engagement before the arrival of the VIP.
Close-in security
accompanies the VIP wherever he goes. Maximum of four (4) persons.
Reserve security
on standby for possible back-up/ re-enforcement.
Routine security
neutralize the possible route of the VIP party.
CLOSE PROTECTION
It is defined as the deployment of a number of security trained officers to provide a ring of
protection in close proximity to the recipient
Direct Protection
where the protectee receives close protection on foot
BOX
good all round defence and good visual impact, but leads to gapps between officers.
DIAMOND
will filter around the protectee but can appear very aggressive
V FORMATION will filter crowd around the protectee but widen the individual arcs responsibility for officers.
Mobile Protection
the aim is to eliminate or reduce the opportunity for attack during movement of vehicle
Static Protection
the aim is to eliminate or reduce the opportunity for attack by placing defensive perimeter
between the protected asset and a potential attacker.
Crisis Management
is the totality of action of handling or responding to a given crisis situation
Crisis management Plan
is a complete and comprehensive plan of actions designed to protect life, freedom and
property, before , during and after any given situation.
COMMUNICATION
medium or channel
is the transfer of thought from the mind of one person to another thought for s common
MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION
refers to the common language known for two or more individuals who want to
exchange thought or ideas with each other.
CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION
Communications security
telecommunications
refers to the equipments being used to transfer thoughts or ideas.
is the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessing
COMSEC
is used to protect both classified and unclassified traffic on military communications networks, including
voice, video, and data.
COMSEC
ensures the security of telecommunications confidentiality and integrity
Cryptosecurity This encrypts data, rendering it unreadable until the data is decrypted.
Emission Security (EMSEC)
This prevents the release or capture of emanations from equipment, such as
cryptographic equipment, thereby preventing unauthorized interception.
Physical Security
This ensures the safety of, and prevents unauthorized access to, cryptographic information
Traffic-Flow Security
This hides messages and message characteristics flowing on a network.
Transmission Security (TRANSEC)
interruption and harm.
This protects transmissions from unauthorized access, thereby preventing
Hand held radio or Walkie talkie
communication on electromagnetic waves transmitted through the space.
Basic types of radio’s
amateur and commercial; for emergency and business purposes, respectively
Alertness
give the impression that you are alert and awake and interested as person calling.
Pleasantness
build a pleasant office image with voice of smile.
Natural
use simple language
Distinctness
speak clearly and relax to avoid garbled transmission.
Expressiveness normal tone of voice in moderate manner
PROGRESS
Controlling is the work of a manager to assess and regulate work in
OPERATION
Agency manager is automatically the chief security director who shall be responsible for the entire
WATCHMAN AND/OR GUARD Security guard is the one posted as
ASSISTANT AGENCY MANAGER
The security executive director who shall assist the agency director and take the
operational and administrative management is called.
POST-IN-CHARGE
period is called
He is responsible for the entire detailed security office within a certain shift for a particular
STAFF DIRECTOR FOR OPERATION
a position includes the responsibility to canvass clientele and the
implementation of contract and agreement.
SECURITY EDUCATION PROGRAM
program given to employees of an installation by lecture and other means
pertaining to measure and safeguard to be taken to protect the interest of the installation.
SUBORDINATES
Leading is the work of a manager to perform active participation from his STAFF DIRECTOR FOR
ADMINISTRATION is responsible for the professionalization of the personnel, procurement, recruitment, mobility and
issuances of firearms.
SIT
The part of security plan that explain the historical background of the organization.
PLANNING
The work of a manager to anticipate a course of action
SEC SURVEY
The process of conducting a physical examination and thorough inspection of all operation system.
SEC GUARD
He is responsible for the security officer who is scheduled in a certain shift for the particular period.
SEC ED An education, information and skill development process that bring about anticipated performance.
CHIEF He is responsible for inspecting the entire area covered by the detachment.
ORG The work of a manager performs by arranging the work and the worker so as produce an effective and efficient
performance.
SEC INSP
policies.
The process of conducting physical examination to determine compliance with establishment security
COMMAND
operation.
This pertains to the channel of communication needed when implementing the project until in full
SEC INSP
operation.
This pertains to the channel of communication needed when implementing the project until in full
6
He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and sound alarm in case of fire or disorder.
GO 10 To salute all company officials, superior in the agency, government official and officers of the PNP.
GO 1
To take charge of the post and all companies properties in view.
CC3
He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in the discharge of his duties or sit
down unless required by the nature of his work and shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty.
GO 9 To call the superior in any case not covered by the instructions.
GO 5
To quit my post only when properly relieved.
CC10 He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of life
and property.
CC4
He shall not read newspaper, magazines, books, etc., while performing his duties.
GO3
To report all the violations that I am instructed to enforce.
CC8
He shall know the location of the telephone and the telephone number of the police precincts as well as the fire
stations in the locality.
RA 5487
The act that regulates the organization and operation of private detective
RA 5487
the Private Security Agency Law has been amended by PD 100
RA 7641
Philippines
An act amending Article 287 of PD 442 as amended, otherwise known as the labor code of the
PROFESSIONAL SEC GUARD
is any person who render personal service to guard residential or business premises or
both, government buildings and establishment.
SECURITY SUPERVISOR is charged in directing the work and observing the behavioral performance of the guard under
his unit.
Private Detective
commission.
is any natural person who does detective work for hire, reward and compensation or
Security Guard Force
a group of forces of men selected, trained or organized into functional group
Security Education Program - a program given to employees of an installation by lecture and other means pertaining to
measure and safeguards
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS (CPLEA4)
MORALITY
________ agreed upon rules for what is “right” and “wron
CUSTOM OR CHARACTER The word “ethicos” is a Greek word which means:
ETHICS
_________ is a philosophical science dealing with the morality of the human acts.
ETHICS
________ is the backbone of the human action, conduct and existence.
GOOD CHARACTER To maintain public trust, police must be men and women of _________.
MORALITY
________ is the doing of the ethics.
ETHICS
________ is a philosophical science dealing with the morality of the human acts.
ETHICS
________ relates to the philosophy behind a moral outcome.
ETHICS _________ is a normative science based on reason, on which interprets specific and paramount facts, the
elements of which are conduct in oughtness.
ETHICOS
Ethics is derived from the Greek word __________
PHILOSOPHICAL
Ethics means a _______ study of morality, of the foundation on which morality is based, and of
the practical implications of a systematic moral outlook.
REASON
Ethics is a normative science based on ___________, which interprets specific and paramount facts, the
elements of which are conduct in oughtness.
NORMALITY Ethics is the practical science of the ________ of human conduct.
HAPPINESS
Ethics is the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of the rightness or wrongness as
a means for the achievement of ultimate _________.
PURPOSE, PERSISTENCE, PATIENCE, PERSPECTIVE, PRIDE
to Blanchard and Peale
Choose The Five Principles of Ethical Power According
JUDGES
Ethics is the normative science of the conduct of human beings living in societies - science which ____
this conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad.
MORALITY
MORAL VALUES
Ethics is a philosophical science dealing with the _________ of human acts.
________ refer to those qualities of an art performed by men freely and knowingly.
DOMAIN OF FREE CHOICE Pertains to the behavior about which law has to say and for which an individual or
organization enjoys complete freedom.
A HUMAN ACT
When man performs an act with free will he does _______.
VALUE
What is good; what is worth; respond to need:
VALUES
According to Mark Sheller, these are valuable essences or properties.
DOMAIN OF CODIFIED LAW Values and standards are written into the legal systems and enforceable in the courts.
A THING W/OUT AN OWNER “Res nullius” means:
DOMAIN OF ETHICS No specific laws, yet it does have standards on conduct based on shared principles and values about
moral conduct that guide an individual or organization.
AN ACT OF MAN
otherwise.
___________ is performed by one who is forced to do so at the risk of his own life if he does
RIGHTS
This means equitable, reasonable, just or something which is due to others.
VALUES
According to Mark Sheller, these are valuable essences or properties.
THEOLOGICAL It is an intellectual discipline that aims at setting forth in an orderly manner the content of religious
faith.
VALUE, OBLIGATION, FREEDOM, RESPONSIBILITY
The Four (4) Principles of Ethical Theory
PSYCHOLOGICAL
It deals with overt or observable action and to covert or unobservable mental processes and
states such as perception, thought, reasoning, problem solving, emotions and feelings.
DOMAIN OF CODIFIED LAW Values and standards are written into the legal systems and enforceable in the courts.
PHILOSOPHICAL
Man is always conventional. He acts in line with the act of the community. Always go with the
mentality of the people.
RA 6975
The Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1991:
PATROL
It is said to be the backbone of the police unit.
CITIZEN’S RREST
called _________.
Technically speaking all citizens in a democracy have the power to make an arrest, which we
TRAFFIC CONTROL
This includes monitoring vehicular traffic and investigation of traffic accidents.
POLICE
These are public officials with the extraordinary powers of arrest who performs the direct police services
of patrol, criminal investigation, and/or traffic control.
DISHONESTY It is the concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a fact relevant to one’s office or connected
with the performance of his duties.
MALFEANCE It is the performance of some act which ought not to be done. It is the doing either through ignorance,
inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any authority
whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses his powers.
INCOMPETENCY
duties.
It is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of police
DISLOYALTY
Consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the Government of the Philippines or
advocating the overthrow of the government.
POLICE ETHICS It is the practical science that treats the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement.
NONFEASANCE
It is the omission of some act, which ought to be performed. It is the omission or refusal without
sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which as a peace officer’s legal obligation to perform.
POLICE CUSTOMS
A set of norms and standards practiced by members during social and other functions.
MISFEASANCE
It is the improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
OPPRESSION Imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, or excessive use of authority.
ETHICAL STANDARDS
It refers to the set of conducts and behavior governing a group, a class or organization.
TYPE OF TRAINING
the PNP training.
It involves strengthening the behavior of the selected applicant is believed be the objective of
RESPONSE TO TRAINING
Trainees’ obedience to legal orders is indispensable in undergoing the training.
PUBLIC OFFICIAL
Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in
the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation or
not, regardless of amount.
ABILITY TO RISE WHEN FAIL
Facing the consequences of our action is a sign of maturity.
USE OF PROPER MEANS
The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of methods
in discharging the duty of his office.
PRIMODIAL POLICE The primary objective of police is the prevention of crime.
GIFT It refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any act of liberality in favor of another who accepts it and
shall include a simulated sale or ostensibly onerous disposition thereof.
DETERMINATION
Trainees’ resolve to pursue the required training.
BACKGROUND OF THE APPLICANTS
This includes the qualification like educational attainment and morality.
PUBLIC OFFICIAL
Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in
the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation or
not, regardless of amount.
PRIMORDIAL POLICE RESPONSIBILITY The primary objective of police is the prevention of crime.
LIMITATION OF POLICE AUTHORITY
have placed him.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAW
He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law,
He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have placed him.
USE OF PROPER MEANS
The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of methods
in discharging the duty of his office.
COOPERATION WITH PUBLIC OFFICIAL The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of
methods in discharging the duty of his office.
PROPER CONDUCT
The policeman shall be mindful of his special identification by the public as an upholder of law
CONDUCT TOWARDS COMMUNITY
The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to the community
CONDUCT IN ARRESTING
Policeman shall use his powers to arrest in accordance with the law and with due regard
to the rights of the citizen concerned.
FIRMNESS IN REFUSING GIFTS He shall guard against placing himself in a Position in which the public can reasonably
assume that special consideration is being given.
ATTITUDE TOWARDS POLICE PROFESSION
Policeman shall regard the best possible of his duties as a public trust
and recognize his responsibilities as a public servant.
DEVOTION OF DUTY Policemen shall perform their duties with devotion, and manifest concern for public welfare,
and shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be in conflict with their duties as public servants.
PHYSICAL FITNESS
All PNP members shall strive to be physically and mentally fit and in good health at all times.
CONSERVATION
Policemen shall help in the development and conservation of our natural resources for
ecological balance and posterity as these are inalienable heritage of our people.
COMMITMENT Members will always uphold public interest over and above personal interest.
OBEDIENCE
Policemen of lower ranks must be always courteous and obedience to their superior officers.
MORALITY
to follow.
Policemen shall adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set food examples for others
SALUTE The usual greetings rendered by uniformed members upon meeting and recognizing entitled persons.
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY Supervisor or immediate superior shall be responsible for the effective supervision,
control and direction of their personnel.
NON-SOLICITATION
All PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career development and shall not
directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation.
PERSEVERANCE Once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take legitimate action or means to achieve the goals
even in the face of internal or external difficulties, and despite anything which might weaken their resolve in the course
of time.
RIHP
Members recognize the practice that different rank carry with them corresponding privileges.
LOYALTY
Policemen must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service as manifested by their loyalty to
their superiors, peers and subordinates as well.
DISCIPLINE
It is manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and through spontaneous actions towards
attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal norms.
ODERLINESS Policemen shall follow procedures in accomplishing their tasks assigned to them to minimize waste in
the use of time, money and effort.
HUMILITY
Policemen shall recognize the fact that they are public servants and not the masters of the people and
toward this end, they should perform their duties without arrogance.
PROPER CARE Members shall be responsible for the security, proper care and use of public property issued to them
and/or deposited under their care and custody.
JUSTICE
Policemen shall strive constantly to respect their rights as human beings, parents, children, citizens,
workers, leaders or in other capacities and to see to it that others do likewise.
SOCIAL AWARENESS All PNP members and their immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively get
involved in the religious, social and civic activities to enhance the image.
INTEGRITY
Policemen shall not allow themselves to be victim of corruption and dishonest practices in accordance
with the provisions of Republic Act No. 6713 and other applicable laws.
COURTESY OF THE POST
unit.
