ENGINEERING DRAWING
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Lab Manual
ENGINEERING DRAWING
Submitted to: _____________
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
LAB SESSION: 01
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Introduction to Auto CAD
OBJECTIVE:
To study about special features, advantages and applications of Auto CAD in detail .
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CAD?
CAD means Computer Aided Design or Drafting. Auto cad is most widely used software
developed by auto desk. Auto cad is a drafting package in almost all engineering
branches. There are drafting packages like cad are DIAP, CAMD, and Delights. Auto cad
is one of the most popular cad packages. It is a general purpose computer aided design.
We can draw geometrical entries like plan, section and elevation of a building.
Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen
of a computer. There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and
sciences. In the fields of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of
machine components and the layouts of them are prepared. In the field of civil
engineering, plans and layouts of the buildings are prepared. In the field of electrical
engineering, the layouts of power distribution system are prepared. In all fields of
engineering use of computer is made for drawing and drafting.
A FIRST LOOK AT AUTOCAD
Now that we have the preliminaries out of the way, it’s time to start AutoCAD so we can
take the grand tour. AutoCAD is one of the more complex Windows programs. There are
a myriad of commands, menus, toolbars, palettes, and dialog boxes. The following
sections explain all these features and how they work so you can get the most out of the
AutoCAD user interface. Starting AutoCAD Like most Windows programs, there are
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multiple ways to start AutoCAD. The most popular is:
Using the AutoCAD Program Icon: One of the quickest and most convenient ways to
start AutoCAD, or most Windows programs for that matter, is to click on a program icon
on your Windows desktop.
The AutoCAD User Interface
Because AutoCAD is a program for drawing, the focal point of the user interface is the
drawing window. This is where you create your drawing. Everything else surrounding
the drawing window helps you accomplish this task. Figure shows the major features of
the AutoCAD user interface.
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The Drawing Window:
As mentioned, the drawing window is where you create your drawing. It is the infinite
space where you create the lines, circles, and text utilizing the Cartesian coordinate
system explained earlier.
Mouse Crosshairs: The mouse pointer crosshairs in the drawing window are used for
locating points and selecting objects when you are working in a drawing. The mouse
crosshairs switch back to a pointer when the mouse is outside of the drawing window.
The Model Tab: The Model tab represents the 3D model space environment that is used
to create the drawing model, or 3D representation, of your design. Model space is
explained earlier in the chapter in the section “Model Space and Paper Space.” Clicking
on the Model tab makes model space active.
The Layout Tabs: The Layout tabs represent the 2D paper space environment that is
used for laying out different views of the model space information for plotting purposes.
Layout1 and Layout2 are the default layouts in a new drawing. Controlling and managing
layouts is explained in detail in Chapter 13. Clicking on a Layout tab makes paper space
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active for that layout.
The UCS Icon: The UCS icon represents the current User Coordinate System (UCS). By
default, AutoCAD utilizes the World Coordinate System (WCS) explained earlier. The UCS
icon can be set to stay anchored to the origin at 0,0,0 or to always be located in the
lower left-hand corner of the screen.
Workspaces: The Workspaces toolbar allows you to set the current workspace.
Workspaces control the current pull-down menu, toolbar, and palette settings. The
AutoCAD Classic workspace is the default workspace for working in the traditional 2D
environment.
Pull-Down Menus: The pull-down menus across the top of the AutoCAD window
provide access to most of the AutoCAD commands. You’ll notice that the menus are
organized in the same order from left to right as other Windows programs like Word
and Excel. The File menu is on the far left and the Help menu is on the far right, with
many of the same menus in between (Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, and Window).
Most of these menus contain similar commands and behavior. Putting your mouse
pointer over a pull-down menu heading and clicking the mouse will display the pulldown menu.
Cascading Menus: Menu items with an arrow on the right indicate a cascading
submenu. Simply placing your cursor over a menu item with an arrow will display the
cascade menu.
The Drawing Utilities: cascade menu from the File pull-down menu. The three dots, or
ellipses, next to a menu item indicate that a dialog box is displayed when that menu
item is selected. Dialog boxes are explained in the next section.
Toolbars:
They say a picture is worth a thousand words. Toolbars provide an easy-to-use
graphical interface to most of the AutoCAD commands by using pictures called toolbar
icons to represent different commands. The Standard toolbar is shown in Figure. You
will probably recognize some of the icons from other Windows programs. Toolbar
buttons provide the quickest access to a command because they only require one click
of the mouse.
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AutoCAD has almost thirty toolbars that can be turned on and off as needed. By default,
the first time you start AutoCAD the following toolbars are turned on:
• Standard toolbar—Contains standard commands
• Layers toolbar—Used to manage layers in a drawing
• Properties toolbar—Used to manage object properties
• Styles toolbar—Used to manage styles in a drawing
• Draw toolbar—Contains drawing commands
• Modify toolbar—Contains modify commands
The Status Bar:
The Status Bar at the very bottom of the AutoCAD window is like a mindshare for
AutoCAD. See Figure 1-35. It is used to track your mouse crosshairs ‘location in the
Cartesian coordinate system, turn drafting aids on and off, display different notification
messages, and lock toolbars and palettes.
Coordinate Display: The Coordinate display on the far left keeps track of where your
crosshairs are located by displaying their Cartesian coordinates at all times. You can
disable the Coordinate display by double-clicking on it with your mouse. There is even a
right-click shortcut menu that allows you to switch between absolute and relative
coordinates.
Drafting Aid Buttons: The buttons in the middle of the Status Bar toggle different
drafting aids on and off. Their usage is explained later in the book. Be aware that they
also have different right click menus associated with them!
Status Tray Icons: On the far right is what is known as the Status Tray. The Status Tray
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contains icons that are used to control settings, including a series of notification balloon.
The Command Line
Window:
The Command Line
window provides
access to the AutoCAD
command line. See
Figure. The AutoCAD
command line allows
to enter AutoCAD
commands by typing
on the keyboard. It is
one of the ways
AutoCAD
communicates with you via command prompts and messages.
you
them
also
Keyboard Commands:
AutoCAD has a number of other keyboard commands besides the <Esc> key that cancels
a command in progress and the <F2> function key that displays the Text window.
Keyboard commands provide quick access to a number of commands and options
already available on a pull-down menu, toolbar, or the status bar.
Function Keys: Function keys are the keys at the top of most keyboards that are labeled
<F1> through <F12>.The most famous function key is <F1>, which is used to display the
Help window in almost every Windows program. We have already seen the <F2> key,
which toggles the AutoCAD Text window on and off. The other function keys also work
as toggles, mostly as alternates for the drafting aids found on the AutoCAD Status Bar. A
complete list of function keys and their associated functions is provided in the following
table.
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Control Key Combinations: Control key combinations are created by holding down
the <Ctrl> key, typically located on the bottom row of your keyboard, while selecting
some other key on the keyboard. For example, holding down the <Ctrl> key and
selecting the C key at the same time copies information to the Windows clipboard. A
control key combination is typically expressed as <Ctrl>Key. The copy example above is
expressed as <Ctrl>C. Like the function keys, control key combinations are provided as a
quick alternative to commands found elsewhere in AutoCAD. Some control key
combinations are common to many Windows programs, while some are exclusive to
AutoCAD. A complete list is provided in the following table.
Use:
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any
designer to:
 Conceptualize his ideas
 Modify the design very easily
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 Perform animation
 Make design calculations Use colors, fonts and other aesthetic features.
