Declaration
It is hereby declared that the internship report submitted is my own original work while completing
my degree at University of Barisal. This report does not contain material previously published or
written by a third party, except where this is appropriately cited through referencing. The report does
not contain material which has been published for any other degree or diploma at a university or other
institution and all main sources of help have been acknowledged while making this report.
_________________________
Students roll no. and signature
Supervisor’s Certificate
I am convinced to declare that, this Internship Report titled ‘Financial Statement Analysis
Through Ratios of Rupali Bank Limited’ has been submitted to Department of Accounting &
Information Systems, for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Business Administration, from University of Barishal on 15th November, 2022 by Mr. X,
Exam roll: AIS 027.
I have supervised him throughout the preparation of the report. He has put frantic and sincere
efforts to write a contributory report on the subject matter.
I wish him good luck.
____________
Md. Ashikur Rahman
Assistant professor
Dept. of Accounting and information systems
University of Barisal
Letter of Transmittal
August 15, 2022
Md. Asiqur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Department of Accounting & Information Systems
University of Barishal
Subject: Submission of the internship report.
Sir,
It is my great pleasure to submit the Internship report entitled “Financial Statement Analysis
through ratios of Rupali Bank Limited’’. As per requirement of MBA, I have completed the
Internship in Rupali Bank Limited, Sadar Branch Barisal. I have tried to exert all the
knowledge that I gathered through my working with this branch of RBL. Working for three
months in this bank helped me to fulfill the requirements of obtaining practical learning and
subsequently, preparation of this report. My internship in Rupali Bank Limited was a
worthwhile experience and the exposure of such an organization would be valuable for me.
Before facing the real business world, I have gathered prior knowledge about the organization
culture.
I believe that this internship program has enriched both my knowledge and
experience.
Yours faithfully,
___________________
Exam Roll- AIS 027
Acknowledgement
The successful accomplishment of this work is the outcome of the contribution of a number
of people, especially those who have given the time and effort to share their thoughts and
suggestions to improve the report. At the beginning, I would like to pay my humble gratitude
to the Almighty for giving me the ability to work hard under pressure. However, the space
involved does not allow me to mention everybody individually. It gives me immense
pleasure to thank a large number of individuals for their cordial cooperation and
encouragement who have contributed directly or indirectly in preparing this Report.
This is a great pleasure for me to be assigned under the supervision of, Md. Ashikur
Rahman, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Accounting & Information Systems, University of
Barisal. I am very grateful to you for all of your kind cooperation and guidance in preparing
this report. Your professional and practical experience enriched me to a great extent at the
time of preparing this study. Without your Guidance and assistance, this report would not
have seen the light of day.
Finally, I would like to thank all those people who have shared their views about the work,
provided necessary information, criticized and congratulated. This acknowledgment is not
enough to tell them how profound the impact of their opinion is on this report, how indebted
I am to them. I express my heartiest gratitude to all of them.
This report is not free from limitations. There might still be some minor mistakes such as
typing errors, despite my utmost care.
I apologize for this
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
As the size and complexities of business is increasing day by day, the banking sector is also
providing various innovative services with basic functions to increase size but to reduce the
complexities.Modern banking is a result of evolution driven by changing economic activities
and lifestyles. At present there are 61 scheduled banks in Bangladesh. Among those, 6 are
state-owned, 42 are privately owned & 9 are foreign commercial banks. It is evident that
with more than sixty active banks and plenty of financial institutions within a small market, it
is tough for any bank to reach its target customers without hefty competition. So banks are
always competing against each other to create unique positioning in the minds of their
customers by offering attractive return on investments, lower interest rates for borrowers,
introducing new and customized financial schemes, serving customers faster and setting up
ATM booths for fast and secure transactions, mobile and SMS banking etc. In short, banks
are evolving by modernizing their offers and services and getting more digitized every day in
order to satisfy customer wants and needs, which will eventually create a stronger and loyal
customer base.
