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Study Guide 1 - Summary Applied Science
Applied Science (The University of British Columbia)
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APSC 100 Study Guide Introduction to Engineering Design Engineering Design: The process through which engineering knowledge and skills are applied to solve real-­‐world problems that are meaningful to society and/or the planet o Engineering problems are often open-­‐ended and have multiple possible solutions o Trial and error is not a good approach to the engineering design process Engineering Design Approach
o Advantages: Ø Provides guiding framework Ø Improves chance of great solution Ø Reduces risk of wasting time and resources o Early stages are lower cost than late ones, but have the most costs committed for later o Most important step is iteration, allowing you to revisit previous stages of the design process at any time as new information becomes available to review and revise your design Iteration: GOALS · Revisit previous stages to discover best possible solution · Review and revise solution CHALLENGES Iteration: to continuously revisit previous stages in the design process as solution develops and more is learned about the problem o Iteration can be performed at any point in the process, revisiting any step in order to adjust for new information o If at any point the design process seems to have failed, iteration can be performed Ø MOST IMPORTANT STEP IN DESIGN PROCESS: increases chances of creating best possible solution Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Stage 1: Study and Clarify Problem GOALS · Define the problem · Identify the stakeholders and their influence · Determine stakeholder needs CHALLENGES · Ensuring all stakeholders are identified · Deciding which stakeholders are most influential · Accounting for all needs Stakeholder: Anyone who is influenced by or has influence over a particular engineering project, including… Designers Builders Users Government Neighbours Municipalities Society Investors Suppliers o It is important to understand and take into account the issues and perspectives of all the stakeholders to prevent issues later on Needs: stakeholder wants and expectations of what the final design should be of do o Needs are qualitative descriptions of the end result o Different stakeholders may have different or even contradictory needs o Research is vital for understanding all stakeholders and their needs § Research includes asking and interviewing stakeholders, but also inferring potentially ‘obvious’ needs that were not explicitly mentioned Scales: differing physical and temporal contexts in which the problem can be viewed o As scales are changed, stakeholders and subsequently needs change as interactions and ramifications are zoomed in or out o A problem must be analyzed from all scales in order to create a comprehensive list of stakeholders and needs, and to understand all contexts of the design o It is the job of the engineer to translate stakeholder needs into target design specifications Target Design Specifications: specific quantitative features that the final design must or should include. These can be divided into objectives and requirements. Requirements – “Must Have’s” o Used as a baseline for acceptable and non-­‐acceptable design ideas o Factor into screening process Objectives – “Nice to Have’s” o Used as criteria by which to rank multiple viable potential solutions o Affected by trade-­‐offs o Factor into ranking process Validation: returning to the stakeholder to ‘validate’ target design specifications by ensuring they align with what the stakeholder wants; ie. ensuring you are solving the correct problem Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Stage 2: Generate Potential Solutions GOALS · Generate as many potential solutions to design problem as possible · Generating a variety of different ideas ·
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CHALLENGES Generating large enough volume of ideas Generating a large enough variety of ideas Fixation on a single idea Ensuring equal team member contribution Balancing solutions vs resources Guidelines for Effective Concept Generation: 1. Quantity > Quality: it is hard to know which ideas will work in early stages, and circumstances can change, so it is necessary to have many potential solutions 2. Variety is just as important as quantity: similar ideas often have similar strengths, and similar flaws; variety and creativity are necessary to ensure multiple valid ideas will be generated 3. Do not develop or evaluate individual ideas until after Stage 2 is complete: this can lead to bias towards specific ideas and can cut the concept generation process short before the best solutions have been generated. 4. Do not fixate on one idea: this narrows focus and prevents variety in the ideas generated 5. Do not shoot down any ideas, regardless of how bizarre: innovation is never familiar, so embracing variety means accepting all ideas o Resources like time and money spent on Stage 2 must be balanced with the number of ideas generated; therefore, concept generation should last until multiple strong ideas with a good chance of success have been produced C-­‐Sketch (Collaborative Sketching): method of visual concept generation 1. Team gathers around table with a piece of paper each 2. All silently sketch, with no words, for a set amount of time 3. When time is up, paper is passed to person on the left, who adds to/alters the new sketch 4. Repeat until full team has had input on all sketches 5. Collect and review Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Stage 3: Identify Most Promising Solution GOALS · Narrow down all possible solutions · Identify the solution to be developed CHALLENGES · Not knowing which ideas are strong without research · Being completely objective · Comparing advantages and disadvantages Step 1: Screening: Eliminating all solutions that do not meet requirements o
