Fermilab
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
A satellite view of Fermilab. The two circular structures are the Main
Injector Ring (smaller) and Tevatron (larger).
Established
November 21, 1967 (as National Accelerator
Laboratory)
Research type
Accelerator physics
Budget
$546 million (2019)[1]
Field of
Accelerator physics
research
Director
Lia Merminga
Address
P.O. Box 500
Location
Winfield Township, DuPage County, Illinois,
United States
41°49′55″N 88°15′26″WCoordinates:
41°49′55″N 88°15′26″W
Nickname
Fermilab
Affiliations
U.S. Department of Energy
University of Chicago
Universities Research Association
Nobel laureates
Leon Max Lederman
Website
www.fnal.gov
Map
Location in Illinois
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located just outside Batavia,
Illinois, near Chicago, is a United States Department of Energy national
laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. Since 2007, Fermilab has been
operated by the Fermi Research Alliance, a joint venture of the University of Chicago,
and the Universities Research Association (URA). Fermilab is a part of the Illinois
Technology and Research Corridor.
Fermilab's Main Injector, two miles (3.3 km) in circumference, is the laboratory's most
powerful particle accelerator.[2] The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is
under upgrade, and construction of the first building for the new PIP-II linear accelerator
began in 2020.[3] Until 2011, Fermilab was the home of the 6.28 km (3.90 mi)
circumference Tevatron accelerator. The ring-shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the
Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite.
Fermilab aims to become a world center in neutrino physics. It is the host of the multibillion dollar Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) now under
construction.[4] The project has suffered delays and, in 2022, the
journals Science and Scientific American each published articles describing the project
as "troubled".[5] [6] Ongoing neutrino experiments are ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic and Rare
Underground Signals) and NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance). Completed neutrino
experiments include MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation
Search), MINOS+, MiniBooNE and SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment)
and MicroBooNE (Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment).
On-site experiments outside of the neutrino program include the SeaQuest fixed-target
experiment and Muon g-2. Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the Large
Hadron Collider (LHC); it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing
Grid.[7] Fermilab also pursues research in quantum information science.[8] It founded the
Fermilab Quantum Institute in 2019.[9] Since 2020, it also is home to the SQMS
(Superconducting Quantum and Materials Science) center.[10]
In the public realm, Fermilab is home to a native prairie ecosystem restoration project
and hosts many cultural events: public science lectures and symposia, classical and
contemporary music concerts, folk dancing and arts galleries. The site is open from
dawn to dusk to visitors who present valid photo identification.
Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory.
Contents




1History
2Accelerators
o 2.1The Tevatron
o 2.2Fermilab Accelerator Complex
o 2.3Proton improvement plan
3Experiments
o 3.1List of past and ongoing experiments
o 3.2Experiment highlights
 3.2.1LBNF/DUNE
 3.2.2Other neutrino experiments
 3.2.3Muon g−2
 3.2.4CMS and the LHC Physics Center
o 3.3Status of P5-recommended projects in 2022
o 3.4History of discoveries at Fermilab
4Site
o 4.1Access
o 4.2Architecture
o 4.3Wildlife
o 4.4Tritium on site



5See also
6References
7External links
History[edit]
Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall
Weston, Illinois, was a community next to Batavia voted out of existence by its village
board in 1966 to provide a site for Fermilab.[11]
The laboratory was founded in 1969 as the National Accelerator Laboratory;[12] it was
renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974. The laboratory's first director was Robert
Rathbun Wilson, under whom the laboratory opened ahead of time and under budget.
Many of the sculptures on the site are of his creation. He is the namesake of the site's
high-rise laboratory building, whose unique shape has become the symbol for Fermilab
and which is the center of activity on the campus.
After Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab, Leon M.
Lederman took on the job. It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was
replaced with the Tevatron, an accelerator capable of
colliding protons and antiprotons at a combined energy of 1.96 TeV. Lederman stepped
down in 1989 and remained Director Emeritus until his death. The science education
center at the site was named in his honor.
The later directors are:





