AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet by MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/ People People (cont) People (cont) Albert Added a cognitive slant to Linda Leading authority in taste Stanley Created APA and first psycho‐ Bandura behaviorism by researching Bastoshuk research Hall logical research lab at Johns violence and aggression Margaret Second female president of B.F. Believed that internal mental Washburn APA and wrote "The Animal Wilhelm German professor who created a Skinner events could only be studied Mind" which helped behavi‐ Wundt campaign promoting psychology scientifically or not at all; orism emerge Hopkins to become its own field of study Skinner box Mary First female president of APA William Founder of functionalism; said Carl Developed person-centered Calkins and founded 1/12 psychology James we have a stream of consci‐ Rogers therapy Charles Theory of natural selection and Max Darwin said desirable traits are passed Wertheimer on Neal Miller labs in the U.S. Discovered phi phenomenon Conducted studies to show ousness in which ideas flow Genetics Chromosome Strands of DNA that carry genetic information David Identified specialized types of that animals could be used Hubel cells and that individual cells for testing Dominant Gene expressed in a and are more sensitive to complex Said experimental bias could heterozygous condition stimuli Robert gene Torsten Rosenthal lead to influence on subject's Genes DNA segments that serve Wiesel behavior as key functional units in Roger Studied split-brain to see genetic transfer Sperry and what makes the hemispheres Genetic Determines location and unique Mapping sequence of specific genes Genotype One's genetic makeup Fraternal Two eggs fertilized by Twins different sperm cells Hetero‐ One dominant and one zygous recessive allele Homozygous Both alleles are either Ernest Hypnosis causes dissociation Hilgard in consciousness Gustav Published research on the Michael Fechner absolute threshold of humans Gazzaniga Herman Created place theory Ronald von Melzack Helmholtz and Patrick Gate-control theory J. Allan Said dreams are side effects of Wall Hobson neural activation Rosalind We tend to dream about John Founder of behaviorism Cartwright problems in our lives Sigmund Founder of psychoanalysis Freud and coined the term uncons‐ Watson Leta Focused on children with high Stetter IQs cious; Said we dream to fulfill tasks Hollin‐ gworth dominant or recessive Identical Results from a zygote Twins splitting Natural Favorable genes will be Selection passed through genera‐ tions Phenotype Expression of one's genotype By MelissaM021004 cheatography.com/melissam021004/ Published 12th May, 2020. Sponsored by Readable.com Last updated 12th May, 2020. Measure your website readability! Page 1 of 6. https://readable.com AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet by MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/ Genetics (cont) Parts of Brain (cont) Ear Parts Polygenic Characteristic influenced by Frontal Largest human lobe; Amplitude Loudness Traits more than one gene Lobe controls muscle movement Basilar Runs through center of Recessive Gene not expressed in a Hindbrain vital functions; Includes Membrane cochlea and has auditory Gene heterozygous condition cerebellum, medulla, and Single cell formed by union of pons Zygote sperm and egg Left Verbal processing, Hemisphere language, speech, reading, writing, sequential Body Scans/Tests Midbrain sensory functions; Part of Electrical Sends weak electrical Stimulation currents into brain structure brain stem between to activate it hindbrain and forebrain Electroen‐ Monitors electrical activity in Occipital cephal‐ brain over time with Lobe ograph electrodes attached to scalp Parietal Registers sense of touch, Lobe phantom limb Right Nonverbal processing, Hemisphere spatial, musical, visual (EEG) Electromy‐ Records muscular activity ograph Electrooc‐ Location of visual processing recognition, parallel Records eye movement ulograph Temporal Controls auditory processing Transc‐ Enhances or depresses parts Lobe along with speech and ranial of the brain receptors Cochlea Coiled tunnel filled with fluid that has hearing receptors External Collects sound ear (pinna) Ossicles Hammer, anvil, stirrup (tinniest bones in body) Purity Timbre Semici‐ Passage inside ear that rcular maintains equilibrium Canals Wavelength Pitch Ear Diagram language comprehension Magnetic Wernicke's Controls the comprehension Stimulation Area of a language Parts of Brain Eye Diagram Brain Brain is more plastic than Types of psychologsts Plasticity assumed Psycho‐ Dedicated to investigating Broca's Controls the production of logist human behavior in a scientific Area speech Cerebral Folded outer layer of cerebrum way Cortex Clinical Studies and deals with Psycho‐ mentally ill patients logist Cerebral Left and right halves of Hemisp‐ cerebrum Psychi‐ Diagnoses and treats atrist psychological disorders Corpus Connects both cerebral Counseling Deals with people's every Callosum hemispheres Psycho‐ day problems of modern Forebrain emotional and complex logist