1.2.Background of the study
To fulfill the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) degree from the department of
Accounting & Information Systems of University of Barisal, it is compulsory to complete an
internship course of three months. The students choose organizations to enact their internship
and gain practical knowledge of how an organization operates. This will give a practical
orientation of his/ her theoretical study. After completion of the program, she/ he has to
submit an internship report to the department and defend the report. I have performed an
internship
course at the Branch of Rupali Bank Limited. I have prepared a report on
Financial Statement Analysis Through Ratios of Rupali Bank Limited under the supervision
of my internship supervisor
Md. Ashikur Rahmanl, Assistant Professor, Department of
Accounting & Information Systems, University of Barisal.
1.3 Scope of the study:
In this report, Financial statement of Rupali Bank Limited has been analyzed by financial
ratios. To draw a complete picture of the performance of the bank, I have used a number of
ratios. Various graphs and charts are used to reduce the understanding complexity. All the
comparative analysis are conducted using the last for year data extracted from the financial
statements. In addition, trend analysis and common size analysis are also presented to
conclude the whole analyzing procedure.
1.4 Objectives of the Study:
The objective of this study is to have a clear concept and some practical experience about the
Financial Statement Analysis System of an organization. This report is designed to know
more about the financial performance of RUPALI BANK LTD. and analyze the ratio of this
organization and identify the financial condition of this organization. In addition, the study
seeks to achieve the following objectives:
❖ To analyze the financial statement of Rupali Bank Ltd using ratios & illustrating its
Liquidity, Leverage, Profitability, Asset Activity, Credit Risk & some other concepts.
❖ To find out the problems (if any) relating to the financial performance of Rupali Bank
Ltd.
❖ To recommend some suggestions based on findings.
1.5 Methodology:
The methodology of the study has been designed in the following ways:
1. Data Sources
(a) Primary Sources
(b) Secondary Sources
2. Data Collection Methods
The primary data has been collected in the following ways:
➔ Interviews with the officers of RUPALI BANK LTD.
➔ Experience gained by working in different desks during internship programs. The
secondary data has been collected in the following ways:
● Annual report of Rupali Bank Limited from 2019 to 2022.
● Web site of Rupali Bank Ltd.
● Internet Sources.
1.6 Limitations of the Study:
The present study was not out of limitations. But as an intern it was a great opportunity for
me to know practical financial statement related information especially of Rupali Bank. Some
constraints are appended below:
➢ Lack of Information or Data: In this report I have tried to use as much information
as possible but in some cases, that was not enough. Lacking some essential footnotes
hampered my work in some steps. Though the officials tried to assist, sometimes due
to their working pressure, they couldn’t properly cooperate. There is some
information which needs special permission from the top level that is not always
achievable.
➢ Time Constraint: Three months, time is not enough for such comprehensive study. It
is very difficult to collect all the information in such a short time.
➢ Secrecy of Information: Some of the information needed to explore the current
market scenario of the company were not disclosed rather those were strictly private
and confidential.
➢ Lack of Experience: Though I have prepared many reports before, I had a little
internship experience. So, inexperience is one of the main constraints of the study.
Chapter 2
Company Profile
2.1.Background
Rupali Bank Ltd. changed into constituted with the merger of 3 (three) erstwhile business
banks operated withinside the then Pakistan on March 26, 1972 below the Bangladesh
Banks
Order1972, with all their assets, benefits, rights, powers, authorities, privileges,
liabilities, borrowings and obligations. Rupali Bank worked as a nationalized business
financial institution till December13, 1986. Rupali Bank Ltd. emerged as the biggest Public
Limited Banking Company of the USA on December 14, 1986.
2.2. Company Information
Chairman
Mr. Kazi Sanaul Hoq
Managing Director
Mohammad Jahangir
Registered Office
34, Dilkusha C/A, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Authorized Capital
TK. 7000 million
Paid-up-capital
TK. 3765.16 million
Number of Employees
5490
Number of Branches
586
2.3. Functional Hierarchy
Head Office
⇩
G.M. Office
⇩
Area Office
⇩
Regional Office
⇩
Branch
2.4. Vision
Providing customer centric life-long banking service.
2.6 Mission
1.High quality financial services with the help of the latest technology.
