Evaporation E = Ep =1 for ww0 = w/w0 for w<w0 Precipitation Sensible heat H C p E Latent heat Ta ea ra ra/ Ts e*(Ts) Ta Ts ra C p ea eTs ra / Water depth, w Critical depth, w0 Runoff Figure 25.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Absorbed Solar Radiation Photosynthesis Sensible Heat Flux Latent Heat Flux Longwave Radiation Precipitation Evaporation Interception Canopy Water Transpiration Emitted Longwave Radiation Diffuse Solar Radiation Reflected Solar Radiation Momentum Flux Wind Speed 0 ua Throughfall Stemflow Sublimation Melt Soil Heat Flux Evaporation Infiltration Surface Runoff Snow Soil Water Heat Transfer Redistribution Drainage Figure 25.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Figure 25.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Figure 25.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Jack Pine Black Spruce Observed Photosynthesis (μmol m-2 s-1) 8 y = 0.984 x + 0.01 r = 0.97 y = 0.956 x + 0.214 r = 0.93 6 4 2 IFC-1 IFC-2 IFC-3 0 IFC-1 IFC-2 IFC-3 -2 -2 0 2 4 6 -2 0 2 Observed Conductance (mol m-2 s-1) Modeled Photosynthesis (μmol y = 1.000 x r = 0.82 m-2 4 6 8 s-1) y = 1.001 x r = 0.81 0.10 0.05 IFC-1 IFC-2 IFC-3 IFC-1 IFC-2 IFC-3 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.10 Modeled Conductance (mol m -2 s-1) Figure 25.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Figure 25.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Figure 25.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Figure 25.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Figure 25.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Simulated River Flow (km 3 yr-1) 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 10 100 Observed River Flow 1000 (km 3 10000 yr-1) Figure 25.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Soil Liquid Water (mm) Temperature (K) 284.4 284.2 284.0 283.8 37 cm depth 1 15 29 43 57 71 85 840 800 760 720 680 640 99 1 15 29 57 71 85 99 71 85 99 Model Year 420 284.4 Soil Ice (mm) Temperature (K) Model Year 43 284.1 283.8 283.5 286 cm depth 400 380 283.2 360 1 15 29 43 57 Model Year 71 85 99 1 15 29 43 57 Model Year Figure 25.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Climate Model Control Atmospheric Model 20 year simulation Simulated t 1 hour Climate (T, u,v, q, P, S, L) Vegetation Cover Map Land Model (E, H, x,y, S, L) Vegetation Effect: Experiment Climate Minus Control Climate Climate Model Experiment Atmospheric Model (T, u,v, q, P, S, L) Altered Vegetation Cover Map t 1 hour Land Model (E, H, x,y, S, L) Simulated Climate 20 year simulation Figure 25.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan Climate Model Climate Model Atmospheric Model Atmospheric Model (T, u,v, q, P, S, L) (T, u,v, q, P, S, L) Vegetation Cover Map t 1 hour t 1 hour Land Model Land Model (E, H, x,y, S, L) Simulated Climate Iteration 0 (Initial Condition) (E, H, x,y, S, L) Simulated t 1 year Climate t 1 year Equilibrium Vegetation Model Equilibrium Vegetation Model Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Multi-year simulation Atmospheric Model (T, u,v, q, P, S, L) Land Model Initial Conditions (E, H, x,y, S, L) Biogeophysics Biogeochemistry Minutes To Hours t 1 hour Phenology Watershed Hydrology Days To Weeks Ecosystem Processes Vegetation Dynamics Simulated Climate Climate Model Years Figure 25.13 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan ATMOSPHERE E, H, x,y, S, L, CO2 T, u,v, q, P S, L, CO2 BIOGEOPHYSICS canopy physics water radiative energy balance aerotransfer temperature dynamics balance VEGETATION DYNAMICS plant functional type height plant carbon litter and soil carbon canopy physiology photosynthesis stomatal conductance (GPP) litter GPP soil water leaf temperature soil temperature BIOGEOCHEMISTRY heterotrophic respiration (RH) litter carbon soil carbon 20-minutes Figure 25.14 daily leaf area index summer green rain green maximum leaf area index DAILY STATISTICS phenology •10-day mean temperature •10-day mean photosynthesis •growing degree-day accumulation fire probability net primary production ecophysiology turnover mortality •leaf litter •sapwood to heartwood •root litter •growth efficiency bioclimatology •frost tolerance •heat stress soil PHENOLOGY soil/snow/ice physics energy temperature water balance balance autotrophic respiration (RA) maintenance growth •foliage,stem,root allocation •leaves •stems •roots •seeds competition soil organic matter fire occurrence •moisture •fuel load mortality fire resistance combustion plant, litter aboveground space establishment •potential rate •canopy gap bioclimatology •frost tolerance •heat stress •winter chilling •growing season warmth •low precipitation ANNUAL STATISTICS •fire season length •net primary production •GPP and potential GPP GPP-RA bioclimatology •minimum monthly temperature (20-year mean) •growing degree-days above 5C (20-year mean) •precipitation •growing degree-days above heat stress Net CO2 GPP-RA-RH Daily Yearly Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan