Natkha Sergey
Objectives for
emergency
preparedness and
response
The Chief of
Department Emergency
Preparedness and Civil
Defence of Rosatom
Technical Academy
Санкт-Петербург
2022
1
INTRODUCTION
Safety is one of the most important
indicators of a person's quality of life, and the
pursuit of safety is one of the main goals of our
activities.
An industry has concentrated in itself huge
reserves of energy and new materials, began to
threaten the life and health of people, and even
the environment.
The accident in the conditions of the modern
technosphere in its scale and severity of
consequences has become comparable to
natural disasters and the destructive
consequences of military operations.
2
Technogenic safety
Technogenic
safety
is
usually
considered as a set of measures aimed
at preventing or reducing damage from
damaging factors of accidents
3
Risk
Risk expresses a possible danger, the
likelihood of an undesirable event.
Such an event can be:
o deterioration in health or death of a person;
o accident or disaster of a technical system or
device;
o pollution or destruction of the ecological
system;
o the death of a group of people or an increase
in the mortality rate of the population;
o material damage from realized hazards or
increased safety costs.
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Technogenic risk
Technogenic risk is a complex indicator of the
reliability of the elements of the technosphere. It expresses
the likelihood of an accident or disaster during the
operation of machines, mechanisms, the implementation
of technological processes, the construction and operation
of buildings and structures.
Sources of technical risk:
o low level of research and development work;
o pilot production of new equipment;
o serial production of unsafe equipment;
o violation of the rules for the safe operation of technical
systems.
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Discovery of radioactivity
Wilhelm C. Roentgen
(1845–1923)
Marie Curie
(1867–1934)
Henri Becquerel
(1852–1908)
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Radiation sources
Sealed sources
Open sources
7
Radiation risk
The risks posed by radiation
sources vary widely, depending on
factors such as the radionuclides
used, physical and chemical form
and activity
8
The term «radiation risks» is applied to:
harmful health effects of radiation exposure
(including the likelihood of such exposure);
any other safety-related risks (including risks to
which environmental ecosystems are exposed)
that may arise as a direct consequence of:
o radiation exposure;
o the presence of radioactive material
(including radioactive waste) or its
release into the environment;
o loss of control over the core of a nuclear
reactor, a nuclear chain reaction, a
radioactive source or any other source of
radiation.
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Biological effects of radiation exposure
deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions),
mostly associated with cell death at high
doses of radiation;
stochastic effects, that is, cancer and inherited
diseases associated either with the
development of cancer in exposed
individuals due to mutations in somatic
cells, or with an inherited disease in the
offspring of exposed individuals due to
mutations in reproductive (functional) cells.
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The main goal of ensuring the safety of nuclear installations
and radiation sources
The main safety goal of all
radiation sources will be to protect
people and the environment from
the harmful effects of ionizing
radiation
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The highest practicable safety levels
The highest practicable safety levels are achieved during the operation of facilities and
activities, the following measures should be taken:
ensuring control over the radiation exposure of people and the release of radioactive material
into the environment
limiting the likelihood of events that could lead to a loss of control over the core of a nuclear
reactor, a nuclear chain reaction, a radioactive source or any other source of radiation
mitigating the consequences of such events should they occur
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General Objective for Nuclear Safety of NPP
The overall goal of nuclear safety in a
nuclear power plant is to protect individuals,
society and the environment by establishing
and maintaining effective protection
measures at nuclear power plants against
radiological hazards
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The purpose of radiation protection in NPP
The objective of radiation protection in a
nuclear power plant is to ensure that
radiation doses to the plant, during normal
operation and as a result of any release of
radioactive material from the plant, are as
low as reasonably achievable, taking into
account economic and social factors, and
below established limits, as well as to
ensure reductions the extent of exposure
as a result of the accident
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International policy relationships for radiological protection
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The technical goal of ensuring safety in NPP
The technical goal of ensuring safety at
a nuclear power plant is to prevent
accidents at nuclear power plants with a
high degree of certainty; ensure that for all
accidents covered by the plant design,
even those with extremely low probability,
the radiological consequences, if any, are
negligible, and ensure that the likelihood of
large radiological consequences of severe
accidents is extremely small
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Defense in depth concept at a nuclear power plant
This concept applies to all safety-related
activities - organizational, behavioural or designrelated, and to all modes of operation - full power,
low power, or various shutdown states.