Advantages:
• We can make accurate and precise drawings like plan, section and elevation of a
building.
• Improved engineering productively.
• Reduced engineering personal requirement.
• Drawing modification or eraser to intake.
• Drawings prepared in the software can be stored safely.
REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM
1. Increases the productivity of the designer:
CAD improves the productivity of the designer to visualize the product and
its component, parts and reduces the time required in synthesizing,
analyzing and documenting the design
2. Improves the quality of the design:
CAD system improves the quality of the design. A CAD system permits a
more detailed engineering analysis and a larger number of design
alternatives can be investigated. The design errors are also reduced
because of the greater accuracy provided by the system
3. Improves communication:
It improves the communication in design. The use of a CAD system
provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the drawing,
and better documentation of the design, few drawing errors and legibility.
4. Create data base for manufacturing:
In the process of creating the documentation for these products, much of
the required data base to manufacture the products is also created.
5. Improves the efficiency of the design:
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It improves the efficiency of the design process and the wastage at the design
stage can be reduced
6. APPLICATION OF CAD:
There are various processes which can be performed by use of computer in the
drafting process.
1. Automated drafting: This involves the creation of hard copy engineering
drawings directly from CAD data base. Drafting also includes features like
automatic dimensioning, generation of cross – hatched areas, scaling of the
drawing and the capability to develop sectional views and enlarged views in
detail. It has ability to perform transformations of images and prepare 3D
drawings like isometric views, perspective views etc.,
2. Geometric modeling: concerned with the computer compatible mathematical
description of the geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the
image of an object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal
through signals from the CPU of the CAD system. The software that provides
geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use both by
computer and the human designer.
1.2 BENEFITS OF CAD: The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of
benefits to the industries in design and production as given below:
1. Improved productivity in drafting
2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement
4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
8. Improved accuracy of drawing
9. Assistance in preparation of documentation
10.Better designs can be evolved
11.Revisions are possible
12.Colors can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
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14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
1.3 LIMITATIONS OF CAD
1. 32 – bit word computer is necessary because of large amount of computer
memory and time
2. The size of the software package is large
3. Skill and judgment are required to prepare the drawing
4. Large investment.
EXERCISE
Q: 1 What is CAD?
Q: 2 What are the uses of AutoCAD?
Q: 3 write importance of AutoCAD in Electrical Engineering.
Q: 4 Enlist some uses of AutoCAD.
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Roll#: _________________
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 02
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Use of line Tool
OBJECTIVE
 To make a 2D Diagram in AUTOCAD using Line Tool.
COMMAND:
Type L +ENTER to draw a line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Click Home tab
Draw panel
Line.
Find
2. Click one time in the drawing area (Don’t hold your click)
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3. Activate the ORTHO(F8) mode if it is not activated.
4. Move the cursor away from the first point in the direction you want the line
to have. Since we are drawing a vertical line, you can only go either upward
or downward.
5. To draw a horizontal line, just change the direction in step 4 to left or right,
downward or upward.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 Mention steps to draw a line in AUTOCAD.
Q: 2 what are the benefits of using line in AUTOCAD?
Q: 3 How to draw line in AUTOCAD without selecting line from draw menu?
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 03
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Use of Save, Erase, Undo and Redo Tool
OBJECTIVE
use of Erase, Undo, Redo and Save tools.
PROCEDURE
1) Open a drawing that contains objects, or start a new drawing and create lines,
arcs, or circles.
2) Press Esc to make sure that no command is active and no objects are selected.
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3) Click the Erase button in the Modify panel on the Home tab.
4) Select two or three individual objects by clicking each one.
5) Press Enter to end object selection.
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6) AutoCAD erases all selected objects and returns to an empty command prompt.
Undo and Redo
PROCEDURE for Undo:
1. UNDO and REDO are two complimentary commands that can be quite helpful
when working in AutoCAD.
2. Use the LINE tool to create a line segment, create several line segments.
3. Click once on the UNDO tool, AutoCAD will undo the last thing you did. In this
case, it undoes the last line segment you created.
4. If you click on UNDO again, it will undo the next most recent thing you did.
5. Or press Ctrl+Z.
PROCEDURE for Redo:
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 Clicking on the REDO button one at a time will reverse what you just did with
the UNDO command, so each time you click the REDO button, each object is
restored to the drawing.
 Or press Ctrl+Y
PROCEDURE for Saving a file:
 Launch the File Save dialog. In the File menu, select the Save As menu item.Name
the file. Open the folder containing the desired file. Select the desired folder in
which to save the file. Specify a file format type.Click on the Save button.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 write shortcut keys of the following commands.
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 Undo
 Redo
 Saving a file
Q: 2 How to save a file in AutoCAD?
Q: 3 how to erase a line/ object in AutoCAD.
Assessment Sheet
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ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 04
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Use of circle tool
OBJECTIVE:
Make a 2D diagram in AutoCAD using circles (tan tan radius).
Before moving on forward, we should have to know about circle and the features use in
it. Like tangent; radius etc.
Circle:
A closed plane curve every point of which is equidistant from a given fixed point, “the
centre”. Equation: ( x –h) ² + ( y –k) ² = r ² where r is the radius and ( h, k) are the
coordinates of the centre.
Area: πr²
&
Circumference: 2π r
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Tangent Line:
A tangent line to a
touches the circle
never entering the
circle is a line that
at exactly one point,
circle's interior.
Radius:
The radius of a
from the center to
plural form is radii
eye").As shown in
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circle is the length of the line
any point on its edge. The
(pronounced
"ray-deethe figure below;
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
Circle Command:
A circle is one of the most basic objects you can create in AutoCAD.
Shortcut key:
c + Enter
There are six different methods you can use to create circles as follow:






Center, Radius
Center, Diameter
2-Point
3-Point
Tan, Tan, Radius
Tan, Tan, Tan
PROCEDURE:
Tangent, Tangent, Radius :
1. We can find this method in the Circle pull-down in the Draw panel of the
Home ribbon.
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2. You want to create a circle that is tangent to two lines. Notice that in the
command window and at the dynamic command prompt, AutoCAD
prompts you to specify a point on the object for the first tangent of the
circle, and as you move the cursor anywhere over one of the lines, you see
a small glyph and a tooltip appears that says Deferred Tangent. This is an
object snap that automatically pops up and allows you to snap to that
geometry. Click to pick a point on one line. Then move the cursor over to
the other line. The prompt changes. It now asks you to specify a point on an
object for the second tangent of the circle and again you see the same
glyph and tooltip. Click to pick a deferred tangent point on the other line.
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3. You still don’t see the circle, but now the command is prompting you to
specify the radius of the circle. There may be a default value from the last
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time you used the CIRCLE command. To specify a different radius, you can
either pick points to specify the radius or type the value.
4. Type in a value of specific value of the radius. As soon as you press ENTER,
the circle is created. Notice that the circle is tangent to the two lines.
In short
 Select the first object to draw a circle tangent to.
 Select a second object to draw a circle tangent to.
 Specify the radius of circle.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 How to draw a Circle with and without dimentions ?
Q: 2 Write shortcut key to draw a circle ?
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 05
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Use of Arc, Ellipse & polygon Tool
OBJECTIVE:
Use of Arc, Ellipse & polygon Tool in detail.
Introduction to Arc
Every pair of distinct points on a circle determines two arcs. If the two points are not
directly opposite each other, one of these arcs, the minor arc, will subtend an angle at
the centre of the circle that is less than π radians (180 degrees), and the other arc,
the major arc, will subtend an angle greater than π radians.