The host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who may respect the command or
SECRECY
All PNP members shall guard the confidentiality of classified documents and information against
unauthorized disclosure.
POLICE LIFESTYLE
The PNP shall endeavor to promote a lifestyle for every member of the PNP that is acceptable to
the eyes of the public.
HUMAN RIGTH All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and man's inalienable rights to life, liberty,
and property.
NON-PARTISAN PNP members shall provide services to everyone without discrimination regardless of party affiliation in
accordance with existing laws and regulations.
PNP IMAGE
The image of the PNP affect the esprit de corps, morale and welfare of members and sense of pride to
the organization.
EQUALITY
service
There shall be judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity to prove one's worth in the police
POLICE MANAGEMENT The effectiveness of law enforcement is reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent
leadership of the men and women in the PNP.
DELICADEZA
It is consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP.
DEMOCRACY
Uniformed members of the PNP commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values
and maintain the principle of public accountability.
CAREER MANAGEMENT
Its proper implementation will greatly enhance personal and professional advancement
towards police professionalism.
DIRECT This is the worst behavior of the police. A policeman is directly involved in criminal activities like robbery,
kidnapping. drug trafficking, etc.
CORRUPTION This corruption includes receiving free meals, services, discount, gratuities, etc.
GRASS EATERS They are police officers who engage in relatively minor type of corruption opportunities as they present
themselves.
POLICECO
Refers to the police abuse of authority by taking advantage to his gain and benefits.
MEAT They are police officers who actively seek out corruption opportunities and engaged in both minor and major
patterns of corruption.
SHAKEDOWNS This is an act of extortion usually committed by policemen who caught in the act criminals like pusher,
user gambling bet collector, etc.
INTERNAL
etc.
This kind of corruption mostly happened inside the organization. They sell work assignment, promotion,
PROTECTION This is a collusion between the police and criminals, like gambling operators, owners of nightclubs which
is showing nude models to insure they can operate freely without risk because of their good relationship with the police.
OPPORTUNISTIC
This kind is not actually corruption but is taking of advantage of situation, like taking of
properties left in the crime scene and without reporting to the authority.
WHITE KNIGHTS
These policemen are straightforward fellow
STRAIGHT SHOOTERS These are honest policemen who are ready to hide the corrupt practices of their comrades as
part of camaraderie.
ROUGES
camaraderie.
These are honest policemen who are ready to hide the corrupt practices of their comrades as part of
Malfeasance
the doing of an act by a public officer who has without authority to do the same.
Misfeasance
the doing of an act by a public officer in a wrong way or with wrong result
Nonfeasance
the failure to perform an act which a public officer has a duty to do.
BRUTALITY
unnecessary and unreasonable use of force in effecting arrest or abuse in the manner of conducting
search and seizure.
SEXUAL MISCONDUCT kind of police misconduct which is commonly committed by policeman who sexually molested
female or male clients
ACCEPTED LYING
considered part of po lice working environment, like for example in a discreet operation.
DEVIANT LYING
regulations.
this involves lies that violate substantive or procedural laws and police office rules and
GRASS They are police officers who engage in relatively minor type of corruption opportunities as they present
themselves.
FIXES
This involves mediating in criminal cases or problems involving traffics.
DIRECT CRIMINAL
This is a worst behavior of a police. A policeman is directly involved in criminal activities like
robbery, kidnapping. drug trafficking, etc.
MEAT They are police officers who actively seek out corruption opportunities and engaged in both minor and major
patterns of corruption.
POLICE CORRPTION
Refers to the police abuse of authority by taking advantage to his gain and benefits.
SHAKEDOWNS This is an act of extortion usually committed by policemen who caught in the act criminals like pusher,
user gambling bet collector, etc.
OPPORTUNISTIC
This kind is not actually corruption but is taking of advantage of situation, like taking of
properties left in the crime scene and without reporting to the authority.
PROTECTION This kind is not actually corruption but is taking of advantage of situation, like taking of properties left in
the crime scene and without reporting to the authority.
INTERNAL
etc.
This kind of corruption mostly happened inside the organization. They sell work assignment, promotion,
CORR OF AUTHORITY This corruption includes receiving free meals, services, discount, gratuities, etc.
VULNERA
It suggests that certain groups of people are the more susceptible to being victimized because of
demographics rather than any unique individual attributes.
PRIMARY
The tendency to form impressions of people quickly.
ARENS Refers to the government’s right to take care of minors and others who cannot legally take care of themselves.
4MIN The point in an initial meeting at which most people have formed a positive or negative opinion about an
individual with whom they are communicating.
YOUTH GANG Provide their members with a feeling of belonging as well as protection from other youth.
DESCRIBING
The message sender presents feelings or perceptions that do not judge others or needing to change.
HIGH In this empathy, the recipient has a feeling of being able to elaborate on the discussion and feels truly
understood.
STREET It is a group of people who form an allegiance based on various social needs and engage in acts injurious to
public health and public morals.
SECONDARY The one who is not directly affected by the impact of the crime to the primary victim like the husband of
the wife who was the victim of rape.
EMPHATY
The act of understanding others.
CONTROLLING Few people appreciate being told how to act or what to do period of course, in certain situations, police
officers must say control.
GANG This is a somewhat organized group of people for some duration with a special interest in violence for status
providing purposes.
INDIFFERENCE An officer can convey this by the simple act of answering a call for service while talking to someone.
POSITIVE INTETN
People react positively to situations they believe are represented accurately. People usually
resent being used or subjected to hidden agenda.
PROBLEM ORIEN
People are encouraged to share their perspectives on a problem period this is an important part
of community oriented, problem solving policing.
VICTIMOLOGY Refers to the study of crime victims, includes concepts of victims’ vulnerability and culpability.
EQUALITY
People’s differences are recognized and respected.
PRIMARY
incident.
The one to whom the crime was really directed to or a person who is actually harmed or affected by the
OPENNESS
People work together toward solutions rather than choosing sides to debate the best solution.
MANI It is manipulative to communicate with hidden motives to get people to unknowingly agree or act in a certain
way.
CONTROLLIN Few people appreciate being told how to act or what to do period of course, in certain situations, police
officers must say control.
SUPERIORITY
Central to this attitude is the feeling that what you have to say is ultimately much more
important than what is being said by others.
CERTAIN
A person who is convinced of the truthfulness or accuracy of his or her information is generally unable
to recognize the possibility of making a mistake.
IDNI
An officer can convey this by the simple act of answering a call for service while talking to someone.
EMPHA It is the understanding of another person.
HIGH In this empathy, the recipient has a feeling of being able to elaborate on the discussion and feels truly
understood.
MODERATE
The communicator grasps at least the essential part of the message and sends a message that fits well
with what the other is saying and is interchangeably essential.
JUDGING
Rather than focusing on the potential of what someone says, a judgmental person focuses on
discrediting what is being said.
MANI It is manipulative to communicate with hidden motives to get people to unknowingly agree or act in a certain
way.
LOW The communicator shows little no understanding of the most basic part of what the other has communicated,
seems out of touch with what the other has said, and responds only from him or her own frame of preference.
GAYS Homosexuals have long been experienced discrimination by police officers. But now that third sex is somewhat
accepted by Filipino society particularly in the family, gays have so far received fair treatment from the police.
COMM SERVICE
These are youth program comprising a variety of activities for children-recreation, sports, skill
game, camping music and so forth.
THE ELDERLY
Law enforcement must rise to the challenge of providing services which, along with other
governmental assistance, will enrich the lives of the senior citizens.
COMM PARTI It is the widely used social work concept of community organization, with particular attention to the
participation of the police and the other criminal justice agencies.
RELIGIOUS
These groups are very vocal in the activities that they occupied slots on TV to propagate their belief.
NATIONALISM
Filipinos struggle against invaders like the Spaniards, the Americans and the Japanese brought
about the highest loyalty to the Nation of everyone.
PROPAGANDA It is defined “as any association, systematic scheme, or concerted movement for a particular scheme or
doctrine.”
YOUTH As young people grow from childhood into adulthood sense, their potential for conflict increases.
COMMUNIY It refers not only to those living in the same area, but also to those who share the same interests, work,
ethnicity, and so on.
ARROGANCE
CIVIC
Public Relation Officer must have these, except:
These groups remain subservient to the law.
POOR
Rather than seeing police officers as protectors of the rights and property, they tend to see police as
protectors of others' rights and property.
DVER This is mainly concerned with communication, selling messages through chosen media to selected audiences.
VOICE OF PEOPLE IS THE VOICE OF GOD
The slogan “vox populi, vox die” means:
ETHNIC MINO These people seemed to have negative feelings against the police because they thought that the police
are biased against them.
FAMILISM
The extended family is the unit for sup and loyalty, rather than impersonal institutions
PUBLIC RELATIONS
The activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable impressions to the public.
ADVER This is mainly concerned with communication, selling messages through chosen media to selected audiences.
MEDIA They are obligated to release information which they have, and the public has the right to know.
ATTENDING
service.
When the public entered the police office, they must be treated as customers that need the best
POL LIB The purpose of this is to have a place policeman can have already reference, or a place to make research.
NEIGHBORHOOD
The friendly neighbors are the best watchers of their houses and those of his neighbors.
PULONG PULONG
The purpose of this is to talk over matters of interests involving peace and secure security of the
locality they are living, aside from knowing one another.
RADIO
The importance of this is that there is continuing information the police is giving to the public.
POL PERIODICALS
This can also promote the image of the police the same as of the newsletter.
POLICE The prime mover of the Criminal Justice System.
NEWSLETTERS These serve as a conduit between the police and the people.
COMMUNITARIONISM It is an attempt to nurture an underlying structure of civil society.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
With the police and the community as guardians of the system can make the correction have a
second thought to do wrong or mistake in their participation as they would expect criticism from the other components.
TRADITION
________.
Impediments to implementing innovative community-oriented policing include the powerful pull of
HARMONY
Establish trust and __________ between and among neighborhood residents and the beat officer by
establishing a positive, cooperative and productive relationship between both parties.
RAPPORT
Exchange information between neighborhood residents and beat officers will strengthen ______ and
enhance neighborhood safety.
VIOLATION
Provide safe and orderly traffic flow through the neighborhoods by enforcing ______ and reducing the
number of traffic accidents.
LIBERTY
A major challenge to the criminal justice system is balancing ______ and security.
EXPERIMENTAL ___________ imbalance creates an atmosphere of trial in error and of risking taking.
TWO Resistance to change can be reduced by ___ kinds of imbalance within an organizational structure that can
render it susceptible to change.
CREATIVITY
_______ blossoms in an experimental environment that is tolerant of unusual ideas
MORALE
Identify and utilize employee or incentives conducive to improving employee ________.
CHANGE
The greatest obstacle to _____ is from within the police agency itself.
Impediments to implementing innovative community-oriented policing include the following:
o the powerful pull of tradition
o substantial segments of the public do not want the police to change
o unions will continue to be skeptical of innovation
o innovation may prove costly
o lack of vision on the part of police executives
o police department's inability to evaluate their own effectiveness.
CRIMNAL LAW BOOK 1 (CPCLJ1)
TERRITORIALITY
means that the law is only effective within the territorial confines of one's jurisdiction - be it
land, atmosphere, interior waters and maritime zone.
EX POST FACTO LAW
time it was executed.
is one passed after the commission of an act making the latter criminal when it was not at the
BILL OF ATTAINDER
is a legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial.
GENERALITY
means that the law governs all persons within the territorial jurisdiction of the state irrespective of race,
belief, sex or creed.
CRIMINAL LAW is that branch of municipal law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.
CRIME is a positive or negative act in violation of penal law.
CRIME s any act which the sovereign has deemed contrary to the public good.
PENAL LAW
is a law enacted to preserve the public order by defining an offense against the public and imposing a
penalty for its violation.
PROSPECTIVITY Irretrospectivity or _____ means that the law only takes effect after its effectivity date and never
retrospective in its application.
HUMAN CONDUCT
Criminal laws regulate ______ tell people what they cannot do and, in some instances, what
they must do under certain circumstances.
MISTAKE OF FACT
It is a misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused injury to another.
CRIMINAL LAW It is the branch of municipal law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.
TERRITORIALITY
in that criminal law undertakes to punish crimes committee within Philippine territory.
ENGLISH RULE Crimes are triable in that country, unless they merely affect things within the vessel or they refer to the
internal management thereof.
FRENCH RULE such crimes are not triable in courts of that country, unless their commission affects the peace and
security of the territory or the safety of the state is endangered.
ACT
any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the external world.
CRIMINAL LAW
regulate human conduct and tell people what they cannot do and, in some instances, what they
must do under certain circumstances.
FELONIES
are acts and omissions punishable by the revised penal code.
INTENT It is the purpose to use a particular means to affect such result.
REALISTIC THEORY
the basis of criminal liability is the sum of social and economic phenomena to which the actor
was exposed, hence the penalty imposed is for preventive or corrective purposes.
BILL OF ATTAINDER
GENERALITY
legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial.
in that criminal law is binding on all persons who live or sojourn in Philippine territory.
WHEN IN DOUBT, YOU MUST AWUIT
In dubiis reus est absolvendus
CLASSICAL THEORY
the basis of criminal responsibility is the existence of the offender’s free will and the penalty for
his criminal act is by way of retribution.
CRIME a positive or negative act in violation of penal law.
MALA IN SE
It is wrongful act from their nature.
OMMISION
is meant inaction, the failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
OMMISSION
It is a failure to perform a positive duty required by law. It is a violation of a law commanding it.
FELONY
The word does not cover a crime punished by special law.
MENS REA, ACTUS REUS
For a crime to exist in our law, there must be both _____ (criminal intent or guilty
minds) and _______ (criminal or guilty act).
DECEIT They are committed not only by means of ____ – that is, when the acts performed with deliberate intent.