John Peoples, 1989 to 1996
Michael S. Witherell, July 1999 to June 2005
Piermaria Oddone, July 2005 to July 2013[13]
Nigel Lockyer, September 2013 to April 2022[14]
Lia Merminga, April 2022 to present[15]
Accelerators[edit]
The Tevatron[edit]
Prior to the startup in 2008 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva,
Switzerland, the Tevatron was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world,
accelerating protons and antiprotons to energies of 980 GeV, and producing protonantiproton collisions with energies of up to 1.96 TeV, the first accelerator to reach one
"tera-electron-volt" energy.[16] At 3.9 miles (6.3 km), it was the world's fourth-largest
particle accelerator in circumference. One of its most important achievements was the
1995 discovery of the top quark, announced by research teams using the
Tevatron's CDF and DØ detectors.[17] It was shut down in 2011.
Fermilab Accelerator Complex[edit]
Since 2013, the first stage in the acceleration process (pre-accelerator injector) in the
Fermilab chain of accelerators[18] takes place in two ion sources which
ionize hydrogen gas. The gas is introduced into a container lined with molybdenum
electrodes, each a matchbox-sized, oval-shaped cathode and a surrounding anode,
separated by 1 mm and held in place by glass ceramic insulators. A magnetron
generates a plasma to form the ions near the metal surface. [citation needed] The ions are
accelerated by the source to 35 keV and matched by low energy beam transport (LEBT)
into the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) which applies a 750 keV electrostatic field
giving the ions their second acceleration. At the exit of RFQ, the beam is matched by
medium energy beam transport (MEBT) into the entrance of the linear
accelerator (linac).[19]
The next stage of acceleration is linear particle accelerator (linac). This stage consists
of two segments. The first segment has five drift tube cavities, operating at 201 MHz.
The second stage has seven side-coupled cavities, operating at 805 MHz. At the end of
linac, the particles are accelerated to 400 MeV, or about 70% of the speed of
light.[20][21] Immediately before entering the next accelerator, the H− ions pass through a
carbon foil, becoming H+ ions (protons).[22]
The resulting protons then enter the booster ring, a 468 m (1,535 ft) circumference
circular accelerator whose magnets bend beams of protons around a circular path. The
protons travel around the Booster about 20,000 times in 33 milliseconds, adding energy
with each revolution until they leave the Booster accelerated to 8 GeV.[22] In 2021, the
lab announced that its latest superconducting YBCO magnet could increase field
strength at a rate of 290 tesla per second, reaching a peak magnetic field strength of
around 0.5 tesla.[23]
The final acceleration is applied by the Main Injector [circumference 3,319.4 m
(10,890 ft)], which is the smaller of the two rings in the last picture below (foreground).
Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard" [citation needed] in that it can
route protons to any of the experiments installed along the beam lines after accelerating
them to 120 GeV. Until 2011, the Main Injector provided protons to the antiproton ring
[circumference 6,283.2 m (20,614 ft)] and the Tevatron for further acceleration but now
provides the last push before the particles reach the beam line experiments.

Two ion sources at the center with two high-voltage electronics
cabinets next to them[24]

Beam direction right to left: RFQ (silver), MEBT (green), first
drift tube linac (blue)[24]

A 7835 power amplifier that is used at the first stage of linac [20]

A 12 MW klystron used at the second stage of linac[20]

A cutaway view of the 805 MHz side-couple cavities[25]

Booster ring[26]

Fermilab's accelerator rings. The main injector is in the
foreground, and the antiproton ring and Tevatron (inactive
since 2011) are in the background.
Proton improvement plan[edit]
Recognizing higher demands of proton beams to support new experiments, Fermilab
began to improve their accelerators in 2011. Expected to continue for many years,[27] the
project has two phases: Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) and Proton Improvement PlanII (PIP-II).[28]
PIP (2011–2018)
The overall goals of PIP are to increase the repetition rate of the Booster beam from
7 Hz to 15 Hz and replace old hardware to increase reliability of the operation. [28] Before
the start of the PIP project, a replacement of the pre-accelerator injector was underway.
The replacement of almost 40 year-old Cockcroft–Walton generators to RFQ started in
2009 and completed in 2012. At the Linac stage, the analog beam position monitor
(BPM) modules were replaced with digital boards in 2013. A replacement of Linac
vacuum pumps and related hardware is expected to be completed in 2015. A study on
the replacement of 201 MHz drift tubes is still ongoing. At the boosting stage, a major
component of the PIP is to upgrade the Booster ring to 15 Hz operation. The Booster
has 19 radio frequency stations. Originally, the Booster stations were operating
without solid-state drive system which was acceptable for 7 Hz but not 15 Hz operation.
A demonstration project in 2004 converted one of the stations to solid state drive before
the PIP project. As part of the project, the remaining stations were converted to solid
state in 2013. Another major part of the PIP project is to refurbish and replace 40 yearold Booster cavities. Many cavities have been refurbished and tested to operate at
15 Hz. The completion of cavity refurbishment is expected in 2015, after which the
repetition rate can be gradually increased to 15 Hz operation. A longer term upgrade is
to replace the Booster cavities with a new design. The research and development of the
new cavities is underway, with replacement expected in 2018.[27]
PIP-II
Prototypes of SRF cavities to be used in the last segment of PIP-II Linac[29]
The goals of PIP-II include a plan to delivery 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the
Main Injector to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment target at 120 GeV and the
power near 1 MW at 60 GeV with a possibility to extend the power to 2 MW in the
future. The plan should also support the current 8 GeV experiments including Mu2e,
Muon g−2, and other short-baseline neutrino experiments. These require an upgrade to
the Linac to inject to the Booster with 800 MeV. The first option considered was to add
400 MeV "afterburner" superconducting Linac at the tail end of the existing 400 MeV.
This would have required moving the existing Linac up 50 metres (160 ft). However,
there were many technical issues with this approach. Instead, Fermilab is building a
new 800 MeV superconducting Linac to inject to the Booster ring.
Construction of the first building for the PIP-II accelerator began in 2020.[3] The new
Linac site will be located on top of a small portion of Tevatron near the Booster ring in
order to take advantage of existing electrical and water, and cryogenic infrastructure.
The PIP-II Linac will have low energy beam transport line (LEBT), radio frequency
quadrupole (RFQ), and medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) operated at the
room temperature at with a 162.5 MHz and energy increasing from 0.03 MeV. The first
segment of Linac will be operated at 162.5 MHz and energy increased up to 11 MeV.
The second segment of Linac will be operated at 325 MHz and energy increased up to
177 MeV. The last segment of linac will be operated at 650 MHz and will have the final
energy level of 800 MeV.[30]
As of 2022, the estimated PIP-II accelerator start date for the accelerator is 2028.[31] The
project was approved for construction in April 2022 with an expected cost to the
Department of Energy of $978M and with an additional $330M in contributions from
international partners.[32]
Experiments[edit]
List of past and ongoing experiments[edit]