2. Fast and accurate customer service.
3. Balanced growth strategy.
4. High standard business ethics.
5. Steady return on shareholders' equity.
6. Innovative banking at a competitive price.
7. Attract and retain quality human resources.
8. Firm commitment to the society and the growth of the national economy.
2.7. Interest rate:
● Deposit
Savings deposit – 4.5%
Short notice deposit – 3.5%
Foreign remittance deposit – 6%
Deposit pension scheme 2 – 6.5%
● Loans & Advances
Agricultural Sector 5-9%
Industrial sector 6-9%
Consumer Loan 7-8%
2.8. SWOT analysis
During my internship period in Rupali Bank I have found some aspects relating to the Bank’s
strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, which I think, affect the bank’s performance.
These are given below:
Strengths
➢ As a large bank, it has qualified and experienced manpower.
➢ Branch location is suitable for business.
➢ Bank’s assets position is quite satisfactory and now there is no fund crisis.
➢ Bank has requisite wealth to sustain in the various challenges of the market economy.
Weakness
➢ As many employers retired from the bank, there is a crisis for manpower in the bank.
➢ Lack of motivation for the workers.
➢ Low salary structure for the employees.
➢ In some cases, management-employee relations are not good.
Opportunities
➢ Expansion of new investment areas.
➢ Scope for automation will open a big door of opportunity.
➢ In case of a fund crisis Rupali Bank gets government support.
➢ The bank undertakes a need-based training program.
Threats
➢ Newly developed privatized and foreign banks.
➢ Facing a great competition with other commercial banks and financial institutions.
➢ Loan recovery systems are very weak.
➢ Policies are not practiced properly.
2.7. Information technology and Automation:
Rupali Bank limited has implemented a centralized online banking system in the year 2006
through its in-house developed software named RIBS (Rupali integrated banking system).
Within June, 2012 all the 480 branches were brought under a real time centralized online
banking network. The bank has also introduced one stop banking and mobile phone
banking.
The bank has entered into the internet world through its website
www.rupalibank.org and has
also been operating ATM and POS services to meet the
demand of the time.Currently the bank has 215 ATM booths.
Chapter 3
Ratio Analysis
3.1 Definition of Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis is a powerful tool of financial analysis. A ratio is defined as “the indicated
quotient of two mathematical expressions” and as “the relationship between two or more
things”.
Financial ratios are created with the use of numerical values taken from financial statements
to gain meaningful information about a company. The numbers found on a company’s
financial statements balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement – are used to
perform quantitative analysis and assess a company’s liquidity, leverage, growth, margins,
profitability, rates of return, valuation, and more.
3.2 Uses and Users of Financial Ratio Analysis
Analysis of financial ratios serves two main purposes:
1. Track company performance
Determining individual financial ratios per period and tracking the change in their values
over time is done to spot trends that may be developing in a company. For example, an
increasing debt-to asset ratio may indicate that a company is overburdened with debt and may
eventually be facing default risk.
2. Make comparative judgments regarding company performance
Comparing financial ratios with that of major competitors is done to identify whether a
company is performing better or worse than the industry average. For example, comparing
the return on assets between companies helps an analyst or investor to determine which
company is making the most efficient use of its assets.Users of financial ratios include
parties external and internal to the company:
● External users: Financial analysts, retail investors, creditors, competitors, tax
authorities, regulatory authorities, and industry observers
● Internal users: Management team, employees, and owners
3.3 Ratio Analysis of Rupali Bank Limited:
3.3.1 Liquidity Ratios:
Liquidity ratios are financial ratios that measure a company’s ability to repay both short- and
long term obligations.
• Current Ratio= Current assets / Current liabilities
• Cash ratio = Cash and Cash equivalents / Current Liabilities
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Current Ratio
1.15
1.22
1.19
1.20
Cash Ratio
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
Graphical Presentation:
Interpretation:
The current ratio of Rupali bank is on a standard level during the last four years. Though in
2019 it raised comparatively higher than other years but all over they have more assets over
liabilities. It varied between 1.15 to 1.22.
The standard range of cash ratio is 0.5 to 1. Commendable cash ratio ensures the creditor of
the bank that it is able to pay the debts. During the last four years the cash ratio of the bank is
between the standard range. So, the results of liquidity ratios of the bank over the last four
years are satisfactory.
3.3.2 Leverage Financial Ratios:
Leverage ratios measure the amount of capital that comes from debt. In other words, leverage
financial ratios are used to evaluate a company’s debt levels.
Debt ratio = Total liabilities / Total assets
Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities / Shareholder’s equity
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Debt-ratio
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
Debt-to-equity ratio
16.25
17.95
18.65
19.22
Graphical Presentation:
Interpretation
Debt Ratio of Rupali Bank is not at a very commendable level. During the last four years, it
was higher than the standard level which is maximum 0.6. While the bank’s result of this
ratio is between 0.96-0.97.
The results of the debt-to-equity ratio is at a very unsatisfactory level. While the standard
value of this ratio is 2 or 2.5, the bank’s result of this ratio is 16.25 to 19.22. It means that the
bank is getting more financing by lending than equity which can subject the bank to risks.
3.3.3 Return Ratios:
Return ratios represent the company’s ability to generate returns to its shareholders.
Return on Asset= (Net Income/Total Asset) *100
Return on Equity= (Net Income/Total shareholder equity) *100
Return on Deposit= (Net income/ Total deposit) *10
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Return on asset
1.15%
1.13%
1.25%
1.32%
Return on Equity
16.50%%
17.65%
21.75%
22.75%
Return on Deposit
0.75%
0.75%
1.25%
1.69%
Graphical Presentation:
Interpretation
Return on assets of the bank has fluctuated over the past four years. In 2021 and 2022 it grew
comparatively more and in the following year, it dropped to the lowest over the four years.
Same has happened in terms of return on equity and return on deposit.
3.3.4 Net Profit Margin Ratio:
Net Profit Margin (also known as “Profit Margin” or “Net Profit Margin Ratio”) is a financial
ratio used to calculate the percentage of profit a company produces from its total revenue. It
measures the amount of net profit a company obtains per dollar of revenue gained.
Net profit margin= (Net income after tax/Total operating revenue) *100
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Net profit margin
10.54%
10.15%
20.68%
15.83%
Graphical Presentation
Interpretation
Net profit Margin of the bank was between 10% to 15% over the last 4 years except in the
year 2021. In that year, it increased to 20.68% and dropped to 15.83% the following year..
3.3.5 Asset Activity Ratio:
The asset turnover ratio measures the value of a company's sales or revenues relative to the
value of its assets. The asset turnover ratio can be used as an indicator of the efficiency with
which a company is using its assets to generate revenue.
The higher the asset turnover ratio, the more efficient a company is at generating revenue
from its assets. Conversely, if a company has a low asset turnover ratio, it indicates it is not
efficiently using its assets to generate sales.
Fixed Asset Turnover= Net Sales /Average Fixed Asset
Year
2018
2019
2020
2021
Fixed asset turnover
1.41
1.87
2.56
2.15
Graphical Presentation
Interpretation
Fixed asset turnover of Rupali bank has fluctuated over the past 4 years. In 2019 it was 1.41
and increased in the next two years. But in 2022, it decreased to 2.15. Overall, the result is
satisfactory
3.3.6 Equity Multiplier:
The equity multiplier is a risk indicator that measures the portion of a company’s assets that is
financed by stockholder's equity rather than by debt. It is calculated by dividing a company's
total asset value by its total shareholders' equity.
Generally, a high equity multiplier indicates that a company is using a high amount of debt to
finance assets. A low equity multiplier means that the company has less reliance on debt.
Equity Multiplier= Total Asset/Total Equity
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Equity multiplier
29.22
32.80
38.62
38.85
Geaphical Presentation
Interprtation
The value rose gradually over the past years. Overall, it was between 29 to 38. It indicated
that more financing by debt occurred compared to equity.
3.3.7 Credit Risk Ratios:
Credit risk ratios are used to calculate the financial leverage of a company to get an idea of
the company's methods of financing or to measure its ability to meet financial obligations.
It measures the credit risk of the company in terms of its dependence on debt financing
versus equity financing. Credit risk ratios include equity to asset and equity to net loans
ratio.
Equity to total Asset Ratio:
The equity ratio is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of equity used to finance
a company's assets. It is used to help determine how much shareholders would receive in the
event of a company-wide liquidation. The ratio, expressed as a percentage, is calculated by
dividing total shareholders' equity by total assets of the firm, and it represents the amount of
assets on which shareholders have a residual claim.
