‫‪Telecom Egypt‬‬
‫‪Training Sector‬‬
‫ادارة‪ :‬اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ا ت‬
‫ا ت ا ف‬
‫ا ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ ر‬
‫ا‬
‫ )‪(١٢-١‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ات ا ء‬
‫ا‬
‫)‪(١٣-١‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫ ا ف ا ‬
‫ا‬
‫ )‪(١٩-١‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪%‬ا) ت (آ' و‪#$%‬ت آ! ا ف ا ‬
‫ا‬
‫)‪(٢٩-١‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪ %‬در ا ء)ا ( ا ‪(+‬‬
‫ا‬
‫)‪(٩-١‬‬
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‫ا‬
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‫ا‬
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‫ا‬
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‫ا ‪4‬ت ا )‪( optical measurments‬‬
‫ا‬
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SEA ME WE 2 •
SEA ME WE 3 •
SEA ME WE 4 •
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TS01TX10En
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SeaMeWe-3
The route of the submarine cable (black); the blue segment is terrestrial
terrestrial
sea mewe-3 %0 (1)%9
The route of the submarine cable (red); the blue segment is terrestrial
terrestrial
seamewe4 %0 ()%9
٦
TS01TX10En
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TS01TX10En
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TS01TX10En
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‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
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TS01TX10En
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Wavelength of light
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2-2
•
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C=λF
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Speed of light
•
•
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TS01TX10En
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Reflection of light
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U$- ) E+ R %
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TS01TX10En
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Law of Reflection@@@N4O3Q '3P@QMTM R
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Law of Reflection
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TS01TX10En
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@ @ Refraction
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of light
$ K43@
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TS01TX10En
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%= *-= '4 $- A4 *+ , - e *+ , - )0 0-!
(n ) , -!
n
=
co / c
=
e *+ , $- *+ , -
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(6) %9
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TS01TX10En
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:$ -2 C0 *+ , -! +, - .%,‫أ‬
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•
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‫هاء‬
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‫ ج‬4‫ز‬
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78‫ا‬
Snell’s Law ( K43 '3P) 62# '3P 2-5-2
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62# '3P (7) %9
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TS01TX10En
‫ ات ا ء‬: +#C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫@@@@@@@@@@@ا‬
*! ; $- *+ , -!. % %2 $- *+ , -!. % Sin α
=
Sin θ
α # "/
=
θ # "/
n2
n1
>
. ‫;ط‬1‫= زاو ا‬
α
. ‫ ر‬12$‫= زاو ا‬
θ
. <$ %‫ ا‬0(‫ ر ا'ء =< ا‬12$‫ ا‬+, -, =
n2
. ‫ ا>ول‬0(‫ ر ا'ء =< ا‬12$‫ ا‬+, -, =
n1
Total Internal Reflection <.@‫ ا!ا‬#.2‫ س ا‬2-$‫ ا‬٣-٥-٢
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
(S) %9
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TS01TX10En
‫ ات ا ء‬: +#C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫@@@@@@@@@@@ا‬
V 9= )E=+ = H3 + ° :T -! # U0 ! $(- # !
=== H3 - ) )$- )0 %
U$- J # 9! *
( α c ) =/ # 0 H3 + $(- # - "*' W !. "
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(@
J ; ,3 Z /# ) ) + ; %K4 $-
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n1 = 1.5
θ = 90 o
n2 = 1
Sin αc
n2
=
n1
Sin θ
Sin α c =
1
1.5
= 0.67
∴α c = 42 o
@ @
$ T)# +U V 4-5-2
3 $(- # "- (1) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) > )
(:)
%9 + U
@@@@@@@@@@
LAW OF REFRACTION
%
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%9
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TS01TX10En
‫ ات ا ء‬: +#C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫@@@@@@@@@@@ا‬
@ @
@ @
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Fresnel loss @@+$7= !;= ٦-٢
(T) %9
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U$- * J V 9 $(- ! •
%= ,#=/ =3 .?=! % ,#/ W! - ) %
U$- . %!+ W !. *- W!
2
n2 - n1
W !G % ( ρ )=
n 2 + n1
:)E+
,3 Z /# )$- ) !
() %9
2
W !G % ١١
 1 .5 − 1 
(ρ ) = 
 = 0.04
 1 .5 + 1 
TS01TX10En
‫ ات ا ء‬: +#C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫@@@@@@@@@@@ا‬
Rayleigh-Scattering
( 2 Y% ) WDD+ X"#
٧-٢
#/ "9 / /! J W! / N $- *+ , 9!. ! •
=3 " $=-" *- C , ) + [ -! % %/ =(+ 0-! *. AI , 9!. H /. ) ' A'4
3 /. '. *!
.( *+
)E=+ R [ [
#/
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*= $-E0 ;4 ;D * *3 ( / %$2
92
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: )4 A4 λ4 L - "- ! <!E+ 0/ "- */ %$ L -
1
βα
λ4
. %! 94 *- $- 0 ( ( *3 β >
•
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(1) %9
١٢
TS01TX10En
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ABSORPTION ^
S
/ /# 2 ! "9 / *. 8 L/ : Absorption 92 ^
) #
94 ^
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#/ *. 4
. *. < / %$2 )
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TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
[;E :Z G ‫ا"!ف‬ + ( V! V! 9 " ‫ا ت‬
9 " 1
2 V!4 1
7
Numerical Aperture ( NA ) 11
:
modes Z ! 1
:
Z ! 51
Z! Z ! )0 ! ( 61
0 9 %' )3 71
1
9 + 9 S1
S
%0 + ( V! :1
S
١
9 V! ^
' % T1
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
Z G [;E
X\O] ^ 8(
1-3
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9 " (1) %9
: *3 - -4
(0$ 1 ) 9 "
TT *=. )= H=$K `= *=(! Z /# ) L! ( Core ) 9 "K •
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)= %K4 <0 , -! % ) 4 Z /# ) L! ( Cladding ) - •
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_3/
2-3
) V!4 /
*/ -! % Z ! 2
•
Multimode Step Index
- ( */ -! % Z ! 2
•
Standard Multimode Graded Index
.- ( Z! 4 2
•
$-G #. 2
•
Standard Single Mode
Dispersion Shifted Mode
N $-G #. 2
Non Zero Dispersion
٢
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
@ @
@( M.M.S.I) FH K43 6>O> ` a`<2 Xb O"> 1MRMS
*/ -! % Z ! 2 (1) %9
= *. $ !2 % */ -!. % Z ! 9
W =! )! K L0 *$' 92 - )4
@ 9 3
•
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, -! 0 %' J $' Z ! - 2 ) V! 3 *+
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•
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. 4 $' 0 - !
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TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
.*/ -! % Z ! 2 + , 9! (11) %9
( M.M.G.I) Fc " K43 6>O> ` a`<2 Xb O">
2-2-3
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
*/ -! % Z ! 2 (1) %9
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TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
*/ -! % Z ! 2 + , 9!(51) %9
@ = !$=-.
(0$ *. -( "( )
9 ) V! 3 *+
•
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)= )4 = L=
nc2 < nc1 > 0 3 nc2 ) ! ; 9nc1
-=!. = 8=0 - -!. % ) 04 "(
%=' -=! *. ; W!+ %
(0$ -!G @ U$- *. % * J / V 9
. 9 "K
*=+ *(- Z ! L/ )E+ $(- # < ?!E0 2 H3 #
•
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= = %=' J 0( $(+ Z! /0 2 ) V! 3 #
3-2-3
•
#= 0(- - )0 ) %K4 $- )
( db/cm)%@ (0 J 4
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•
.%0( # %( 0 (NA) %( 3
@ @
٥
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
@ @
( DSM ) "# VU `
/ ! ( Dispersion ) $- Z@ Z! 2 +
4-2-3
•
='4 V! / ) n2 R n1 )0 M C ' NA K %(0 Z ! )
= ( Light Source ) = = 3 <+ "0- ) $- )
( 1310 nm ) / %$ ! ' 1550 nm / %$ ! < $=- = #.
=2 =3 =2 ) '4 V! Z !. . H /G ( Dispersion Shifted Mode )
%=K4 )=# + ? Z! Q2 'D % 2 8 % + •
?( + - K4 '- Q Z! M$ + -!G % #0 8
. + - # J /
@ @ H Non Zero Dispersion@) +(d; \e "# ` ) = =. % = > 0 $-@ #. % 2 ) V! 3 +
Non Linear ) =$' =[ ;D= 0 -= "0- = /= %$ ) ;4 % -. UMRMS
•
$- % + %$2 )0 %' ?+ ( Effect
WDM ! + 2
٦
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
@Numerical Aperture@( NA ) +b O f"d SMS
@ @ (61) %9
(71) %9
= 4 Q =( %' # "/ ( <! 0 •
9=!. ?= > V 9 <0 $(- )4 ) $(- # K4 <! 0 J 4
. 2 9 %'
٧
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
n12 − n22
•
NA >
•
NA=sin θ max =
Q ( %0( # θ max
•
. 92 L/ 9 ( W K 3 NA
•
. - "( %' , -!. + 3 NA
•
. 1 ) %K4 J NA
•
. 9 0 $0 , )0 NA
•
. 0 9 %' , M@$. *+ Q0 34 < NA
•
%=- + -= * = 0 0 0( , ) 0 NA ) !
•
)= Z ! <!D0 2 H3 + 0
.
- * 0 A M $! C %( Z ! ;
)= %=K L- / %( %0( $' / )E+ [
NA ) !
•
= 4 2 H3 *+ *- 9 *. + ! $ !2
. 0
- ) * 0 V -G X 0 A M $! C0 # $!