FELONIES
are acts and omissions punishable by law.
FAULT but also by means of _____– i.e., when the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight,
or lack of skill.
SPECIAL LAW the term is one which is not amendatory of the provisions of the code but which defines and punishes
offenses not covered by the latter
CONSUMATED when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.
INTENTIONAL FELONIES
committed by means of deceit or malice (Ex. Murder and Estafa)
FRUSTRATED the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but
which nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
CULPABLE FELONIES where the wrongful acts result from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill (Ex.
Homicide thru reckless imprudence or reckless imprudence resulting in homicide).
SUBJECTIVE PHASE
is that portion of the execution of the crime starting from the point where the offender begins
up to that point where he still has control of is acts.
CONSPIRACY it exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it.
INTENTIONAL FELONY refer to malicious intent and that it must be proven beyond reasonable doubt.
OBJECTIVE PHASE
is the result of the acts of the execution, that is, the accomplishment of the crime.
LESS GRAVE FELONIES those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional
Praeter intentionem
INJURIOUS RESULT
MALA PROHIBIT
A wrong merely because they are prohibited by statutes, like illegal possession of
firearms or violation of the Omnibus Election Law.
ATTEMPTED when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts of execution which
should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.
SPECIAL LAW is one which is not amendatory of the provisions of the code but which defines and punishes offenses
not covered by the latter.
MISTAKE IN THE BLOW Aberration ictus
MISTAKE IN THE IDENTITY
Error in personae
LIGHT FELONIES
those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding two hundred (P200.00) pesos, or both, is provided
ROPOSAL
when the person who decided to commit a felony proposes to some other person or persons.
GRAVE FELONIES
those to which the law attached the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their
periods are afflictive in accordance with Art. 25 of the RPC
LIGHT OFFENSES
punishable only when they have been consummated, with the exception of those committed
against persons or property.
MALA IN SE
crimes which are wrong from their nature, such as murder, theft, rape, etc.
IMBECILE
An ____ is a person marked by mental deficiency, while an insane is one who has an unsound mind or
suffers from a mental disorder.
PLEA OF GUILTY
Is not considered mitigating if entered after the prosecution had begun presenting its
evidence.
70
The circumstances that the offender is over ____ years of age is only a generic mitigating circumstance.
CHILD below nine years old is absolutely free from criminal liability.
ENTRAPMENT In an ______ ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of trapping and capturing the
lawbreakers in the execution of their criminal plan.
ABSOLUTORY CAUSES Is “a circumstance which is present prior to or simultaneously with the offense by reason of
which the accused who acts with criminal intent, freedom and intelligence does not incur criminal liability for an act
constitutes a crime.”
INSTIGATION, INSTIGATOR
In _____, the ____ practically induces the would-be defendant into the commission of
the offense, and himself becomes a co-principal.
DISCERNMENT a child above 15 years of age but below 19 years of age shall be exempt from criminal liability unless he
has acted with _____
DISCERNMENT must be proved by showing that the accused acted with knowledge or understanding of the
consequences of his act.
AN ACT DONE IN OBEDIENCE
Which of the following is an exempted circumstance?
HE IS STILL CRIMINALLY LIABLE What will be the effect on the criminal liability of the accused who was sane when he
committed the crime, but becomes insane at the time of the trial?
NO
H (husband) and W (wife) are legally married. H saw W having sex with P (paramour). H attacked P with a bolo. P
defended himself by inflicting knife wounds on H. H die due to knife wound. Is P liable for death of H?
THAT THE MEANS Which of these is NOT a requisite of “avoidance of greater evil or injury?”
YES
A and B agreed to fight outside at around 5 pm. However, at 3:00 pm, A treacherously attacked B so b defended
himself and killed the former while A is attacking him. Can B still claim self defense even though he agreed to fight?
SELF DEFENSE Which of these justifying circumstances has civil liability?
ABSOLUTORY One where the act committed is a crime but for some reasons of public policy and sentiment there is no
penalty
ALL
What is the basis of complete exempting circumstances?
AGGRAVATING How is accidental drunkenness appreciated as a circumstance in commission of offense?
ENTRAPMENT it is the ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of trapping and capturing the lawbreakers in
the execution of their criminal plan.
MITIGATING
those which do not entirely free the actor from penal responsibility but serve only to lessen or reduce
the impossible penalty.
ALL
Which of these may show the presence or non-presence of the killing being really a case of “self-defense” on the
part of the accused?
JUSTIFYING
Those who must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and
effects of the crime and other conditions attending its commission.
ABSO a circumstance which is present prior to or simultaneously with the offense by reason of which the accused who
acts with criminal intent, freedom and intelligence does not incur criminal liability for an act constitutes a crime.
CHILD A _____ below nine years old is absolutely free from criminal liability. But the parent or guardian of said child
may be held civilly liable.
THE CAUSE THAT BOUGHT
Which of the following statement is NOT true?
ABSO One where the act committed is a crime but for some reasons of public policy and sentiment there is no penalty:
AN ACT DONE IN OVE Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
IMBECILE
It is a person marked by mental deficiency, while an insane is one who has an unsound mind or suffers
from a mental disorder.
INSTIGATION
coprincipal.
it induces the would-be defendant into the commission of the offense, and himself becomes a
CONSPIRACY exist when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it
CORPUS DELICTI
eyewitnesses.
is the fact of the commission of the crime that may be proved by the testimonies of
PRINCIPALS, ACCOMPLICES
For “light felonies,” the following are criminally liable:
PRINCIPALS, ACCOMPLICES, ACCESSORIES
criminally liable for “grave and less grave felonies”
ACCESSORIES are those who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime, and without having participated
therein, either as principals or accomplices, take part subsequent to its commission
ACCOMPLICES it is merely instrument who perform acts not essential to the perpetration of the offense.
JURIDICIAL PERSON
It is being the subject of legal existence, susceptible of rights and obligations, or of being the
subject of juridical relations.
CONSPIRACY it exist when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it.
NATURAL PERSON
Only __________ can be the active subject of crime because of the highly personal nature of the
criminal responsibility. However, under certain special laws, juridical persons are criminally liable.
CORPUS DELICTI
means “the body or substance of the crime.”
THOSE WHO TAKE
Under Art. 17 of the RPC, who are considered principals.
ALL
Criminal law should be prospective. However, penal laws may have retroactive effect if the new law is:*
CORPUS DELICTI
eyewitnesses.
it is the fact of the commission of the crime that may be proved by the testimonies of
PRINCIPAL BY INDUCTION
a common-law wife who induced the killing of another common-law wife of her
husband by giving money to the killer is a
ALL
To be liable as principals, the offender must*
CRIMINALLY LIABLE
Under B.P. 22 (bouncing checks law), the person who signed the bouncing check in behalf of the
juridical person which is the drawer
ACCESSORIES those who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime, and without having participated therein.
INTENT Which one of the following does not belong to the group.
PRINCIPALS
They are persons criminally liable due to their direct participation in the commission of the crime.
PRINCIPALS
The penalty prescribed by law for the commission of a felony shall be imposed upon the _______ in the
commission of the felony.
ACCOMPLICES those persons who, not being a principal, cooperate in the execution of the offense by
previous or simultaneous acts.
OMMISION
is meant inaction, the failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
JURIDICAL PERSON
testate or intestate is one of the example of.
PROPOSAL
there is a proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to
some other person or persons.
COMSPIRACY The act of one is the act of all.
SUBSIDIARY
It is the personal penalty prescribed by law in substitution of the payment of fine embodied in the
decision when the same can not be satisfied because of the culprit’s insolvency.
PENALTY
act.
It is the punishment imposed by lawful authority upon a person who commits a deliberate or negligent
COMPLEX XRIMES
When a single act constitutes two or more grave or less grave felonies, or when an offense is a
necessary means for committing the other.
PRISON MAYOR
6 years and 1 day to 12 years, except when the penalty of disqualification is imposed as an
accessory penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.
DELICTO COMPUESTO When a single act constitutes two or more grave or less grave felonies
CONTINUING It is a single crime consisting of a series of acts arising from one criminal resolution, it is continuous,
unlawful act or series of acts set on foot by a single impulse and operated by an unintermittent force however long a
time it may occupy.
AGE* In imposing fines, the court may fix any amount within the limits established by law; in fixing the amount in each
case attention shall be given, not only to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, but more particularly to the
________ of the defendant.
PLURALITY
It consists of the successive execution by the same individual of different criminal acts upon any of
which no conviction has yet been declared.
DESTIERRO
It is “a punishment whereby the convict is vanished to a certain place and is prohibited from entering or
coming near the place designated in the sentence, not less 25 km. but cannot extend beyond 250 km. If the convict
should enter the prohibited place designated in the sentence, he commits the crime of evasion of sentence.”
ARESTO MAYOR*
Any person sentenced to ___________ shall not be permitted to enter the place or places
designated in the sentenced, nor within the radius therein specified.
DEATH PENALTY
age.
It is the penalty which cannot be imposed when the guilty party is more than seventy years of
DELITO COMPLEJO
When an offense is a necessary means of committing the other
ACQUITTAL
Articles which are forfeited, when the order of forfeiture is already final cannot be returned even in case
of an __________
HABITUAL DELIQUENT A person shall be deemed to be ________ if within a period of ten years from the date of his
release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, estafa, or falsification, he is found
guilty of any of said crimes a third time or oftener.
PROBATION It is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to
conditions imposed by the court.
PREVENTIVE It is the incarceration undergone by a person accused of a crime which is not bailable, or even if bailable,
can not afford to post bond.
INTERMEDIATE The purpose of this law is to uplift and valuable human material and prevent unnecessary and excessive
deprivation of personal liberty and economic usefulness.
PRISON CORRECTIONAL
6 months and 1 day to 6 years, except when suspension is imposed as an accessory
penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.
RECIDIVSM
when the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment of another
crime embraced in the same title of the revised penal code.
NOT LESS 25, MORE THAN 250 The radius specified in the penalty of destierro shall be _____________.
EXECUTIVE
it refers to the commutation of sentence, conditional pardon and absolute pardon may be granted by
the president upon recommendation of the board.
COMMUTATION
it is the reduction of the period of a prison sentence.
PROBATION
is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to conditions
imposed by the court.
PAROLE
sentence.
it is the release of a prisoner from prison after serving the minimum period of his indeterminate
PAROLE
It is an Executive clemency given to the convicted offender after the offender has served the minimum
penalty through the Board of Pardons and Parole.
15 DAYS
During the eleventh and successive years of his imprisonment, the prisoner shall be allowed a deduction
of _____ for each month of good behavior.
CONDITIONAL
It is considered a contract between the sovereign power of the executive and the convict that
the sovereign power will release convict upon compliance with the condition.
MINIMUM
Whenever any prisoner shall have served the ________ penalty imposed on him, it shall appear to the
Board of Indeterminate Sentence that such prisoner is fitted for release, said Board may authorize the release of such
prisoner on parole, upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Board.
CONTINUE
Amado was change with homicide during the pendency of the case Amado died what will happen to the
case filed against him.
COMMUTATION
It is a change of the decision of the court made by the Chief Executive by reducing the degree of
the penalty inflicted upon the convict, or by decreasing the length of the imprisonment of the amount of the fine
DOJ
There is hereby created under the __________ an agency to be known as the Probation Administration herein
referred to as the Administration, which shall exercise general supervision over all probationers.
FINAL No penalty shall be executed except by virtue of a _________ judgment.
STRICTLY
Any person who has been granted conditional pardon shall incur the obligation of _____ otherwise, his
non compliance shall result in the revocation of the pardon.
SUSPENDED
When a convict becomes insane or imbecile after final sentence has been pronounced, the execution of
said sentence is __________ only as regards the personal penalty.
COURT The probationer and his probation program shall be under the control of the ____ who placed him on probation
subject to actual supervision and visitation by a probation officer.
INSTITUTIONAL In determining whether an offender may be placed on probation, the court shall consider all information
relative, to the character, antecedents, environment, mental and physical condition of the offender, and available
__________.
PROBATION is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to conditions
imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer.
PTOB OFFICER No person shall be placed on probation except upon prior investigation by the __________ and a
determination by the court that the ends of justice and the best interest of the public as well as that of the defendant
will be served thereby.
PROBATIONER means a person placed on probation.
SIXTY DAYS
The probation officer shall submit to the court the investigation report on a defendant not later than
__________ from receipt of the order of said court to conduct the investigation.
PROB ADMIN The Administration shall be headed by the __________, hereinafter referred to as the Administrator,
who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines. He shall hold office during good behavior and shall not be
removed except for cause.
CONDITIONAL PARDON It is the conditional exemption of a guilty offender for the punishment imposed by a court.
ABSOLUTE PARDON
It is the total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual
PROBATION OFFICER
one who investigates for the court a referral for probation or supervises a probationer or both.
PROBATIONER a person placed on probation
P.D. No. 968
LAW THAT TOOK EFFECT ON JULY 24 1976
ONCE TIMES CAN ONE BE GRANTED PROBATION
AMNESTY
Which of the following is an executive clemency that requires the concurrence of congress?
MIN. AS MAX. In the preceding problem, impose the proper penalty on A taking into consideration the Indeterminate
Sentence Law.
QUASI It refers to commission of another crime during service of sentence of penalty imposed for another previous
offense.
MINIMUM
Whenever any prisoner shall have served the ________ penalty imposed on him, it shall appear to the
Board of Indeterminate Sentence that such prisoner is fitted for release, said Board may authorize the release of such
prisoner on parole, upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Board.
RESTITUTION
Pedro was required to provide financial remuneration for the losses incurred by the victim.
What is the type of penalty described?
AMNESTY
Which of the following is an executive clemency that requires the concurrence of congress?
