EVOLUTION OF ASIAN REGIONALISM
In August 8, 1967, the ASEAN was born with
five original members:
•
Indonesia
•
Philippines
•
Malaysia
•
Thailand
•
Singapore
A regional forum held annually by leaders of 16
countries in the East Asian, Southeast Asian
and South Asian regions.
In 2010, the East Asian Summit decided to add
two more members, the United States and
Russia
THREE PROPOSITIONS OF ASIAN
REGIONALISM
1. Geographical Asia is too diverse for
cultural Asia
 Cultural homogeneity is not a
guarantee for regionalist
community formation.
ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian
Nations
-
ASEAN’s first summit meeting was held
in 1976
2. Geographical Asia is too small for
globalizing Asia
The ASEAN community is comprised of three
pillars –
 It is ironical to say that Asia is
too small for Asia.
1. ASEAN Political Security Community
2. ASEAN Economic Community
3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
3. Geographical Asia is too conflictual
internally for strategic Asia
 Action tends to be taken without
explicitly distinguishing foes
from friends.
APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
-
Regional economic forum established
with the United States’ strong support.
The Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation is an inter-governmental
forum for 21 member economies in the
Pacific Rim that promotes free trade
throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
ASEAN +3
•
ASEAN partnered with three East Asian
countries – China, Japan, and South
Korea
•
Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian
financial crisis and help each other cope
with the crisis.
•
ASEAN concretized regionalism in the
Asian region.
ASPECTS THAT LED TO A GREATER
ASIAN INTEGRATION
1. Integration has been market-driven.
2. Formal institutions such as the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) were
established.
3. Economic grants and overseas
development assistance are made
available by better Asian economies.
4. Production networks have expanded.
5. Cooperation among the ASEAN and
East Asian countries ensued the
ASEAN+3 Financial Ministers’ Process
that established two economic structures
– the Chiang Mai Initiative and the
Asian Bond Markets Initiative.
6. If EU is rules-based, ASEAN follows a
consensus rule as an approach to
decision making.
In facing the challenges, brought about by
globalization, Asian countries have
responded with regional alternatives;
In 2000s, Japan and China competed over how
to adapt to the relentless tide of globalization via
the politics of membership.
EAST ASIAN SUMMIT

BIG GROUP
-
Asian countries established their own
Asian Development Bank (ADB) that is
more focused on Asia and the Pacific as
a reaction to global economic
integration.
-
Japan is a major contributor to ADB.
-
-
Asian nations work in the form of loans,
grants, and information sharing on topics
such as tourism and regional security.
As a result, individual countries do
bilateral and multilateral agreements.
-
China, India, and Japan as important
regional players.
-
Reaction to globalization, also gave rise
of terror groups, like the Islamic State of
Iraq and Syria (ISIS) which has spread to
the Muslim communities in Southern
Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
-
The establishment of the ASEAN that
fosters the spirit of regionalism and
oneness of Asian nations.
AIMS AND PURPOSES of big group - Asean
declaration
•
To accelerate economic growth, social
progress, and cultural development in
the region.
•
To promote regional peace and stability
•
To promote active collaboration and
mutual assistance on matters of common
interest.
•
To provide assistance to each other in
the form of training and research
facilities.
•
To collaborate more effectively for the
greater utilization of their agriculture and
industries
•
To expand trade, improve their
transportation and communications
facilities and raise the living standards of
their people.
•
To promote Southeast Asian Studies.
•
Maintain close and beneficial
cooperation.

LOCAL COMMUNITIES
-
In the form of disengagement from
globalization that transpired locally.
-
Creating own currency.
-
Formation of self-sufficiency groups,
community-owned rice mills, and
cooperative shop; the gathering of
traditional herbal practitioners; and the
preference for local products.

SMALL GROUP
-
Asian regionalism lacks institutions and
bureaucratic bodies to serve the region
unlike the European Union model of
single market in goods and services.
CONCLUSION
•
Globalization and regionalization are the
same for they refer to integration.