ANNIE
ArgoNeuT: The Argon Neutrino Teststand detector[33]
Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS)[34]


















COUPP: Chicagoland Observatory for Underground
Particle Physics[35]
Dark Energy Survey (DES)[36]
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE),
formerly known as Long Baseline Neutrino
Experiment (LBNE)[37]
Holometer interferometer[38]
ICARUS experiment[39] Originally located at
the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), it
will hold 760 tonnes of liquid Argon.
MAGIS-100: The 100-meter-long Matter-wave
Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor[40][41][42]
MiniBooNE: Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment[43]
MicroBooNE: Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment[44]
MINOS: Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search[45]
MINERνA: Main INjector ExpeRiment with νs on
As[46]
MIPP: Main Injector Particle Production[47]
Mu2e: Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment[48]
Muon g−2: Measurement of the anomalous
magnetic dipole moment of the muon[49]
NOνA: NuMI Off-axis νe Appearance[50]
SELEX: SEgmented Large-X baryon spectrometer
EXperiment, run to study charmed baryons[51]
Sciboone: SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment[52]
SeaQuest[53]
Short Baseline Neutrino Detector[54]
Experiment highlights[edit]
Fermilab dismantled the CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab)[55] experiment to make the
space available for IARC (Illinois Accelerator Research Center).[56] Construction work
has started for LBNF/DUNE and PIP-II while the NOνA and Muon g−2 experiments
continue to collect data.[3] The laboratory also conducts research in quantum information
science, including the development of teleportation technology[57] for the quantum
internet and increasing the lifetime of superconducting resonators[58] for use in quantum
computers.
LBNF/DUNE[edit]
Fermilab strives to become the world leader in Neutrino physics through the Deep
Underground Neutrino Experiment at the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility. Other leaders
are CERN, which leads in Accelerator physics with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC),
and Japan, which has been approved to build and lead the International Linear
Collider (ILC). Fermilab will be the site of LBNF's future beamline, and the Sanford
Underground Research Facility (SURF), in Lead, SD, is the site selected to house the
massive far detector. The term "baseline" refers to the distance between the neutrino
source and the detector. The far detector current design is for four modules of
instrumented liquid argon with a fiducial volume of 10 kilotons each.
According to the 2016 Conceptual Design Report, the first two modules were expected
to be complete in 2024, with the beam operational in 2026. The final modules were
planned to be operational in 2027.[59] In 2022, the cost for two far detector modules and
the beam, alone, had risen to $3B. This led to a decision by the Department of Energy
Office of Science to phase the experiment.[5] Phase I would consist of two modules, to
be completed in 2028-29, and the beamline, to be completed in 2032. The installation of
phase II, the remaining two far detector modules, is not yet planned and will be at a cost
above the $3B estimate for phase I.[5]
A large prototype detector constructed at CERN took data with a test beam from 20182020. The results show that ProtoDUNE performed with greater than 99% efficiency. [60]
LBNF/DUNE program in neutrino physics plans to measure fundamental physical
parameters with high precision and to explore physics beyond the Standard Model. The
measurements DUNE will make are expected to greatly increase the physics
community's understanding of neutrinos and their role in the universe, thereby better
elucidating the nature of matter and anti-matter. It will send the world's highest-intensity
neutrino beam to a near detector on the Fermilab site and the far detector 800 miles
(1300 km) away at SURF.
Other neutrino experiments[edit]
The MiniBooNE detector was a 40-foot (12 m) diameter sphere containing 800 tons of
mineral oil lined with 1,520 phototube detectors. An estimated 1 million neutrino events
were recorded each year. SciBooNE sat in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but
had fine-grained tracking capabilities. The NOνA experiment uses, and the MINOS
experiment used, Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an
intense beam of neutrinos that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to
the Soudan Mine in Minnesota and the Ash River, Minnesota, site of the NOνA far
detector. In 2017, the ICARUS neutrino experiment was moved from CERN to
Fermilab.[61][39]
Muon g−2[edit]
Main article: Muon g−2
Muon g−2: (pronounced “gee minus two”) is a particle physics experiment to measure
the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to a precision of 0.14 ppm, which will
be a sensitive test of the Standard Model.
Muon g−2 building (white and orange) which hosts the magnet
Fermilab is continuing an experiment conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory to
measure the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon.
The magnetic dipole moment (g) of a charged lepton (electron, muon, or tau) is very
nearly 2. The difference from 2 (the "anomalous" part) depends on the lepton, and can
be computed quite exactly based on the current Standard Model of particle physics.
Measurements of the electron are in excellent agreement with this computation. The
Brookhaven experiment did this measurement for muons, a much more technically
difficult measurement due to their short lifetime, and detected a tantalizing, but not
definitive, 3 σ discrepancy between the measured value and the computed one.
The Brookhaven experiment ended in 2001, but 10 years later Fermilab acquired the
equipment,[62] and is working to make a more accurate measurement (smaller σ) which
will either eliminate the discrepancy or, hopefully, confirm it as an experimentally
observable example of physics beyond the Standard Model.
Transportation of the 600 ton magnet to Fermilab
Central to the experiment is a 50 foot-diameter superconducting magnet with an
exceptionally uniform magnetic field. This was transported, in one piece, from
Brookhaven in Long Island, New York, to Fermilab in the summer of 2013. The move
traversed 3,200 miles over 35 days, mostly on a barge down the East Coast and up
the Mississippi.
The magnet was refurbished and powered on in September 2015,[63] and has been
confirmed to have the same 1300 ppm p-p basic magnetic field uniformity that it had
before the move.[64]: 4
The project worked on shimming the magnet to improve its magnetic field
uniformity.[64] This had been done at Brookhaven,[65] but was disturbed by the move and
had to be re-done at Fermilab.
In 2018, the experiment started taking data at Fermilab.[66] In 2021, the laboratory
reported that results from initial study involving the particle challenged the Standard
Model, with the potential for discovery of new forces and particles. [67][68]
CMS and the LHC Physics Center[edit]
The LHC Physics Center (LPC) at Fermilab is a regional center of the Compact Muon
Solenoid Collaboration (the experiment is housed at CERN). The LPC offers a vibrant
community of CMS scientists from the US and plays a major role in the CMS detector
commissioning, and in the design and development of the detector upgrade. [69] Fermilab
is the host laboratory for USCMS,[70] which includes researchers from 50 U.S.
universities including 715 students. Fermilab hosts the largest CMS Tier 1 computing
center, handling approximately 40% of global CMS Tier 1 computing requests. On
February 9, 2022, Fermilab's Patricia McBride (physicist) was elected spokesperson of
the CMS collaboration.[71]
Status of P5-recommended projects in 2022[edit]
In 2014, the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel ("P5") recommended[72] three
major initiatives for construction on the Fermilab site. Two were particle physics
experiments: the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and Mu2e. The third was the
PIPII accelerator upgrade described above. Also, P5 recommended Fermilab
participation in LHC at CERN.
As of 2022, two Fermilab projects have suffered substantial delays:


The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment with
the enabling Long Baseline Neutrino Facility was
proposed to P5 as a less than $2B project; the
current cost estimate is approximately $3B, with far
detector operations beginning 2029 and full
operation by 2032.[73]
The Mu2e experiment was to produce preliminary
results in 2020,[74] but this is now delayed until
2026.[75]
The high-energy physics community has expressed concern that the cost of major
projects at Fermilab have led to diversion of funds from the high-energy physics core
research program, harming the health of the field.[76][77] Congress increased the annual
HEP budget from less than $800 million by about $250M to more than $1 billion—a 30%
increase that went mainly to support large projects at Fermilab.[78]
It has been pointed out that the project delays come at a time when leaders of Fermilabrelated projects are leaving their roles.[5] On March 31, 2022, James Siegrist, Associate
Director for High Energy Physics in the Department of Energy Office of Science, who
has overseen the response to the P5 report, stepped down. [79] In September, 2021, Nigel
Lockyer, Director of Fermilab, resigned.[80] Lockyer has now been replaced by Lia
Merminga, head of the PIP II project.[81] Kevin T. Pitts, Chief Research Officer has
become Dean of Science at Virginia Institute of Technology in 2022.[82]
History of discoveries at Fermilab[edit]
The following particles were first directly observed at Fermilab:


The top quark[83] announced in 1995 by the DØ
experiment and CDF experiment.
The bottom quark, which was observed as a quarkantiquark pair called the Upsilon
meson[84] announced in 1977 by Experiment 228.