COMMUNITY The parole and probation administration administers a _________ correctional program.
CORR ADMIN It is concerned with the management of adult and juvenile offenders after they are convicted by the
courts.
GO AND PLAY Which of the following should a probationer avoid?
NONE Which agency performs the evaluation of prisoner’s fitness and qualifications for the grant of pardon or parole?
INCARCERATION
It include shock incarceration, placing offenders in confinement for a set period and then
releasing them to serve probation, confinement in jail and confinement in prison. The four basic types are:
indeterminate discretionary determinate presumptive, and mandatory
4103 What law is very supportive for the convicted prisoner after he completely served the minimum sentenced of his
indeterminate prison term of his incarceration can be eligibility for his early release.
ISL
The RA 4103 known as:
INTERME
A minimum and maximum amount of time to be served in prison is referred to as _______.
MIN AND MAX Why is the sentence in the Indeterminate Sentence Law called indeterminate?
CONDITIONAL
It is considered a contract between the sovereign power of the executive and the convict that
the sovereign power will release convict upon compliance with the condition.
PROBATION OFFICER
One who investigate for the court a referral for probation or supervises a probationer or both
AMNESTY
It denotes the general pardon to rebels for their treasons and other high political offenses.
BY COMPEN
It is one of the extinguishment of civil liability.
1 YR
The crime of libel on other similar offenses shall prescribed in _____
COMMUTATION
originally imposed.
It is a remission of a part of the punishment. It is a substitution of a less penalty for the one
6MOS The 0ffense of oral deformation and slander by deed shall prescribed in _____
PRESCRIPTION In computing the period of ______ the first day is to be excluded and the last day included.
15 YRS Crimes punishable by other affective penalties shall prescribe in _____
NONE It is an act of grace, proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws which exempt the
individual on whom it is bestowed from the punishment which the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.
STRICTLY
Any person who has been granted conditional pardon shall incur the obligation of _____ otherwise, his
non compliance shall result in the revocation of the pardon.
ABSOLUTE
committed.
It removes all the consequences of conviction because such kind of pardon blots out the crime
TRIAL Criminal liability is totally extinguished by
PROBATIONER A person placed on probation.
THE DEAt\TH The death of the convict, whether before or after final judgment, extinguishes only when the death
occurs before final judgment. But civil liability is extinguished only when __________.
20YRS Crimes punishable by reclusion perpetua or reclusion temporal shall prescribed in _____
PRESCRIPTION OF CRIME
lapse of a certain time.
It is the forfeiture or loss of the right of the state to prosecute the offender after the
COMMUTATOIN
It is a change of the decision of the court made by the Chief Executive by reducing the degree of
the penalty inflicted upon the convict, or by decreasing the length of the imprisonment of the amount of the fine
10YRS Crimes punishable b correctional penalty shall prescribed in _____
SUSPENDED
When a convict becomes insane or imbecile after final sentence has been pronounced, the execution of
said sentence is __________ only as regards the personal penalty.
CRIMINAL LAW Is that branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their
punishment.
ARREST A restraint on person, depriving one of his own will and liberty, binding him to become obedient to the will of
the law
PREMISES
signifies distinct and definite locality. It may mean a room, shop, building or definite area, but in either
case, locality is fixed.
THEFT Is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of persons nor
force upon things, shall take personal property of another without the latter’s consent.
REPARATION
In case of inability to return the property stolen, the culprit must pay the value of the property stolen.
INSTIGATION Public officer or private detective induces an innocent person to commit a crime and would arrest him
upon or after the commission of the crime by him
AGGRA Are those which, if attendant in the commission of the crime, serve to increase the penalty without, however,
exceeding the maximum of the penalty provided by law for the offense.
LIGHT Are those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding
200 pesos, is provided
LEWD Is designed as obscene, lustful, indecent, and lecherous. It signifies the form of immorality which has relation to
moral impurity; or that which is carried on a wanton manner.
BATTERY
Application of force to another, resulting in harmful or offensive contact.
LESS GRAVE
Are those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional.
GRAVE Are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are
afflictive.
ACQUITTAL
a jury verdict that a criminal defendant is not guilty or the finding of a judge that the evidence is
insufficient to support a conviction.
INFANTICIDE The killing of any child less than three days of age, whether the killer is the parent or grandparent, any
other relative of the child, or a stranger.
EXEMPTING
Are those grounds for exemption from punishment because there is wanting in the agent of the crime
any of the conditions which make the act voluntary, or negligent.
LIBEL Is a defamation committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, radio, phonograph, painting or theatrical
or cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means.
JUSTI Are those where the act of a person is said to be in accordance with law, so that such person is deemed not to
have transgressed the law and is free from both criminal and civil liability.
OFFENSE
Is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws such as Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees,
Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations.
MITI Those which, if present in the commission of the crime, do not entirely free the actor from criminal liability but
only serve to reduce the penalty.
SEIZE
It means to place in the control of someone a thing or to give him the possession thereof.
FORTULOUS EVENT
CASO FORTULIO
TORTIOUS ACT CULPA ACQUILANA
BREACH OF CONTRACT CULPA CONTRACTUAL
INTENT use a particular means to affect such result.
MOTIVE
moving power which impels one to action for a definite result
SPECIFIC
apply only to particular crime
QUALIFYING
change the nature of the crime.
INHERENT
necessity accompany the commission of the crime.
ACCIDENT
any happening beyond control of persons, consequences of which are not foreseeable.
IGNOMINY
moral suffering
CRUELTY
moral suffering
ABERRATIO ICTUS
mistake in the blow
ERROR IN PERSONAE
mistake in the identity of the victim
Criminal liability is totally extinguished by:
1. Death of the convict;
2. Service of the sentence;
3. Amnesty;
4. Absolute pardon;
5. Prescription of the crime;
6. Prescription of the penalty; and
7. Marriage of the offended woman, as provide in Art. 344 of the RPC.
Under the New Civil Code, civil liability is extinguished by:
1) Payment or performance;
2) Loss of the thing due;
3) Condonation or remission of debt;
4) Confusion or merger;
5) Compensation; and
6) Novation.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & INTELLIGENCE (CPCDI1)
FLAVIANNO GUERERO He is the only Filipino member of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.
USA
The FBI introduced the beginning of Automated Fingerprint Identification System in:
FRANCIS GALTON
He is an English man who published his study on classifying fingerprints and recognized the
uniqueness of the fingerprints to be used as evidence against a suspect.
ALFRED THE GREAT
He established a system of “mutual pledge” (Social Control), which was organized for the
security of the country into several levels.
HOWARD VINCENT
BERTILLION
He headed the newly organized Criminal Investigation Department in Scotland Yard.
He was considered the founder of Criminal Investigation as well as the Father of Personal Identification.
CONAN DOYLE He is known as the creator of the character of master sleuth Sherlock Holmes.
KATE WAYNE She was the first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation.
MODUS OPERANDI
VIDOQ
someone’s habits of working particularly in the context of business or criminal investigation.
He was considered as the Father of Modern Criminology in the French Police Department.
ENDURANCE This is the ability of the investigator to last physically and mentally hence he/she must have the
extraordinary physical and mental energy, enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days.
TO INQUIRE
‘Investigat’ means:
MANWONG 2004
“Criminal investigations science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic
science is in the process of identifying, locating, collecting, processing, and/or evaluating physical evidence.”
COURAGE
It is the moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth irrespective of who gets hurt.
INVESTIGATION
The act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated.
ART AND SCIENCE
Investigation is a mixture of ____________.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
DR. HANS GROSS
A _________ is an official effort to uncover information about the crime.
He said that criminal investigation is 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck.
PERSEVERANCE
It refers to steadfastness, persistence, and resolution to bring the desired conclusion in spite of
obstacles connected with criminal investigation.
INVESTIGAT
5th century.
Investigation came from the Latin term __________, which means “to inquire or to discover” during the
KNOWLEDGE ON LAWS
MOTIVE
The investigator should have basic knowledge on legal matters concerning investigation.
It is the moving power or force which compels a person to commits acts towards a definite result.
INSTRUMENTALITY
crime.
It involves the use of materials in other means which are essential in the commission of the
OPPORTUNITY It is the chance, or the time given to the offender in committing the crime.
LUCK
Dr. Hans Gross said that criminal investigation is 95% perspiration, 5% inspiration and 2% _____.
MOTIVE
Three elements of crime: Instrumentality, Opportunity, and ________.
5TH CENT Investigation came from the Latin term ‘investigat’, which means “to inquire or to discover” during the
_________.
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
This refers to the investigator’s capability of defense tactics, use of firearms and the like.
INVESTIGATION
The act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated.
TIPS
______are leads provided by the citizen that aid in the progress of an investigation.
PRESENTATION
This element is primarily manifested in the courtroom.
INSTRUMENTATION
detection
process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and
GARCIA, 2004
The purpose of this rule is to avoid the mutilation, alteration, and contamination (MAC) of
the pieces of physical evidence found at the crime scene.
CRIMINAL INVES
Discussed in the preceding section. It is a process that involves several steps.
COLLECTION
This element refers to the gathering this identify data or facts, or physical things that are
significant to the case under investigation.
PRESERVATION
It is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the collection stage.
EVALUATION
This element refers to the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
PATTERNS
_______ are serious of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same
person is committing a series of crimes .
RECOGNITION
This element involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may
provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.
CULTIVATED
Information are furnished by informants or informers.
GRAPEVINE SOURCES
convicts.
When the information is disclosed by the underworld characters such as prisoners or ex-
RECOGNITION Involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant information
regarding the criminal case being investigated.
INFORMATION These are the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or
documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities
FRIENDLINESS
A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the suspect to confess.
HUMILITY
He or she must be courteous, sympathetic, and humble, ready to ask apologies for the inconvenience of
the interview.
DECITFUL WITNESS
This is a liar type of witness.
SACTING QUAL
He or she must possess the quality of an actor, salesman and psychologist and know how to use
the power persuasion.
INTERVIEW
It is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information, which are relevant to the
investigation of a crime or on criminal activities.
RAPPORT
result.
It refers to the good relation between the interviewer and interviewee, which is conducive to a fruitful
Q&A Visitor view as practiced by some investigators requires the interviewee to answer the question posed by the
investigator.
TIMID WITNESS
This is a shy witness.
INTERROGATION
It is the vigorous in confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his/her
participation in the commission of crime.
TALKATIVE TYPE
This is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding relevant or new matters to their narration.
HONEST WIT This is the truthful in cooperative witness where the investigator could rely upon, with little or no
problem in handling them.
RATIONALIZATION
crime.
PROJECTION
It is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject that led to the commission of the
It is the process of putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect.
CHANGE OF FACIAL COLOR
Anger is indicated if the face is blushing.
APPROACH PHASE
This is none through investigators careful selection of the kind of
approach to use, which may be a single kind, a combination of two or the application of all techniques.
MINIMIZATION
It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
DRUNKEN TYPE
The style of questioning by the investigator should be adapted to the psychology of the subject.
KNOWLEDGDE ON PSYCHOLOGY
subject.
will help the interviewer determine the personality and intelligence of the
12 hours
______ if the crime is punishable by Arresto Menor (prison term for 1 to 30 days), public censure, fine
below PHP 200.
Arrest
_____ is the taking of a person into custody in order that he or she may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense (Sec., 1, Rule 113, Rules of Court).
standard operationg procedure
PROBABLE CAUSE
was committed.
SOP stands for:
Refers to the evidence that warrants a person of reasonable caution in the belief that a crime
RULE 7
_______ of Police Operational Procedure (2010) provides that reasonable force can be used during an
armed confrontation.
ARRESTARE
The term “arrest” came from the Latin word ______ which means “cause to stop” and “restare” which
means “stay behind”.
10 DAYS
The head of office to whom the warrant of arrest was delivered for execution shall cause the warrant to
be executed within _____ from its receipt.
400 YEARS OLD
almost _______.
The right of the law enforcement officers to use force to enter a building to make an arrest is
WARRANT OFFICER
Is any authorized member from the law enforcement agency usually from the Philippine
National Police (PNP) or National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) who holds a warrant for execution within 10 days from
receipt subject to renewal in case of failure to execute the same.
14TH CENT
The term “arrest” came from the Latin word “arrestare” which means “cause to stop” and “restare”
which means “stay behind”. This term was used as early as the __________.
10 DAYS
The head of office to whom the warrant of arrest was delivered for execution shall cause the warrant to
be executed within _____ from its receipt.
ARREST
It is the taking of a person into custody in order that he or she may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense (Sec., 1, Rule 113, Rules of Court).
400 YRS OLD The right of the law enforcement officers to use force to enter a building to make an arrest is almost
_____________.
JOHN DOE WARRATN
It is a warrant containing no specific person to be arrested but only descriptions based
on the testimonies of the victim/s or the witnesses.
ALIAS WARRANT
Refers to the warrant of arrest issued by a judge to the peace officer after returning the original
warrant of arrest after the lapse of the 10-day validity period.
FRISK SEARCH This search was established by Terry vs. Ohio, that officers could conduct a pat down of an individual
the stopped if they believed the person is armed and dangerous. This is a protective search for weapons only.
SEARCH
As used in criminal investigation, it is the act of examining persons, documents, papers, and effects.
EXCLUSIONARY RULE This rule was derived from the case of Weeks v. United States in 1914. It established a rule that
federal courts may not accept evidence by unreasonable search and seizure, regardless of the relevance of these to the
case.
CIRCARE
The word “search” was derived from the Anglo-Norman word “searcher”, old French ________ which
means “to explore”, and Latin word “circare” which means “go around in circles.”
PRONE SEARCH
The suspect in this search lies on his stomach with arms and legs outstretched.
HANDCUFFS Using these are the best method of restraint if it is applied properly; it is good preventive measure but if
improperly applied it could be dangerous.