USES OF AN ARC
 Arc is basically use to create curve shapes in autoCAD.
 It is also used in AutoCAD to draw the doors.
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 Arc is basically a half circle.
Basic Use of Arc in AutoCAD
As we are well familier with the use of autocad in every field.
In the same way the use of arc in autocad is very important. In autocad every half circle
thing
Every thing which has proper radius only made by arc.
In building mapping, its use is very important. It is used for making the doors or
windows of rooms. By specifying the length, radius we can make arc. We can make
doors.
With the passage of time, there is a lot of advancement in autocad. With the passage of
time arc is also very use ful. If autocad is use in medical or biological field, the use of arc
also increase.
We can easily beneficialed by arc simply by giving the command of arc which is
Ctrl+arc or simply by clicking the arc symbol on side shapes.
In this way we explain arc in detail and welly informed by its uses.
Creates an arc.
Create arcs by specifying various combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius,
angle, chord length, and direction values.Arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction
by default. Hold down the Ctrl key as you drag to draw in a clockwise direction.
Find
To create an arc, you can specify combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius,
angle, chord length, and direction values. Arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction
by default. Hold down the Ctrl key as you drag to draw in a clockwise direction.
The following prompts are displayed.
Draw Arcs by Specifying Three Points:
You can create an arc by specifying three points. In the following example, the start
point of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The second point of the arc snaps to the
middle circle in the illustration.
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1. Click Home tab Draw panel
Arc drop-down
3-Point.
Find
2. Specify the start point.
3. Specify a point on the arc.
4. Specify the endpoint.
Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, End:
You can create an arc using a start point, center, and a third point that determines the
endpoint.
The distance between the start point and the center determines the radius. The
endpoint is determined by a line from the center that passes through the third point.
Using different options, you can specify either the start point first or the center point
first.
1. Click Home tab Draw panel
Arc drop-down
Start, Center, End.
Find
2. Specify a start point.
3. Specify the center point.
4. Specify the endpoint.
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Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Angle:
You can create an arc using a start point, center, and an included angle.
The distance between the start point and the center determines the radius. The other
end of the arc is determined by specifying an included angle that uses the center of the
arc as the vertex.
Using different options, you can specify either the start point first or the center point
first.
The included angle determines the endpoint of the arc. Use the Start, End, Angle
method when you know both endpoints but cannot snap to a center point.
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Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, Length
You can create an arc using a start point, center, and the length of a chord.The distance
between the start point and the center determines the radius. The other end of the arc
is determined by specifying the length of a chord between the start point and the
endpoint of the arc.
Using different options, you can specify either the start point first or the center point
first.
The length of the chord of the arc determines the included angle.
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Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, End, Angle
You can create an arc using a start point, endpoint, and an included angle.
The included angle between the endpoints of the arc determines the center and the
radius of the arc.
Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, End, Direction
You can create an arc using a start point, endpoint, and a tangent direction at the start
point.The tangent direction can be specified either by locating a point on the desired
tangent line, or by entering an angle. You can determine which endpoint controls the
tangent by changing the order in which you specify the two endpoints.
Draw Arcs by Specifying Start, End, Radius
You can create an arc using a start point, endpoint, and a radius.
The direction of the bulge of the arc is determined by the order in which you specify its
endpoints. You can specify the radius either by entering it or by specifying a point at the
desired radius distance.
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Draw Contiguous Tangent Arcs and Lines
Immediately after you create an arc, you can start a line that is tangent to the arc at an
endpoint. You need to specify only the line length.
Immediately after you create a line or an arc, you can start an arc that is tangent at an
endpoint by starting the ARC command and pressing Enter at the Specify Start Point
prompt. You need to specify only the endpoint of the new arc.
Draw the Arc in a Clockwise Direction
By default, arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction. Hold down the Ctrl key as
you drag to draw in a clockwise direction.
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Introduction to Ellipse
an ellipse is a curve in a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum of the
distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve. As such, it is a
generalization of a circle, which is a special type of an ellipse having both focal points at
the same location. The shape of an ellipse (how "elongated" it is) is represented by
its eccentricity, which for an ellipse can be any number from 0 to arbitrarily close to but
less than 1.
The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width.
Draw an Isometric Circle
If you are drawing on isometric planes to simulate 3D, you can use ellipses to represent
isometric circles viewed from an oblique angle.
1. Click Tools menu
Drafting Settings.
2. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap and Grid tab, under Snap Type and Style,
click Isometric Snap. Click OK.
3. Click Home tab
Draw panel
Ellipse drop-down
Axis, End.
Find
4. Enter i (Isocircle).
5. Specify the center of the circle.
6. Specify the radius or diameter of the circle.
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Draw a True Ellipse Using Endpoints and Distance
1. Click Home tab Draw panel
Ellipse drop-down
Axis, End.
Find
2. Specify the first endpoint of the first axis (1).
3. Specify the second endpoint of the first axis (2).
4. Drag the pointing device away from the midpoint, and click to specify a distance (3)
for half the length of the second axis.
Draw an Elliptical Arc Using Start and End Angles
1. Click Home tab
Draw panel
Ellipse drop-down
Elliptical Arc.
Find
2. Specify endpoints for the first axis (1 and 2).
3. Specify a distance to define half the length of the second axis (3).
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4. Specify the start angle (4).
5. Specify the end angle (5).
The elliptical arc is drawn counterclockwise between the start point and endpoint.
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc.
Find.
The first two points of the ellipse determine the location and length of the first axis. The
third point determines the distance between the center of the ellipse and the end point
of the second axis.
The following prompts are displayed.
Axis Endpoint:
Defines the first axis by its two endpoints. The angle of the first axis determines the
angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis of the
ellipse.
Distance to Other Axis:
Defines the second axis using the distance from the midpoint of the first axis to
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the endpoint of the second axis (3).
Rotation:
Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis.
Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a
value, the higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0
defines a circular ellipse.
Arc:
Creates an elliptical arc.
The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the elliptical arc. The first axis can
define either the major or the minor axis depending on its size.
The first two points of the elliptical arc determine the location and length of the first
axis. The third point determines the distance between the center of the elliptical arc and
the endpoint of the second axis. The fourth and fifth points are the start and end angles.
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Axis Endpoint
Defines the start point of the first axis.
Rotation
Defines the major to minor axis ratio of the ellipse by rotating a circle about the
first axis. The higher the value from 0 through 89.4 degrees, the greater the ratio
of minor to major axis. Values between 89.4 degrees and 90.6 degrees are invalid
because the ellipse would otherwise appear as a straight line. Multiples of these
angle values result in a mirrored effect every 90 degrees.
Start Angle:
Defines the first endpoint of the elliptical arc. The Start Angle option also changes
Parameter mode to Angle mode. The mode controls how the ellipse is calculated.
Parameter (specialized option)
Requires angular input, but creates the elliptical arc using the following
parametric vector equation for the angle of each endpoint:
p(angle) = c + a * cos(angle) + b * sin(angle)
where c is the center of the ellipse and a and b are the negative lengths of its
major and minor axes, respectively.
 End Parameter: Defines the end angle of the elliptical arc by using a
parametric vector equation. The Start Parameter option toggles from Angle
mode to Parameter mode. The mode controls how the ellipse is calculated.

Angle: Defines the end angle of the elliptical arc. The Angle option toggles
from Parameter mode to Angle mode. The mode controls how the ellipse is
calculated.