Always try to make an idea work before discarding it; can it be altered to meet requirements? Can it be combined with another idea to make it stronger? Step 2: Ranking: Ranking solutions that passed screening in terms of approximate highest to lowest performance based on objectives o
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Uses design team input for qualitative opinions on potential for success Methods for ranking include individual voting, objective-­‐based ranking, etc. Step 3: Scoring: Quantifying relative performance of top ideas from ranking via prototypes, calculations, simulations, and other detailed analyses o
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Uses data gathered from research in combination with a Weighted Decision Matrix to produce quantitative scores that systematically and objectively reflect each idea’s potential for success The concept with the highest score passes scoring and is chosen as the solution to be implemented Weighted Decision Matrix (WDM): A matrix that takes input of criteria, criteria weights, and design ideas and returns values for the performance of each idea in accordance with the criteria o Provides an objective and systematic tool for engineering decisions o Scores are based on extremes of stakeholder satisfaction o Weights are based on stakeholder interests and priorities o Weights have great effect on outcome; if weights can be changed but outcome remains the same, decisions are robust Verification: returning to the stakeholder to ‘verify’ the selected solution aligns with what the stakeholder wants; ie. ensuring you solved the problem correctly Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Stage 4: Develop and Test Solution GOALS · Create multiple prototypes to test and gather data · Optimize final design CHALLENGES · Accurately creating representations · Choosing types of prototypes to use Prototypes: simple representations of the idea that can be tested Rapid Prototyping: Waterjet: uses mixture of water and fine sand at . high speeds to blast through materials ü
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Can cut through almost anything Most can only do 2D shapes Only cuts all the way through Must submerge in water Laser Cutter: uses high-­‐powered laser to . vapourize materials ü
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Super accurate Can cut partway through Requires a lot of power Only 2D Harmful vapourization byproducts 3D Printing: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) uses a laser to sinter layers of material, and Fused . Deposition Modelling (FDM) used a nozzle to deposit layers of melted plastic: SLS > FDM û Very slow û Types of materials and design structure limited ü 3D ü Direct from CAD
Computer Aided Design (CAD): o
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Advantages Disadvantages Reduces time between design cycles Can provide clear visualizations and simulations Can communicate engineering designs Can be used to create models for 3D printing o CAD prototypes are not tangible o Can be difficult to use Example: CAD is used for Finite Element Analysis in crash test simulations NOTE: prototyping can and should be used at every stage in the design process, not just stage 4 Ex. Sketches of problems, thoughts, and potential ideas in stages 1 and 2, more complex prototypes in stages 3 and 4 Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Stage 5: Implement Solution GOALS · Effectively present idea to stakeholders/investors CHALLENGES · Effective delivery · Organized and clear approach · Being engaging but formal and respectful o Can use technical presentation or technical memorandum; see Presentations and Communication Presentations and Communication: GOALS · Effectively present idea to stakeholders/investors CHALLENGES · Effective delivery · Organized and clear approach · Being engaging but formal and respectful o All successful, effective presentations must take into account the audience, purpose, and context of the presentation Audience: The people on the receiving end of your presentation – the who o Must understand what they need to know, what they already know, and what they don’t know o Understand what the audience thinks about the subject matter and what they want to get out of the presentation o Composition of audience determines technicality and formality of presentation – note that audience is often mixed Purpose: the importance of the presentation – the why o Usually falls into one of or both of the following categories: to inform and to persuade Context: the situation in which you will be presenting – the where, when, and how o Includes relevant factors such as time, tools available, setting, and reasons for giving the presentation Technical Presentations: Preparation Ø The organization and structure of a presentation seriously affects effectiveness; poorly organized presentations will be ineffective or not taken seriously Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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DO DON’T o Use informative and relevant images o Align margins for an aesthetically pleasing slide o Give audience context before technical information o Use contrast as a visual aid o Be concise but specific o