severity heres thought; Largest and most complex part of brain By MelissaM021004 cheatography.com/melissam021004/ Published 12th May, 2020. Sponsored by Readable.com Last updated 12th May, 2020. Measure your website readability! Page 2 of 6. https://readable.com AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet by MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/ Research Methods APA Guidelines (cont) Ways to Represent Data (cont) Double- Experimenters nor subjects Random Choosing members of a Statis‐ Probability that data collected blind know the hypothesis Selection population with no bias that tical from an experiment are due to Case In-depth investigation on an accurately represents that Signif‐ chance Study individual or topic population icance Experiment Manipulating a variable under Ways to Represent Data Nervous System Subsystems observing changes in a Correl‐ Relationship between two Autonomic Nerves connecting to heart, second variable ation variables Nervous blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glandsd Brain and spinal cord controlled conditions and. Naturalistic Conducted be observing Correl‐ Degree of relationship System Observ‐ others in their natural enviro‐ ation between two variables (-1 to Central ation nment Coefficient 1) Nervous Quasi-Exp‐ Individuals chosen for a study Frequency Indicates how often an System eriment have an equal chance of Distri‐ observation or number occurs Parasy‐ Autonomic nervous system being in the control or experi‐ bution mpathetic subset that conserves mental group Histogram A bar graph Nervous resources (rest and digest) Mean The average of all numbers in APA Guidelines Anonymity Not collecting a person's name during a study Confident‐ Not releasing any specific iality response sources Debriefing Subjects are told the truth of an experiment after being lied to Informed Allowing participants to Consent choose whether or not they want to be in the study after being told about it Random Assigning individuals from Assignment the sample into the experi‐ mental or control group without bias Random Sample of people chosen for Sample an experiment without bias By MelissaM021004 cheatography.com/melissam021004/ a data set Median The number that lies in the middle of a data set when ordered from least to greatest Mode The number that appears most often in a set of data Normal Bell-shaped curve where the Curve average score lies in the middle Range Largest number- smallest number Scatterplot Graph of points showing System Peripheral Nerves that lie outside CNS Nervous System Somatic Nerves that connect voluntary Nervous skeletal muscles to sensory System receptors Sympat‐ Autonomic nervous system hetic subset that deals with Nervous emergency body resources System (fight or flight) Nervous System Subsets Diagram relationship between the x and y axis Standard Average distance from the Deviation mean in a data set Published 12th May, 2020. 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Page 3 of 6. https://readable.com AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet by MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/ Glands Adrenal Gonads Salt and carbs metabolism Approaches Lens Transparent eye structure that Behavioral Study of observable reactions focuses light rays falling on retine Biological Behavior controlled by Sex hormones Pancreas Sugar metabolism (insulin) Pituitary Master gland; secretes growth hormones Thyroid Eye Parts (cont) Metabolic rate Brain Diagram Optic Where optic nerves cross Chiasm physiological aspects Cognitive The way that the world is Optic Hole in retina where optic nerves viewed determines one's Disk exit eye behavior Optic Axons that connect eye to brain Nerve Photor‐ Retina Rods tural gap between white males and minorities Eclectic pass to back of eyes Evolut‐ Views behaviors as human Neural tissue at back of eye that ionary adaption absorbs light, processes images, Functi‐ Focuses on purpose of and sends visual information to onalism consciousness brain Humanistic Emphasizes human qualities Visual receptors that help with and black and white images and potential Psycho‐ Addresses internal motiva‐ analytic tions and unsconcious thoughts that affect one's Stages of Sleep 1 2 Treatment approach varies on the client's problem Opening in iris that allows light to night vision, peripheral vision, Brain Diagram Focuses on filling the data Rods and cones eceptor Pupil Cross-cul‐ behavior Lightest stage; theta waves; 4-7 Struct‐ Analyzes consciousness in waves on screen; 1-7 minutes ualism elements and their relati‐ onship Slow waves; all waves; spikes on screen; slower heart rate; 10-25 3&4 Eye Parts Cones Visual receptors that help in daylight and seeing colors Blind Hole in retina where nerve Spot fibers exit; image that falls on it isn't visible Feature Neurons that respond to very Detectors specific features of more REM minutes Parts of an Experiment Deep and slow waves; delta waves; Confou‐ Two independent variables in slow/long waves; longest NREM nding an experiment stage Variable Waves similar to awake ones; beta Control Group that does not