Included Angle: Defines an included angle beginning at the start angle.
Center:
Creates an ellipse using a center point, the endpoint of the first axis, and the length of
the second axis. You can specify the distances by clicking a location at the desired
distance or by entering a value for the length.
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Distance to Other Axis
Defines the second axis as the distance from the center of the ellipse, or midpoint
of the first axis, to the point you specify.
Rotation
Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis.
Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a
value, the higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0
defines a circle.
Isocircle:
Creates an isometric circle in the current isometric drawing plane.
Note: The Isocircle option is available only when ISODRAFT is set to an isoplane, or the
Style option of SNAP is set to Isometric.
Radius:
Creates an isometric representation of a circle using a radius you specify.
Diameter:
Creates an isometric representation of a circle using a diameter you specify.
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Introduction of Polygon
A polygon is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in
a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit. These segments are called its edges or sides,
and the points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or corners.
The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its body. An n-gon is a polygon with n sides; for
example, a triangle is a 3-gon. A polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more
general polytope in any number of dimensions.
Creates an equilateral closed polyline.
Find
You specify the number of sides of the polygon and whether it is inscribed or circumscribed.
The following prompts are displayed.
Number of sides
Specifies the number of sides in the polygon (3-1024).
Center of polygon
Specifies the location of the center of the polygon and whether the new object is
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inscribed or circumscribed.
Inscribed in circle
Specifies the radius of a circle on which all vertices of the polygon lie.
Specifying the radius with your pointing device determines the rotation and size
of the polygon. Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge of the
polygon at the current snap rotation angle.
Circumscribed about circle
Specifies the distance from the center of the polygon to the midpoints of the
edges of the polygon.
Specifying the radius with your pointing device determines the rotation and size
of the polygon. Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge of the
polygon at the current snap rotation angle.
Edge
Defines a polygon by specifying the endpoints of the first edge.
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HOW TO USE THE POLYGON COMMAND IN AUTOCAD
Rectangles and other closed polylines are types of polygons, or closed figures with
three or more sides. The AutoCAD POLygon command provides a quick way of
drawing regular polygons (all sides and angles are equal).
The following steps show you how to use the POLygon command:
1. Click Polygon from the Rectangle drop-down list on the Draw panel of the Home tab, or
type POL and press Enter.
AutoCAD starts the POLygon command and prompts you to enter the number of sides
for the polygon.
Enter number of sides <4>:
2. Type the number of sides for the polygon that you want to draw and then press Enter.
Your polygon can have from 3 to 1,024 sides.
AutoCAD prompts you to specify the center point of the polygon.
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]:
You can use the Edge option to draw a polygon by specifying the length of one side
instead of the center and then the radius of an imaginary inscribed or circumscribed
circle. The imaginary circle method is much more common.
3. Specify the center point by clicking a point or typing coordinates.
AutoCAD prompts you to specify whether the polygon is inscribed in an imaginary circle
whose radius you specify in Step 5 (the corners touch the circumference of the circle) or
circumscribed about the circle (the sides are tangent to the circle):
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/
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Circumscribed about circle] <I>:
4. Type I (for inscribed) or C (for circumscribed), and press Enter.
The command line prompts you to specify the radius of an imaginary circle:
Specify radius of circle:
5. Specify the radius by typing a distance or clicking a point.
AutoCAD draws the polygon.
If you type a distance or you click a point with Ortho Mode turned on, the polygon will
align orthogonally.
Rectangles and polygons aren’t special object types. They’re simply regular polylines
that have been constructed by special command macros.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 Write shortcut keys of the following
 Arc
 Ellipse
 Polygon
Q: 2 Write steps to draw a True Ellipse by Using Endpoints and Distance?
Q: 3 define Polygon and its uses in AutoCAD?
Q: 4 Write steps to draw eight-sided Polygon in AutoCAD?
Q: 5 Write steps to draw Arcs by Specifying Start, Center, End in AutoCAD?
Q: 6 Write steps to draw Elliptical Arc in AutoCAD?
Assessment Sheet
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ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 06
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Rectangle and Polyline
Users may draw a rectangle by using the Rectangle command in AutoCAD. Users can
also make a rectangle by using line command. But line command will take the time to
make a rectangle. Users can also draw a square by using rectangle command in
AutoCAD. Very easy to draw a rectangle or square by rectangle command. Users may
also draw a rectangle or square with chamfer, fillet or width in AutoCAD.
Rectangle Tool
Procedure:
1. Type REC in the command line & press enter as shown .
2.
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2. Specify the first point & then the second point as shown
Rectangle or Square draw by Using Polar System in AutoCAD
1. Take the rectangle command & Specify the first point.
2. Type @500,500 in the command line to draw a square as shown
By using the same method users can draw any rectangle or square with actual
dimensions. This is the fast way to draw a rectangle or square in AutoCAD.
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PolylineTool
Draw a Polyline with Straight Segments
1. Click Home tab Draw panel Polyline.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Find
Specify the first point of the polyline.
Specify the endpoint of the first segment.
Continue specifying segment endpoints as needed.
Press Enter to end, or enter c to close the polyline.
Note: To start a polyline at the endpoint of the last polyline drawn, start the command again
and press Enter at the Specify Start Point prompt.
Draw a Wide Polyline
1. Click Home tab Draw panel Polyline.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Find
Specify the first point of the polyline.
Enter w (Width)
Enter the starting width of the segment.
Specify the ending width of the segment using one of the following methods:
o To create a segment of equal width, press Enter.
o To create a tapering or increasing segment, enter a different width.
6. Specify the endpoint of the segment.
7. Continue specifying segment endpoints as needed.
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8. Press Enter to end, or enter c to close the polyline.
9.
Draw a Polyline with Straight and Curved Segments
1. Click Home tab Draw panel Polyline.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Find
Specify the first point of the polyline.
Specify the endpoint of the first segment.
Switch to Arc mode by entering a (Arc) at the Command prompt.
Return to Line mode by entering L (Line).
Specify additional segments as needed.
Press Enter to end, or enter c to close the polyline.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 How to use rectangle command?
Q: 2 what are the Steps to use Polyline tool?
Q: 3 write Shortcut key of RECTANGLE Command
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 07
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
The Chamfer & Fillet Tools
Objectives:
Use of Chamfer and Fillet tools.
Procedure:
1. Click on the Chamfer icon.
2. Type D and Press Enter.
3. Specify the first chamfer distance and Press Enter.
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4. Specify the second chamfer distance and Press Enter.
5. Select the first line.
6. Select the second line.
Chamfer command Key
 Shortcut key is CHA+ Enter.
Creating 2D Chamfer
A bevel or chamfer can be defined by selecting two objects of the same or
different object types: lines, polylines, rays, and xlines.
If the two selected objects are on the same layer, the line defined is created on
that layer. Otherwise, the line is created on the current layer. The layer affects
object properties including color and linetype.
The following prompts are displayed when creating a 2D chamfer.
First Line
Select the first of two objects or the first line segment of a 2D polyline to define
the chamfer.
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Second line or shift-select to apply corner
Select the second object or line segment of a 2D polyline to define the chamfer.
You can also hold down the Shift key before selecting the second object or line
segment of a 2D polyline to extend or trim the selected objects to form a sharp
corner. While Shift is held down, a temporary value of zero is assigned to the
current chamfer distance and angle values.
If the selected objects are straight line segments of a 2D polyline, the line
segments can be adjacent to each other or separated by one other segment.
