World History
India and China Establish Empires
India and China establish powerful empires and develop strong, vibrant cultures.
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World History
India and China Establish Empires
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did early empires in India and China play in shaping later civilizations?
LESSON 1
India’s First Empires
LESSON 2
Trade Spreads Indian Religion and Culture
LESSON 3
Han Emperors in China
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World History
LESSON 1
India’s First Empires
The Mauryas and the Guptas established empires, but neither unified India
permanently.
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World History
LESSON 1
India’s First Empire
The Mauryan Empire is Established
• In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya seizes power starts Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India
• Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India united for first time
• Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army
Running the Empire
• Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest
• Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government
• He divides the government to make it easier to rule
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Continued…
World History
Lesson 1
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India (continued)
Life in the City and the Country
• A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empire
• Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 BC, 32 years
• Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its height
Asoka Promotes Buddhism
• After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peace
• Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religions
• Builds roads, with wells along them
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World History
Lesson 1
A Period of Turmoil
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Asoka dies in 232 BC; kingdoms in central India soon break away
The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuries
Northern India receives immigrants from Greece, other parts of Asia
Tamils—a people living in southern India—remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples
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World History
Lesson 1
The Gupta Empire is Established
• Chandra Gupta, a strong leader, arose in north India in AD 320
• Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization
Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire
• Chandra Gupta becomes first Gupta emperor
• Takes title “Great King of Kings” in AD 320
• His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest
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Continued…
World History
Lesson 1
The Gupta Empire is Established (continued)
Daily Life in India
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Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together
Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male
Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes
Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather than father
Height of the Gupta Empire
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Chandra Gupta II rules from AD 375–415
He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empire
Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and science
After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines
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Continued…
World History
LESSON 2
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
Indian religions, culture, and science evolved and spread to other regions through
trade.
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World History
LESSON 2
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
• Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in many gods
• To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering can be overcome
A More Popular Form of Buddhism
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Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential Buddhas who save humanity
Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new doctrines of worship, salvation
Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original teachings of Buddha
Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas—stone structures over relics
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Continued…
World History
Lesson 2
Buddhism and Hinduism Change (continued)
A Hindu Rebirth
• Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan Empire
• Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of one divine force
• Chief gods:
- Brahma—creator of the world
- Vishnu—preserver of the world
- Shiva—destroyer of the world
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World History
Lesson 2
Achievements of Indian Culture
Literature and the Performing Arts
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Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s greatest writers
His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still popular
Madurai writing academies create literature; 2,000 Tamil poems survive
Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and travel widely
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
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Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy
Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world is round
Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal system
Doctors write medical guides and make advances in surgery
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World History
Lesson 2
The Spread of Indian Trade
• India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and good quality wood
Overland Trade, East and West
• Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and Europe
• Indians build trading posts to take advantage of the Silk Roads
Sea Trade, East and West
• Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea
• Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia, China, Southeast Asia
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Continued…
World History
Lesson 2
The Spread of Indian Trade (continued)
Effects of Indian Trade
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Increased trade leads to rise of banking
Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree of risk
Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other places
Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands
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World History
LESSON 3
Han Emperors in China
The Han Dynasty expanded China’s borders and developed a system of government
that lasted for centuries.
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World History
LESSON 3
Han Emperors in China
The Han Restore Unity in China
• In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh labor, rebel
Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty
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Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and founds Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty—begins in 202 BC, lasts 400 years
Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people, culture
Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a central authority rules
Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to keep people happy
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Continued…
World History
Lesson 3
The Han Restore Unity in China (continued)
The Empress Lü
• Liu Bang dies in 195 BC; wife Lü seizes control of empire
• Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him
• Palace plots and power plays occur throughout Han Dynasty
The Martial Emperor
• Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to 87 BC
• “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu (nomads) and mountain tribes
• Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as what is now Vietnam
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World History
Lesson 3
A Highly Structured Society
• Chinese believe their emperor has authority to rule from god
• Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles reveal poor rule
Structures of Han Government
• Complex bureaucracy runs Han government
• People pay taxes and supply labor, military service
• Government uses peasant labor to carry out public projects
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Continued…
World History
Lesson 3
A Highly Structured Society (continued)
Confucianism, the Road to Success
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Wudi’s government employs 130,000; bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs
Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained through examinations
Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge of Confucianism
Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to train them
Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive schooling
Civil service system works well, continues until 1912
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World History
Lesson 3
Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life
• Invention of paper in AD 105 helps spread education
• Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve farming
Agriculture Versus Commerce
• As population grows, farming regarded as important activity
• Government allows monopolies—control by one group over key industries
• Techniques for producing silk become state secret as profits increase
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World History
Lesson 3
Han Unifies Chinese Culture
Unification Under Chinese Rule
• To unify empire, Chinese government encourages assimilation
• Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into Chinese culture
• Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history
Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars
• Most women work in the home and on the farm
• Some upper-class women are educated, run shops, practice medicine
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World History
Lesson 3
The Fall of the Han and Their Return
The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor
• Large landowners gain control of more and more land
• Gap between rich and poor increases
Wang Mang Overthrows the Han
• Economic problems and weak emperors cause political instability
• In AD 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes empire
• Wang Mang is assassinated in AD 23; Han soon regain control
The Later Han Years
• Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until AD 220
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World History
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