The tau neutrino, announced in July 2000 by
the DONUT collaboration.[85]
The bottom Omega baryon (
Ω−
b), announced by the DØ experiment of Fermilab in
2008.[86]
In 1999, physicists at on the KTeV experiment were also the first to observe direct CP
violation in kaon decays.[87]
The DØ experiment and CDF experiment each made important contributions to the
observation of the Higgs Boson, announced in 2012.[88]
Site[edit]
Access[edit]
In spring 2022, the Fermilab site reopened to the public for outdoor activities after
closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Activities may include
biking, hiking, running and viewing the bison herd, however, fishing, which was
previously allowed, is now forbidden. Indoor access remains limited. All adult visitors
entering site must present a government-issued photo ID, and REAL ID-compliant IDs
will be required after May 3, 2023.[89] Up-to-date specifics about access can be found on
the Fermilab website.[90]
Architecture[edit]
Interior of Wilson Hall
Fermilab's first director, Robert Wilson, insisted that the site's aesthetic complexion not
be marred by a collection of concrete block buildings. The design of the administrative
building (Wilson Hall) was inspired by St. Pierre's
Cathedral in Beauvais, France,[91] though it was realized in a Brutalist style. Several of
the buildings and sculptures within the Fermilab reservation represent various
mathematical constructs as part of their structure.
The Archimedean Spiral is the defining shape of several pumping stations as well as the
building housing the MINOS experiment. The reflecting pond at Wilson Hall also
showcases a 32-foot-tall (9.8 m) hyperbolic obelisk, designed by Wilson. Some of the
high-voltage transmission lines carrying power through the laboratory's land are built to
echo the Greek letter π. One can also find structural examples of the DNA double-helix
spiral and a nod to the geodesic sphere.
Wilson's sculptures on the site include Tractricious, a free-standing arrangement of steel
tubes near the Industrial Complex constructed from parts and materials recycled from
the Tevatron collider, and the soaring Broken Symmetry, which greets those entering
the campus via the Pine Street entrance.[92] Crowning the Ramsey Auditorium is a
representation of the Möbius strip with a diameter of more than 8 feet (2.4 m). Also
scattered about the access roads and village are a massive hydraulic press and old
magnetic containment channels, all painted blue.
Wildlife[edit]
In 1967, Wilson brought five American bison to the site, a bull and four cows, and an
additional 21 were provided by the Illinois Department of Conservation. [93][94] Some fearful
locals believed at first that the bison were introduced in order to serve as an alarm if and
when radiation at the laboratory reached dangerous levels, but they were assured by
Fermilab that this claim had no merit. Today, the herd is a popular attraction that draws
many visitors[95] and the grounds are also a sanctuary for other local wildlife
populations.[96][97] A Christmas Bird Count has occurred at the lab every year since
1976.[98]
Working with the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, Fermilab has
introduced barn owls to selected structures around the grounds.[99]
Tritium on site[edit]
During running, particle beams produce tritium, an isotope of hydrogen consisting of a
proton and two neutrons that is weakly radioactive with a half-life of 12.3 years. This can
bind with oxygen to form water. Tritium levels measured on site are very low compared
to federal health and environmental standards. Fermilab monitors tritium leaving the site
in surface and sewer water, and provides a useful FAQ sheet for those who want to
learn more.[100]
See also[edit]





Big Science
Center for the Advancement of Science in Space—
operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS.
CERN
Fermi Linux LTS
Scientific Linux