SEARCH OF MOVING VEHICLES This search is popular called as “check points.” This instance of warrantless search
cannot be done anytime.
WALL SEARCH The initial purpose of this search is to put the suspect in an “off-balanced position”.
CONSENTED SEARCH This is if the person submitted himself/herself voluntarily to a search, it is valid because he
consented to the search.
PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE Under this doctrine, police officers can seize articles or objects which inadvertently come to
their view without exerting any effort and which object is incriminatory to the accused.
SADILI AND PENA
It is believed that as part of effecting arrest and search of enforcing the law we need to be
guided by legal established rules. Given below are situational questions and explanatory notes about “shoot to kill
order”
SILENCE
These are effectiveness of a Raid except:
RAID It is a surprise invasion of a building or area. It is a small scale attack of a limited territory.
TEAM LEADER Each man should hold his/her assigned position until his/her orders are changed by the ________.
COORDINATION
The _____ of individual efforts is an essential element in the success of the raid. The raiding
party should act as a team.
SUPERIORITY OF ARMS
These are qualifications of Raid Team, except:
SPEED The success of a raid depends upon intelligent planning and competent implementation. To achieve the
necessary elements of surprise, the operation must be performed surreptitiously with ________.
INVESTIGATION Raid is usually made after careful _________ and when other method of accomplishing the mission is
not suitable.
TO ATTACK THE ARRESTED PERSON
These are purposes of Raid, except:
COORDINATION
The ________ of individual efforts is an essential element in the success of the raid. The raiding
party should act as a team.
COOLNESS
These are effectiveness of raid, except:
WARRANT OF ARREST A raid must be legal, having its basis in lawful process and conducted in a legal manner through
____________.
BULLET
This can provide information about the make and type of ammunition and weapon from which the
bullet was fired.
CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE
contradicted.
This evidence is incontrovertible or one which the law does not allow to be
BLOOD This becomes important evidence in homicide, assaults, robberies or other cases where it may be spilled. It may
be categorized into major groups of A, B, AB, and O depending on the condition of the stain on receipt.
GLASS This can be important evidence in robberies and hit and run cases.
EVIDENCE
It is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a
matter of fact.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE It refers to writing, including official records, or contents “could speak for themselves”
when read by the investigators and the court.
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
This is the product of interview and interrogation from which witness’ smell, hear, taste
and touch are being described through oral and written testimony.
PRIMA FACIE This evidence suffices for the proof of a particular fact until contradicted by other evidence.
HAIR This may be found anywhere in the crime scene. It often found on the clothing of the victim and suspect who has
come into physical contact with each other.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
of the crime.
These are physical objects used as evidence which are obtained through searches at the scene
OBJECTEVIDENCE
This evidence is either verbal or oral. It is an evidence which consists of the narration or
deposition by one who observed or has personal knowledge of that to which he/she is testifying.
MATERIAL EVIDENCE
or rule of court.
This evidence tends to prove the fact in issue and is determined by the rules of substantive law
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
This is the product of interview and interrogation from which witness’ smell, hear, taste
and touch are being described through oral and written testimony.
TOOL MARK This potential piece of evidence is any mark that is created when an instrument has contact with another
surface. The mark left by the tool may indicate the type of tool, the size of tool and even the skill of the perpetrator.
FINGERPRINTS These consist of ridges, depression and separations. These remained unchanged and consistent
throughout lifetime.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE It refers to writing, including official records, or contents “could speak for themselves”
when read by the investigators and the court.
CORROBORAIVE EVISENCE This evidence is of different kind and character as that already given and tends to prove the
same proposition.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
of the crime.
These are physical objects used as evidence which are obtained through searches at the scene
BROAD DAYLIGHT
A person can hardly be recognized by another person at a distance further than 100 yards if the
person has never been seen before, but persons who are almost strangers may be recognized at a distance of 25 yards.
MANNERISM Stereotype movement or habit peculiar an individual.
COMPLEXION This may be determined when the whole body is exposed preferably to ordinary sunlight.
20TH YEAR
The human skeleton is unchangeable after the ________.
IDENTIFICATION
It is the process of determining the personality of a person or thing.
MENTAL MEMORY
These are characteristics which may easily be changed, except:
SOLIS 1987
“There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of identification of persons.”
GROWTH OF HAIR
These are characteristics which may not easily change, except:
TATTOO MARK
This is the introduction of coloring pigments in the layers of the skin by multiple punctures.
LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE The greater the number of points of similarities and the similarities of two
persons compared, the greater is the probability to be correct. This is known as the __________ in identification.
MENTAL MEMORY
These are characteristics that may not easily change, except:
POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION This uses information that identify an individual beyond question and is legally acceptable as
pertaining to and originating from a particular individual
DEFORMITY This may be congenital or acquired. It may cause peculiar way of walking, body movement, facial
expression, mannerisms, etc.
CHANGES IN THE EYS
or cross-eyed.
A person is identified because he is nearsighted, farsighted, colorblind, astigmatic, presbyopic,
WORKING AREA
It is an area surrounding the inner scene, where other support police may enter, and
equipment is staged, and evidence is brought to.
THE MEANS OF REPORT
This is either personal appearance, by phone or any other means.
PHOTOGRAPHER It is the one who takes photographs of all pieces of evidence that are relevant to the crime
committed.
TAKE-MID RANGE
These are photos of the immediate CS and the location of objects of evidence within the area
or room which portrays the scene from approximately 10-20 feet from the subject matter.
CRIME SCENE
DAYTIME CRIME SCENE
It is said to be a “treasure island” in criminal investigation.
This type of crime scene refers to a crime committed from sunrise to sunset.
OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE This crime scene is located in an open area. It could be inside the vehicle, airship, and vessel.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION It refers to a comprehensive inquiry of a crime scene by conducting systematic
procedure of various investigative methodologies.
TEAM LEADER
It is the one who directs the processing of the crime scene.
INDOOR CRIME SCENE This crime entails that the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place; crime could
have been committed in a room or inside the house but not necessarily the house of the victim.
THE TIME OF THE REPORT The exact time of the report, the hour and the minute should be recorded.
CRIME SCENE
SKETCHER
It is said to be a “treasure island” in criminal investigation.
The one who makes sketches of the immediate, background and inside the scene of the crime.
RUNNING CRIME SCENE
This crime scene has mixed location from indoor to outdoor or vice-versa.
EVIDENCE RECOVERY LOG It consists of the record of how physical evidence was recognized, collected, marked, and
packaged for administrative and “chain of custody” purposes.
TAKE CLOSE RANGE These photos of specific evidence (strands of hair, fibers, footprints and bloodstains)
approximately 5 feet or less from the subject matter.
NIGHTIME CRIME SCENE
This type of crime scene refers to a committed from sunset to sunrise.
INNER SCENE It is the actual crime scene, where only authorized investigators and crime scene technicians operate.
CRIME SCENE INVES It refers to a comprehensive inquiry of a crime scene by conducting systematic procedure of
various investigative methodologies.
INDOOR CRIME SCENE This crime entails that the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place; crime could
have been committed in a room or inside the house but not necessarily the house of the victim.
DOUBLE STRIP This is another variation on the strip search. Searchers follow strips in one direction, then cut across the
scene in another set of strips, oriented 90 degrees to the first.
SPIRAL The searchers in this method follow each other the path of a spiral, beginning from the outside and spiraling in
towards the center.
LINE SEARCH This is a variation of the strip search, where multiple surgeries follow a single strip in one direction, while
on-line with each other.
COORDINATED
The entire team must coordinate their efforts in order for everyone to pursue the same goal.
KNOWLEDGE This refers to the basic understanding of the crime scene technicians about what they are trying to
accomplish and why.
OBSWERVING This is the most common activity involved in crime scene processing. It is the act of mentally registering
the condition of the scene and artifacts found in it.
ASSESSING This action assists the investigator in deciding on what to do, when to do it, and what resources may be
required.
PARALLEL
WHEEL
The following are methods of search, except:
This type of searching the crime scene is applicable to areas which are circular in size or area.
FLEXIBILITY Although methodical, the technician must also be flexible in order to deal with unique situations.
COLLECTION It is a very intrusive action. It is accomplished only after all seen context is documented.
SKILLS AND TOOLS
In this critical ingredient, the technician must have the appropriate equipment and be skilled
with it in order to collect the various types of evidence he/she may encounter.
TRUTH The function of an investigation is to discover the ______.
METHODOLOGICAL The methods employed by the technician must be encompassing and purposefully regular.
ZONE The area to be searched is divided into quadrants and each searcher or a group of searchers is assigned to the
quadrant.
FLEXIBILITY Although this ingredient is methodical, the technician must also be flexible in order to deal with unique
situations.
COORDINATED EFFORT
goal.
The entire team must coordinate their efforts in order for everyone to pursue the same
LOCALITY
This deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include neighboring
buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene.
NAME OF SUS
It refers to the forehead of a sketch where the name of the suspect is written.
SKETCHER’S NAME This is where the name of the sketcher and the team leader or the officer in charge are written and
signed.
SKETCH OF DETAILS This includes the positions and exact location of the physical evidence in the crime scene.
SKETCH
of accuracy.
This means to draw or the skill, with important dimensions at the scene being shown to a good degree
MEASUREMENT
It is an element of sketch with measurements showing accurate spaces in this instance of
relevant objects to their point of reference.
TITLE This part of sketch refers to the crime committed, or the incident happened such as vascular accident, homicide
case, drowning, rape case, and others.
LOCATION
It refers to the place where the incident happened.
ROUGH SKEYCH
This is a sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene, which is full of important details
but without the scale of proportion.
TO REFRESH Why is sketching the crime scene vital?
SCALE OF PROPORTION
It is the element of the finished sketch. It is the essential of the finished sketch to the
actual size or measurements at the scene.
SKETCH
The word _____ means to draw or the skill, with important dimensions at the scene being shown to a
good degree of accuracy.
LEGEND
This is usefully placed at the bottom of the sketch outside the sketch of the scene.
THE SUPPLEMENT
Why is sketching the crime scene vital?
SKETCH OF GROUNDS This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the same of the crime with the nearest physical
surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene, the number of floors of a building or
house, the yard and the other natural structures.
CROSS PROJECTION It also describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a room at the scene of the crime.
NSTURE OF CASE It refers to the status of the case whether currently committed or days had passed after its discovery.
NAME OF VICTIM
This is the part of the sketch where name of the victim is written.
BODY It refers to the sketch proper to include the position of the victim and other items in the crime scene. It includes
proper measurements of distances of objects in the crime scene.
CIGARETTES The following are the tools used in fixed surveillance, except:
FIXED SURVEILLANCE This is usually performed when surveillance is directed to a particular building or premise. The
surveillant is immovable in place while observing his/her subject.
SHADOWIG
The term _____ refers to the act of the surveillance of following his/her subject to detect criminal
activities, to establish the association of subject, to find a wanted person and many other purposes.
TWO-MAN SHADOW This is easier for the surveillance to fully cover the subject.
SURVEILLANCE It is defined as the discreet observation of persons, places, and bagels for the purpose of obtaining
information concerning the identities or activities of criminals.
OVERT SURVEILLANCE
COVERT SURVEILLANCE
under surveillance.
This occurs if the subject is aware that he/she is under surveillance.
This is a type of surveillance conducted to a subject who is unaware that he/she is
MOVING SURVEILLANCE It is performed by foot or by the use of any transportation vehicle in order to observe the
subject.
ROOING
It is a kind of undercover work wherein surveillant assumes different rules and identity in order to
obtain information.
SURVEILLANT It is the person who conducts the surveillance or performs the observations.
SHADOW
This refers to the act of the surveillance of following his/her subject to detect criminal activities, to
establish the association of subject, to find a wanted person and many other purposes.
FIXED This is usually performed when surveillance is directed to a particular building or premise. The surveillant is
immovable in place while observing his/her subject.
MOVING
It is performed by foot or by the use of any transportation vehicle in order to observe the subject.
SECRET MEETINGS This communication is pre-arranged to pass important and vital messages which should be
immediately acted upon.
BASIS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RAID The information obtained by the undercover agents are direct, hence they are
important base for the planning and execution of future raids.
SOCIAL ASS These are places of amusements, such as bars, night clubs, in other places of entertainment for a subject
frequently goes.
GRAPEVINE SOURCE This method of tracing has easier access to the underworld where vital information could be
gathered as to the whereabouts of the particular criminal.
UNDERCOVER OP
It is presently one of the best means to solve crimes committed by professional criminals.
INSTALLATION The agent is in a position to secretly install surveillance equipment such as hearing devices or
wiretapping facilities.
GATHERING EVI
The undercover agent can observe criminal activities, hear conversations, photographs
documents and performs other activities for collating and gathering evidence.
PENETRATING By nature of the operations in this organization, which is clandestine, the only effective method of
obtaining of information is by undercover operations.
RESIDENTIAL This concerns the neighborhood of the suspect where the undercover agent fits himself/herself as a new
resident, without generating suspicion.
UNDERCOVER
It is a person who conducts an undercover assignment.
GATHERING The undercover agent can observe criminal activities, hear conversations, photographs documents and
performs other activities for collating and gathering evidence.
UNDECOVER OP
It is a police operation wherein the investigator assumes a fictitious identity in order to
infiltrate the ranks of the criminals for the purpose of obtaining information.
RESIDENTIAL This concerns the neighborhood of the suspect where the undercover agent fits himself/herself as a new
resident, without generating suspicion.
DO NOT USE MEN
These are the don’ts in a undercover assignment, except:
SIGN LANGUAGES
These are communications by the undercover agent to the headquarters, except:
INTALLATION The agent is in a position to secretly install surveillance equipment such as hearing devices or
wiretapping facilities.
SOCIAL ASS These are places of amusements, such as bars, night clubs, in other places of entertainment for a subject
frequently goes.
COUNTER-INTEL
It is a means to identify the double-crossers. the undercover agent could validate the
truthfulness of the information given by informants.
SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 1 W/LEGAL MEDICINE (CPCDI2)
CRIMINALISTICS - It includes the collection, identification, and preservation of evidence.
LAW - is a Rule of Conduct, just and obligatory laid by legitimate powers for common observance and benefit.
1858 - The first medical textbook was printed including pertinent instruction related to medico-legal practice and
included in the pre curriculum of the College of the Medicine University of Santo Tomas.
FORENSIC - It devotes anything belonging to the court of law or used in the court of legal proceedings or something
fitted for legal or public argumentation.
1908 - Legal Medicine was thought of in all medical schools in the Philippines.
MEDICAL EVIDENCE - Evidence is a means, sanctioned by rules of court, of ascertaining in the judicial proceedings the
truth respecting the matter of fact.
TRACING EVIDENCE - These are physical evidence that may help in locating the whereabouts of the perpetrators of the
crime.
REAL, AUTOPIC - It is evidence that made known or addressed to the senses of the court.
PRINCIPLE OF STARE DECISIS - A principle that when the court has once laid down a principle of law as applied to a
certain state of facts, it will adhere to and apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same.
DEPOSTION - is a written record of evidence given orally and transcribed in writing in the form of questions by the
interrogation and the answers of his deponent and signed by the latter.
CORPUS DELICTI - It means the body of the crime or actual commission of the crime charged.
1895 - A medico-legal laboratory was established in the city of Manila.
ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE - These are evidence which links the suspect to the commission of the crime.
MEDICAL EXPERT OPINION -a physician on account of his training and expertise can give his own opinion on a set of
medical facts.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE - written evidence presented to the court by the expert witness about the subject matter in
dispute.
CRIMINALISTICS - It is the application of medical and other basic sciences in crime detection and investigation.
TESTIMONAL EVIDENCE - Form of evidence taken orally or in writing the answers to questions propounded by the
counsel and presiding officer of the court.
JURISPUDENCE - is a practical science that investigates the nature, origin, development, and functions of law.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE - a medical witness may be permitted to conduct experiments on laboratory animals to prove
his allegations on certain positions he had previously stated in full view of the court.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - These are articles and materials which are necessary for crime investigation and detection, this
will aid in establishing the identities of the criminal and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime.
ATAXIC GAIT - A gait in which the foot is raised high and forward drops down suddenly.
HIPPOCRATIC FACIES - It is a facial expression of a person approaching death. Eyes sunken, pinched nose, temple
hollow, lips relaxed livid skin.
PARETIC GAIT - feet, and legs are held wide apart, steps are short, feet are dragged.
MONGOLOIAN FACIES - Dull-look appearance of a person characterized by almond sharp eyes, pale complexion, and
prominent cheekbones.
WADDLING GAIT - Swaying movements of the buttocks like that of a duck.
BIBLIOTIST - a person who had acquired special knowledge of the science of handwriting or handwriting expert of
qualified questioned documents examiner
ACETONE HAEMIN - dried stain or stained fabric is placed on a glass slide and cored with a coverslip with a needle
interposed to prevent direct contact of the coverslip with the slide.
BIBLIOTICS - the science of handwriting analysis. It is a study of documents with their genuineness or authorship.
CEREBELLAR GAIT - A swaying or staggering manner of walking like that of a drunk person.
PRECIPTIN TEST - This test is of value in the determination of whether the blood is of human origin or not although the
anthropoid ape and related animal may give the same result.
TEICHMANN - A small portion of the stain is scrapped off, and placed on a microscope slide.
SPASTIC GAIT - A person walks like a robot the legs are held together and move forward with short steps and toes are
dragged.
TAKAYAMA’S TEST - A small piece of suspected stain is placed on a slide and covered with a coverslip.
LUMINISCENCE TEST - Stains on dark fabric with mud, paint, and other substances will emit bluish-white luminescence
in a dark room when sprayed with a special solution due to the reaction of hematin crystal.
HEAT TEST - The blood-stained material soaked in a saline solution and heated will have sediments or precipitates.
COW’S GAIT - A manner of walking due to knock knee like that of a cow.
GRAPHOLOGY - The study of handwriting to determine the writer's personality, character, and aptitude.
MYXEDEMA FSCIES - The face of a person is a pole, with swollen cheeks that do not put pressure associated with slow
speech and muscle weakness.
SOLUBILITY TEST - Blood-stained material is placed in a saline solution that will give a bright red color to the solution.
BLOOD GROUPING - The blood is composed of certain chemical substances called antigens located on the red blood cell
surface.
SECONDARY FLACCIDITY - A muscular change is characterized by the softness and flaccidity of the muscles which no
longer responses to electrical or mechanical stimuli due to the dissolution of the muscle proteins that have been
previously coagulated during the stage of rigor mortis.
SOCIOLOGICAL DEATH - a type of death wherein the withdrawal and separation from the patient by others producing a
sense of isolation and abandonment.
MUMMIFICATION - a condition where is the removal of the body fluid before decomposition sets in results in sinking
and preservation of the body.
PHYSIC DEATH - the condition of death wherein the patient regresses gives up surrenders accepting death prematurely
and refuses to continue living.
ACERATION - It is a condition of the dead body usually the fetus characterized by softening and discoloration of tissues
as well as the formation of blisters due to the action of autolytic and proteolytic enzymes in the absence of putrefactive
bacteria.
LIVIDITY - The onset of post mortem lividity is 20-30 minutes and completes in about 12 hours.
COLD STIFFENING - A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to solidification of fats, muscles, and fluid
when the dead body is exposed to extremely cold temperature.
GENERAL PHYSICAL - a warm supple of the body with the moist, transparent cornea and moist lips as well as the
absence of post mortem lividity is a condition of recent death.
PRIMARY FLACCIDITY - It is the stage of muscular change upon death characterized by the relaxation of muscles and loss
of their natural tone so the jaw or head drops down, the thorax collapses, and the limbs become flaccid and the splinters
relax.
CHANGES IN THE BLOOD - The blood remains fluid in the body after death for 6-9 hours.
CHANGES IN THE HAIR - The rate of growth of hair loss has been estimated from 0.4 mm -- -0.5 mm/day.
SAPONIFICATION - It is a formation of a soft, friable, and brownish white greasy substance.
HEAT STIFFENING - A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins when
the dead body is exposed to intense heat as by burning or immersion in a hot liquid.
LIFE CYCLE - The egg or ova laid on dead bodies will hatch to form maggots within 24 hours. The maggots will feed
vigorously on the damaged dead bodies, then transform into pupal stage and finally into adult flies within a few days.
ONSET - In tropical countries, the onset of decomposition is 1-2 days after death and skeletonized in a month.
RIGIDITY - The whole body becomes rigid due to the contraction of the muscles. This develops 34 hours after death and
may last for 18-36 hours.
RIGIDITY - Onset is 3-4 hours after death, completed in about 12 hours. May lasts 24-36 hours in tropical countries.
BIOLOGICAL DEATH - a type of death characterized by the absence of cognitive function awareness, although an
artificial support system may maintain organs functioning.
RIGIDITY - Onset is 3-4 hours after death, completed in about 12 hours. May lasts 24-36 hours in tropical countries.
CHANGES IN STOMACH - It usually takes 3-4 hours for the stomach to empty its contents after meals.
RADIATION - What injury is the death or injury caused by radioactive substances?
PHYSICAL INJURY - What injury is the use of physical force?
VIOLENT DEATH - In violent death, the death of the victim is not due to the natural and direct consequence of the
injuries inflicted.
THERMAL INJURY - What injury is caused by heat or cold?
INFANTICIDAL DEATH - death due to the killing of an infant less than 3 days old.
HOMICIDAL DEATH - is the killing of another person with intent but without justification.
CREMATION - Pulverization of the body by using intense heat.
PARRICIDAL DEATH - it is death due to the killing of one's relative.
ATMOSPHERIC INJURY - What injury is the death or injury caused by a change in atmospheric pressure?
LETHAL INJECTION - the lethal drug is injected intravenously
EMBALMING - It is the method of preserving the dead body for the removal of the body fluid and replacement of the
same by chemicals sucks as formalin, alcohol, and phenol.
NELIGENT DEATH - death due to reckless imprudence, negligence, lack of skill, or lack of foresight.
BURIAL, INTEMENT, - It is the method of placing the dead body into the grave.
ELECTROCUTION - A person is made to sit on a chair made of electrically conducting materials with straps of electrodes
on both wrists, ankles, and head.
SUICIDAL DEATH - The law does not punish the person committing suicide because society has always considered a
person who attempts to kill himself as an unfortunate being, a wretched person deserving more of pity than of penalty.
CHEMICAL INJURY - What injury is the death or injury caused by chemicals?
MURDER - It is the unlawful killing of another person committed with any of the following attendant circumstances.
ELECTRICAL INJURY - What injury is the death caused by electrical energy?
EUTHANASIA - it is a willful acceleration of death of a person to lessen his sufferings.
DEATH MUSKETRY - The convict is made to face a firing squad and is put to death by a volley of fire. The convict may be
facing or with his back towards the firing squad.
Lacerated Wound - produced by blunt instruments. e.g. lead pipe, piece of wood, stones
PHYSCIAL INJURY - An injury is the impairment of the body structure or function caused by the outside force. I
Incised Wound - wound produced by the sharp-edged instrument.
Wound - is a break or solution in the continuity of the skin or tissues of the living body.
Mutilation - The intuitional act of cutting or looping any part or parts of the living body.
Less Serious Physical Injury - A physical injury wherein the offended party is incapacitated for work or require medical
attendance for 10 days or more but not more than 30 days.
Contusion “Pasa” - Effusion of blood into the tissues underneath the skin on account of the rupture of the blood vessels
as a result of the application of blunt force.
Slight Physical Injury - It is the physical injury wherein the victim is incapacitated for work or requires medical
attendance for a period from one to nine days.
Mortal Wounds or Fatal Wounds – which when inflicted capable of causing death.
Sprain - partial or incomplete disruption in the continuity of muscle or ligaments.
Fracture - it is a break or solution in the continuity of the bone tissues.
Stabbed Wound - wound produced by sharp-edged and sharp-pointed instruments. e.g. kitchen knife, balisong, dagger.
Petechiae Circumscribed - extravasation of blood e subcutaneous tissues, pinhead size like mosquito bites.
Open Wound - There is a breach of the continents of the skin, e.g. abrasion, incised wound, stab wound, puncture
wound, lacerated wound, and shrapnel wounds.
Deep Wound - a wound that involves the outer as well as the inner structure of the body.
Non-Mortal Wounds – wound when inflicted will not endanger one's life
Serious Physical Injury - It is an injury wherein the victim becomes ill or incapacitated for the performance of his usual
work for more than 90 days, the injury caused deformity, loss of any member of his body, and loss the use thereof.
Vital Reaction - is the total of all reactions of tissues or organs to physical injury or trauma.
Superficial Wound - a wound that involves the outer layer of the skin.
Dislocation - displacement of the articular surface of the bones.
Heat Stroke (Sunstroke) - Breaking down in sweating mechanism usually seen among workers working in a warm
environment or direct exposure to sunlight manifested by elevation of body temperature, mental confusion, injuries to
the central nervous system, congestion, and hemorrhages in the various organ.
Frostbite - Expose of certain parts of the body to cold temperature producing a mechanical description of the cell
structure characterized by diminished body temperature, cold stiffening, and pallor which later lead to swelling
thrombosis, necrosis, and gangrene of his affected tissues.
Scald - Scalds are injuries produced by the application to the body, liquids at or near boiling point, or in its gaseous state
Trench Foot - A condition usually seen among those walking over the snow wherein the foot is exposed to freezing
temperature characterized by cold stiffening, muscle cramps, necrosis, and gangrene of the foot.
Contact Burn - due to close contact with an electrically live object, and the degree will vary from small and superficial
lesion to charring of skin if contact is maintained.
Flash Burn - the appearance varies from the arborescent pattern of lightning burns to the "crocodile skin" appearance of
high voltage flash
Dermal erythema, edema and vesicle formation - Erythema and edema show that circulation was present when the
heat was applied.
Spark Burn - due to poor contact and the resistance of dry skin and shows a pricked appearance with a central white
zone (parchment) and surrounding of hyperemia.
Heat Cramps - is a painful contraction of the skeletal muscles due to dehydration and loss of sodium chloride to
excessive sweating.
Industrial Voltage - In industry, lower voltage instruments are used for handoperated tools but sometimes very high
voltage is used driving heavy electrical machinery such as trains, and voltage up to 200,000 volts are employed in the
electric grid network
Presence of smoke in the air passage - There is grayish-black or black amorphous material adherent to the mucosa of
the larynx, trachea,
Thermal Burns - Burns are lesions that are caused by the application of heat or chemical substances to the external or
internal surfaces of the body, the effect of which is the destruction of the tissue of the body.
Increase carboxy-hemoglobin blood level - Carbon monoxide enters the body through the respiratory tract. The
presence of carboxyhemoglobin is responsible for the cherry-red color of the fire victim
Domestic Voltage - This is the voltage of the domestic line which varies from country to country. Standard domestic
voltage in the U.S.A. is 110 volts at 60 cycles of alternating current.
Arborescent or filigree Burns - These are radiating burns from a point, similar to electrocution.
Heat Exhaustion (Heat Collapse) - It is a physiologic breakdown following exposure to heat precipitated by exertion and
warm clothing characterized by peripheral vasomotor collapse, faintness, palpitation nausea vomiting, syncope,
dizziness, and headache.
Surface Burns - These are superficial burns usually seen under metallic objects worn or carried by the victim.