Equity to Net loan Ratio:
This ratio forms part of the capital and funding ratios of a bank, and measures a
company/bank’s financial leverage by calculating the proportion of equity and debt the
company/bank is using to finance its assets. Total equity covers total equity reserves, total
share capital and treasury stock. Net loans include loans to banks or credit Institutions,
customer net loans and loans to group companies.
Equity to Total Asset= Total Equity/Total Asset
Equity to Net loan= Total Equity/ Net Loan
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Equity to total asset
8.95%
7.80%
7.20%
6.95%
Equity to net loan
14.75%
12.85%
11.76%
10.45%
Graphical Presentation
Interpretation
The value of equity to asset ratio fluctuated slightly over the years varying between 6%-8%.
Overall, it shows a very low equity portion of equity in the capital structure.
The equity to net loan ratio also shows a slight fluctuation over the years. It was highest in
2019.The fluctuated a little.
3.3.8 Loan to Total Deposit:
This is a commonly used statistic for assessing a bank's liquidity by dividing the bank's total
loans by its total deposits. This number, also known as the LTD ratio, is expressed as a
percentage. If the ratio is too high, it means that banks might not have enough liquidity to
cover any unforeseen fund requirements; if the ratio is too low, banks may not be earning as
much as they could be. These ratios are used to determine whether a bank will be allowed to
open or acquire a branch outside of its home state, and this ratio is often used by policy
makers to determine the lending practices of financial institutions.
Loan to total deposit ratio= Total loan/Total deposit
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Loan to total deposit
81.70%
83.86%
88.75%
87.60%
Graphical Presentation
Interpretation
The values of the loan to deposit ratio of Rupali Bank were in the standard range which is
80%-90%. It means that the bank has a good liquidity amount.
3.3.9 Loans to Total Asset:
The loans to assets ratio measure the total loans outstanding as a percentage of total assets.
The higher this ratio indicates a bank is loaned up and its liquidity is low. The higher the
ratio, the riskier a bank may be to higher defaults. It is a commonly used statistic for
assessing a bank’s liquidity by dividing the bank's total loans by its total assets.
Loan to Asset ratio= Total loans/Total Assets
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Loan to Asset Ratio
62.11%
63.75%
67.86%
60.45%
Graphical Presentation
Inerpretation
Loan to asset ratio of the banks has fluctuated between 60%-64%. It increased till 2022 and
then decreased to 60.45%. Thus, the possibility of a liquidity crisis is low.
3.3.10. Yield on Loans and Advances Ratio:
The ratio gives the average lending rate of the portfolio. High yield on advances i]s an
indication that the entity is into financing riskier assets and may see asset quality issues. It
also indicates whether the pricing of the loan is in line with underlying risk.
Yield on Loans and Advances Ratio= Interest income/Loans and Advances
Year
2019
2020
2021
2022
Yeild on Loans
& advances
9.56%
8.48%
9.85%
10.15%
Graphical Presentation
Interpretation
Yield on loans and advances fluctuated over the years. In 2020, it was the lowest among the
four years. This result shows the average lending rate of Ruali Bank Ltd.
3.3.11. Cost to income Ratio:
The cost-to-income ratio measures the cost of running a business compared to its operating
income.The lower the cost-to-income ratio is, the more profitable the company should be. It's
a useful metric for gauging the efficiency of the operation.
Cost to income ratio=Operating Expense/Operating income
Year
2019
2020
2021
2021
Cost to income ratio
58.00%
51.62%
49.76%
48.52%
Graphical Presentation
Interpretation
Over the four years the cost to income ratio decreased which is a good thing for the bank. In
2019, it was quite a lot compared to the later years. In 2022, it was 48.52 which was the
lowest of four years.
Chapter 4
FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS & CONCLUSION
4.1 Findings
➔ The liquidity ratios of the bank during the last four years were quite satisfactory.
Though the current ratio standard range is 1.5 to 3 but a value more than 1 is good for
any company. It means the company has more assets than liabilities.
➔ The Cash ratio is a strict form of measuring a firm’s liquidity because only cash and
cash equivalents are used in this ratio. Standard range for this ratio is 0.5 to 1. In this
case Rupali bank performed also well. All the results of the past four years were
between this range. It means the bank has a high capability to pay the debts and cash
equivalents.