+b O f"d KV G>
$ ! 0+ n1 (Core) = 1.469
,
•
n2 (Cladding) = 1.45
(1.47 )2 − (1.45)2
NA = n12 − n22 =
*+
1 -3-3
= 0.24
∴θ max = 14 °
Z! Q 0+ n1(Core) = 1.469
,
NA=sin θ
=
(1 .469 )2
٨
•
n2 (Cladding) = 1.464
max
− (1 .465
∴θ max = 6 .95
*+
=
)2
n12 − n22
= 0 .121
°
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
Modes
a`<2 @@
@ TM S
Z =! *-= = -= "- ) 2 9 %' , 9! •
. ?0 ^ ' - Z! % R 9 - *3 ($ !2)
*-=$ ![ *0< ) / $$' L/ ) 0 3 * ($!) Z!
%=$ A -
+ - *$! %90 2
9 0 ^ ' - *+
V >= V # =0 ? # Normalized = *- 3 */
*3
a
v = 2 Π   NA
λ 
9 "K $K ! *3 a >
*/ %$ *3
λ
*3 NA
. < W - K K 3 Normalized Frequency = V
* =K4 ?=!D0 Cutoff Wavelength *$( / %$ 0 *- 8 !3 •
. Z! 4 2 9 U0 H! A / %$ ?! K
a
 vc
λc = 2 Π 

a 
 NA = 2 Π
 NA
 2 .405 

. *$( */ %$ λc >
= = Z ! L/ H! *9@ A Normalized = L$( Vc
. Z!
. 9 "K $K ! a
. NA
Number of Modes
= 2
%=
a`<2 b + g
5-3
9 %' 9! ($ !2) Z ! " - ) •
! $9 M0$
/ 9!G %- )! K '-E0
%= =[ % =94 J 4 <!4 /!+ / /# - 9 "K )0
. - *. "( ) -!
٩
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
•
V 2
N = 
 2
 g 


g
+
2


*3 -! % [ % g >
*$' */ -! % 9 g =1
N=
g= ∞
*+ •
v2 1 v2
* =
2 2 4
*/ -! % 9 N=
*+ •
v2 1 v2
* =
2 3 6
g = 2 *$' N */ -! % 9 N=
•
*+ •
v2
2
@ @
@ a`<2 b KV FD hDG>/@
@ QM UM S
. (S.I) *=/ -!. % Z ! 9 %' Z ! "- •
λ
= 800nm 0.2 A - NA 50 µm 3 9 "K $K )4  V 2  1  Π dNA 
N =   = 

2
2
λ


 
2
2
1  3.14 * 50 * 10 3 * 0.2 
 = 800 mod es
= 
2
800

(G.I) */= -=!. %= Z ! 9 %' Z ! "- •
M0 - % ;
2
V 2 1  3.14 * 50 * 10 3 * 0.2 
 = 400 mod es
N=
= 
4
4
800

= = + gµm 3$K 9 %' (Modes) Z ! "- •
. 1550nm 1310nm */ *$ '-. ! 0.11
(N )1310
١٠
V 2 1  Πd

=
= 
NA 
2
2 λ

2
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
2

1  3.14 * 9 * 10 3
= 
* 0.11 ≈ 3 mod es @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
1310
2

2
@ @
( N )1550

V 2 1  3.14 * 9 * 10 3
=
= 
* 0.11 ≈ 2 mod es
2
2
1550

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ @
@a`<2 +bV/ a`<2 Xb O"> i7 3)>@
*/ -! % @ VM S
Z ! 2 )0 ! ( U * %/
% Z! 4 2 (Multimode Graded Index) - (
(Single mode Step Index) - ( */ -!
@ @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@pa‡@x‡ìàäÛa@òí…byc@ÒbîÛþa
@ @ ïu‰†Ûa@‰b(Øãüa@ÝßbÈß
@ ÝßbÈß@pa‡@x‡bàäÛa@ñ…†Ènß@ÒbîÛþa
@ @ @ÒbîÛþa@Êìã@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@ @ ïu‰†nÛa@‰b(Øãüa
@ @ òã‰bÔ½a@éuë@@@
‫ و‬٩
5T
(core) 9 $K
.75
.S
, -! % 9 "K %'
! !1T
! !S5T
! ! 55T
! !1TT
/ %$ ! /%0- ,15
/ %$ ! /%0-1
! !1T
! !S5T
%$ ! /%0- ¸5
/ %$ ! /%0-
! ! 55T/
! ! 1TT
/ %$ ! ST
/ %$ ! 5
! !55T
! !1TT
*/ %$
% %@ @ @ Repeater = + -
@ @
@ @
@ @
١١
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
‫ل‬FG‫ا‬
7%-‫ا‬
ABSORPTION ‫ ص‬I,‫ا‬
‫ك‬7
‫ ر‬1,
78‫ا‬
‫ارة‬7D #‫ل ا‬
‫ارة‬7D
@ @
)3 (S1)%9
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
(:1)%9
;0 " 0- (:1)%9
١٢
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
: *3 0 9 %' )3 > " 0-4 /
2 ! "9 / *. 8 L/ : Absorption 92 ^
^
. ' < <- ! - )4 (OH) , #/ *. 4 / /#
. *. < / %$2 ) ) #
2 !
. •
94
#/ + ; *+ [ "0-0 ) Scattering $-G •
3 / L/ *+ , V 9. *. AI A * $- <34 / /#
. 9 "K $K ! $- " 0-4 ) */ %$ * ?K
@ @ @@Þbrß@
@ QM WM S
. 10% 0-!0 */ %$ C '! ! %! (+ # 0-! AD0
: % B1 =
@ @ B2 =
1
λ4
1
1
1
=
× 4
4
4
(0.9λ )
(0.9) λ
@ @ B2 =
1
B1
( 0 .9 ) 4
@ @ = 1.52 B1
@ @@52% ‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ∴ @ا "!دة ا‬
Signal (Delay) Dispersion @@ \O] * j"C" @
K ?!4 / J - ;4 U0 <!E+ 0 9 %' ,
%/
9 3 .
9 *-
0! *+ V -G 3 R
١٣
0! A- !
0! H< " > *. ?9 ) V! 3 A'4 0! % )0 M *+ ?0
. (T1) %9 2 ! *+ @ XM S
%0(- <
- ) 0 TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
@@ 2 9 *+ 9 (T1) %9
(T1)%9
WIDTH OF
INPUT
WIDTH OF
OUTPUT
in
(T1)
@ @
%9 L0 Modal Dispersion @ (ψ mod ) F<2 j"C" 1M XM S
# ' > ($ !2) Z ! *. AI ($ !2) Z !
9 *+
9 ) V! 3 > - %$4 *+ @' ?! i!+ $! % $(-
@ @. 0(- 0! C *+ * 0 92 % )# *+ @'
١٤
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
. (1) %9 */ -! % Z ! 9 *+ •
MMSI $! 9 (1) %9
) %K4 3 - ) # A- * 92 0 ) V! 3 *+ o
- 'D - 92 C0 )E+ 8 / A'4 - ' * 92
. <! % %$4
ψ mod = Tkm .
∆
ns / km
2
% 0 %' - )# *3T km >
∆=
n1 − n2
n1
% ; *
∆ = 0.01
ψ mod = Tkm
١٥
n = 1.5
n1 ∆
∆
∗ =
*
2
co 2
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
1.5
0.01
= 25ns / km
*
3 * 105 2
. (1) %9 */ -! % Z ! 9 Input
pulse
*+
Output
pulse Refractive
index
MMGI $! 9 (1) %9
M0 - H ! ) %K4 *$! 9 ) 0 ) V! 3 *+
ψ mod
∆2
= Tkm .
2
% ;
∆ = 0 .01
1 .5
3 × 10
١٦
5
n = 1.5
(0 .01 ) 2
×
= 0 .25 ns / km
2
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
. (11) %9 Z! 4 9 *+ •
SMSI(11) %9
*$! 9 > * 0 $(+ V 9 A- 0 ) V! 3 *+ o
ψ mod = φ
Chromatic Dispersion
@ @ Material Dispersion @
*! 9 S1 o
@A 9
S1 o
@ @
@ @
@ @ @! 9@(1) %9
١٧
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
@' /! 9 %' ($ !2) Z ! - *+ @' ) i! •
V -4 *. AI A *!# @' > * 0 <+ $! % */ %$ *+
. 0!
?!4 '- */ %$ ! 9 V!4 L/ *+ "- •
, ) - 0! C ψ tot = ψ 2 mod
+ ψ 2 ch
Wave guide Dispersion
WH& 6
j"C
2-2-8-3
! -!G % *+ @'. *. AI * J 4 / %$2 @' ) i!