When the selected segments are separated by a segment, the segment that
separates them is removed and replaced with the chamfer.
Example
On the image below the first distance is 20, and the second distance is 30.
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Fillet Command in AutoCAD
Procedure:
1. Click on the fillet command icon.
2. Type R and Press Enter.
3. Specify the fillet Radius and Press Enter.
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4. Select the first line.
5. Select the second line.
Fillet command Key
 Shortcut Key is F+ Enter
Creating 2D Fillets
A round or fillet can be created between two objects of the same or different
object types: 2D polylines, arcs, circles, ellipses, elliptical arcs, lines, rays, splines,
and xlines.If the two selected objects are on the same layer, the arc defined is
created on that layer. Otherwise, the arc is created on the current layer. The layer
affects object properties including color and linetype.
The following prompts are displayed when creating a 2D fillet.
First Object
Select the first of two objects or the first line segment of a 2D polyline to define
the fillet.
Second object or shift-select to apply corner
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Select the second object or line segment of a 2D polyline to define the fillet.You
can also hold down the Shift key before selecting the second object or line
segment of a 2D polyline to extend or trim the selected objects to form a sharp
corner. While Shift is held down, a temporary value of zero is assigned to the
current fillet radius value.If the selected objects are straight line segments of a 2D
polyline, the line segments can be adjacent to each other or separated by one
other segment. When the selected segments are separated by a segment, the
segment that separates them is removed and replaced with the fillet.The
direction and length of the arc created is determined by the points picked to
select the objects. Always select an object closest to where you want the
endpoints of the fillet to be drawn.
s
Difference between Chamfer and Fillet.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 Write shortcut key for chamfer command?
Q: 2 How to draw a chamfer?
Q: 3 write Shortcut key for fillet command?
Q: 4 what is the difference between chamfer and fillet command.
Assessment Sheet
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ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 08
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
The Copy, Mirror, Offset & Move commands
Objectives:
The Copy, Mirror, Offset & Move commands
Copy command:
The Copy command works almost identically to the Move command except that
AutoCAD 2014
leaves the selected objects in place and makes new copies of them in the new location. The Copy
command creates multiple copies by default. If you want only one copy, press Enter after placing the
copy in the drawing.
How to use Copy Command:
The following prompts are displayed.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Press Esc button to make sure that no command is active and no objects are selected.
Press co + Enter to activate copy command.
Select objects: By using an object selection (window) method + Enter.
Specify the first point on the selective object or on any other object.
5. Specify the second point or exact displacement from the first point (e.g 48’-0”).
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6. Finally press enter to place the copied object to the specificed distance.
Mirror command:
The Mirror command creates a reverse copy of an object in AutoCAD. After you select some
objects, AutoCAD prompts you to select two points that define a line about which the objects
will be mirrored.
How to use Mirror Command:
Follow these steps to use the Mirror command:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Press Esc button to make sure that no command is active and no objects are selected.
Press mi + Enter to activate mirror command.
Select objects: By using an object selection (window) method + Enter.
Specify the first point by giving a specific extension from the end point of the selective object
(e.g 3’-0”).
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5. Specify the second point with the same extension from the other end of the selective object.
6. Finally press Enter to place the mirrored object.
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Offset command:
You are use to create parallel or concentric copies of lines, polylines, circles, arcs, or
splines in AutoCAD.
How to use Offset Command:
Follow these steps to use the Offset command:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Press Esc button to make sure that no command is active and no objects are selected.
Press o + Enter to activate Offset command.
Specify the offset distance from the concerned object and press Enter.
Select objects: Click the left button on mouse to select the object to offset.
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5. Point to one side or the other of the object and then click (It doesn’t matter how far away from
the object the crosshairs are when you click. You’re simply indicating a direction.)
6. Finally you obtained an offset of the concerned object on selective side.(e.g Offsets in inner
sides shown in fig.).
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Move command:
The base point/second point method of indicating how far and in what direction to
move the selected objects.
How to use Move Command:
Follow these steps to use the Move command:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Press Esc button to make sure that no command is active and no objects are selected.
Press m + Enter to activate move command.
Select objects: By using an object selection (window) method + Enter.
Specify base point or displacement from the desired object.
5. Specify second point or use first point as displacement and press enter.
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6. Finally we obtained the moved object from its original position to desired one.
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EXERCISE
Q#1 : Write shortcut keys for Copy, mirror, Offset and Move commands?
Q#2 : How to copy an object in multiple times?
Q#3 : Write short procedure to mirror an object?
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 09
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Rotate tool, Layer tool and Line types.
OBJECTIVE:
Rotate tool, Layer tool and Line types.
Rotate in AutoCAD
As you can understand from command name you can rotate an object in 2D space. 2D because
for 3D space you will need to use another command named 3D rotate. About 3D command I’ll
write in another tutorial.
Rotate command can be found on HOME tab and by entering Rotate from the keyboard.

Just click on it and Autocad will ask Select object.After you will select object click
mouse right button or hit Enter.Then you need Specify base point from where you want
to rotate an object. You can select any base point of the object or you can just click on
any place of the workspace. Of course, it will better if you will take base point of the
object.
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As you can see now Autocad asking you enter rotation angle. You can just rotate it by mouse or
if you want you can enter the angle and hit Enter.
Your object will be rotated to the place where you want.
If you want to rotate and create a copy of the current object. At the same time, you can just enter
C from the keyboard and your object will be rotated and copied.
You can see second additional command beside of Copy and name of that command is
Reference.
So what you can do with a Reference?
Sometimes you just need to know where is the certain angle without rotating any object. In this
way, Reference command can help us. Just when you are using Rotate tool Autocad will offer
you additional command use R button to activate Reference command. In the next step, you will
need to enter angle that you want to know where it located and Autocad will show your angle
from a base point that you chose.
Layers in AutoCAD
Organizing objects in layers is important when you work on big projects (Architecture for
example). You use layers to organize your project in such a way that every group of similar
things is in their own layers. On the following image, I have created 3 layers (I have given each
one a unique color for you to differentiate between one and the other).
How do layers help?


Layers allow you to easily control properties of a group of objects; line-weight, color,
line-type.
Layers allow you to turn object or group of objects off, both on screen and on the plot.
Creating Layers in AutoCAD
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To create a layer, click on the Layer Properties icon.

The following will pop up, click on the indicated icon to create a new layer. The
following shows layers I created for the exercise above.
Each of your layers can be customized, such as having its own Linetype, line weight,
transparency and plot Style.
Close the windows when you are done creating layers.
Manipulating Layers
To put an object in a layer, make sure when you are creating that object, its layer is set to current.
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If I want to draw a circle in the layer Small Circles, I will make sure I select it first before
drawing.If you created an object in the wrong layer, don’t worry, it is possible to put an already
created element in a different layer.
Line Types And Scales
Linetype is a visual property assigned to geometric objects. Linetypes can be a pattern of dashes,
dots, text, and symbols, or unbroken and continuous.
The current linetype setting defines the default appearance of all new geometric objects. You can
see which linetype is current in the Properties panel of the ribbon Home tab when no objects are
selected.
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



The Continuous linetype displays objects with a solid, unbroken pattern.
The ByLayer linetype displays objects with the linetype assigned to the current layer.
An explicitly set linetype, for example DASHDOT, displays objects with that linetype
regardless of the current layer.
The ByBlock linetype displays objects with the Continuous linetype until the objects are
combined into a block definition. When the block is inserted into the drawing, it displays
the current linetype for those objects.