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
References[edit]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
^ "DOE FY20 Budget Justification". Retrieved 2019-10-20.
^ Brown, Bruce. "Current and Future High Power Operation of
Fermilab Main Injector". Researchgate. Retrieved 25
February 2021.
^ Jump up to:a b c Biron, Lauren (22 July 2020). "Two
construction projects reach major milestones at
Fermilab". Fermilab. United States Government. Retrieved 25
February 2021.
^ "HEP Project Status, Mike Procario" (PDF). High Energy
Physics Advisory Panel November 1–2, 2021 Agenda.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Adrian Cho (March 29, 2022). "Trying to
stay ahead of competition, U.S. pares down troubled $3 billion
neutrino experiment". Science, American Association for the
Advancement of Science.
^ Lewton, Thomas (April 13, 2022). "Troubled U.S. Neutrino
Project Faces Uncertain Future–and Fresh Opportunities".
Scientific American. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ National Science Foundation. "The US and LHC
Computing". Archived from the original on 2011-01-10.
Retrieved 2011-01-11.
^ Caine, Paul (1 September 2020). "Argonne, Fermilab at
Forefront of 'Transformational' Quantum Research". WTTW.
Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ Salles, Andre (18 November 2019). "Fermilab launches new
institute for quantum science". Fermilab. United States
Government. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ Biron, Lauren (26 August 2020). "White House Office of
Technology Policy, National Science Foundation and
Department of Energy announce over $1 billion in awards for
artificial intelligence and quantum information science
research institutes". Fermilab. United States Government.
Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ Fermilab. "Before Weston". Archived from the original on
2010-03-05. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
^ Kolb, Adrienne (19 May 2017). "The founding of Fermilab".
Cern Courier. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Fermilab director Oddone announces plan to retire next
year". The Beacon-News. August 2, 2012. Archived from the
original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ "New Fermilab director named". Crain's Chicago Business.
June 21, 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November
2017. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ "Lia Merminga appointed director of Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory". Fermilab News. April 5, 2022.
Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ Shiltsev, Vladimir (2012). "Achievements and Lessons from
Tevatron". arXiv:1205.0536 [physics.acc-ph].
^ Bandurin, Dmitry; et al. (2015). "Review of physics results
from the Tevatron". International Journal of Modern Physics
A. 30 (6). arXiv:1409.4861. Bibcode:2015IJMPA..3041001B. d
oi:10.1142/S0217751X15410018. S2CID 118699490.
18. ^ "Animation of Fermilab's Accelerator Complex". YouTube.
Fermilab. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
Retrieved 25 February 2021.
19. ^ Carneiro, J.P.; Garcia, F.G.; Ostiguy, J.-F.; Saini, A.;
Zwaska, R. (13 Nov 2014). Transmission efficiency
measurement at the FNAL 4-rod RFQ (FERMILAB-CONF-14452-APC) (PDF). 27th International Linear Accelerator
Conference (LINAC14). pp. 168–
170. arXiv:1411.3614. Bibcode:2014arXiv1411.3614C. ISBN
978-3-95450-142-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23
April 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Fermilab Linac Slide Show
Description". Fermilab. Archived from the original on 18 April
2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
21. ^ Kubik, Donna (2005). Fermilab (PDF). Archived (PDF) from
the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b "Accelerator". Fermilab. Archived from the
original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
23. ^ Lavars, Nick (2021-12-02). "Next-gen particle accelerator
magnet ramps up at record speed". New Atlas.
Retrieved 2021-12-02.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b "35 years of H− ions at
Fermilab" (PDF). Fermilab. Archived (PDF) from the original
on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
25. ^ May, Michael P.; Fritz, James R.; Jurgens, Thomas G.;
Miller, Harold W.; Olson, James; Snee, Daniel
(1990). Mechanical construction of the 805 MHz side couple
cavities for the Fermilab Linac upgrade (PDF). Linear
Accelerator Conference. Proceedings of the 1990 Linear
Accelerator Conference. Albuquerque, New Mexico,
USA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2015.
Retrieved 13 August 2015.
26. ^ "Wilson Hall & vicinity". Fermilab. Archived from the original
on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
27. ^ Jump up to:a b "FNAL – The Proton Improvement Plan
(PIP)" (PDF). Proceedings of IPAC2014. 5th International
Particle Accelerator Conference. Dresden, Germany. 2014.
pp. 3409–3411. ISBN 978-3-95450-1328. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2015.
Retrieved 15 August 2015.
28. ^ Jump up to:a b Holmes, Steve (16 December
2013). MegaWatt Proton Beams for Particle Physics at
Fermilab (PDF) (Report). Fermilab. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 15
August 2015.
29. ^ Awida, M.H.; Foley, M.; Gonin, I.; Grassellino, A.; Grimm,
C.; Khabiboulline, T.; Lunin, A.; Rowe, A.; Yakovlev, V.
(September 2014). Development of 5 Cell Beta=0.9 650 MHz
Cavities for Project X (PDF). 27th Linear Accelerator
Conference (LINAC2014). Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 171–
173. ISBN 978-3-95450-142-7. Archived (PDF) from the
original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
30. ^ Proton Improvement Plan II (Report). Fermilab. 12
December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016.
Retrieved 15 August 2015.
31. ^ "PIP-II: An international effort breaking new ground in
particle physics". Innovation News Network. March 4, 2022.
32. ^ Thomas, Will (April 25, 2022). "Fermilab Accelerator
Upgrade Moves Into Construction Phase". FYI: American
Institute of Physics.
33. ^ "Intensity Frontier | ArgoNeuT". Fermilab. Retrieved 7
June 2019.
34. ^ "Cosmic Physics Center". Fermilab. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