. (51) %9 */ %$ K4 %$4
(51)%9
678 * )d _3/
. 9 ^
9-3
/! <- ! 9 *+ ( *
. Z , [ *3 ! , ) i ! ( *
. $0 ) i ! ( *
. */ ' $[ ) i ! ( *
. ) i ! ( *
\OC _3/ [;E b g W" 6>O 10-3
@@Ha`<2 ) n<2 +bV/ \O]
1-10-3
)3 *
' $- *
١٨
TS01TX10En
[;E : Z G @@@@@@@@@@@
*$( */ %$ *
A 9 *
(To) a`<2 Xb O"> \O] 2-10-1
)3 *
*
' $- *
A M $! C *
*$! 9 *
١٩
TS01TX10En
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫ ‪ :‬‬
‫ اف‬‫ "! ‬
‫ ‪. # $ % & #‬‬
‫ ا‬‫()*‬
‫ت‬
‫ ‪ + , - " "+‬‬
‫()‪ !" , ,"# + .‬‬
‫()‪ ! /‬‬
‫()(‬
‫ ‬
‫()‪ , 6‬‬
‫(‬
‫ ‪4 - &2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫! ‪7 +‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫()‪ 9 5‬‬
‫()‪,: 8‬‬
‫()<‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫(‬
‫ ‪0 1 2‬‬
‫()‪ !" % 3‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫!‬
‫‪ % ! 2‬‬
‫;*‬
‫;*‬
‫();* ‬
‫‪*5‬‬
‫() ** ‪ #‬‬
‫‪..‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪1-4‬‬
‫‪ $%‬‬
‫*)( ' &&‬
‫ ‬
‫) ‪ $ #‬‬
‫ ‪:‬‬
‫‬
‫) =‪0‬‬
‫‪#‬‬
‫) =‪0‬‬
‫‪.:-+‬‬
‫) ! ? ‪> #‬‬
‫) ‪ 4‬‬
‫‪2-4‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪ 1 23‬‬
‫‪,-(&* . /0‬‬
‫)‬
‫ "! ‬
‫!‪.7‬‬
‫)‬
‫ ‪2‬‬
‫ ‬
‫)‬
‫ ‬
‫)‬
‫ ! "‬
‫) ‬
‫)‬
‫‪. 4 @-4‬‬
‫‪ @-‬‬
‫ ‪#‬‬
‫ )()*( ‪( 9 D) C -‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫)( ‪ @- E" -‬‬
‫)!( ‪# -‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
/)(
,5 ' (6
9F ./ @ *( F = % % + G 7
"
#
= @L- "# 7- 2 F 0 K , I D: E4" J @ "# 7- 9!I
.. / @ 5 F :
# > 9 7 2 &2 + 7
: ! ,%-
4" N = ! I I , $ 1I # G= @ :1I @ M
." = :
.
2 PI O # O# > ,#" I
= # -
78 9: ;<
4-4
:7 F P 1 2 4 ,"# + P 1 2 , I ! #
# )
P 1 2 # )
4 7- &2 1 R&S # 4 *)()(
. #+ 1M # )
. 9 .> # = # S " & .2 R G @ @)
٤
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
# S P 1 2 , I.)()(
# S P 1 2 , I
. 7% !
%U @ # > 9 , + T9C ! #
PBTF V @ 7 I PA 7 (()()
# @ )
@ P 1 2 , I G )
;.3 F ;./ @ 2 >" / 7 F *.3 @ P 1 2 4= W V# V @V W V 4 22 @ # %
@
7 # ,+ P# @I @ @ )
P 1 2 , I X *; 7 F
. F $ ٥
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
@ @# P 1 2 , I /)()(
@ @
@ @# P 1 2 , I@@@@(3)()
JV&! 7 "
K P 1 2 , M " @ I V2 $ V1I O V# 7V 7- % 2 $ # @ Y •
:&
@N # % 7- ! %
;.< 4: P B T P
I *.. 4: I 7 @ P 1 2 •
. ;.* >" 7 " C &Z P 1 2 , I @ •
,"# I " = D& @ I & ! @ 9C WU I $ 1I
. ,4
P 1 2 # + !" % ()()(
.# .!
.7!
.4 •
•
!" •
. •
.N :
%I •
7- !" 1 J S+ •
٦
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
@ @@Á튑@óÏ@òÐÜ̽a@paÈ’Ûa@@@@UMTMT
@ @
4 - &2 7C 74
(6)()
2 CI@@
.% )
# F •
N % # $ &
•
@ @Á튒Ûa@¿@òÐÜ̽a@paÈ’Ûa@âa†‚na@püb©@@@@@@@UMT
.0 .4 •
•
.# •
. ! ! •
. 1 # %I G :" •
7% ! 7!
•
!" ٧
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
ïöìšÛa@ÒbîÛþa@ÝiaìØÛ@òîÜ*a†Ûa@pbãìؽaë@kî×/Ûa 6)(
O# G 4! P 1 2
7M
•
. !"U % ,"# , !
:7% ! !" " . @-
•
." 7- ,#" .# . :7!
!"\ " •
. .N :
%M 4 . " ! > " "# 9U ðŒ×Š½a@òßbdžÛa@pa‡@òîöìšÛa@ÒbîÛþa@Ýiaì× 5)(
# + 0#
•
. $ 1I ,#" @
. + 7- &! I > C
•
.P 7 >" .(GRP % % + >" ) 7 S >" .( & ) 2 4! .GRP
V ,V= 1 # @ # ]& ,I # P 1 2 , I %
•
. % ! 2 ,= 2 7% @" S & X
٨
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
. # $ % & ' (")
@ @
Fiber Optic Cables With Central Strength Member
@ @
GNHL(D), GNHK(D)
@ @
@ @
@ @
Primary coated@ @
Secondary protection,
Thixotropic@ @
@ @
Strength
@ @
@ @
Thixotropic@ @
@ @
Outer sheath,@
@
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @@
@ @ 9 - (8)()
٩
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
@ @
@ @ïÜ*a†Ûa@kÜÔÛa@ò¹†Ç@òîöìšÛa@ÒbîÛþa@Ýiaì×@XMT
V 7- " 7 F ^ # % 7- @ + T9C !"
.@&! @:4 I # :4 7- 2
+ @ ,#" @ O# : T9 & :4 @
.4
•
•
4 9 .N :
%I .7# !" . 9U _ 4 P" !" @ @@òîöìšÛa@ÒbîÛþa@ÝiaìØÛ@ïu‰b¨a@ÒýÌÛa@YMT
: C 7% ! 2 @ J2
. #
. #
#
.7 &
#
.$ 4 G . # J :
#
. @ G . - " G %"& D- + # : !"F ,"# ! @ 7% ! 2 G
.7% ! !"\ P E @1 7 .7!
!" P V C - 7 V- 7 @1 7 D- P A I 7 . # ١٠
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
DV # @ # E V A - @1 "I .W+ @ 7 ! , C
.7" @1- @ @N @ 1 7 ‫آ آ ا ر دة ا رات‬
‫ا‬
‫ ا "!م‬#$% ‫ا‬
‫ا ف ا ر‬
‫ا ف ا ا‬
‫ا ا آى‬
‫ا ط‬
‫ا ت‬
"
" , (<)()
@ @Zåß@‰ìØî@Ýiaì×@æìØnm
.7% ! 2
. + 4
.7!
:4 2
.4!
. & , I .!
&
@ @.0 7% ! 2 )
@V $ " " :4 M ^ ! @ 4# % ! :4 7C
. (P.V.C) - 7 " 0!I
I (P. E) @1 7 V= 7V @ 7 Z- # I O# 7- % :4 @ :4 T9C
.@! $ 1I % 1M @ I 7 Z- # ,#" I : $ 1I J
١١
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
+ :4)
V V V% + @ :4 @ 7C 7% ! 2 7 :4
. ,#" $ 1I %U @ ! # :4 I !
@ % := :4 7C @1 7 :4 )
@ :4 7C + 7 :4
. ! # + 4
:4 G
4! :4)
+ 4
7:4 @ ! # @ @ , X # & , M 4# !
% 4! @ :4 7C
:= @1 7 :4 7 .,#" $ 1I %+
& , I)
@ & R " ! ( Polyester) " @ , I @ 7C
@ !I PI I ,#" I : $ 1I 1 & Z &# C " 9C
- 7:
. # I
" @ : 1I & % > #U @ & 7# 7- , + I
. J 7 %U
& D" : + -)
( central member) P ,#" $ 1I ! % @ @ = ` 4" P9 C
. % % + I , @ F G
( Single Mode Cables) ‫ آ ا ا أ" د ! ا ر‬١-٩-٤
/89 +2 ً " ‫م‬7 ‫ و‬1 +2 ‫ن‬4‫ ً ا‬6 " !7 ‫ ا‬+‫ و)( ا م ه‬+,- ‫ ا ا‬./‫ه‬
•
‫<وا ا‬9 !‫; @ ا? ج =آ‬91‫ ?! ا‬A‫ ا ا ا‬9‫! و‬6 ‫ ت ا‬-‫و‬:‫); ا‬
( Alcatel ) ;91‫?! ا‬8‫ َ ا ا ا‬D ‫ (وأ‬AT & T ) !‫; @ إ? ج =آ‬91‫ ! ا‬4‫ا‬
. ‫و) ذات ر أ" دي‬
١٢
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
VC#
( ") "
@ & # @ T9C •
V1 V! 7- # @ I a 1I : E" P9 P ." @ 1I @ " 9 " @
7% V! 2 O# @ " # 7 F R I 7- , # @
V! :4 % 7- ! %
4! + :4
@V V1I 7V P# I - &
!