receive waves; dreaming; rapid eye Group special treatment movement; fast breathing; no Dependent Variable affected when the Variable independent variable is control altered complex stimuli Fovea Tiny spots in center of retina Experi‐ Group that receives special mental treatment Group where visual acuity is at its greatest; only has cones Extraneous Outside variable that Variable influences the dependent variable By MelissaM021004 cheatography.com/melissam021004/ Published 12th May, 2020. Sponsored by Readable.com Last updated 12th May, 2020. Measure your website readability! Page 4 of 6. https://readable.com AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet by MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/ Parts of an Experiment (cont) Neuron Parts (cont) Drugs (cont) Hypothesis Soma Stimulants Prediction of what the data will prove at the end of an Cell body which contains the Increase CNS activation and nucleus and main cell parts behaviors (Ex. Cocaine, meth, adderal) experiment Synapse/ Gap between terminal button of Indepe‐ Event or condition manipu‐ Synaptic a neuron and cell membrane of ndent lated in order to evoke Cleft another Perception Phenomenons Variable change in the dependent Terminal Secretes chemicals Absolute Minimum stimulus that can be Threshold detected Additive More light in a mix than exists Color in any one light variable Buttons Operat‐ Specific definition of the ional measures of the variables in Definition an experiment Mixing Subject/P‐ People or animals observed Afterimage articipant in a study Neuron Image after stimulus is removed Neuron Parts Action Shift in neuron's electrical Potential charge that travels along axon Afferent Carry information inwards to Nerve CNS Long fiber that transmits signals way from soma to other cells Dendrites Receives information Efferent Carry information outwards Nerve from CNS Binocular Clues about distance based Depth on differing views of two eyes Cues Conver‐ Eyes go inward when looking gence at a close-up object Dark Eyes become sensitive to light whiskey) Adaptation with little light present Plant that makes weed, THC, Feature Detecting specifics in a visual Analysis input and putting them in a Drugs Alcohol Beverages containing ethyl alcohol (ex. vodka, rum, beer, Fibers Axon Cannabis and hashish MDMA Related to amphetamines, hallucinogens, and mescaline (ex. adulterants, ecstasy, Fibers more complex form Habitu‐ Tendency to have a ation decreased response to something caffeine, heroine) Glia Provide support for neurons Mylein Insulates axons to speed up Sheath signal transmissions Resting Neuron is stable, negatively Potential charged, and inactive Reuptake Neurotransmitters sponged Visual image that persists Narcotics Opiates Impossible Objects that can be repres‐ opium, heroin, codeine, Figures ented in 2D but not 3D oxycodone) Inatte‐ Failure to see visible things Narcotics; relieve pain (ex. ntional because attention is focused Opiates; relieve pain (Ex. same as narcotics) Bias Psycho‐ Modify mental, emotional, and Just Smallest difference in from synaptic cleft by presyn‐ active behavioral functions Noticeable stimulus intensity that can be aptic membrane Drugs Difference detected Sedatives Sleep-inducting drugs that decrease CNS function and behaviors (ex. sleeping pills) By MelissaM021004 cheatography.com/melissam021004/ Published 12th May, 2020. 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Page 5 of 6. https://readable.com AP Psychology Ch.1-5 Cheat Sheet by MelissaM021004 via cheatography.com/122490/cs/22762/ Perception Phenomenons (cont) Sleep Phenomenons/ Disorders Light Eyes become less sensitive Insomnia Adaptation to light in high illumination Monocular Ability to judge distance Latent Depth Cues with one eye Content Motion Closer things more quicker Lucid People thinking clearly while Parallex than further items Dreams in a dream and walking Parallel Processing many aspects Processing of a problem simultane‐ Manifest Plot of a dream, the literal ously Content plot Perceptual Tendency to experience a Night Abrupt awakenings from Constancy stable perception when Terrors NREM with panic something is changing Nightmares Anxiety-arousing dreams Chronic problems getting adequate sleep Hidden meaning of a dream through life Perceptual Readiness to perceive a that lead to people waking Set certain stimuli in a particular up from REM way REM Sleep Acting out while one is Phi Moving illusion done by Behavior asleep Phenomenon presenting visual stimuli in Disorder rapid order Sleep Reflexive gasps for air that Retina Objects within 25ft look Apnea wake people up Disparity slightly different if one eye Somnam‐ Sleepwalking is covered Reversible Drawing that can go back Figure and forth with interpret‐ bulism ations Sensory Gradual decline in sensit‐ Adaptation ivity because of prolonged stimulation Subliminal Registration of sensory Perception input without being aware Subtractive Removing wavelengths to Color Mixing make a color darker By MelissaM021004 cheatography.com/melissam021004/ Published 12th May, 2020. 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