Immersion Foot – A sub-variety of trench foot wherein the foot is submerged into cold freezing liquid characterized by
decreased body temperature, cold stiffening, muscle cramp, necrosis, and gangrene.
Linear burns - These are found where areas of the skin offer less resistance, notably in the moist creases and folds of the
skin, and may vary in length from one to twelve inches.
Lightning - It is an electrical charge of enormous potential passing from the atmosphere usually occurring during a
thunderstorm. Apneic Stage - The victim dies of heart failure
Dyspneic Stage - Due to lack of oxygen and retention of carbon dioxide, breathing becomes rapid and deep.
Asphyxia by Hanging - This is a form of violent death wherein the body is suspended by a ligature encircled around the
neck.
Convulsive Stage - Retention of carbon dioxide stimulates the central nervous system. Cyanosis becomes more marked.
Asphyxia by Suffocation - This is the exclusion of all from the lungs by the closure of air openings or obstruction of air
passages from the external openings
Garroting - Form of strangulation wherein a metal collar or strap is placed around the neck and tighten to compress the
neck.
Asphyxia - is the general term applied to all forms of violent death which results primarily from the interference with the
process of respiration
Palmar Strangulation - Form of strangulation wherein palms of the hand are used in applying pressure over the neck
while the assailant is either in front or at the back of the victim
Dyspneic Stage - Blood pressure is elevated and the pulse rate increased. There is cyanosis in the lips, face, and
fingernail beds.
Burking - The murder will sit or kneel on the chest of the victim and cover the nostrils and mouth to prevent the flow of
air into the respiratory passages.
Choking - a form of suffocation brought about by the impaction of the foreign body, food, or blood clots in the
respiratory passages.
Asphyxia by Strangulation - Is produced by compression of his neck by trying to ligature around the neck and the two
ends are pulled in the opposite direction in such a manner to tighten the ligature.
Tete De Negri - dark bloated condition of the face is drowning with the bronze color of the head and neck.
Asphyxia by Breathing Irrespirable Gases - Some gases when inhaled are detrimental to life and health. The most
common gases which cause asphyxial death are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide.
Asphyxia by Compression of the Chest or Traumatic Crush - Asphyxia Is a form of asphyxial death wherein the exchange
of gases into the lungs is prevented due to trauma to the chest and abdomen.
Convulsive Stage - Eyes become starring and pupils dilated.
Mugging - a form of strangulation wherein the assailant stands at the back of the victim and the forearm is applied in
front of the neck.
Apneic Stage - There is paralysis of the respiratory center.
Asphyxia by Drowning or Submersion in Water - The air passages are submerged in water thereby preventing the
forced blow of air into the lungs. The whole body doesn't need to be submerged in water.
Smothering - Caused by the closing of the external respiratory orifices (mouth and nostrils) either by the use of hands,
cloth, pillow, or linen.
Sparkling Wine - Wine that is bottled before fermentation has ceased so that it contains CO2 gas in solution at greater
than atmospheric pressure
Red Wine - The wine contains the extracted pigments from the skin, stem, and seed of the fermented fruit juice. T
Wine - A product of natural alcoholic fermentation with a wide variety of sugary materials including fruit juices and
contains not less than 7% but not more than 17% of alcohol by volume.
White Wine - The product of fermentation of fruit juices only after removal of the skin and stem.
Malt Liquors - Alcoholic beverages brewed from malt or a mixture of malt and malt substitute, like rye, and may contain
other cereal grains and starchy saccharine matters.
Moderate Inebriation - The person is talkative, argumentative, and overconfident. There is a slight impairment of
mental faculties, difficulty of articulation, and loss of coordination to finer movements. The face is flushed with eyeballs
congested. He is reckless and shows motor incoordination. He may be certified as being "under the influence of alcohol"
Stout - A malt liquor brewed in such a manner as to possess the aroma, taste, and character commonly attributed to
stout and, to a marked degree, the flavor of hops.
Slight Inebriation - There is the flushing of the face, with exaggerated mood, but a person can control his behavior
Sweet Wine - Wine that contains not less than 1 gram of sugar per 100 milliliters.
Whiskey - An alcoholic distillate from the mass of cereal grains or cereal grain products saccharified by the action of
yeast distilled at less than 74.4oC and aged at least three years and may contain a flavoring of caramel.
Rum - A distilled alcoholic beverage prepared by fermentation, distillation, and aging of sugar cane products, e.g. sugar
cane juice, molasses.
Distilled Liquor - Distilled liquors are alcoholic beverages produced from a distillate of wines, distilled from grains or
starch solution, or distillate from aromatic substances.
Beer - The product of alcoholic fermentation of a mash in potable water of malted barley, hop and/or hop preparation
with or without the addition of starchy and saccharine material and shall contain not less than 2% and not more than
10% by volume of alcohol.
Enzymatic Method - A known quantity of purified alcohol dehydrogenase and its coenzyme nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD) is allowed to react to the sample.
Chemical Method - The sample is distilled and later allowed to react with a known quantity of oxides, usually chromate,
and it determines the amount of chromate which has not reacted to alcohol.
Still Wine - Wine in which fermentation has been completed before bottling so that it contains only such properties of
carbon dioxide produced in the fermentation which can be dissolved in the liquid in equilibrium with air under
conditions of manipulation.
Drunk - The mind is confused, the behavior is irregular and movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and
uncoordinated Behavior is uncontrollable.
Dry Wine - Wine wherein practically all the sugar contents are fermented into alcohol.
Romberg test - Let the subject stand straight with heels together and with closed eyes for at least one minute.
Gin - The distilled product obtained from the original distillation of mash or by redistillation of distilled spirits with or
over juniper berries and may contain other aromatic botanical substances or sugar.
Defloration - rupture or laceration of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse. All lacerations or rupture of the hymen
by any other means from sexual intercourse is not called defloration.
Sex - is an inborn instinct of man. Any person without sex desire is abnormal.
Moral Virginity - is a state wherein the female is not physically and sexually matured, and has not experienced sexual
intercourse.
Sexual Harassment - is a sexual act committed by any person by uttering obscene language which irritates the victim as
well as unconventional sexual acts that are not in conformity with the moral standard in society.
Demi-Virginity - is a condition of a woman who allows any form of sexual acts but refrains from rupturing the hymen.
Incest - Sexual relations with members of his family
Necrophilia - Sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or intercourse, with a corpse.
Homosexual - Sexual desire for the same sex
Sexual Crime - is a sexual act about sex.
Tribalism (Lesbianism) - A woman has the desire to have sexual intercourse with another woman.
Bestosexual or Bestiality – Sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with animals
Physical Virginity - a condition of a female wherein she is conscious about sexual life, the sex organs, and secondary sex
characteristics are fully developed but had not experienced sexual intercourse.
Gerontophilia - Sexual desire with the elder person
Fellatio (irrumation) - Female receive the penis into her mouth
Cunnilingus - Licking or sucking the vagina.
Virginity - is a condition of a woman who has not experienced sexual intercourse and whose genital organ has not been
altered by sexual intercourse.
Lust murder or Necro Sadism – Sexual behavior wherein the offenders perform sexual intercourse and then kill the
victims
Sexual Assault - is a genderless crime that involves unconventional sexual acts of violence and aggression committed on
the genital, oral, or anal orifices of another person.
Sadism - Sexual behavior wherein the offender inflicts harm to attain sexual gratification.
Pedophilia - Sexual perversion wherein a person has the compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of
either sex.
abortion - is the willful killing of the fetus in the uterus or violent expulsion of the fetus from the maternal womb and
which results in the death of the fetus.
Missed Abortion - An ovum destroyed by hemorrhage into the choriospace, usually before the fourth month of
pregnancy
Spontaneous or Natural Abortion - Abortion occurs without any form of inducement or intervention.
Threatened Abortion - Hemorrhage without dilatation of the internal os. Hemorrhage in an early stage of pregnancy
may be due to causes other than a threatened abortion, e.g., ectopic pregnancy, cervical polyp, extensive erosion of the
cervix, etc.
Therapeutic Abortion - Abortion is purposely done to preserve the life of the mother.
Fistula Formation - Communication between the vagina or the uterus with the rectum or bladder may be an aftereffect
of perforation due to instrumentation.
INDIRECT ABORTION - This type of abortion is qualifiedly permitted to some extent by the Catholic Church.
Infection - Infection may develop immediately or later on account of septic care. The infection may originate from the
vaginal canal or the bloodstream coming from a focus of infection in the body.
Incomplete Abortion - Not all of the conception has been expelled from the fragments or portions of which are
retained.
Bacterial Embolism - Infection of the uterus after an abortion may cause a lump of bacteria to enter the circulation in
the form of an embolus
DIRECT ABORTION - This is never permitted by the Catholic Church even if the purpose is to save the life of the mother.
Induced Abortion - Abortion will not take place had it not been for some form of inducement or intervention. Induced
abortion may be:
Indirect Abortion - When the expulsion of the product of conception is not the primary objective of an operation to save
the life of the mother, but merely incidental or unavoidable to an operation.
Thrombo - Embolism Injury of the uterine wall may cause the formation of thrombus which may be detached and
carried by the circulation to different parts of the body:
Fat Embolism - The injection of oily fluid or laceration of the adipose tissue may cause the formation of fat emboli in the
bloodstream which may lodge in the heart, lungs, and brain.
Complete Abortion - The whole product of conception is expelled.
Pelvic Adhesion - Infection and trauma may cause the uterus or vagina to become adherent to the surrounding organs
or tissues.
Inevitable Abortion - Hemorrhage with dilatation of the internal os and presence of rhythmical pain.
Air Embolism - The air may enter the lacerated vessels of the vagina and uterine wall and be carried by the blood to the
inferior vena cava, heart and block the pulmonary circulation.
Direct Abortion - Deliberate expulsion of the product of conception
TRAFFIC MA NAGEMENT & ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION W/DRIVING (CPCDI3)
WIND POWER - Mediterranean ship was all caravel built that is the planks were place side by side like the boards on a
floor and the cracks between the boards and watertight with tar.
MANPOWER - Stone age man's transportation of firewood and animals killed in the hunt probably led to the invention
of the sled.
WIND POWER - Primitive man may have hoisted crude sails of skin on his rafts or canoes.
WATER TRANSPORTAION - The first real boats appeared later. One was the dug-out-canoe, which was a log hollowed
out by fire or stone tools.
ANIMAL POWER - The ox and the camel were tamed somewhere in the middle east by 3000 BC in the arctic snow of
reindeer. Which can carry a load of about 130 lbs. (60 kg) without much effort is still widely used.
ROAD AND VEHICLE - The Romans brought road building to its highest point of perfection in ancient times.
HORSELESS CARRIAGE - The horse-drawn calesa saw a new competition on the road when in 1909 the first-ever car
arrived in Manila through one George Richard, thus, the era of horseless carriage began that drew raves around the
globe.
MANPOWER - From the sled eat man may have got the idea for skis-pieces of smooth board resembling sled runners but
worn on the feet of the hunter and later of snowshoes.
WATER TRANSPORTATION - The Boats have been the means of transport for man since time immemorial. The first
boats date back to prehistoric times.
CANAL AND RAILWAYS - The improvement of roads in the horse’s harness and coaches had solved the problem of fast
transportation of passengers and light freight, but they remain the problem of heavy transportation.
LONDON - The first underground railway.
ANIMAL POWER - In the higher altitudes of the Himalayas the yak a species of the ox is used as a pack animal In India,
the beast of burden is often the elephant In Peru.
AIR TRANSPORTATION - Not until the development of the internal combustion engine can the era of air transportation
be said to have begun.
BICYCLE - Is important in the history of transportation, not only in its own right but also because of the part of bicycle
industry played as a nursery of automobile builders.
BICYCLE - A cheap and easy means to commute.
WIND POWER - The war galley in which a greater degree of maneuverability was needed had narrowed lines and
depended more on cars than did the trading vessels.
AUTOMOBILE - Steam traction engines were a familiar sight on many roads throughout the world toward the end of the
19th century.
WATER TRANSPORTATION - These were simply floating logs or driftwood paddled with the hands.
AUTOMOBILE - In England for some time after 1800 seemed that the future of mechanical road transport lay with the
steam carriage.
WHEELS - The greatest invention of mankind was the?
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - Further, it is also referring to all agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting,
stopping, prohibiting, or controlling the use of these facilities.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - It is an executive function such as planning, organizing directing, supervising coordinating
operating recording, and budgeting traffic affairs.
ENGINEERING - The science of measuring traffic and travel. The study of the basic laws relative to traffic flow and
generation.
TAFFIC - It is the movement of traffic units in a traffic way.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - It also refers to all agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements,
such as planning, approving, funding, constructing, and/or maintaining public facilities for such movement.
ENFORCEMENT - The action was taken by the traffic law enforcer such as, arresting, issuing traffic citation tickets, and
giving warnings to erring drivers and pedestrians.
ENGINEERING - The application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning and operating traffic systems
to achieve safe and efficient movement of persons and goods.
DOTC - An administrative entity of the executive branch of the government in the promotion development and
regulation of dependable and coordinated networks of transportation and communication systems.
EDUCATION - The process of giving training and travel and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.
TRAFFIC - It is the movement of vehicles, people from point of origin to the point of destination.
LTFRB - Prescribe and/or adjust transport Tares, issue injunction in accordance with the rules of court.
LTO - Operation of a motor vehicle.
ECONOMICS - Is the study of how people choose to use scarce or limited productive resources to produce commodities
and distribute them for their consumption?
LTO - Shall be the primary responsibility in the registration of a motor vehicle.
DOTC - Shall be the primary responsibility in policymaking planning. programming. coordinating implementing,
regulating traffic affairs.