•
% 7 , + 7- 9 -
aV V! &
7- , +
, 4" " - •
7V P# , I "! P# @I 7 (×3 1 " 77 V%M .×( > 9 R- .; &
7 %F @ - I
9C R- *. 7 %L .×6 - 8
T9VC !V" OV# @& N # @ @- % I T9C •
. # !I 7 F ?& -S @ &
(single mode
iemens cables) " #I " .)<)(
‫ا‬
‫م‬-%‫ ا‬./0‫ا‬
‫ن‬+&‫ت ا‬
‫ا اآ ى‬
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‫ت ا‬
-.. / 0 1$- # $2* , * + ()*)
١٣
TS01TX10En
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫ا‬
‫ا‪ ./0‬ا‪1#‬‬
‫ا‪56‬ف ا)ر‪12‬‬
‫ت ا&‪+‬ن‬
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‫ت ا‬
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‫ا! ‪!7% !&8%‬‬
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‫‪١٤‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
&' ‫*ة آا( ا ف ا‬
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
‫و‬1A!‫ا) (ت ا‬
Lg stranded layers
Bandwidth in MHz for 1 km ‫ا>)ق‬
Wavelength
B 850 nm
F 1300 nm
H 1550 nm
‫ض‬2
!‫ال"ل ا‬
Attenuation coefficient (dB/km )
Cladding diameter (µm)
‫ة‬,‫*) ا‬
‫ل‬-.!/‫ ا‬0
Core diameter (µm) (‫*) ا‬
Type of fiber
‫ع ا‬
G Graded index
E
Single mode
Number of fibers or number of multifiber loose buffers x number of fibers per buffer tube
b
Armoring
bY Armoring with PVC protective cover
b2Y Armoring with PE protec1ve cover
2Y
(L)2Y
(ZN)2Y
(L)(ZN)2Y
‫ ات‬04‫دا‬12* ‫دا‬12
7 ,8‫ع ا‬
PE sheath
Laminated sheath
PE sheath with nonmetallic strength member
Laminated sheath with nonmetallic strength member
‫ر‬9‫ف ا‬-;‫ا‬
F Filling compound for filling the stranding interstices in the cable core
S Metal element in cable core
H
W
B
D
Single-fiber loose buffer, unfilled
Single-fiber loose buffer, filled
Multi-fiber loose buffer, unfilled
Multi-fiber loose buffer, filled
Product designation
A-Outdoor cable
‫ى‬6‫ ا!آ‬0‫ا‬
<!‫ا!آ ا‬
‫@> ا‬
‫ر‬% ‫ أو‬%‫دا‬
& (*/)()
١٥
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
VVV1
V @ V V &V
T9CV"- E (9/125 ) 4 0 # & ,
1Ghz /km 0 D 4 J 9;nm 1310 % 4 db/ km.25 R #
(*()()
: C E + &
6*1,50/125um+4*2*0.65mm,1300nm
6 = V
3; = ,: VVV4=
*.3 =
" VV4=
;.63 4= 9 " # 44! (
R P9 $ 7" 7% 4
*/;; = 7 "
١٦
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
444 54444444,
& "- )
A D F (2Y ) 6*4 G 62.5 / 125 , 2 F 600
(connectors)>'?* 9 10-4
+ @ 4 7" ( Connector ) U % 7- (Laser Diode) # I G + . :" % (Photo Diode) % -$ N "#
# I "U
>'?* 9 ;< 1-10—4
( S M A ) 4 @ U *)*)*;)(
(*3)()
7 4:- "
7- (S M A ) 4 U !" )
C9& !" "U 0
C : D4 %
+ - -
١٧
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
( D 4 ) 4 @ U .)*)*;)(
D4 connector
(*6)()
( Multi Mode ) V"
7- ( D 4 ) 9C !" •
V GV I 7C( Single Mode ) " #I 7- I
^ V! C V: V" 44! J 0
C : 7- C9&
. I + (A N T ) + " - 9& C :
" 1 ! - G" R !" •
( Biconic ) 4 @ U /)*)*;)(
BICONIC connector
(*5)()
١٨
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
G I 7C " #I "
7- !"
.7: R% D4 J $ " J + ( AT & T ) - C9&
4 4 0 # & "%
•
. " @ 9 "%
V " * ;,3 4 0 # - !" ;,5 @ :- @ - 4 - !"
•
(FC) 4 @ U ()*)*;)(
FC Connector
(*8)()
V 7VC VI V" #I "
C : 7 C9& 0
7- !"
•
C : 7- C9& G .0
"
(4 0 # -) 1 @ 9C
•
lcs,scs R " •
١٩
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
(ST) 4 @ U 3)*)*;)(
ST Connector
(*<)()
7C I "
#I "
7- !" •
J $ " D4 J 7- C9& G I .7: R% D4 V- V V1 V AT &T
%" @ •
. 4 & V E#V RV @V @V M ,%- "" 9 @ R •
!"
٢٠
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
( S C ) 4 @ U 6)*)*;)(
SC Connector
(*)
. R Z G" !" 1 C
•
V: TV" E @ R T" & Z - # R !" @ •
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+ I G%
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+ I G%
(FC)
" *
+ I G%
(ST)
J&!
!" 1 1
(SC)
٢١
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
* 11-4
# *)**)
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. (Semi-Automatic) f # – ,
(Full Automatic) g # ) ^
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h h # @ 9C V + V# V + T9C 1 # - 4 = O#
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F # hZ # @ 4 h I @ " "# :
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@V # M :
h I # 4 C
V-I # - R= h + # " "+ D=
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. 1+ G F (Full Automatic) g # – ^
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V: @V 0" ,4 T9 @L- > 9 h h - # " "+ #
4V V T9C : . " 0" @ @I & 0"
9C # M
. h % & G = F % # @ h h 4 &
٢٢
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
# (.*)()
# 4! .)**)(
# $ % 4! ( > C )
. : # &Z &
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٢٣
TS01TX10En
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫*‪- 6 7‬‬
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‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
V# # = 4 @ @I % @
•
. %
V $ V= !V" V ,% 0! @ & 4= !
•
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•
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# 4" @& # )/
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: 2 42I. # - & %
•
# 4! = JV O# ! @ > 9 K @ & - 4 . & . G4: 0 G4= # •
% @ "
•
٢٥
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
V @V V NV= D4 V :& &4 %
. & @
O.K &V $ 4 =
•
# 4= % - C @
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•
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# (.6)()
٢٦
TS01TX10En
‫ ات آ وت آ ا ا‬:‫ا ب اا‬
42 # $ % R O# 0 # ? @- # •
? V V 0 # @& - 1 0 # ? # 9C
. # # # " - 0! # # - # 4 # •
P 9V # D - # " 1 •
# %
@V% ! 0V= 0 G &= # "# !" # #
. # 1M
# " (.5)()
٢٧
TS01TX10En
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫)()‪ & " , + 1 :4 (.8‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
‫ا ب اا‪ :‬ات آ وت آ ا ا‬
‫ا‪KL‬ف ا‪ 7‬ر)‪!,I , J‬‬
‫‪ !9I‬ا‪ ,‬م‬
‫ )()<‪ # (.‬‬
‫‪٢٩‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
‫ در ا'ء‬I, :J, ‫ا ب ا‬
‫ا"!ف‬
<! % " # V! -
‫ا ت‬
1
6
* *+ 3+ "/ $9
5
V!4
5
, L9 !;
15
Laser Diode (LD) # * !;
5
١
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
p>q (F 6#(&) $ b;>
Conditions of light sources
F ;& * .(r ^H T(C 1-5
%=' , M@$G )0- ! * / 04 ) )4 "/ : </ •
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=/ ! ?/ %9 ) % *+ $' + "/ : =$' •
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. J 0 ; /'0
'- M0$ 0- ! H- * ) )4 "/ : "- ! - M; •
?K; ) ) ?+
2 *+ % -G +! (5) %9
٢
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
Types of Light Sources
b;& _3/
2-5
) ' V!4 1 / •
. - $ A •
LED , L9 * !; %; , $0 N ) 4 •
LD # * !; %; , $0 ) 4 •
Radiation pattern
Laserdiode and LED
Laserdiode with its
Concentrated radiation pattern
LED with its nearly circular
radiation pattern
LD , LED = V 9G Z! (5) %9
Spectal Width
For different light
sources
Relative
Output
power
Ges laser of the
He-Ns type
approx 1kHZ
Laser diode
>1nm
LED
>20nm
Frequency
Specified
Output frequency
' $ C (15) %9
٣
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
P-l Diagram
Laser diode and LED
Output power
[mw]
LD
t=20°
LD
t=50°
LD
t=70°
LED
LED
Threshold
Curent
[mw]
LED , LD = ( Z' K@ (5) %9
@LED@$D sC& F2G #= ) =+[ / ! 850 nm *+ J, , L9 * !; L9 •
. (, 92
*/= %=$ 'E0 U- ? ?09 3 , L9 * !; •
. "N
)E+ , 9
!; *+ 4 = )= L! = *+ K $ Z' !; )2 8 L9 , *=+ '-= ?!E+ , 9
!; *+ •
*+ Z' K $ H3
!; *+ 4 , V 9. L! * )-
(55) %9 -+!- / <! ٤
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
, L9 * !; (55) %9
)4 *. 8 *+ "0- L/ / *+ [ W - , L9 * !; •
=!+ *=. (=/+ – )) Z#2 % , %( / V . i! Z# ! > %[9= = ) = E+ / ' ( [ *. AI %[9 [ •
Z = ! * 0 [ 3 0 K ) / ' ( )E+ J = ( )E+ J $0 %[9 ) . 4 ;D 3 ) LC *.