The application of the defense in depth
concept at all stages of design and operation
provides
protection
against
anticipated
operational events and accidents, including
accidents that occur as a result of equipment
failure or human actions at the plant, as well as
from the consequences of events occurring
outside the plant
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Physical safety barriers in a nuclear power plant
Reactor containment
vessel
Reactor containment
vessel
Reactor pressure
vessel
Fuel cladding tubes
Pellet
The safety system of modern nuclear power plants
consists of 4 barriers that reliably protect against the spread
of ionizing radiation and radioactive substances into the
environment:
1.
Fuel matrix that prevents fission products from
escaping under the cladding of the fuel element.
2.
The shell of the fuel element, which prevents fission
products from entering the coolant of the main
circulation loop.
3.
The main circulation loop preventing fission products
from escaping under the protective hermetic shell.
4.
The system of protective sealed shells, which excludes
the release of fission products into the environment.
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Defence in depth levels in a nuclear power plant
Levels of
defence
in depth
Objective
Essential means for achieving
the objective
Level 1
Prevention of abnormal operation and failures
Conservative design and high quality in
construction and operation
Level 2
Control of abnormal operation and detection of
failures
Control, limiting and protection systems
and other surveillance features
Level 3
Control of accidents within the design basis
Engineered safety features and accident
procedures
Level 4
Control of severe plant conditions, including
prevention of accident progression and mitigation
of the consequences of severe accidents
Complementary measures and accident
management
Level 5
Mitigation of radiological consequences of
significant releases of radioactive materials
Off-site emergency response
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Basic safety principles IAEA
The IAEA's “Fundamental Safety Principles” provide
ten safety principles from which safety requirements
are developed and safety measures are implemented
to achieve the fundamental safety objective. The
safety principles are interrelated and applied in their
totality, and while in practice the meaning of the
various principles may vary depending on the
particular circumstances, it is necessary to ensure
that all relevant principles are properly applied
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Basic safety principles IAEA
Principle 8: Prevention
of accidents
The 8th Safety Principle (Prevention of Accidents) establishes the
need to take all practicable efforts to prevent and mitigate the
consequences of nuclear or radiation accidents.
It is shown that the most harmful consequences of the operation
of facilities and activities occur as a result of the loss of control over the
core of a nuclear reactor, a nuclear chain reaction and sources of
ionizing radiation. In this regard, to ensure an acceptable probability of
accidents with harmful consequences, it is necessary to take the
following measures:
o prevent failures or abnormal situations (including violations in the
security system) that can lead to a loss of control;
o prevent the escalation of any failures or abnormal situations if they
occur;
o prevent the loss or control of radioactive sources or other radiation
sources
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Basic safety principles IAEA
Principle 9: Emergency
preparedness and
response
Safety Principle 9 (Emergency Preparedness and Response)
requires that measures be taken to ensure emergency preparedness
and response in the event of a nuclear or radiation incident.
Consistent with this principle, the main objectives for
preparedness and response for nuclear or radiological emergencies are
as follows:
o To ensure that arrangements are in place for an effective response at
the scene and, as appropriate, at the local, regional, national and
international levels, to a nuclear or radiation emergency;
o To ensure that, for reasonably foreseeable incidents, radiation risks
would be minor;
o For any incidents that do occur, to take practical measures to mitigate
any consequences for human life and health and the environment
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Emergency Preparedness Objectives
The goal of emergency preparedness is to ensure that an
adequate capability is in place within the operating organization
and at local, regional and national levels and, where appropriate,
at the international level, for an effective response in a nuclear or
radiological emergency.
This capability relates to an integrated set of infrastructural
elements that include, but are not limited to:
authority and responsibilities;
organization and staffing;
coordination;
plans and procedures;
tools, equipment and facilities;
training, drills and exercises;
a management system.
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Emergency Response Objectives
In a nuclear or radiological emergency, the goals of emergency
response are:
a) To regain control of the situation and to mitigate consequences;
b) To save lives;
c) To avoid or to minimize severe deterministic effects;
d) To render first aid, to provide critical medical treatment and to
manage the treatment of radiation injuries;
e) To reduce the risk of stochastic effects;
f) To keep the public informed and to maintain public trust;
g) To mitigate non-radiological consequences;
h) To protect property and the environment;
i) To prepare for the resumption of normal social and economic
activity.
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Control questions
1.
Give a definition of the term «safety». What, in your opinion, is
the main essence of this term?
2.
What is the main purpose of ensuring the safety of nuclear
installations and radiation sources?
3.
What are the main provisions of the concept of defense in depth
at a nuclear power plant?
4.
List the physical safety barriers in a nuclear power plant. Which
of the barriers, in your opinion, makes the greatest contribution to the
safety of the nuclear power plant?
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