•
Their difference lies on the scope.
Globalization is worldwide, while
regionalization focuses on a specific
geographical region.
•
As a response to world homogenization
and division, regionalism that comes in
various forms of regional alternatives to
globalization spawned within and among
regions in Asia.
•
Asian integration did not happen based
only on one historical event for there
were different factors that led to this
alliance.
MODULE 4 - A World of Ideas
“Global Culture and Media”
CULTURE - The characteristics and
knowledge of a particular group of people,
encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social
habits, music and arts.
"Culture encompasses religion, food, what we
wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage,
music, what we believe is right or wrong, how
we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how
we behave with loved ones, and a million other
things," Cristina De Rossi.
MEDIA, the term, which is the plural of
medium, refers to the communication channels
through which we disseminate news, music,
movies, education, promotional messages and
other data. It includes physical and online
newspapers and magazines, television, radio,
billboards, telephone, the Internet, fax and
billboards.
It describes the various ways through which we
communicate in society. Because it refers to all
means of communication, everything ranging
from a telephone call to the evening news on
television can be called MEDIA.
MASS MEDIA
•
Mass media means technology that is
intended to reach a mass audience.
•
It is the primary means of
communication used to reach the vast
majority of the general public. The most
common platforms for mass media are
newspapers, magazines, radio,
television, and the Internet.
Cultural Differentialism
•
Views cultural difference as immutable.
•
As the West and non-Western
civilizations interact or are brought in
contact through globalization, clash of
civilizations such as that of the West and
Islam logically follows.
Cultural Convergence
•
LOCAL MEDIA
 It’s function primarily to serve the
communications needs of the
communities or metropolitan areas in
which they are located.
 Example are your local newspaper, or
local regional TV radio channels.
MEDIA’S FIVE STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
1. ORAL COMMUNICATION Language allowed humans to
communicate and share information.
2. INVENTION OF SCRIPTS Communicate to a larger space and for
much longer duration.
3. PRINTING PRESS - Allows the
continuous production, reproduction, and
circulation of print materials.
4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA Characterized as the used of technology.
5. DIGITAL MEDIA - Relies of digital
codes, it can be created, modified, and
stored in any digital electronic device.
Media is a carrier of culture, a tool for the
interaction of people with different cultures.
Suggests that globalization engenders a
growing sameness of cultures. However,
the culture of powerful and progressive
countries becomes culture.
Examples: K-pop culture
Cultural Hybridity
•
Suggests that globalization spawns
increasing and ongoing mixing cultures.
Examples: CHABACANO
This trend will further bring about new cultural
forms, not only in language but also in food,
fashion, arts, music, among others.
GLOCALIZATION - Coined from
globalization and localization, is a rather new
concepts brought about by the increased
frequency of contact among cultures.
This reinforces the fact that local cultures are
not weak, static, or fixed; they are built and
understood anew each day in a globalized world
- Lule, 2014.
Local cultures continue to accommodate and
assimilate cultures of the world due to
globalization.
CONCLUSION
•
Overall, the five stages of development
of media have greatly influenced the
globalization of culture.
•
However, the real media is the PEOPLE.
•
Marketing people seek the world for
their cultural products, and managers
facilitate interactions of culture for
profit.
•
From pamphlets to Instagram, Twitter,
and Snap Chat, media has produced and
reproduced cultural products around the
globe.
•
Others bring cultural exchanges of
beauty and power.
•
•
These interactions result in the
integration of cultures.
Moreover, the increase in cultural
interactions generated by media results
in outcomes that exhibit the vigor of
local cultures influenced by the global
culture.
•
PIETERSE 2004
Asserts that the only outcomes of the
influence of globalization on culture are
cultural differentialism, cultural
convergence, and cultural hybridity.
CONFUCIANISM, BUDDHISM, and
TAOISM.
Lesson2: The Globalization of Religion
Religion
•
It plays a vital role in the lives of
Filipinos for their values are anchored on
it.
