PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 CONRADO M. BAUTISTA, RN, EdD Assistant Principal II THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH Zarah(2017) offers the Seven (7) importance of research 1.A tool for building knowledge and Efficient learning 2.Means to understand various issues 3.An aid to business success 4.A way to prove lies and to support truths 5.Means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities 6.A seed to sharing valuable information 7.Nourishment and exercise for the mind IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH TO MAN 1.Research has improved the quality of life 2.Research has improved education 3.Research has satisfied man’s needs and quest for knowledge 4.Research has reduced the burden of work THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 1.It is systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in predictions and possibly ultimate control of events. 2.It is a systematic activity that is directed toward the discovery and development of an organized body of knowledge. THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 3. A systematic controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomenon (Kerlinger, 1973) 4.Systematic collection and interpretation of data to illuminate, describe or explain new facts and relationships (Treece,2002) SPECIFICALLY: RESEARCH 1.Is directed toward the solution of a problem 2.Emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles or theories helpful in predicting future occurrences. SPECIFICALLY: RESEARCH 3. It is based upon observable experience or empirical evidences. A research is empirical because it is something based on first-hand information, own experience, facts and unquestionable evidence. It is never based on mere opinions and hearsays. It is in premise that research becomes a source of knowledge that people can refer to. SPECIFICALLY: RESEARCH 4.Demands accurate observation and description 5.Involves gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. 6.Is characterized by carefully designed procedures that apply rigorous analysis 7.Requires expertise SPECIFICALLY: RESEARCH 8. Strives to be objective and logical It is logical because it follows a process. These are specific stages that a researcher must follow so that the research will become valid producing reliable results. 9. Involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems SPECIFICALLY: RESEARCH 10.Is characterized by patient and unhurried activity 11. Is carefully recorded and reported. ETHICS OF RESEARCH Ethics are the principles and guidelines that help us uphold and safeguard the things we value. It associated with to what is right, and how it is done right. The American Educational Research Association (AERA) has offered five broad principles in safeguarding ethics THE AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (AERA) HAS OFFERED FIVE BROAD PRINCIPLES IN SAFEGUARDING ETHICS 1. Professional Competence. Act only in the areas in which you are competent and make sure you are up-todate in your training. 2.Integrity. In all that you do, always be honest, trustworthy and never jeopardize, the welfare of other. 3.Professional, Scientifics and Scholarly Responsibility. You must adhere to ethical standards strictly, especially in dealing with human respondents. 4.Respect for people rights, dignity and diversity. Respect for cultural and individual differences and work to illuminate bias and discrimination. 5.Social Responsibility. This includes striving to act for the benefit of others in our society and world. THE FOLLOWING ARE ALSO THE AREAS IN WHICH ETHICS CAN BE CONSIDERED IN YOUR RESEARCH. Informed consent The respondents and concerned authorities must be informed that a research is being done and that the respondents are being taken into considerations. Assent (Minors as respondents) Assent is the agreeing of respondents after being informed of all the features of the study that could affect the participant’s willingness to participate. The parents or legal guardians should be informed. THE FOLLOWING ARE ALSO THE AREAS IN WHICH ETHICS CAN BE CONSIDERED IN YOUR RESEARCH. • Protection from mental and physical form • The respondents should not be forced to be a respondent of the study. The respondents have all the rights to decide whether to continue or not. • Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the concept of Privacy • Confidentiality of the responses/answers of the respondents must be ensured. The names of the respondents must never be disclosed. Information of the recordings that contain the information must be kept in private by the researchers. THE FOLLOWING ARE ALSO THE AREAS IN WHICH ETHICS CAN BE CONSIDERED IN YOUR RESEARCH. Referencing To avoid plagiarism, researchers have to cite their references using the MLA, CHICAGO, HARVARD or APA. These references must be in-text cited and appear in the references section. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative Research a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines making use of themes to describe certain phenomenon process, story, case, culture among others. In short, if data are more on responses, words, observations, and anecdotes, the research is qualitative. • Quantitative Research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques. Qualitative Quantitative Main data Descriptions Numbers Research tools Observation, interview, focused group discussions, documentary analysis Based on the design; no required number Test, checklist, questionnaire, survey Uses the actual responses of the subjects in the interpretation; taken individually Thematic Uses the quantitative representation of the subjects in the interpretation; taken as one. Statistical Uses IMFAD format Introduction Method and Procedures Findings and Discussion Uses IMRAD format Introduction Method and Procedures Results and Discussion Population Treatment of data Uses sampling techniques; the more respondents, the better CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH •Creswell (1944) states that quantitative research is a type of research that endeavors to explain phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH • In quantitative research, we collect numerical data. • Numerical data may include age, salary, performance rating, satisfaction score, IQ scores, test results, etc. • These data are collected by means of survey, questionnaire, or some secondary documentation. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH •The analysis uses method, statistics. mathematically-based • In order to be able to use mathematically may include, but not limited to, frequency count, percentages, mean, variance, correlation, t-test, ANOVA, etc. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IS ESSENTIALLY ABOUT COLLECTING NUMERICAL DATA TO EXPLAIN A PARTICULAR PHENOMENON, PARTICULAR QUESTION SEEMS IMMEDIATELY SUITED TO BEING ANSWERED USING QUANTITATIVE METHODS. 1. 1. HOW MANY STUDENTS LEARNING RESEARCH GETS A’S IN THE FIRST SEMESTER? 2.WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE STUDENTS LEARNING BASIC CALCULUS I HAS NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE COURSE? 3. ON AVERAGE, IS THERE ANY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GENERAL PROFICIENCY OF THE STUDENTS LEARNING FOUNDATION ENGLISH AND EXPERIENTIAL ENGLISH COURSES? EXAMPLES Scope Focus Characteristics Broad Explanations Unlike qualitative research, quantitative research is broad in its scope. It might even study the overall performance of the students in a certain exam; the connection between training and skills assessment results of some professionals across region in the country. Question type Numerical nature Population Big sample Quantitative research abides with the principle the bigger the sample, the better it is to talk of the population; hence the research becomes more reliable. Analysis Statistical Since numerical data are gathered, the analysis used is statistical in nature. Computations are required to answer directly that given research question. Presentation Tabular, graphical Unlike qualitative research, quantitative research makes use of table, graphs, charts, etc. to summarize the quantitative results. The quantitative results will serve as the point for analysis of the study being conducted. Data gathering tools Quantitative methods in Question have to bring out numerical answer as in the question. “What percentage of students have improved performance?” The methods use are survey, questionnaires, checklist, and test. 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 1. Data gathering instruments contain items that solicit measurable characteristics of the population (e.g. age, the number of children, educational status, economic status). 2. Standardized, pre-tested instruments guide data collection thus ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data. 3. For more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve is preferred over non-normal distribution. This requires a large population, the number of which depend on how the characteristics of the population vary. This requires adhere to the principle of random sampling to avoid researcher’s bias in interpreting the results that defeat the purpose of research. 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 4. The data obtained using quantitative methods are organized using tables, graphs, or figure that of the consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences among variables. This foster understanding to the readers or clients of the research investigation. 5. Researcher can repeat the quantitative method to verify or confirm the findings in another setting. This reinforce the validity of groundbreaking discoveries or finding thus eliminating the possibility of spurious or erroneous conclusion. 6.Quantitative models or formula derived from data analysis can predict outcomes. If-then scenarios can be constructed using complex mathematical computations with the aid of computer. 7.Advanced digital or electronic instruments are used to measure or gather data from the field.