35. ^ "Cosmic Frontier | COUPP". Fermilab. Retrieved 7
June 2019.
36. ^ "Collaborations and Sponsors". The Dark Energy Survey.
Retrieved 7 June 2019.
37. ^ "LBNF/DUNE: An international flagship neutrino
experiment". Fermilab. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
38. ^ "Holometer Description". Fermilab. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
39. ^ Jump up to:a b Steffel, Catherine N. (March 2,
2020). "ICARUS prepares to chase a fourth neutrino".
symmetrymagazine.org. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
40. ^ "MAGIS-100". Fermilab. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
41. ^ Abe, Mahiro; Adamson, Philip; Borcean, Marcel; Bortoletto,
Daniela; Bridges, Kieran; Carman, Samuel P; Chattopadhyay,
Swapan; Coleman, Jonathon; Curfman, Noah M; DeRose,
Kenneth; Deshpande, Tejas; Dimopoulos, Savas; Foot,
Christopher J; Frisch, Josef C; Garber, Benjamin E; Geer,
Steve; Gibson, Valerie; Glick, Jonah; Graham, Peter W;
Hahn, Steve R; Harnik, Roni; Hawkins, Leonie; Hindley, Sam;
Hogan, Jason M; Jiang (姜一君), Yijun; Kasevich, Mark A;
Kellett, Ronald J; Kiburg, Mandy; Kovachy, Tim; Lykken,
Joseph D; March-Russell, John; Mitchell, Jeremiah; Murphy,
Martin; Nantel, Megan; Nobrega, Lucy E; Plunkett, Robert K;
Rajendran, Surjeet; Rudolph, Jan; Sachdeva, Natasha;
Safdari, Murtaza; Santucci, James K; Schwartzman, Ariel G;
Shipsey, Ian; Swan, Hunter; Valerio, Linda R; Vasonis,
Arvydas; Wang, Yiping; Wilkason, Thomas (1 October 2021).
"Matter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor
(MAGIS-100)". Quantum Science and Technology. 6 (4):
044003. arXiv:2104.02835. Bibcode:2021QS&T....6d4003A. d
oi:10.1088/2058-9565/abf719. S2CID 209178030.
42. ^ Buongiorno, Caitlyn (26 September 2019). "MAGIS-100:
Atoms in free fall to probe dark matter, gravity and quantum
science". Fermilab. United States Government. Retrieved 9
March 2021.
43. ^ "Intensity Frontier | MiniBooNE". Fermilab. Retrieved 7
June 2019.
44. ^ "MicroBooNE Collaboration". Fermilab. Retrieved 7
June 2019.
45. ^ "Intensity Frontier | MINOS". Fermilab. Retrieved 7
June 2019.
46. ^ "MINERvA: Bringing neutrinos into sharp focus". Fermilab.
Retrieved 7 June 2019.
47. ^ "MIPP Collaborators Celebrate End of Preparation, Start of
Data Taking". Fermilab. United States Government.
Retrieved 9 March 2021.
48. ^ "Mu2e: muon-to-electron-conversion experiment". Mu2e
Fermilab. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
49. ^ "Muon g-2 Experiment". Muon-g-2 Fermilab. Retrieved 7
June 2019.
50. ^ "NOvA Experiment". NOvA Experiment Fermilab.
Retrieved 7 June 2019.
51. ^ Perricone, Mike (17 June 2004). "Surprise: Fermilab's
SELEX experiment finds puzzling new particle". Fermilab.
United States Government. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
52. ^ Alacaraz, Jose; Johnson, Randy; Wilking, Michael; AguilarArevalo, Alexis; Bernstein, Robert; Guzowski, Pawel; Hanson,
Aaron; Hayato, Yoshinari; Hiraide, Katsuki; Garvey, Gerald;
Metcalf, William; Napora, Robert; Dore, Ubaldo; Nienaber,
Paul; Miyachi, Yoshiyuki; Calata-Perez, Joan. "r BSciBooNE:
The SciBaooster Neutrino Experiment at Fermilab". INSPIRE
HEP. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
53. ^ "Argonne Physics Division - E906/SeaQuest". www.phy.anl.gov. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
54. ^ Machado, Pedro (2019). "The Short-Baseline Neutrino
Program at Fermilab". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle
Science. 69: 363–
387. arXiv:1903.04608. Bibcode:2019ARNPS..69..363M. doi:
10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020949. S2CID 119088967.
55. ^ Ayshford, Emily (30 January 2019). "Retired equipment
lives on in new physics experiments". Symmetry. Retrieved 25
February 2021.
56. ^ Kroc, Thomas (2017). "Illinois Accelerator Research
Center". Physics Procedia. 90:
92. arXiv:1705.00073. Bibcode:2017PhPro..90...92K. doi:10.1
016/j.phpro.2017.09.030. S2CID 113419509.
57. ^ Valivarthi, Raju; et al. (2020). "Teleportation Systems
Toward a Quantum Internet". PRX Quantum. 1 (2):
020317. arXiv:2007.11157. Bibcode:2020PRXQ....1b0317V. d
oi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.1.020317. S2CID 220686903.
58. ^ Romanenko, A; et al. (March 2020). "Three-Dimensional
Superconducting Resonators at T < 20 mK with Photon
Lifetimes up to τ = 2 s". Physical Review Applied. 13 (3):
034032. arXiv:1810.03703. Bibcode:2020PhRvP..13c4032R.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.034032.
59. ^ Acciarri, R.; et al. (2016). "Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility
(LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE)
Conceptual Design Report Volume 1: The LBNF and DUNE
Projects". arXiv:1601.05471 [physics.ins-det].
60. ^ Abi, B; et al. (3 December 2020). "First results on
ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber
performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino
Platform". Journal of Instrumentation. 15 (12):
P12004. arXiv:2007.06722. Bibcode:2020JInst..15P2004A. do
i:10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/P12004.
61. ^ "ICARUS neutrino experiment to move to Fermilab". April
22, 2015.
62. ^ Ruppel, Emily (30 September 2011). "Physics Phoenix:
Plotting the Journey of Muon g–2". Brookhaven National
Laboratory. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
63. ^ Lord, Steve (26 September 2015). "Fermilab brings super
magnet to life after 10 years". Aurora BeaconNews. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 – via
Chicago Tribune.
64. ^ Jump up to:a b Kiburg, Brendan (26 October 2015). G-2
Report (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8
December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
65. ^ Redin, S.I. (1999). "Magnetic Field shimming, Measurement
and Control for the BNL Muon (g-2)
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
Experiment" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1999 Particle
Accelerator Conference (Cat. No.99CH36366). 1999 Particle
Accelerator Conference. Vol. 5. New York. pp. 3167–
3169. doi:10.1109/PAC.1999.792238. ISBN 0-7803-55733. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-07.
^ Martin, Bruno (6 February 2018). "Fermilab's Muon g-2
experiment officially starts up". Fermilab. United States