•
It has affected their attitudes, characters,
and perspectives in life. This truth is not
exclusive to Filipinos.
•
It is true to most of the former “Third
World,” developing countries, and even
the West.
Effects of Globalization to Religion
a) It paved the way for the rise of religious
nationalism.
b) The turn of religion into public life.
c) The proliferation of international
terrorism.
d) The increase of individual religiosity
Global Migration also influences religion.
Because of migration, globalization has forced
the appearance of “religious traditions in places
where these previously had been largely
unknown or considered a minority” ROUDOMETOF, 2014
DETERRITORIALIZATION - A cultural
feature that blurs the lines between culture and
place and thus transcends territorial boundaries.
-
mean to take the control and order away
from a land or place or territory that is
already established. It is to undo what
has been done.
FOR EXAMPLE, when the Spanish conquered
the Aztecs, the Spanish eliminated many
symbols of Aztec beliefs and rituals.
Hitler’s propaganda campaign that lead to WWI
- by banning and burning books that
contradicted his values.
Global Migration
•
•
•
On the other end, religion is influenced
by global trends and impulses and is
forced to respond to newfound situations
ROUDOMETOF, 2014.
•
One good example is the use of social
media as a tool for evangelization.
GLOCALIZATION
•
The interaction of religion and culture
resulted in a global-local religion.
•
It is a global religion with a local mix.
Model of Four Distinct Glocalization
1. VERNACULARIZATION - Refers to
the blending of universal religions with
local languages. For instance, Arabic is
used, as Islam's sacred language even
outside the Arab world, while Greek and
Latin remains to be the primary
languages of Christianity.
2. INDIGENIZATION - Transforms a
universal religion to suit the specifics of
a particular ethnic group. An example is
the practice of Islam by various ethnic
groups in the Zamboanga peninsula.
3. NATIONALIZATION - Constructs a
link between the nation and church.
Religious institutions relate to national
identities and the realities of that nation.
Being part of the nation means
belonging to its national church.
- The PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT
CHURCH, an independent Christian
denomination, is an example of a
national church in the Philippines.
4. TRANSNATIONALIZATION - It has
complemented religious nationalization
by focusing groups on identifying
specific religious traditions of real or
imagined national homelands.
- IGLESIA NI CRISTO is one good
example of this.
The Globalization of Religion
EASTERNIZATION OF THE WEST
- The West, which is the starting point
for the spread of world religions, is now
the recipient of a new system of beliefs
from the East.
Global Conflict
There is also a rise in the number of
believers of Asian religions like
ZOROASTRIANISM,
These conflicts are about identity, economics,
privilege, and power
•
Jihadist Attack
•
Jewish Extremists
•
New Christian Right
•
Peace
•
Promote forgiveness and discourage
revenge.
The main point here is not the global
conflicts, but the role of religion in these
conflicts.
•
Extremists believe that radical measures
are necessary in achieving the will of
God. If they act moderately, this means
they abandon the Supreme Being’s will.
•
Fundamentalists believe that men ought
to return to the very passages of the
sacred books to legitimize their actions.
•
Nationalists tie their traditions with their
nation or homeland.
•
Any threat is a threat to their identity,
power, privilege, and rights.
Five Stages of Global Religious Rebellion
a) Revolt against secularism
b) Internationalization of religious
rebellion
c) Invention of global enemies
d) Global war
e) Religious dimensions of post-Arab
spring
PEACE
•
It plays a vital role in man's search for
world peace.
•
Moral principles and values are
necessary tools to resolve conflicts.
•
Religion touches the inner self of
humans and encourages them to improve
themselves and society.
CONCLUSION
•
•
•
In many ways, religion is affected by
globalization.
At the same time, it has contributed to
the rise of global conflicts and the
achievement of world peace.
Conflicts are caused by different
interpretations of the religious sacred
texts applied in the secular world in the
guise of economic and political clashes
or vice versa.
Either individualized or institutionalized,
religion is one of the actors of cultural
globalization.