MMDA - Having responsibility for determining traffic flow patterns, through origin-destination of person and things.
TRAFFIC - Refers to the movement of a person, goods, animals, and vehicles, either powered by animals or animaldrawn. vehicles or by combustion system from one place to another for safe travel.
DPWH - Having responsibility for determining traffic flow patterns. through origin and destination of person and things,
planning, approving, funding, constructing.
TRAFFIC - It is the movement of traffic units in a traffic way.
PUBLIC WORKS/ENGINEERING OFFICE - Referring to all local government engineering offices having responsibility in
providing a network of primary roads within their respective jurisdiction, this includes the yearly maintenance and repair
programs.
LTFRB - Primarily responsible to prescribe and regulate transport routes, grant, deny and suspend or cancel land
transport franchises.
SIGNAL CYCLE - A complete sequence of signal indication of red, yellow, amber, green, or any combination or any phase.
DANGER WARNING SIGN - Intended to warn road users of a danger on the road and to inform them of its nature.
TRAFFIC PHASE - A portion of a signal cycle during which an assignment of right-of-way is made.
REGULATORY SIGN - Intended to inform road users of special obligation, instruction, or prohibitions to which they must
comply.
SIGNAL TIMING - Amount of time allocated to signal indication.
SIGNAL INDICATION - One of the several divisions of time cycle during which signals indication was not changed.
BARANGAY ROADS - Commonly called farm-to-market road with right of way not less than 2 meters.
INTERVAL - The time within which the traffic indication of any particular traffic signal face does not change.
INFORMATIVE SIGN - Intended to guide road users while they are traveling or to provide them with other useful
information.
EXPRESSWAY - A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement.
SUBWAY - An underground conduit running entirely under the ground for a fast travel route of commuters.
TRAFFIC LIGHT - is defined as a signal operating manually electrically by which traffic is alternatively commanded to stop
or to proceed.
TUNNEL ROAD - A passage of a wide section cut through a hill or sea to shorten circuitous roadway.
YELLOW - Color Signal Permit the driver to proceed into the intersection but requires that the intersections furthest
crosswalk be cleared before the red light appears.
GREEN - Color Signal Means go proceed into the intersections and the green direct movement in the direction indicated
by the arrow.
TRAFFIC SIGN - a device mounted or on portable support where a message is conveyed by means of words or symbols,
officially erected or installed for the purpose of regulating warning and guiding traffic.
CYCLE TIME - The time period almost always expresses in second requires for one complete sequence of one indication
or the total time required for one signal.
PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN - It informs the availability of the sign displayed.
RED - Color Signal Means stop or no entry.
SKYWAY - A modern urban system of roadways above street level for free-flow traffic.
PASSENGER - It is a person who is carried or conveyed in an automobile, truck, train, airplane, or other conveyance.
CONDUCTOR - Responsible for the loading of several passengers, freights, or cargo inside his public utility motor vehicle.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN - is mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely.
PEDESTRIAN - He is bound to observe or obey the existing traffic management rules and regulations for his safety.
PASSENGERS SAFETY - A common carrier is bound to carry the passenger safely as far as human care and foresight can
provide, using the utmost diligence of very cautious persons, with due regards for all the circumstances.
INJURED OR KILLED - If a passenger of an air carrier is injured or killed, the air carrier is presumed 'to have been at fault
or to have acted negligently
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATION - The rights and obligations of common carrier shall be governed by the Code of Commerce
and by special laws. In case of conflicts on the laws of a common carrier, the Civil Code prevails. Art. 1766, Civil Code.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN - These focus on public information attitude, and in particular or specific behavior, or combinations
of this road propaganda that may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware of the
recommended behavior needed to be persuaded into adopting it.
PASSENGEER - He is also bound to observe the rules and regulations imposed upon the common carrier for his safety.
PASSENGER’S CONTRIBUTORY NELIGENCE - The contributory negligence of the passenger does not bar the recovery of
damages for the death or injuries if the proximate cause is the negligence of the common carrier, but the number of
damages shall be equitably reduced Art 1762. Civil Code.
INVALID STIPULATION - The Common Carrier is a bar to make any stipulation that would lessen its responsibility for the
safety of its passenger.
UTMOST DILIGENCE - Required of common carriers, such as airplanes, refers not only to the safety of the passengers but
also to that of the crew, particularly the pilot.
INJURED BI OTHER - The common carrier is responsible for injuries suffered by a passenger on account of negligence by
another passenger or stranger if the employee failed to exercise the diligence of a good father of the family to prevent
the act or omission Art. 1763, Civil Code.
CARRIER RESPONSIBILITY - The responsibility of a common carrier for the safety of passenger as required by law cannot
be dispensed with or lessened by stipulation, by posting of notices, by statements on the tickets, or otherwise Art 1757,
Civil Code.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION - Where there is a breach of the carrier's contractual obligations to carry his passengers
safely to destination, the liability of the carrier is to merely subsidiary or secondary, but direct and immediate.
PASSENGER - He has the right to be transported safely from the point of origin to the point of his destination.
PASSENGER DEFINED - A passenger has entered into a contract of carriage, express or implied, with a carrier.
PEDESTRIAN - The pedestrian goes or travels on foot or in a perambulator.
PARTIES TO THE CONTRACT - The parties to the contract are the passenger and the person or corporation undertaking
the business of the common carrier, may or may not be the owner of the vehicle.
PASSENGER’S DUTY - The passenger must observe the diligence of a good father of the family to avoid injury to himself
Art 1761, Civil Code.
DIPLOMATIC MOTOR VEHICLE - White color background with blue markings.
MOTOR VEHICLE - Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highways,
but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers, lawnmowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts,
amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public highways and vehicles run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers
and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLE - White color background with red markings
ARTICULATED VEHICLE - Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the
trailer rest upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and its load is borne by the motor
vehicle Such trailer shall be called as "semi-trailer. "
PRIVATE - Motor vehicles registered under this classification shall not be used for hire under any circumstance.
GOVERNMENT - Motor vehicles owned by the government of the Philippines or any of its political subdivisions shall be
registered under classification.
DISCOURTESY - Arrogance and overspeeding could always result in ACCIDENT.
DIPLOMATIC - Motor vehicles owned by foreign governments or by their duly accredited diplomatic officers in the
Philippines and used in the discharge of their official duties.
VEHICLE - Means any conveyance or other device propelled or drawn by any means and includes a bicycle and, where
the context permits, includes an animal-driven or rode, but does not include a train.
PARKING IN CITIES - In cities and towns, unless otherwise directed by a city ordinance, motor vehicles will be parked
parallel and within 12 inches of the curb.
DISREGARDING - traffic signs could mean an accident.
PUBLIC UTILITY - Yellow color of plate number
WATCH, KNOW, OBEY - They are so provided for your safe travel.
PARKING ON A HILL - A parked car on an incline will roll either forward or backward if the hand brake is not set or no:
working properly.
PARKING ON A HILL - To guard against this, a stop going up a hill should be executed by giving the proper signal.
PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLE - White color background with green markings
FOR HIRE - Motor vehicles registered under this classification are those covered by a certificate of public convenience or
special permit issued by the Board of Transportation.
TRAILERS - Having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a motor vehicle,
shall be classified as a separate motor vehicle with no power rating.
PARKING RULES - A parked motor vehicle is one whose engine is in a total final resting position or not in motion.
INTERSECTION - When driving and approaching an intersection check across traffic Driver who should yield shall give it
to the other the right of way and the latter be prepared to give him yours if one failed to give you the right of way.
Prosecution - while this is a court function, the police also provide corresponding influence through preparation and
introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecution officer.
Adjudication - while is a court function, the police provide influence on this step by acting as a witness to the
prosecution or supplying additional evidence this step determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Preventive Activities - such as preventive patrols, directing. supervising traffic, investigating accidents, and eliminating
road hazards
Persuasive Activities - such as oral, written warning, or visible patrols
Punitive Activities - normally dealt with by the courts, police, or traffic authorities.
VISIBLE TRAFFIC OBSERVATION - it is stationary in which the observer is in full view but located, for example, on a side
street, as to require effort on the part of traffic to discover the observer.
ROAD USERS - Include pedestrians, pedal cyclists, drivers, and passengers. The road user’s system can be defined in
terms of knowledge, skill, attitude, and characteristics, such as age, sex, health, road experience, etc.
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM - The police, court, and to a lesser extent traffic authority are charged with the responsibility of
ensuring that these laws adhere to preventive, persuasive, and punitive techniques are used to induce compliance with
legislation.
STATIONARY TRAFFIC OBSERVATIN - it is a traffic observation at a selected place, usually one with an unfavorable
accident experience or traffic flow problem for traffic law enforcement purposes and to detect violations to deter
possible violation.
CONCEAL TRAFFIC - it is a stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary powers of
observation from the roadway being observed.
DETECTION - Wholly police responsibility and entail looking for defects in the behavior of motorist, pedestrians, vehicles,
equipment, and roadways conditions requires knowledge on the law on the part of the police.
ROAD USERS - These factors affect road user behavior which is controlled favorably by the enforcement system.
PURSUIT TECHNIQUES - methods and techniques while on offensive driving.
TRAFFIC SYSTEM - The road user exhibits certain behavioral patterns, which lead to inefficiencies in the traffic system
These inefficiencies can be measured in terms of congested flow and accident.
TRAFFIC SYSTEM - Consists of the entire road and vehicle complex.
CONSPICUOS TRAFFIC - it is a stationary observation in which the observer tries to attract attention by keeping in full
view of traffic.
PENALIZATION - The court imposes the penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by the
police.
DECISION - type and seriousness of violation is an important factor to pursuit.
APPREHENSION - Wholly a police responsibility where the police are required to take action at once to prevent
continued and future violation.
ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM - Consists of the legislation, police, court, and penalties Legislation defines and specifies correct
(or incorrect) road user behavior.
NEUTRALITY - Maintain impartiality in cases involving the rich or poor.
MANAGERSHIP - This is a skill attributes to an investigator that can demonstrate managership of risk to stand to what is
right.
ACCURACY - This is a science of art. It portends to be precise, exact, and accurate.
ADAPTABILITY - This refers to one act, behavior, or mental state in harmony with his environment. One that can keep
pace with the tempo of technological advancement.
INFORMATION - it is the knowledge or facts, which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or
documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of a crime or criminal activities.
INTERROGATION - It is the process of obtaining admission or confession from those suspects to have committed a crime
or accident. It is confrontational, which means that the suspect is confronted about his participation in the commission
of the offense or accident.
NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - It is an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way other than the public
thoroughfare.
INSTRUMENTATION - it is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police science in criminal investigation and
detection.
ABILITY - This one a total of skill and competence in the field of investigation He must possess a high level of intelligence
is coming to a final summary of the issue
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - It is an accident involving travel transportation in a traffic way.
INTEGRITY - This one cannot be earned overnight It must be reaped through years of dedication, interest, and sacrifices
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT- Any accident that results in unintended injury or property damage attributed directly or
indirectly to the motion of a motor vehicle on a road.
ACCIDENT - Any chance event or unexpected happening causing catastrophe, suffering or death, and property damage.
ACCIDENT - It is also defined as that occurrence in a sequence of events that usually produces unintended injury, death,
or property damage.
SINCERITY - suggest the complete absence of hypocrisy, artificiality, falsification, and embellishment in the interpersonal
relationship
INTERVIEW - It is the simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator
CHARISMA - This implies simplicity in words, action, and behavior of the investigator which have a natural attraction for
people.
RECURRING QUESTIONS - These are the recurring questions that shall be asked by the investigator on witnesses,
suspects, informants, and informers, during the phase of interview and interrogation.
TRAFFIC - it is the movement of traffic units in a public thoroughfare
Involuntary - when a drunken person does not know the intoxicating strength of beverage, he has taken
CARNAPPING - is the taking with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter's consent, or
using violence against or intimidation of person, or by using force upon things
Slight Inebriation - there is reddening of the face. There is no sign of mental impairment, incoordination, and difficulty
of speech.
REPAINTING - is changing the color of a motor vehicle by means of painting. There is repainting, whenever the new color
of a motor vehicle is different from its color as registered in the Land Transportation Office.
Intentional – when a person deliberately drinks liquor fully knowing its effects, either to obtain mitigation or to find the
liquor as a stimulant to commit a crime
Very drunk - the mind is confused and disoriented There is difficulty in speech and marked motor coordination and
often walking is impossible.
Mentality - lack orientation, clarity of thought, no self-control, euphoria excitement depression
Moderate Inebriation - the person is argumentative and overconfident. There is slight impairment of mental difficulties,
loss of coordination of finer movements.
DEFACING OR TAMPERING WITH - Whenever any motor vehicle is found to have a serial number on its motor vehicle
engine, engine block or chassis which is different from that which is listed in the records of the Bureau of Custom for
motor vehicles imported into the Philippines.
Speech Content- incoherent, sarcastic, hostile attitude
General Appearance - bloodshot eyes, red-faced, groggy stance and coordination is lost
Habitual - when the person finds that drinking is a constant necessary and the vice ultimately takes hold of him
Eyes - dilated pupils, reddened conjunctive or glassy appearance
Coma - the subject is a stuporous or comatose condition
Clothing - it is untidy, stained, and with the smell of alcohol
DEFACING OR TAMPERING WITH - A serial number is the erasing, scratching, tearing, or changing of the original factory
inscribed serial number on the motor vehicle engine, engine block, or chassis of any motor vehicle.
Drunk - the mind is confused; behavior is irregular and the movement is uncontrolled. The speech is thick and
coordinated. The behavior is uncontrollable.
REPAINTING - is changing the color of a motor vehicle by means of painting..
Moderate Inebriation - The person may be certified by the doctor as being under the influence of liquor.
Breath - with varying degrees of alcoholic odors.