L
Find
For linetypes that you use frequently, you can load them in a template drawing. Then when you
create drawings from the template, the linetypes are already loaded.
Linetypes are defined in a linetype definition (LIN) file. When you load a linetype, you select the
linetype definition file and a specific linetype from within that file. Two linetype definition files
are available: acad.lin for imperial units, and acadiso.lin for metric units.
Note: Due to scaling, do not mix imperial and metric linetypes in the same drawing.
You can remove unreferenced linetype definitions from a drawing with the PURGE command,
or from the Linetype Manager. The BYBLOCK, BYLAYER, and CONTINUOUS linetypes
cannot be removed.
Linetype Scale
Linetype scale controls the size and spacing of repetitions of the linetype pattern for each
drawing unit. There are a number of scaling options that can affect how linetypes display and
plot.
Global Scale Factor
The global scale factor affects the appearance of all the linetypes in the drawing. You can set the
global scale factor by changing the LTSCALE system variable at the Command prompt or with
the Linetype Manager. The default global scale factor is 1.0. The smaller the scale factor, the
more repetitions and the smaller the spacing in each linetype pattern.
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If you change the global scale factor, the appearance of all the linetypes in the drawing changes.
Current Object Scale
The current object scale, also called the current linetype scale, controls the linetype scale for new
objects. You can set the current object scale by changing the CELTSCALE system variable or
with the Linetype Manager. The default current object scale is 1.0. When you create geometry,
the current object scale value becomes the object’s linetype scale property. You can change the
linetype scale of an existing object in the Properties palette.
The linetype scale for objects is based on both the global scale factor, and the linetype scale
property. A line created with CELTSCALE = 2 in a drawing with LTSCALE set to 0.5 would
appear the same as a line created with CELTSCALE = 1 in a drawing with LTSCALE = 1.
Paper Space Linetype Scale
When you work in paper space the layout viewports might be set to different scales. When you
plot from paper space, set the PSLTSCALE system variable to 1 to plot all linetype patterns
consistently between viewports regardless of scale. If PSLTSCALE is set to 0, all linetypes use
the global setting of LTSCALE.
Model Space Linetype Scale
When you work in the Model tab, the annotation scale can affect linetype scaling. If you do not
want the annotation scale to affect linetypes when plotting from the Model tab, set the
MSLTSCALE system variable to 0. The default value of MSLTSCALE is 1.
Linetype Scale and Short Segments
If the linetype of an object looks solid even though you assigned a linetype with a pattern, you
may need to specify a different linetype scale for the object.
You can change the linetype scale of the object in the Properties palette to get the desired look.
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Linetypes and Polyline Vertices
For polylines, you can specify whether a linetype pattern is centered on each segment or is
continuous across vertices throughout the entire length of the polyline.
Use the PLINEGEN system variable to specify this option for new objects. You can update
existing polylines on the Properties palette in the Linetype Generation setting.
CREATING CUSTOM LINE TYPES
It’s very easy to create custom linetype now using Express Tools in AutoCAD. Make sure express
tools are installed in AutoCAD. If express tools are missing from AutoCAD Ribbon, see Missing
Express Tools.
You can create a simple or complex custom linetypes in AutoCAD.
Simple linetype is a combination of lines and text, whereas complex linetype contains complex
shapes.
Steps to create simple linetype;Let’s say I need to create a linetype (GAS), which is a
combination of dashed line and a text.
PROCEDURE
1. Go to Express Tools----> Make Linetype:
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2. Give linetype a file name Gasline.lin. If you need to load a line in the linetype list, this
file .lin is used.
3. Give Linetype name; GAS Linetype. You will see this name in the linetype
List
4. Next, Linetype description
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5. Specify starting point and end point
For the starting point, pick the left end point of the line and, for the ending point click
somewhere on the right side of the text GAS.
6. Select object
Select the line and text and hit enter.
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Linetype is created and it should be displayed in the linetype drop down list.
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EXERCISE
Q: 1 How to create custom lines in AUTOCAD?
Q: 2 enlist few uses of Custom line?
Q: 3 What are the uses of layer tool?
Q:4 write Shortcut key for Rotate Tool.
Assessment Sheet
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ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 10
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Trim, Extend and Stretch
TRIM in AutoCAD
This command helps trim objects to meet the edge of other objects. If I have two lines that
cross each other and want to trim one/both at the point where they intersect, Trim will help me
do it.
The last image shows the final result.
Command:
Tr +Enter+Enter
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Procedure:
1. Click on the TRIM icon.
2. Select objects that intersect each other and hit ENTER
3. Select the part (or parts) to be removed
How will the Trim command be helpful?
Here are few examples where you can not do without the Trim command.
Examples
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EXTEND in AutoCAD
The Extend command is not much used compared to the Trim command but can be very
helpful at time. It helps extend object(s) to meet the edges of other objects. It is used
the same way Trim is used.
Command:
Ex Enter+Enter
One of the cases where this command is helpful is the following.
Let suppose being in the following position. We need to extend the line for it to meet
the vertical bar, but we do not know the angle it makes with the horizontal. If not
because of the Extend command, it will require a lot of effort to have this right.

Using the Extend command, we can easily extend the line and get the following.
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Stretch command in AutoCAD:
The STRETCH command will allow you to adjust/move objects like a window or door
opening without having to do much effort on your part. The hard part is remembering
that it requires a “crossing window.”
Command:
S+Enter
Procedure:
1. You can find Stretch command on the Modify panel.
2. What I want to do now with this command is to stretch (extend) the right side
of my drawing.You will see now how it works.
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3. I have activated the command and the first thing I did is I selected those parts of my
model which I want to stretch,you can see on the picture what I selected.
4. Now I need to specify the base point of my stretch,that would be the point from
which I will move those selected lines on the right side.
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5. Now I can move selected lines to the right side as far as I want.
EXERCISE
Q : 1 Write shortcut keys of the following commands
Trim
Extend
Stretch
Q: 2 Why stretch Command is used?
Q:3 define Trim Command with example.
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 11
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Dimensioning
Introduction
This tutorial describes the options and commands available for dimensioning drawings
and how to use them. The correct use of AutoCADs dimension tools is the key to
producing clear and concise measured drawings. If you just need to quickly find a
description of the various dimension commands, click on the appropriate button on the
QuickFind toolbar below.
AutoCAD provides a whole range of dimensioning tools which can be used to quickly
dimension any drawing without the need for measurement. Dimensioning in AutoCAD is
automatic; lines, arrows and text are all taken care of by the dimension commands.
AutoCAD dimensions are special blocks which can easily be edited or erased as
necessary.
AutoCAD provides lots of control over the way dimensions look. Using a system similar
to text styles, dimension styles allow you to design dimensions so that they look just the
way you want them to.
For example, the illustration above shows two different dimension styles. The one on the left is
the default style known as STANDARD. If you do not create a style of your own or modify the
standard style, all dimensions will look like this. The dimension line has arrow heads and the
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dimension text is positioned above the line and is drawn using the current text style. The
dimension on the right has been drawn using a new style. The arrows have been changed to
obliques, the vertical alignment of the text has been centred and the current text style has been
changed.
There are lots of dimension commands which include facilities for indicating tolerances and
alternate units dimensioning. However, this tutorial aims to cover the most common
commands for general use and constitutes an introduction to dimensioning with AutoCAD. If
you would like to learn more about dimensions, refer to the AutoCAD user manual.