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Use large text blocks or run-­‐on sentences Have spelling or grammar mistakes Use contractions Read off slide Use distracting PowerPoint transitions or themes Assertion – Evidence Method: o Assertion: full sentence at the top of the slide clearly stating your position o Evidence: graphics and data supporting the assertion o Advantages: easy to read and understand, more interesting for the audience ASSERTION ……. ……. .. … ……. … …… …. …. … ……. … ……. (EVIDENCE) ( EVIDENCE) Technical Presentations: Delivery Delivery: the art of conveying ideas through the use of voice and body language; refers to: o Posture: hold tall posture for duration of presentation o Gesture: use small gestures to clarify or explain, but avoid nervous movement and do not talk with your hands, for it is distracting to the audience o Eye Contact: do make eye contact with the audience while presenting o Speech: use calm but interested tone, and speak slowly and clearly – cue cards are ok but try to limit use In addition, you must have proper… o Enthusiasm: have energy: be interested and engaged, but still professional and calm o Attire: influences how audience perceives you, and affects your authority and command of the room. For technical presentations, business casual is the minimum, and as a general rule always dress as well as or slightly better than your audience o Language: most important communication tool o DO: be formal, professional, use simple technical terms, pause instead of ‘um’ o DON’T: speak casually, or with unnecessary or undefined technical language Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Effective Communication: 7 C’s of Communication: 1. Clear: about the purpose: must understand what the recipient needs to know, and what they already know; make the point clear. 2. Concise: keep it short: stick to the point and don’t repeat ideas. 3. Correct: use only error-­‐free and valid information that fits the recipient; note that errors undermine credibility. 4. Concrete: use facts and details to provide an objective, clearer image. 5. Coherent: make the message easy to read and understand; have a logical flow of ideas. 6. Complete: include all necessary information for the recipient to understand and/or take action. 7. Courteous: be empathetic to the reader by using considerate language and tone. Ø The 7 C’s of communication should be used in all forms of professional communication, including emails, formal feedback, technical presentations, technical memos, etc. Technical Memorandum: brings attention to and provides solutions to problems – a way for professional engineers to communicate technical work o Intro: includes the purpose and topic, or the problem and significance, and provides outline for the rest of the memo o Body: multiple paragraphs elaboration on the intro – usually includes a summary of the design process used, ideas generated, evaluation process, and final decision with proper justification o Conclusion: concise summary of body and key points, plus final design justification and recommendation Elevator Pitch: a brief overview of an idea designed to get a conversation started Ø Must be quick and contain the problem, your solution, and the importance Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Sustainability: Sustainability: meeting the needs of humanity at present while protecting and supporting the natural environment in a way that we can continue to do indefinitely 4 Principles of Sustainable Society: 1. Avoid removing materials from the earth at a rate greater than they can naturally replenish 2. Avoid making and releasing substances into the environment faster than they can naturally be broken down 3. Avoid degrading ecosystems at a rate faster than they can naturally regrow 4. As a society, move towards happiness, wellbeing, and meeting the needs of all people •
All engineers should take sustainability into consideration alongside needs of stakeholders when undertaking design process •
Context is key: a sustainable solution in one context may not function in another Assistive Devices: Assistive Device: a tool allowing someone to bridge the gap between their disability and the thing they are trying to interface with; anything that helps to increase, maintain, or improve the functional abilities of the disabled Occupational Therapist: someone who helps enable the participation and independence of disabled people in society Factors involved in adoption of assistive devices by disabled people include: o
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Ease of use: is it easy enough to use so as to be worth the hassle? Usefulness: how much does it actually improve their life? Lifestyle: is it relevant to tasks they are trying to accomplish? Social context: is it something that would be considered socially acceptable to have or use? Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Professionalism and Ethics: Profession: a group of people who are widely-­‐recognized by the public, who possess special knowledge or skills, have specific training or education, adhere to a code of ethical standards, and apply themselves in the interest of the public. o Professions must be regulated for public safety; Engineers Canada manages engineers in Canada; APEGBC manages engineers in BC o Associations like APEGBC has a code of ethics that members are expected to uphold: o It describes values that should influence decisions as opposed to specific actions o It applies to the members of the association, not to companies o The titles of “Engineer” and “Engineering” are protected under law; a process must be undertaken to earn the rights to these words Steps to become an engineer: 1. Engineering Student: Study at and graduate from an accredited engineering university or post-­‐secondary education program o At UBC and some other Canadian universities, new engineering students receive an Iron Pin to mark their transition into engineering and represent that they will adhere to the UBC Engineering Code of Ethics 2. Engineer-­‐in-­‐Training: Get 3-­‐4 years of work experience under the supervision of a Professional Engineer o A ceremony is held to mark the transition from Engineering Student to Engineer-­‐
in-­‐Training in which the new EIT is given their Iron Ring, worn on the pinky of the writing hand – it is based off a fatal bridge failure and a reminder of the responsibilities of an engineer 3. Professional Engineer: Pass an exam on engineering law, ethics, and profession, and become a licenced member of a professional engineering association like APEGBC o Professional Engineers receive a seal to stamp documents assuring that the work meets professional engineering standards, as well as to signify that they take responsibility for that work whether it was done by them or others UBC Engineering Code of Ethics: based off of APEGBC’s Code of Ethics 1.