. % * ; "$ 3 *$' %90 L 0- ! ) - / '
H3 % L9 / %$2 ) C A J, L9 , L9 * !; •
. Z ! - / *+ "0- K *+ / %$2
Advantages of LED @@$D sC& F2G 9 :@
@QMSMU
. 0 *+G H •
. L! %<- ); ^' •
. C A # •
. - %0 L '- % J ! 0 H 0 •
Disadvantages of LED@@$D sC& F2G @
. [
-=
= %- !4 4 $
@RMSMU
Z' K •
+ - "- ! o
. . - /! 0 'D •
. 9 % 0 ; •
٥
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
Light from LED to the Fiber @X\OCD $D sC& F2G > $ 6 t@
@ SM SM U
9= L$- Modes Z ! ) J + , L9 * !; L9 •
. $(+ %( . <! %0(- )4 - <! 0 , %(! , ) •
<0(- )4 9 ) * Z ! *== <9 * Z ! . 9 "K *. %' ( , ) J,#/ )E+
- '- ! *
•
$D sC& F2G * 6+ O" D#/
4-3-5
@ @ Modulating Method of light in @LED
=9G %9 )E+ 8 * ?$' K@ , 9 * !; 9 )0 K@ •
. (65) %9 * !; %9 J %; - / ! ‫رة‬3G
‫ا ء‬
100
200
300
‫ ز‬#‫ة ر ا‬3-
(65) %9
@ @ @@Laser Diode (LD) @9 D F2u@
@ TM U
L9= * =!; <!D 0 *+ <!E+ ? ?09 * M0$ ! •
> 0!2 30 40 threshold ?@<-2 ( % ! ,
. (5) %9 *. L/4 R # V 9 Z !. *+ # 40 0 0 *
= ! 0 ($0) 8- , ) A# V 9 ) 0 # Z' •
. - A 4 %0 0 ?$0 %<- ) %/
% =/ %=/ = = #= *=+ , L9 ; #
!; •
. % %<- 3 )# L J 0 ; *-$ ![<
; * > 0!G $-0 , 0 *! # •
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
($0 4 8- ,) H /G $ W ! < / *3
@ @
٦
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
Advantages of LD@@9 D F2u 9 :
QMTMU
. * ; * 0 •
. , L9 * !; 0 !K . Z' K •
. - %- !4 L % "- ! •
. 9 % 0 ;D •
Disadvantages of LD@@9 D F2u @
@RMTMU
. (! ?/ G J ! ); * N •
. - 4 %0 L '- <+ [
H 04 •
. , L9 * !; ) %K4 *+G H •
Light from LD to The Fiber @@@X\OC F 9 D F2u > $ 6)3@
)= *-$ ![ % / R # *+ , L9 ; #
@SMTMU
!; •
=<! , %(! ! . *. 8 9 % %<- R )# L J 0 ;
. [ "( $K $! . 9 L * , 0 9 *.
A= L# L J (+ ) # 9 A *-$ ![< % / L# •
- L 8 U
($! 4 9 ') ?0( )4 9 )
: * 9 # * !; )0 *-$ ![< % / M+
<! ! 3<
'
- '- 0 8 - 9 *+ •
. (75) %9 9
9= <! L M- )'- > 0 9 !( / $! 9 *+ •
. (S5) %9
٧
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
Laser chip
(75) %9
Tapering
Monitoring
Circuits
Fiber heated (by FSU) to
Form a simulated lens,drop,
For concentrating the light
Into the fiber
Laser chip
(S5) %9
٨
TS01TX10En
( #M'‫ ا‬+(7‫ در ا'ء ) ا‬I, : J, ‫ا ب ا‬
Modulating Method in LD@9 D F2u * 6+ O" D#/@
0! *+ J 4 < i ! , )E+ K
, 9 *
[ ) 0 / ! K
@TMTMU
0! %' ) . •
0! )2 J ! R K
,=== 9 % - 0 H3 8 R i !
(Modulating of light Intensity)
) i ! , )E+ (@
J ; 0/ 9.) ; 9. ) 0 %' ) . •
*; = % 0 H3 *+ % R 0/ 9. *+ J 4
.(Analog Modulating)
٩
TS01TX10En
I‫ ا ـــ‬,‫ــــــ‬-$ ‫ ا‬: ‫دس‬7 ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
@ @@óöìšÛa@Ñ‘bØÛa@Z1…b(Ûa@lbjÛa
@ @
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‫ا"!ف‬
, W K <! % " # 9 V! +M
@ @@@ 9 9 + ;I % 9 @ @
* *+ 3+ "/ $9 6
9 V!4 6
16
5
Avalanche Photo Diodes l!@+ 6
S
* -#! 56
S
* 9 ,4 W K 66
:
9 0 /- - 76
T
9G 9 *+ ;I * % S6
١
TS01TX10En
I‫ ا ـــ‬,‫ــــــ‬-$ ‫ ا‬: ‫دس‬7 ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
@ @
NbK @
Fvvv Ivvvvvv]4 Conditions of Light Detectors F I]4 * .(r ^H T(C . *[9 */ %$ ! - -
1-6
•
. K •
. 9G % 0(-. ! 0< 0 /- •
. 99 ( C '!. •
. ?$ % 0 H;D •
. A
K. •
@ @ Types of Light Detects@@@ I]4 _3/
2-6
. 0< 9. *. 0(- 9G % 0 ( 9 •
. 9 ) V!4 ;@; / •
==== *
Photodiodes
Avalanche photodiodes
l!@+4 *
* -#! *
Photo transistor
Photo Diodes@ @@ V&@
@ 3M V
=K = )= L! = J -= # ! P-N ) ) •
. */ %$ ! , ^
G
(/+ – )) ) Z#4 8 ) i! P-N , $(- ! •
I+ = M =$! *+ / )G ^ > ! ^
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. I+ M $! *+ /+ ? ' J % M $! *. * 0 %(!+ K $
=K $ #= * = 0 ,= =3 ^ <!E+ , P-N ? C ! •
% M $! *. I+ M $! ) <0 % (!. *. AI < *+
/ N $ ! 0 -
!G
!G /! *0< % / D9! * 0
*== = 0 = = *=+ = 80 P $ ! 0/
٢
TS01TX10En
I‫ ا ـــ‬,‫ــــــ‬-$ ‫ ا‬: ‫دس‬7 ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
,= = ^
=. /! D9! 3 )4 *. 0-! Photo Current
. ? $K -
=< $K - , 9 "- ?9 [ P-N *+ *0< •
. , 9 "-
/+ ! $K - , i! >
(1-6)64]
(2-6) 64]
٣
TS01TX10En
I‫ ا ـــ‬,‫ــــــ‬-$ ‫ ا‬: ‫دس‬7 ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(3-6) 64]
@ @ Advantages of Photodiodes@@ V& 9 :
1-3-6
. <!; ^'0 # •
. [
# ! </ '- /! <[9 *+ <- •
. [
Disadvantages of Photodiodes
<0 99 0-! •
V& . (04 0) / ' %@' [
•
. , <- -
•
2-3-6
!- *+ <'-. - !- *+ % U •
٤
TS01TX10En
I‫ ا ـــ‬,‫ــــــ‬-$ ‫ ا‬: ‫دس‬7 ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
Avalanche Photo Diodes
w3xr V>@@@@@ 4-6
)= J 0-=! =0 *-= # !. </ % * 3 l!@+4 •
, 9 W ! A( * Z' ) 04 Z' %
.(56) %9 ? $K -
=/+ – )=2
!; < *. AI *- # !G </ # •
8 Avalanche <!G %' * H3 - /
. (66) %9 Avalanche Multiplication " l!@+ " `@$ G 0
$(- ! ) 0 * %
. l!@+4 AI •
# = !G </ *+ M$ ) i ! 3 9 + ) ? ,
. . *+ ?-4 # 30 > ) <!2 •
, $(- + , $(- - # ! </
+ # ! </
($!
l!@+4 ($!
l!@+4 * ^' *! ! (6) %9
٥
TS01TX10En
‫ا ‪1‬ب ا ‪7‬دس ‪ :‬ا ‪-$‬ــــــ‪ ,‬ا ـــ‪I‬‬
‫‪(56) %9‬‬
‫‪(66) %9‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪TS01TX10En‬‬
I‫ ا ـــ‬,‫ــــــ‬-$ ‫ ا‬: ‫دس‬7 ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
J =0( 0 ; [
) %
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A4 L= 0 # #+ l!@+4 ($! *. *- # !G </ % )4 *.
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#=+ l!@+4 ($! *. % * J 0(
0 ; 3 ) . 0 # *+ # %
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%= )+ l!@+4 </ ! 4 J[
@! •
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% *+ ) 0 % ?! i! J0 #
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Advantages of Avalanche Photo Diodes@ @@@ w3xr V> 9 :@
@ 1-4-6
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TS01TX10En
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>G 678 + } 8(
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
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. (18 Holes) ? + S
: III V! ) (Manholes) 0 l N 1
< ?- * K4 .5T < . .5T < 5.5T <$ [ H3
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‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
6747 tq w "d" (e
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TS01TX10En
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(d€ ( KV
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6٣
6٣
+ % + - - 02 )0 % + >@; / – - : = 1×1 = *3 % + -
(T) - $K
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- 71 = T + + : = * * /
* =/. ) = . @
J ;+ 9 0 5 ?-( %0( > 0 02 " - % A =- . =- 75 J -= =0 'I+ - 71 3 M0 - % ; 0 *=+ %<-= 8= 3 - 5 4 - T 0 'I - * /G
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: 2G>
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
= "- ? (0$ L - T M " - 0
% =; %0- *+ A' (0$ % )0 % C2
+ - '
"=-2 W !0 M " - % + ;@; 02
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
( ) - 7T = (0$ '4 ) + -
- 7 = 7T + T + + 55 = M + - * /
- 5T = `( * /
=
=(0$ )= ' 0 ' - ( 02 %/ U
)4 =0. L= (= C R M " - ) (0$ % *+ - ) '
. 0 " - *+ <- K * 0( i ! M 0-! 0 ?0
C2
C %/ – S
7
6
1T 5 TT
5
1
(0$ % - :T
75
6T
5
15
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6
5
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5
T
:5
ST
( 0) M
S5 7T 6T
5
1T 5
TT
(V 9 0) M
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6€
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
- TT = `( * * /.
M " -
•
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-' - )0 % + - L04 /
- = 1 × = % + -
(0
C2) - T = V ( *+ % M
(V 9 0 ) - :T = (0$ '4 ) + -
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-7T = `( * /.
- " - 4 6 - %$
- 5T =
:TT
6
= == == *==+ ==- ==
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(% + ) % + 0 0 0; 6 <$ - % •
%
+ STTT = × 5TT = % * /
tq K& * (d€ bO7 4-2-8
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C
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. $9 ; ! 0 - T (0$ <0(
(0$ '4 M+ % -T(0$
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-
= =- (Hand Holes) V! ) l N ) 8 %0 H<
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
6٩٠
٧٠
6
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=#/ =- * * / ) 9 0 %0 <+ *+ [
-
!