➔ The leverage ratios of the bank are not good at all. The debt ratio is showing a very
high result such as 0.9 and more while it should maximum be 0.6. The bank has quite
a good amount of debt in its assets. A higher debt ratio (0.6 or higher) makes it more
difficult to borrow money. Lenders often have debt ratio limits and do not extend
further credit to firms that are overleveraged.
➔ The debt equity ratio is also very unsatisfactory. While it should be only 2, Rupali
bank’s last four years' result is between 16-19.
➔ The ROA & ROE of Rupali bank limited is good compared with the bankingindustry average. That means the bank is using its assets efficiently and the relation
of profit to shareholders equity is also good.
➔ The net profit margin of the bank was good compared to both the industry average
and overall standard which are 10% and 13.9%. But there are fluctuations during the
years 2019 to 2022. In 2021, it raised a lot, which was 20.68% but in 2022 it dropped
to 15.83%.
➔ In terms of fixed asset turnover, there are fluctuations but the overall results are
satisfactory.
➔ The high equity multiplier of the bank shows that more debt financing is used than
equity financing.
➔ Equity to asset ratio is showing that a very low portion of the total asset is owned by
the inverters. It fluctuated slightly over the four years.
➔ Loan to deposit ratio of the bank was good enough over the last four years.Its standard
range is 80%-90%. It tells us that the bank has a good level of liquidity.
➔ Loan to asset ratio findings are very similar to loan to deposit ratio. 2022 has a
reduction in terms of both. The Bank’s liquidity level has no issues.
➔ Yield on loans and advances also fluctuated over the years. In 2020 it was lowest and
in 2022 it was the highest among four years.
➔ Cost to income ratio has reduced over the years. In 2019 it was 58% and decreased till
48.52% in 2022.
4.2 Recommendations:
● The bank should maintain a good current ratio like these four years thus it should
have increased the amount of assets over liabilities.
● From all the leverage and risk ratios, a serious problem of Rupali bank is its
excessive debt dependency over the past four years. Debt portion in the capital
structure is way higher than the equity portion. The company should reduce its debts
and bring it near to the standard debt to equity level. Debt financing is necessary but
excessiveness can subject the bank to risks like bankruptcy.
● The biggest risk that arises from high financial leverage occurs when a company's
return on ROA does not exceed the interest on the loan, which greatly diminishes a
company's return on equity and profitability. The risk of defaulting on, or being
unable to repay, debt increases as debt-to-equity ratio rises. A reasonable amount of
debt can help grow a small business, but too much can overburden a company with
high interest payments.
● The bank should be more consistent in terms of profit margin. In 2021 & 2022 net
profit margin fluctuated a lot though in these two years, it was close to average
standards. The large reduction of net profit margin from 2021 to 2022 should not
occur in the future.
● Rupali banks should maintain the current liquidity level and should try to develop
more.
● High yield on advances is an indication that the entity is into financing riskier assets
and may see asset quality issues. Thus, the bank should be more careful about that.
● The lower the cost to income ratio is, the better it is for the company’s performance.
Likewise, the lower the ratio is, the more efficiency the company can achieve in the
period. Thus Rupali Bank should maintain a low cost to income ratio as it is now.
4.3 Conclusion:
There are a number of nationalized and foreign banks operating their business operations in
Bangladesh. The RBL is one of them. For the future planning and succession in terms of
achieving ``The Vision" within the ongoing competitive environment, this report could be
treated as a guideline up to some extent. Banks always contribute towards the economic
development of a country, RBL, compared with other banks, are contributing more by
investing most of their funds in important projects for the national economic progression.
Apart from that, RBL has always played its leading role in the socio-economic development
of our country. Besides its traditional functions such as deposit mobilization, deployment of
funds in trade, commerce, industry, agriculture, import & export business, outward and
inward remittance.The bank usually gives optimum services to their customers though
sometimes they have some limitations. If the management of the bank can turn these
limitations positively then they can attain the ultimate goal. I am certain that the experience
that I get through my internship in Rupali Bank will help me a lot in my future.
4.4 Bibliography:
➢ Corporate Finance Institute. Financial Ratios.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/financial-ratios
➢ Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com.
➢ Annual report of RBL (2019-2022)
➢ www.rupalibank.com.bd
➢ The Balance Small Business.’What Is Financial Ratio Analysis?’
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/what-is-financial-ratio-analysis-393186.