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Uphold the academic integrity of the university Commit themselves to advance their body of knowledge Conduct themselves with respect and integrity Report and hazardous, illegal, or unethical decisions or practices Extend public knowledge for and appreciation of Engineering Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Ethics: the study of the standards of right and wrong Dilemma: a difficult decision where neither option is clearly preferable o Most systems of values have a fuzzy border that requires personal judgement to resolve o If possible, look for a solution in the centre that satisfies all values o As a professional engineer, you must act within the Code of Ethics at all times over other values APSC 100 Ethics Framework: Resolving Ethical Conflicts: 1. What is the nature of the dilemma? 2. What are possible courses of action? 3. Consider each solution within the context of the law, code of ethics, personal values, societal values, and organizational values 4. Is there a victim? APSC 100 Design Process Approach: 1. Define problem/gather information 2. Generate potential solutions 3. Evaluate and select solution 4. Optimize solution 5. Implement solution quickly and decisively Conflict of Interest: having the potential to receive a personal benefit while carrying out your duty to a client or employer that compromises your ability to be impartial; ex. gifts, free travel, or contracts for friends/family o Avoid conflict of interest: the potential for personal gain impacts your ability to act objectively and professionally; choose solution with least personal gain for yourself o Avoid boundaries of ethical regions: your decisions must be clearly ethical to you and anyone who witnesses them – aka optics; avoiding boundaries reduces risk by providing a margin of error Gradual Escalation: starting with small, low-­‐risk and low-­‐consequence actions, only progressing to higher-­‐risk actions if previous actions fail; use gradual escalation to solve conflicts unless the situation is urgent, it would put you in danger, or it would exacerbate the situation o In engineering, the health, safety, and well-­‐being of the public should always come first Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Systems: System: individual components that work together in a system; can be simple (closed and predictable), or complex (unpredictable) Systems Thinking: A perspective and set of tools for viewing large and complex systems – must be used by engineers Engineering Disciplines: Mining: · Intersection of mechanical and geological · Heavily focused on the design and operation of mining facilities Materials: · Focused on the design, manufacture, and analysis of various materials to solve problems · Chemistry intensive Mechanical: · Design and operation of moving systems · Has thermofluids, biomedical, and mechatronics options · Math and physics intensive Engineering Physics: · Combined engineering + honours physics degree, with more emphasis on theoretical physics than other degrees · Elements of electrical, mechanical, and computer engineering · Entrepreneurial emphasis Integrated: · Allows interdisciplinary study between different engineering programs for customizable degree Chemical and Biological: · Emphasis on chemistry and biology · Designing processes and plants that process raw materials Electrical: · Analysis and design of anything involving electricity: circuitry, power grids, microscopic electronics Computer: · Hardware and software options · Integration of electrical engineering and computer science Geological: · Emphasis on hands-­‐on, outdoor work · Analysis and design around geological structures for large civic structures · Analysis of environmental impact Civil: · Design, construction, and maintenance of natural and built environments · Works with civic services – buildings, transportation, environmental, etc Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)
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Power Generation Methods Hydroelectric Wind Coal Coal is pulverized, mixed Water flows from reservoir with hot air, and ignited in through channel called Wind spins large a boiler to heat water, penstock to powerhouse turbine which rotates How does it containing a turbine that a shaft in a generator which becomes steam and generate power? turns a series of high to the water spins, which turns which creates low pressure turbines, a generator on top that electricity. which turn generators to creates electricity. create electricity. Where does the energy come from? Potential energy of water in reservoir Kinetic energy of wind Chemical energy of coal What are the intermediate states of the energy? Potential Translational kinetic Rotational kinetic Electrical Translational kinetic Rotational kinetic Electrical Chemical Thermal Rotational kinetic Electrical X1 Site-­‐C Dam X700 Wind Turbines X200 Trains of Coal Approximate relative magnitude of power? Downloaded by Doog Prabh (geeking.out@gmail.com)