- 0 - *K 0 - )4 "/ - - 0 <' (Sub duct)
< =-. %<-= *
<' % 4 02 4 ( %' L! 80 '
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J 0(-
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= T =$(
6 -2-8
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: *3 (Subducts) #/ -
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: *<+ #/ - V! 4
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#= > J ;
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6% ٤٠
6% ٤٠
6% ٤٠
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(:S) %9 R (1.) 1 $(0 ) !;. - (T) $(0 <! ) !;4
6% ٤٠
6% ٣٢
6% ٣٢
6% ٤٠
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
= ) W' /0 # - *3 : ) W'
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. (TS) %9 (5) -
6% ٣٢
6% ٢٥
6% ٣٢
6% ٤٠
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7-2-8
: * - - - %' #/ - " - "$
. #/ - " - – 4
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$ G – "
. <- ! " - =/
9 \#& ^f# O>
1-7-2-8
. l N U 8 l N U – . " - *+ '- ) / *! 8-0 l! – (S) %9 <0 - - 8 - ("9) #/ - 8- – 1
#/ - 8- (S) %9
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
l!= 8-=0 A='2 "9= 0 8- 3 )( ) 0 3 : % 9 – . (S) %9 R *! 8- 0 "9 ($0) % '-
#/ - $0 % 9 (S) %9
: (Free hook) (83) $' – 5
" -= 8=- #/ - )0 % ( '- $' 3
A4 > ! *+ J - J ! %0 K ?!D0 # l! *!
. (1S) %9 " - %<- " - , !;4 (Twisting) ,
#/ - 8< (1S) %9
١٤
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
. (Band) ! 0 – 6
?'-. #/ - * %0K - -2 - 0' '-
. #/ - 0'. *+ J 4
: !< 9+ – 7
%=0K J ' - 9 '-+ ?!< 4 - -2 - ! '-
. (Mandrell test) (%! 0'.) " - ,0
:
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. (Manhole Tent) l +[ ' *
. (Safety Fence) % LK % ) 2 Z - *
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. (Safety Cones) ) 4 V K4 *
. (Flages)
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9 \#& F> $ 7 6 P .`ƒ ^H J "VQ
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=<!0 =#/ =- * l [ (K
2-7-2-8
0- – 0 - ,/. "/
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= )= <!4 > ) 2 )D= 8 (@
J % ) . 9 –
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: l N + ! – 1
)4 H = `#=! =+[ *+ % ! J/ l N + ! ) D "/
=+[ U=+ "=$+ ?=+[ %=' # [ H $ 9 ! $-0 /
.# [ $ * H3 *+ ^'9 A4 %#! ?! !G
. #/ - % ?!$-2 l! L @- ) D – =0'. M=$ )= 8 (-) T $( - @- ) D – 5
: * H ! A (Mandrell Test) %! (Sub duct) =#/ =- *= '4 - *+ ! 0 * *
. <!0 - , 9!. l *+N )0 <'
=- @=- )= J = =D A'2 +[ * ! 0 % 0 *
. - " - M K <0 - A4 ) - -2
(Rags) ?=!< ; H 9 $00 8 - -2 - + ! ) D *
= A='2 =+[ *+ ! ! 0 $0 !< H3 9 L >
9= L=0 ?!< ( !0 - !0 H 9 (+ ! 0 " *. AI ) 9 3 > " - %<- - *' / R 8 G %( /! " - %<- J - #/ - M#!.
%! '. (S) %9
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TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
^fK @=- =+ ! ) D 0 3 ' "/ @-
= )4 )= . =#/ - " - 40 '
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3-7-2-8
$ . ) D 0
0 - -2 -
" - > " - l! < + )4 "/ %0 J #/ - " - % = =0$0 3 A'4 * +N ) % (!2 L$( ; A'4 * +N )
. %0 " - *+ > [ C0 %@' 9 0 = 4 )= =- -2 - %@' l! (Wire steel) *! 8- L+ . A' +[ * <+ #/ - * [
M=$ ) ?$0 #/ - *+ ("9) #/ - 8- % '. $=0 = . )= J D 0 4 ! 4 -@0 # ) >@;
" - , !;4 J/ #/ - 0 "9
8- ( *+ 8< ) '2 $0 8< *+$ D0 "9 $0 % 9 '-
. (5S) %9 R '4 % 9 $-0 l! 0 ^ ' *!
*! 8- (Sud buct) #/ - 0 "9 $0 (5S) %9
R" -= = , !;4 %K2 * ^ '94 0- + L " - ;@; #/ - % !$-2 <K+ / +[ *+ <! 04
U 3 ^ '9 L# l! <0 / Q'2 +[ *+ )'2
: *B (6S) %9 *+
@ @
١٧
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: ( #/ - 0) *2 +[ *+ )/ % 02 Z@:üëc
M=$ )= 8= =#/ - < 0 8 % – . J < ^'9 3 / l +N %' #/ - % 'G % – . +[ +
. (+[ %') " - , !;4 #/ - 0K % – 1
Z =') ='2 %= L= M-! 0 ( A *-@ # </ % – . (+[
(" - l! <0) ! ; +[ *+ )/ % >@; Z@Ć@„ 3u
= A='4 *! 8- 0 J 4 ( l! %[9 % – . l! 0
. (+[ %') " - 0K % – Z =') ='2 %= L= M-! 0 ( A *-@ # </ % – 1
. (+[
% % '. % #/ -
- 0
# </ %[9
#/
% -
% 0(-
l +N %'
% # </ %[9
- # </
-
0K % " - - # </
l! ! l! %[9 % ($!
‫ة‬
8- 0
!
l! 0
0K % " - T - -
! 8-
#/
8- )0 $0 (
#/ - !
($!
‫ة‬
l )/ )0 #/ - " - (6S) %9
١٨
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
678 ^f#
3–8
: $ (! - 2 %0 " - )
. %0 " - #@
! 2 – 4
. " - ,/. %0K 3 '. "/
$ G – "
. (9 0 */) %0 " - =/
^fK D< $(HQ >Ux 34& b
1-3-8
(Sub ducts) =#/ - %' %0 " - *+ 2 C0 '-
: *3
. l N U – . Band (! 0) $9 – . ) 2 – 1
. - #</4 – : J 4 8 *. : (Flexible) ! "0 !4 – . ' l [0 , !;4 %0 0; '-
: ! "0 !a % 3 – . %0 % 0 ' *3 l N %' /
: Compressor ,< $N # </ – 1
L+ $-0 (Sub Duct) #/ - %' A 8- L+ *+ '-
. ,<
١٩
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: %0 ("9) 8- – ?09 (7S) %9 ?!0 " - 0 ! %0 0 8 -c '-
. / *+ ?! ' ?! #/ - " - "9 J ("9) %0 8- (7S) %9
: % 9 – 5
J 4 ?! ' #/ - " - *+ '- % 9 09 3
. (SS) %9 / *+
(Shackle) % 9 (SS) %9
٢٠
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: (Free Hook) 8< – 6
?! ' ?! #/ - " - *+ '- 8< ?09 J 4 3
. (:S) %9 / *+ J 4
8< (:S) %9
: 9 W K – 7
9 K ." - , !;4 %0 * LK 9 K W K *+ '-
- 2 %0 8
- H %0 *+ <0 `-
) 2 ! + 8 A " - *+ 8 % 3. ) / 65 *3
. A " - ($0 2 %0 " - , !;4 0 *
: A 8- – S
l! 8- " - '- ,< $[ # </ $-0 - %' ?+ . - %'
: ) / *! 8- – :
+N * H9 A 8- *+ ?$0 $-0 %0 " - *+ '-
. ?0 %0 $0 ; l : (Bellmouth) #/ - - + T
, !;4 (Sub ducts) #/ - J 4 - + *+ ? , !;4 #/ - Z ' - "3 L! 8 " -
." -
: %0 $- A'4 * +N ) %0 , !;4 l +N %' L $- *3
) ;2 %0 ) ;4 / % %0 ! 0 L/ < " 9 0 . 0 + ! <- 8 +[ %' -
٢١
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
: M!
K 8 ?0 ? L l +N %' L
. <
: 9! 1
. " - 0 0 ) %0 9! '-
@ @ @@@@^fK D< $ 7 6 P .`ƒ ^H J "VQ
2-3-8
: l N " - – %=$ " -= =<! <@' %0 * l N " - "/
8= = M !
" - l +N %' '- ! "0 !2
?=! ( -= * %$ " - 8 ?
' [ " - 0
=9 0 %=0 <+ * [ " - %0 0 / %$ 0
. ,/. )
: ) 2 ! L – . #/ - " - %0K J (0 9 < 9 =3 (TS) %=9 %;2 ) *+ %0 0 L @- ) D – 1
. 0 + " - <- 8 " - H /. W !
" - , !; 0 L %;2 H / (TS) %9
٢٢
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
0 3 (Band) ! 0 $-0 (Sub duct) #/ - @- ) D – ?! ?0@ ?90 # !$-. 8-@0 ) 8- 8- )
+N ) <+ %0 * #/ - *+ ? '. R K W ! *+
. A'4 *.
=- @=- )= J D K ) A'2 +[ * ! 0 % 0 *
8 !3 )+ A'2 +[ * ! 0 % ). R <+ %0 * #/
A='4 #/ - "/ `@ G ). < @ . <! # K .
.J J - - ) *
=0; 8=
<+ A/ * [ *+ )
)=2 L ) ?' 0; %+ 3 M!
L – 5
L 4 . *=+ =K * l +N %' L * ?! - %$ '4 – 6
. +N *+ 9 0 %0 <+ * [ *+ %$ '4
*=+ )3 /G ) ?! - ) )$ '4 +N *+ ?!4
@ *
L= . (S) %9 R ? 0; A % 4 M! * +[
?! - %$ W K ,/G ?