AutoCAD divides dimensions into four main categories: Linear, Radial, Ordinate and Angular.
For the purposes of this tutorial we will only consider some of the commands within the Linear,
Radial and Angular categories.
When working with dimensions it is very important that line origins are picked accurately so
that the resulting measurement and text are correct. Always use an Osnap to pick dimension
line origins. If you have a lot of dimensioning work to do, it will be worth using a running Osnap.
Running object snaps are set using the Osnap Settings dialogue box. To display this dialogue box
type DDOSNAP at the keyboard or select Tools Object Snap Settings from the Pull-down
menu. There is also a keyboard short-cut; you can display the Osnap Settings dialogue box
simply by hitting the F3 key.
Selecting Dimension Commands
Selecting and working with the dimension commands in AutoCAD R14 is much easier than in
previous versions. All commands can be accessed from the keyboard and now most commands
are also available from the Dimension pull-down menu and the Dimension toolbar. The
Dimension toolbar is particularly useful because it places all the dimension commands a single
mouse click away. Since the Dimension toolbar is not displayed by default you will need to
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enable it from the Toolbars dialogue box. To display the Toolbar dialogue box, select View
Toolbars… from the pull-down or type TOOLBAR at the keyboard. To display the Dimension
toolbar, click in the checkbox against "Dimension" in the toolbar list.
The Linear Dimension Commands
As the name suggests the Linear dimension commands are used to dimension along straight
lines. There are five linear dimension commands, namely: DIMLINEAR, DIMCONTINUE,
DIMBASELINE, DIMALIGNED and DIMROTATED. The DIMLINEAR command is probably the most
common dimension command you will use.
The Linear Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Linear
Keyboard DIMLINEAR
You can use this command to generate horizontal and vertical dimensions.
Creating a linear dimension is easy. All you have to do is start the command, specify the two
points between which you want the dimension to be drawn and pick a point to fix the position
of the dimension line. Consider the diagram (right) whilst working through the following
examples.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMLINEAR
First extension line origin or press ENTER to select: (pick P1)
Second extension line origin: (pick P2)
Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated): (pick a point to
position the dimension line, you will see the dimension rubber banding)
You may have noticed that the first prompt asks you to pick the first extension line
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origin or to press the ENTER key. Pressing the Enter/Return key results in the following
prompt:
AutoCAD allows you to dimension an object simply by picking it. Try this out. Draw a line
or a circle and use this option rather than the two point option to see what happens.
Dimensions will automatically adjust themselves to accommodate most situations. For
example, the illustration on the right shows what happens to a dimension if the gap
between the two extension lines is too small for the dimension text.
The Continue Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Continue
Keyboard DIMCONTINUE
You can use the Continue command to add a string of dimensions. In the illustration above the
"36mm" dimension has been continued from the "64mm" dimension.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMCONTINUE
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): (pick P3)
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): (pick another or
to end)
Using the Continue command you can very quickly generate a string of dimensions which align
perfectly. In the example above, the "34.41" dimension was drawn with the DIMLINEAR
command; all the other dimensions were drawn using the DIMCONTINUE command and simply
picking the four points, one after the other. You can only continue a dimension in a single
direction. To generate the "26mm" dimension in the previous illustration, you will need to use
the DIMLINEAR command and pick P3 and P4 or enter
at the first prompt and pick the line.
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The Baseline Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Baseline
Keyboard DIMBASELINE
You can use this command to generate a series of dimensions from a single base point. You
must already have created the first dimension in the sequence using a command such as
DIMLINEAR. The DIMBASELINE command then creates further dimensions in a similar way to
the DIMCONTINUE command. All the user has to do is pick points.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMBASELINE
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): (pick next point)
Specify a second extension line origin or (Undo/<Select>): (pick another or
Select base dimension: (
again to end)
to end)
In the example above, the "35.07" dimension was created using the DIMLINEAR command. The
others were created using DIMBASELINE and picking points 1 and 2.
The Aligned Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Aligned
Keyboard DIMALIGNED
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You can use this command to generate aligned dimensions. These are dimensions along
inclined lines which cannot be dimensioned with the DIMLINEAR dimension command
because that command will only give a measured dimension in either a horizontal or
vertical direction. However, as you can see from the command sequence below, this
command works in exactly the same way.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMALIGNED
First extension line origin or press ENTER to select:(pick P1)
Second extension line origin: (pick P2)
Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (pick a point)
The DIMCONTINUE and DIMBASELINE commands can both be used in conjunction with
DIMALIGNED dimensions.
Changing the Text
You may have noticed that when you are prompted to pick the dimension line location
you are also offered a number of options. The options vary depending upon the
particular command that you are using. However, the Mtext and Text options, which are
common to all dimension commands are particularly useful. Essentially they do the
same thing, they allow you to change the text which will appear on the dimension line.
The Text option allows you to enter a single line of text and the Mtext option starts the
MTEXT command and enables you to add formatted, multiline text to the dimension.
These options can be used to add descriptions to your dimensions or to modify the
measured distance.
In the example above, the Mtext option has been used to create a multi-line annotation.
When you use this option you will notice that the Multiline Text Editor dialogue already
has some text in the text window. This is the measured dimension and is displayed as
"<>". If you delete this marker the dimension measurement will not appear in the
annotation.
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If you need to edit dimension text after the dimension is drawn, you can use the DDEDIT
command, Modify/Object/Text… from the pull-down. If you select a dimension, the
Multiline Text Editor will appear and you can make any necessary changes to the
annotation. The illustration on the right shows an extract from the Multiline Text Editor
as it would appear if the dimension above were selected.
The Radial Dimension Commands
There are two main radial dimension commands, DIMDIAMETER and DIMRADIUS. Both
commands result in a similar looking dimension so AutoCAD automatically inserts a "R"
to indicate a radius and the dimension symbol to indicate a dimension. You can get
AutoCAD to display the dimension symbol by including "%%c" in any text string. For
example, in order to draw the 40mm diameter text as it is shown in the illustration on
the right, you would need to type "%%c40mm". You can use this special character with
any of the text commands.
The Diameter and Radius commands are supplemented by the DIMCENTER command
which can be used to add a center mark to any circle or arc. The DIMDIAMETER and
DIMRADIUS commands do not automatically draw a center mark.
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The Diameter Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Diameter
Keyboard DIMDIAMETER
You can use the Diameter command to annotate a circle or an arc with a diameter dimension.
To achieve this simply start the command, pick a point on the circumference of the circle, pick a
second point to determine the length of the leader and then add the dimension text or Return
to accept the default.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMDIAMETER
Select arc or circle: (pick the circumference P1)
Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (move the cursor until you are happy with the text
position and then pick to complete the sequence)
The Radius Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Radius
Keyboard DIMRADIUS
The Radius command is identical to the Diameter command except that the dimension
measurement is a radius rather than a dimension and the resulting dimension text is prefixed
with a "R" to indicate radius.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMRADIUS
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Select arc or circle: (pick the circumference P2)
Dimension line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (move the cursor until you are happy with the text
position and then pick to complete the sequence)
Notice that in the illustration above the radius dimension has been positioned inside the circle.
Both diameter and radius dimensions can be positioned either inside or outside an arc or circle.
The Center Mark Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Center Mark
Keyboard DIMCENTER
You can use the Center Mark command to annotate a circle or an arc with a cross at the center.
The illustration above shows a center mark added to a circle after a diameter has been drawn.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMCENTER
Select arc or circle: (Pick the circumference of a circle or arc)
A cross is drawn at the center point.