Government. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ Overbye, Dennis (April 7, 2021). "Finding From Particle
Research Could Break Known Laws of Physics - It's not the
next Higgs boson — yet. But the best explanation, physicists
say, involves forms of matter and energy not currently known
to science". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
^ Marc, Tracy (April 7, 2021). "First results from Fermilab's
Muon g-2 experiment strengthen evidence of new
physics". Fermilab. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
^ "LHC Physics Center". lpc.fnal.gov. Retrieved 12
November 2019.
^ "USCMS web page".
^ "Fermilab's Patty McBride elected next CMS
spokesperson".
^ Report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization
Panel (PDF), May 2014
^ "LBNF/DUNE Status" (PDF).
^ "Mu2e: muon-to-electron-conversion experiment". Fermilab.
April 21, 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Bernstein, Maxwell (March 24, 2022). "Straws, crystals and
the quest for new subatomic physics". Fermilab News.
^ "2020 HEPAP COV Report on HEP Program" (PDF).
Department of Energy Office of Science.
^ Will Thomas (December 16, 2020). "Particle Physicists Feel
Squeeze From Major Projects". FYI, American Institute of
Physics.
^ William Thomas (November 21, 2021). "US high-energy
physics faces compounding budget tensions". Physics Today.
Vol. 2021, no. 2. pp. 1119a. doi:10.1063/PT.6.2.20211119a.
^ Will Thomas (7 February 2022). "DOE High Energy Physics
Program Head to Retire". FYI, American Institute of Physics.
^ "Nigel Lockyer to step down as Fermilab director". Fermilab
News. 10 September 2021.
^ "Lia Merminga appointed director of Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory". Fermilab News. 5 April 2022.
^ "Kevin Pitts named Dean of Science at Virginia Tech". 4
February 2022.
^ Johnson, George (March 5, 1995). "Physicists Weigh In:
The Quark Is a Porker". New York Times. Retrieved 30
April 2022.
^ "Discovery of the bottom quark, Upsilon". history.fnal.gov.
Fermilab History and Archives Project. Retrieved 10
July 2021.
^ Jackson, Judy (July 20, 2000). "Physicists Find First Direct
Evidence for Tau Neutrino at Fermilab". Fermilab News.
Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ "Fermilab physicists discover "doubly strange" particle".
Fermilab. 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5
September 2008.
87. ^ O'Boyle, LuAnne (March 1, 1999). "Fermilab Physicists Find
New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry". Fermilab News.
Retrieved 30 April 2022.
88. ^ Kurt, Reisselmann (July 2, 2012). "Tevatron scientists
announce their final results on the Higgs particle". Fermilab
News. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
89. ^ Marc, Tracy (March 28, 2022). "Fermilab site reopens to the
public, welcomes visitors". Fermilab News.
90. ^ "Visit Fermilab". Fermilab. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
91. ^ "Fermilab History and Archives Project". Archived from the
original on 2017-01-18.
92. ^ "The Fermilab Campus". About Fermilab. 1 December
2005. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 27
February 2007.
93. ^ Shivni, Rashmi (January 27, 2016). "The genetic purity and
diversity of the Fermilab bison herd". Fermilab News.
Retrieved 2020-11-22.
94. ^ Sharos, David (April 22, 2019). "Baby bison born at
Fermilab". The Beacon-News. Retrieved 2020-11-22 – via
Chicago Tribune.
95. ^ "Safety and the Environment at Fermilab". Fermilab. 30
December 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-09-26.
Retrieved 2006-01-06.
96. ^ "Ecology/Nature - Wildlife". Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory. 24 August 2001. Archived from the original on
2003-03-01. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
97. ^ "Nature and Ecology". Fermilab. Archived from the original
on 2018-07-01. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
98. ^ "Fermilab Christmas Bird Count". Fermilab. Retrieved 22
February 2019.
99. ^ "Birds Find Haven at Fermilab". Fermilab | History and
Archives | Site and Natural History. July 6, 1978.
Retrieved 2021-04-27.
100. ^ "Tritium at Fermilab". Fermilab. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fermilab.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
o Fermilab Today Daily newsletter
o Other Fermilab online publications
o Fermilab Virtual Tour
o Architecture at the Fermilab campus
show
United States Department of Energy
show
Municipalities and communities of DuPage County, Illinois, United States
show
Municipalities and communities of Kane County, Illinois, United States
show
University of Chicago
show
Authority control
Categories:















Fermilab
United States Department of Energy national
laboratories
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
Particle physics facilities
Laboratories in the United States
Batavia, Illinois
Buildings and structures in DuPage County, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Kane County, Illinois
Tourist attractions in DuPage County, Illinois
Tourist attractions in Kane County, Illinois
Education in DuPage County, Illinois
Education in Kane County, Illinois
Bison herds
1967 establishments in Illinois
Theoretical physics institutes


Nuclear research institutes
Institutes associated with CERN
Research institutes in Illinois
Enrico Fermi


Article
Talk


Navigation menu








Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Read
Edit
View history
Search
Search







Go
Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
Contribute





Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
Tools







What links here
Related changes
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Wikidata item
Print/export
 Download as PDF
 Printable version
In other projects
 Wikimedia Commons
Languages
 ‫ال عرب ية‬








Español
Français
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Bahasa Melayu
Português
Русский
中文
30 more
Edit links
 This page was last edited on 5 November 2022, at 20:58 (UTC).
 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of
the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
 Privacy policy

About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia

Mobile view

Developers

Statistics

Cookie statement