' +[ *+ M!
. M!
* )</ ) ?0$
+N *+ M! L ! - W K (S) %9
٢٣
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
,/. ) J9 0 J %0 <+ * l +N *+ J 4
@ *
) ! - %$ W K U (S) %9 . $(+ %$ '4 ?!4
. < <! +[ 0
(%0 9 0 ) l +N %' ?! - W K (S) %9
=#/ =- %=' ==! - L 9 0 =N =
*+ – 7
*+ 4 . (1S) %9 %0 " - </ ) (Sub duct)
=#/ - %' ! - (L+) <+ % * l (S) %9 )</ )
(%0 9 0 ) #/ - %' ?! - % ' (1S) %9
٢٤
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
( +N) #/ - %' ?! - % ' (S) %9
674 ^f#
l!=)
3-3-8
=0 0 " - % ; %0- R %0 " - M$ ) V!4 /
. " - ($ (A l! R *B
*=+ '=-G 9 M$ ) *3 " - ($ % !!- ,#/ 3 *+
=3 A= " - 0 ) ( )2 8 ) 2 !0 # c , !; M AD0 W - " ) . @
J ; 9 M AD0 W - < %<- +4
A= " -= $' *+
@!- %0 C K l! 0 " - . 3 M0- * " - C0 '- (] & ^fK 1-3-3-8
- @- ) D %0 < 0 %;2 L ) D 0 – N *+ (Flexible) ! - L ) D (Sub ducts) #/
=<+ A $' 0 /! - $0 #/ - %' ' l . A'2 +[ * A $' <0 $0 ?/! - % * $N ,< 0
)= A= $=' " - ) / *! 8- 0 A $' $0 – *!= 8-= %= 8=0 +[ *+ *! 8- < * A'2 </
. l *+N )0 A $' ) ) /
٢٥
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
"9= %= $=' 4 *! 8- $0 ("9) 8- *+ %0 % '. – 1
?= + -= = $' "9 %' %0 . % %0 ?' /
)=( A= 4 $0= (% 9=) )( 0 (Free Hook) 8< L
%=9 )= / *==! 8- 0 A'2 ( %0 %' V "9 0
. (5S)
" - 8-0 %0 $0 (5S) %9
= ^ '9 ! ; + "/ A " - *+ ?!4 L " - – =! =+ =04 / > 0 A'4 * +N ) %0 " - , !;4 8 %K2
=<K+ / * +[ ! )/ )'2 02 L# A'2 +[
: *B %0 0
.A'2 +[ ) ?0 - , !;4 < ) %0 8 J 0 8 0 ( + •
. (l +N Z ' )) +[ % -4 * %0 L+0 ( + •
=+N %=' )=) " -= = , !;4 +[ *+ %0 80 ( + •
.(l ٢٦
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
# =</ $=-0 8= " - , !; A'2 +[ L M-! 0 ( + •
*=+ 02 +2 L# )0 (6S) %9 . (+[ Z ') ) *-@
. %0 0 <K+ % * +[
% '. % +O 2‫ ا‬$‫ا‬P(‫إ‬
. %0 - % +[
T U‫إ‬
‫ا!وران‬
‫ة‬72‫ دوران ا‬+, S
%0 %0 " - H /.
!
8 % V.1 O +O 2‫ ا‬0O‫ر‬
#$!-‫ا‬
! 8-
-
#/
0 0 ) " - , !;4 % L# (6S) %9
: *B A'2 +[ *+ % 4
. (+[ %' )/) A'2 +[ ) " - 0 )+ ( •
Z =' )=) % =-2 # </ $-0 A'2 +[ L M-! 0 + ( •
. (+[
%=' = =+ + . +N %0 L ?!E+ )+N ) [ # .
. $- [ *+ 8 " - 0 ( +[
%=$ " - %0 $ 0 " %$ * V@$G J 4 *
= :TT - %$ ) . @
J ;+ . - #@ 0 ) ?+ "$
%=$ *= %= !+ TT 3 %0 $ 0 " %$
=0 =0 8=+ K )4 % "/ ?!E+ TT %0 "
. J T %$ ! K A4 . %$ 3 ) $(+ J )9
TT = %0 0 TT + - %$ :TT
( ,/. %0 #</) l( N A E0 T
( ,/. %0 #</) A'2 l +[0 T
٢٧
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
)= )4 *= = :T 3 0 * ) 8 ,#/ * /. )+
) = )=0 ?=+ + -= 8 !3 ) )4 (-
3 /E0 Z ' " -
. '2 +[ ) " - 0 ) (
. 0 0 ) " - , !;4 % L# (7S) %9 )0
# </ % -
! 8- % %0 0
Q' 0 8- 0 %0 $0 /
%0 8 % !
%0 8 % " - $- N
%0 9 0 " - ($ (7S) %9
. l *+N 0 - %$0 9 0 " - ($ (SS) %9 )0
(P% ١ =% (1‫أآ‬
$- +L> !$ ‫ ا‬, %>
(8) 6G‫ر‬
(8) K %9 * ? - * %$ 8+ (SS) %9
٢٨
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
Fc " ^fK D<
2-3-3-8
= - %$ J 0 ;4 4 ) " - )4 % + @
J $ - ) .
)= %=$ 3 " - ; * - %$ '4 W -4 * *2 *+ " -
% 0 %$ 3 " - *2 <! * %0 0 <K+ H/ +[
*=+ = @! .#/!G [ 0 (8) ! ; %9 * H3 <! *+ # . ) 04 $(0 % ) )4 * ) / (8) K 3
8 K %9 * ? %0 0 * ) - * %$ 8+ (:S) %9 )0
% W ! *2 0 *+ %0 */ " - (1TS) %9 )0
%0 </. % 0 - %$0 J / " - + - % (0 0-! 0
." - 0 ) ( % 4
0
‫ ' اول‬7 ‫ا‬
+L> !$ ‫ ا‬+R S (‫ا‬
(8) 6G‫ ر‬$-
+#C ‫ ' ا‬7 ‫ا‬
Q C ‫ ' ا‬7 ‫ا‬
%0 */ " - (:S) %9
٢٩
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(9 0 ) " - 0 %0 L ($ (1TS) %9
w "d" r(e 6Eb fD 674 j G
=2 %=0 -= , 9!G 3 ! *
4-8
$' 34 ) $' H3 0
4 ,/. ) J9 0 J ) ,q - +[ %' J/ %0 0; 4 < M! %' 0; <+ +N %' %0 ) . % <0;
: (9 0 ) l +N %' %0 0; : Ć/
@
J 0(-= =</@ C * (1S) %9 @
J K %0 *!; %0 " - 0 – . ٣٠
</ ) +[ %' A/ * % /!
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(9 0 ) l +N %' %0 0; % %9 (1S) %9
% ) * Z ' (Sub duct) #/ - ) ?! - " - – =#/ - %' $(+ + - < '. > 0 A'2 ?</ *
. (1S) %9 )3 /G )
( N) M! %' 0 %0 % ' (1S) %9
٣١
TS01TX10En
‫ات آا! ا ف ا‬33 ‫ت و‬1‫ (آ‬: =%C ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
. +[ %' < H % $ 00 ! - $0 – 1
'- ) 2 C0 *+ %0 ! 0 < " 8-@0 ) 9 L – ? 9 L R ?3 /. %0 K %9 * %0 <-0 %0 ! 0 ) $-
! 0 < * ?! - * "- ! ) *+ H$- 4
. 0 + ! % : l +N %' 0; :@:aF3u
= @=- )= =D ,/. ; " - ,/. . 0 – %=' *K =0 %=0 MN . 0 W ( #</4 $-0
% = G *$ = E 8 <+ * +[ *+ ) %$ 'I) M! M! = %=' $K 0 K * (0 + 8+
. (11S) %9 V $- K J2.=
J2.=
‫ر!ط‬
COOb
( +N) M! MN M! 0 ! - % ' (11S) %9
8= = ?= %=' < ' *2 ?</ ) ! - " - – . (11S) %9 M! 0
= A='2 ? %' < '. ! ; </ ) ! - " - – 1
. (11S) %9 M! 0 8
*= [ *+ ' J/ J 0; l +N %' ! - 0; – . <+ A/
($-= 4) C=[ =< J ' ? 9 %0 ! 0 0 – 5
.! - "- ! ) *+ 9 M
٣٢
TS01TX10En
‫ت ا‬4 ‫ ا‬: KP ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(optical measurments) M'‫ ا; ( ت ا‬: W( ‫ا ب ا‬
‫اه!اف‬
. <! % '- + "- ( W K #</ V! ‫ا ت‬
١
٩
- ( V! :
1
( W K 1:
otdr W ( # </ :
٦
wavetek W ( # </ 5:
TS01TX10En
‫ت ا‬4 ‫ ا‬: KP ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
s#" # ) (units) V ١-٩
• dB
= 10 log Po / Pi
• dBm = 10 log Po / 1 mw
• dBr
= 10 log Po / Pr
• dB
= dBm1 – dBm2
LC%‫ا‬
1 - Pi
= 10 mw
2 - Pi
= 1mw
,
,
Po =10 µw
Po = 10mw
.34 ‫' او ا‬7$ ‫' ا‬78‫ا‬‫ا ــــــــ‬
1- A = 10 log Po / Pi
= 10 log 10-3
2 - A = 10 log Po / Pi
= 10 log 10
= 10 log 10 × 10-6 / 10 × 10-3
= -3 × 10 = - 30 dB ( loss ) 34R
= 10 log 1 0× 10-3 / 1 × 10-3
= 1 × 10 = 10 dB ( gain ) '7‫آ‬
# ) _3
. !
