HARVARD REFERENCING FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS STUDENTS
Referencing is a two-step process:
Step 1: Citing in the text Step 2: Creating the Reference list at the end of your work
Step 1. Citing in the text (in-text citation)
Citation is given immediately after the text: last name of the author(s) and year of publication.
Trust for high-status firms is mediated by integrity and ability (Song and Bitetkine, 2018)…..
If the name of the author appears naturally in your text, then only the year is given in brackets.
Song and Bitetkine (2018) state that…..
Use a lower case letter to distinguish between two or more publications written by the same
author or organisation and published in the same year (repeat this format in references).
Human resource management is ... (Armstrong, 2006a). Armstrong (2006b) demonstrates this by…
When there are four or more authors, cite the first author followed by et al. (meaning ‘and others’).
According to Campos-Vazquez et al. (2018) the income of individuals…..
Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quotation or when
you take specific information (including graphs and tables) from a source.
Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston (2013, p. 6) define operations management as: ''the activity of managing
resources that create and delivers services and products”.
If citing multiple sources, separate them by a semicolon (;) in chronological order (earliest date first).
If all these sources are published in the same year, list them in alphabetical order by author.
Recent studies on tax return (Saunders, 2016; Best and Schaffer, 2017; Towery, 2017) show that...
Use the organisation name as an author when referring to information from an organisation's website.
The red logo for the cable cars signage (Transport for London, 2012)...
Step 2. Referencing
1. Books and ebooks
By a single author
Cluley, R. (2017) Essentials of advertising. London: Kogan Page.
By three authors
Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A. and Johnston, R. (2016) Operations management. 8th edn. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
By four or more authors
List all authors - do not use et al. in the reference list.
Abraham, A., Glynn, J., Murphy, M. and Wilkinson, B. (2008) Accounting for managers. 4th edn. London: Cengage Learning.
Edited book or e-book
Hayton, J.C., Biron, M., Castro Christiansen, L. and Kuvaas, B. (eds.) (2017) Global human resources management
casebook. 2nd edn. Abingdon: Routledge.
Chapter in an edited book or e-book
Osland, J. S. (2018) ‘Leading global change’, in Mendenhall, M. (ed.) Global leadership: research, practice and
development. 3rd edn. New York: Routledge. pp. 325-362.
2. Journal articles
Academic journal
Do not include iCat, ABI/Inform or EBSCO etc. web addresses.
Motta, G., and Rossi, R. (2019) 'Optimal fiscal policy with consumption taxation', Journal of Money, Credit and
Banking, 51(1), pp. 139-161.
Practitioner journal / Trade magazine
Powell, E. (2019) ‘UK dividend risk ratches up’, Investors Chronicle, 207, p. 45.
HARVARD REFERENCING FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS STUDENTS
If there is no named author - use the newspaper name as the author, e. g.: Guardian (2019).
Newspapers
Wilson, B. (2019) Protein mania: the rich world’s new diet obsession. Available at:
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jan/04/protein-mania-the-rich-worlds-new-diet-obsession (Accessed: 4 January 2019).
3. Information from library databases
Market research report from library databases
Mintel (2018) ‘Fashion accessories – UK – January 2018’. Available at: http://academic.mintel.com (Accessed: 4 January 2019).
When referring to information from the Passport database, use 'Euromonitor International' as this company is the
owner and the author of Euromonitor database.
Euromonitor International (2018) ‘Wine in the United Kingdom: country report - June 2018’. Available at:
http://www.portal.euromonitor.com (Accessed: 4 January 2019).
Financial reports from
library databases
When referring to information from the FAME database, use 'Bureau van Dijk' as
an author as this company is the owner and the author of the FAME database.
Bureau van Dijk (2019) ‘Ikea Limited company report’. Available at: https://fame4-bvdinfo-com (Accessed: 29 January 2019).
4. Websites
Organisational sites
Use the organisation name as an author.
BBC (2019) Clouds gathering over global economy. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-46734933
(Accessed: 4 January 2019).
Personal sites
Branson, R. (2019) The next industry ripe for change. Available at: https://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/next-industry-ripe-change
(Accessed: 4 January 2019).
Company annual reports
Company reports are accessible on the Institution or Company websites.
Marks and Spencer (2018) M&S annual report 2018. Available at: https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/annualreport
(Accessed: 4 January 2019).
5. Video or films on Youtube
WayUp (2016) ‘Mythbusters: What is it like to work at an Ad Agency?’. Available at: https://youtu.be/M5qbJdfghBc
(Accessed: 4 January 2019).
6. Book illustration, figure, diagram, logo and table
Transport for London (2012) Cable car graphics standard [Logo]. Available at: http://content.tfl.gov.uk/eal-cable-cargraphics-standard.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2019).
7. Secondary referencing
If you refer to an author that is cited in another source you have read, you should add this information to your work in the
following way: Dunn and Wilkinson (2002, cited in Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2008 p. 351) found out that employees were
assessed…
Because you have only read the book by Torrington and his colleagues, you would only include this in your reference list.
You would not include the work by Dunn and Wilkinson in your reference list as you have not read that work.
Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2008) Human Resource Management. 7th edn. Pearson: Harlow.
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Your subject librarians can help you with referencing:
Accounting and Finance, Real Estate and Economics: Emilia Brzozowska-Szczecina;
email: e.brzozowska-szczecina@kingston.ac.uk
HRM, Management, Occupational Psychology, Leadership & Management in Health:
Robert Elves; email: r.elves@kingston.ac.uk
Marketing, MBA, MACE, MIBM: Margaret French; email: m.french@kingston.ac.uk