٢
٢-٩
. " # $% . & ' . ( /&/ (,-) () * . / 1 . (2 1 . 31- . 4& (%* TS01TX10En
‫ت ا‬4 ‫ ا‬: KP ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
WD4 )d N P 3-٩
+L$ ‫ ا‬34 ‫س ا‬G (١-٩) $-
(Optical Transmitter ) % - # </ / %0 + ( W K + ( Optical Receiver
•
) % 0(- # </
( - ( )0 ! ( %0 % 0(- # </ ( 0- ! K % - % - # </ $0 •
. ( Optical Power Loss ) ( ( <- - "- 0(-
)0 [
( 0/) M$ ) W ( + ,0 %0K ( Calibration ) 0 % Q - # </ ,K ! + ( [
.
•
3(+ ) ) <$ Q % 0(- % - Q# </
Q - ( Correction Factor ) U
% $-0 # </ - %0 ( #</4 ) - %0 + ( W K #</4 '
%0 ) ( 55T 1TTnm ) $ / %$ %0
•
- K 4 '
'- + 4 #</ H3 @' ( S5Tnm ) ( / %$ . (LED or LD )
! ( Distance Long ) $
+ - + (LD ) # Q #</ /- % •
?! ;0! ( K V ? 9 8- ) ?0 L ٣
TS01TX10En
‫ت ا‬4 ‫ ا‬: KP ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(otdr) N ) UMH ٤-٩
otdr (٢-٩) $# </ % - ' 3 - ( # </ 3 OTDR # </ •
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
+ '-
. %0 %$0 (Total Loss ) ( W K
. (dB /km ) %@ W K
. ( Splice Loss ) (+ W K
. ( Connector Loss ) % (+ W K
.
+ - W K
. <! % $ W K
/
‫ س‬. ‫ز ا‬%7
‫ى‬0 ‫ا‬
9 ‫ا‬
‫ أو آ‬
‫ل م‬
‫! ا‬%
()
3 4 -. ‫ا‬
3 5.
‫*م‬+ ‫ ا‬, -./
‫س‬2‫ا‬
()0 ‫ ا‬, -./
/0 ‫ا‬
(otdr) -- ‫ل‬V +L$ ‫ ا‬34 ‫ب ا‬78 (٣-٩) $٤
TS01TX10En
‫ت ا‬4 ‫ ا‬: KP ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
% - Q# </ '- % %0 (Total Loss ) ( W ( OTDR
W ( #</4 '- % •
- %0 ) 0 ! ! 0 + ($! Q OTDR #</ ) 8 ? 9 M0- % 0(-
. (Dead Zone ) ($!
%0 - ( W K ! ( 0 - + ($! H3 %' 0 ($! H3 Q # </
•
. ($! K 0 /- - # W ( # </ 0 /- - @' 0 ($! %$ '
•
. # </ - # M'‫ ( ت ا ف ا‬X ‫ة‬Y"4‫ أ‬+S 7Z$ ١-٤-٩
Q
# </ $-0 - ! %0 % $ W K + ) ; ' %0 % $ W K +
%0 + !0 0< / - ! %0 •
+ -! / ) > 0!
. /
% + I 9 %0 %@' OTDR W ( # </ ) - 9 C
> 4 + + "9 C0/ %0 "K + $-0
/ / "0-0
•
3 /
. ' $ 9 % M '4 p9 Q4 4 @; ^' ) [ p9 Q4
,- '
- ( ,#/ 3 * , !0 Q'4 W ( # </ ! ; 9 ,#/ %$ ( /4 %( / 4 > /! ( /4 %$ •
- ( H3 ! . %0 )# W K ! -0 # </ ) I % - W -4 H3 + + - " - + (
•
+ - " - ?- - W ( # </ / )===# * =====- = ==+ =====-
٥
TS01TX10En
‫ت ا‬4 ‫ ا‬: KP ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
wave tek N ) UMH ٥-٩
wave tek ‫س‬4 ‫ز ا‬WX (٤-٩) $ tek wave W ( # </ %9
. OTDR %
. VFL % $ %
. OTS %- %
. ( W K % . % $ ٦
%
TS01TX10En
‫ ا ت ا ف ا‬5#‫ ا‬6
! ‫!ت و‬78 : (-Y ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
0 - : 9 " 0
‫ا"!ف‬ ! $ " - ( " - $' ‫ا ت‬
4 $$' W-4
T
(%- (+) * %@ T
1
! *$ 1T
2 $'
2 9 *. %- ) , %(! "
( T
5T
5
M $! C " -
6T
5
;
7T
١
TS01TX10En
‫ ا ت ا ف ا‬5#‫ ا‬6
‫!ت و‬78 : (-Y ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(]O 7 ; <13/ - <; 7KV
% / Dt n ƒ p#/
1-10
: * * R 4 $$' !
. %0(- %- ) 4 •
. ! * %@ ( •
. 9c > - A 9 " -
•
@ @ @@H6#B )r) FD4 xf<%
2-10
=( %@ = ) V!4 < > (%0(- %- )0) 2 : *3
R % 0(- $ T % -G $ )0 * ( A
9 "K . %- I % 'G "
( ATF
Connector % 0 ^ ' ( AC
Splice "
( AS
Fiber Attenuation ?- ! %0 ( AF
Branching X ! ( AT
%0(- *. 9 ) I % 'G "
( AFR
9 %$
L
@ n1
n2
n3
A = ATF + n1AC + n2 AS + n3AT + LAF + AFR
= PT - PR
٢
TS01TX10En
‫ ا ت ا ف ا‬5#‫ ا‬6
ATF
AC
AS
(AT)
AF
‫!ت و‬78 : (-Y ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
AFR
T
R
A
PT
PR
* %@ (T) %9
12D FJ "V €
% =-G *=+$ )0 / %
! 3-10
! (+ *. ( ) + . : 3 ! (+ . ( 3 + . ) < % 0(-
. / *+ [ "0-0 > )4 ) * ( # $[ •
. #</2 %0 ( ) i! - ( # $[ •
. ( 3N % $4) %0 ! ) i ! ( $[ •
M = (PT - PRmin)-A
! *$ 3
. - (
. %0(- <0(- )4 ) K %K4
T
PT
M >
PT
PRmin
R
P/dBm
ATF
M=PM-PM min(dB)
AC
AS
A
Where PM min=limit sensitivity of the receiver
AS
AS
PR
PR min
AFR
M
1/Km
! *$ (T) %9
٣
TS01TX10En
‫ ا ت ا ف ا‬5#‫ ا‬6
‫!ت و‬78 : (-Y ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
Dt - <; E
. (%0(- %-) +$
<! LK *
. *+ 0$ . PT
4-10
! *
) 4 W ( 0 ,q - %- ) Z' ( *
. "$ %0(- - - *
. A 2 ? *+$ )0 * ( " - *
. M ! *$ " - *
X\O] F 6#(& > $ 6)2 ^V;& )d 5-10
. 9 ^' * V! ( 3 ( *
=( %=(! = =4 %0 ) #</ [
%$ '- ( 3 %( *
. “Pig tail” "#!' % " *- 9 %- ) )= > 0 0-! 0 0 ) %0(- U$- - )2 ( 3 % 3. ) *
. 9 ) ( K $ % %0(
K@ ) PT * %- ) ?- ( " - ) *
PT = R Ω A
>
w/sr.CnL ) H / *+ ?-/ # % 9 K $ R
?-/ # Ω
Ω = 2 ∏(1-Cosα)
NA = sin
Sr.
αmax
- = 0 U$- - A
% = * Coupling 9 * $0 U ( 1:) %9 *
. H9 "K *. * ) / ' ( ) K 04
٤
TS01TX10En
‫ ا ت ا ف ا‬5#‫ ا‬6
‫!ت و‬78 : (-Y ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
PT L( ‫رة ا‬34 ‫ا‬
+ ‫ع ا‬Y-‫ ا‬+[\ (%
LED
9 * $0 ( 1T) %9
@Bandwidth Calculation @bbB 3 ( KV
C + "/ 2 ! *+ + - 9c ?9 %K4 %
6-10
•
. A M $!
*0< A M $! C ) * A M $! C ' •
B3db optical =
2 B3db elect
h D† DG>/
7-10
R 0.2db = = =(+ ) 60km %$ 4 %0 - $$' ! •
%0 %$ 0.25db % (+ 0.5db/km 2 %0 %@ %
R 5db 3 ! *+ G (+ ’ 3km %0 0 ` "- 4
.
.
. * ( .
. odbm %- K ! . "$ %0(- - -
.1
%== ‫ـــ ر‬1‫]ل ا‬
‫ة ا ح‬72‫]ل ا‬
=
=
60- 1 = 20 – 1 = 19
3
٥
TS01TX10En
‫ ا ت ا ف ا‬5#‫ ا‬6
%0 (+ + @ (+ +
‫!ت و‬78 : (-Y ‫ب ا‬1 ‫ا‬
(+ = * ( = 19*0.2 + 2*0.25 + 60 * 0.5
= 3.8 + 0.5 + 30 = 34.3db
PRmin = PT - A – M
= 0 – 34.3 – 5 = - 39.3db
– 39.3db 3 "$ %0(- - -
∴
R 30db =3 % 0(-G % -G *$ )0 * ( R 4 %0 ! *+ •
=(+ R 0.1db (+ R 2km 0 ` %0 %$ R 30km - %$
(+ )4 . '- %0 %@ % * K4 "- . R 0.3db % . 0.2db/km 3 ! *+ 2
%=== =
30
- 1 = 14
2
(+ = 14*0.1 = 1.4 db
@ (+ = 2*0.3 = 0.6 db
*+ G (+ = 30*0.2 = 6 db
%0 (+ = 30 – (1.4 + 0.6 + 6)
= 30 – 8 = 22db
%0 %@ % =
22= 0.7 db /km
30
٦
TS01TX10En