Angular Dimensions
There is only one command in this section and it is used to annotate angular measurements.
The Angular Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Angular
Keyboard DIMANGULAR
The Angular command is amazingly flexible and can be used to indicate an angle in
almost any situation. Just like the other dimension commands, all parts of the process
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are rubber banded so you can see the results of your actions before you make the final
pick.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMANGULAR
Select arc, circle, line, or press ENTER: (pick a line)
Second line: (pick another line)
Dimension arc line location (Mtext/Text/Angle): (pick point)
Move the cursor position until you are happy with the result. Notice that you can move the
cursor to either side of the lines and the angular dimension will change accordingly.
You may have noticed that at the first prompt you are given the option to press ENTER.
If you use this option you will be prompted to pick the angle vertex and then the two
angle endpoints. This is quite useful if the angle you need to dimension is not defined by
physical lines on the drawing. The illustration on the right shows the result of this
option. The centre point of circle 1 was picked as the angle vertex and the centre points
of circles 2 and 3 were picked for the two angle endpoints.
The degree character is automatically inserted for you, however, if you ever need to
type it, you can do so by typing "%%d". This is another of AutoCADs special characters.
Ordinate Dimensions
Ordinate dimensions are not really dimensions at all in that they do not indicate a
measurement. Rather they annotate known co-ordinate points. The DIMORDINATE command is
used to indicate the X and Y ordinate values at any point.
The Ordinate Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Ordinate
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Keyboard DIMORDINATE
The Ordinate command is used to annotate co-ordinate points with X or Y values. This may be
useful for setting-out on site plans.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMORDINATE
Select feature: (pick the point to annotate)
Leader endpoint (Xdatum/Ydatum/Mtext/Text): (pick endpoint or use one of the options)
By default a vertical leader will display the X ordinate and a horizontal one will display the Y
ordinate. However, you can use the Xdatum and Ydatum options to override this default.
Ordinate Default
Ordinate Ydatum
In the illustration above, the building corner on the left has been annotated with X and Y
ordinates using the default method. The one on the right has a Y ordinate which has been
forced to display in a vertical position using the Ydatum option. You could also use the Text or
Mtext options to clearly describe the point you are annotating.
Annotation with Leaders
Ordinate dimensions are not really dimensions at all in that they do not indicate a
measurement. Rather they annotate known co-ordinate points. The DIMORDINATE command is
used to indicate the X and Y ordinate values at any point.
The Leader Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Leader
Keyboard LEADER
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The Leader command can be used to annotate any point on a drawing. The command sequence
below was used to draw the leader shown in the illustration above.
Command Sequence
Command: LEADER
From point: (pick the point to annotate)
To point: (pick vertex point)
To point (Format/Annotation/Undo)<Annotation>: (pick end point)
To point (Format/Annotation/Undo)<Annotation>:
Annotation (or press ENTER for options): Corner of
MText: building
MText:
(to end)
Unlike other dimension commands the leader and annotation text are drawn as separate
objects. So, if you need to move or edit the text, you can do so without affecting the leader line.
As you can see by the command line, there are a number of options with this command
including "Format" options which include "Spline". Experiment with these options until you
understand them.
Editing Dimensions
The dimension edit commands, DIMEDIT and DIMTEDIT are used primarily to adjust the
position of the text part of a dimension. This is usually only necessary if the drawing is quite
complex and the dimension would read more clearly if it were in a different position.
The Dimension Text Edit Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Align Text options
Keyboard DIMTEDIT
The Dimension Text Edit command is used to modify the text position of any single dimension.
The command can be used to position the text dynamically (this is the default)or one of the
options can be used for a specific type of movement. For example, the dimension shown on the
right has been modified by dynamically moving the position of the text and then the text has
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been rotated using the Angle option.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMTEDIT
Select dimension: (pick the dimension you want to edit)
Enter text location (Left/Right/Home/Angle): (pick a new position or use an option)
The results of the four available options are shown in the illustration below.
The Left option moves the text to a left justified position within the dimension.
The Right option moves the text to a right justified position within the dimension.
The Home option returns the text to the home position after it has been modified.
The Angle option enables the text to be rotated about its center.
The Dimension Edit Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Oblique (other options are duplicated in DIMTEDIT so don't appear)
Keyboard DIMEDIT
The Dimension Edit command can be used to modify and change the text of any number of
dimensions. The command could, for example, be used to add a standard prefix or suffix to a
number of dimensions.
Command Sequence
Command: DIMEDIT
Dimension Edit (Home/New/Rotate/Oblique) <Home>: (choose an option)
Select objects: (pick one or more dimensions)
Select objects: (pick more or
end)
The command sequence will vary depending upon which option has been chosen but the
results of the various options are illustrated below.
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The Home option returns dimensions to their home position.
The New option displays the Multiline Text Editor. The changes you make to the text will be
applied to all selected dimensions so it is important not to delete the "<>" marker from the text
string. Deleting this marker will remove the values from all selected dimensions.
The Rotate option can be used to rotate dimension text about its center point. It works in
exactly the same way as the Angle option of the DIMTEDIT command except that you can rotate
any number of dimensions at once.
The Oblique option is used to set the dimension lines at an angle. This option can be very useful
when you are dimensioning a drawing in isometric projection (see the illustration on the right).
In this case the drawing has been dimensioned using the Aligned command and then the
oblique angle modified to suit the dimension position. This usually means setting an angle of
30, 330 or 90 degrees depending upon the dimension orientation. If you are creating details in
isometric projection make sure you are using the isometric snap/grid option for greater
efficiency.
Dimension Styles
Dimension styles are the main method used to control the way dimensions look. Using styles
you can change the text font, the arrow head style, the relative position of the text, the scale of
dimensions and many other parameters. Styles are created using the DIMSTYLE command.
Dimension styling is a relatively complex area of AutoCAD and the finer points are beyond the
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scope of this tutorial. However, the main points which will enable you to create clear, good
looking styles are set out below.
The Dimension Style Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Style…
Keyboard DDIM short-cut D
The Dimension Style command can be used to change the appearance of dimensions. The best
method is to create a new style before you start creating dimensions so that you can leave the
STANDARD style as a default option. Having created a new style from STANDARD you can then
apply any modifications you generally require to the parent style and then more specific
modifications to the child styles in order to create a style family.
Creating a new style
To create a new dimension style, make sure the STANDARD style is the current style, click in the
Name edit box and type the name of the new style you wish to create. Click the Save button.
You will see a message in the lower left corner of the dialogue box which says "Created name
from STANDARD" where name is the new style name which you typed. The new style is
automatically set as the current style. You may rename the new style if you wish, simply by
typing a new name in the Name edit box and clicking on the Rename button.
The new style which you have created is identical to the STANDARD style, so you must now
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modify your new style so that it can be used to create dimensions which conform to your own
requirements. Style changes are made in three categories, Geometry, Format and Annotation.
As you can see from the Dimension Styles dialogue box, each category is represented by a
button which leads to a dialogue box which is used to modify the settings in that particular
category.
Setting the Arrow Head Type
The style of arrow heads is set using the Geometry dialogue box, illustrated above. As you can
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see, the STANDARD style has Closed Filled arrow heads as a default.To change the arrow head
style for a new dimension style, make sure the style is current and that the "Parent" radio
button is selected (this assumes you are not modifying a child style), click on the "Geometry…"
button and select a new arrow head type from the "1st" drop-down list.
Dimension Scale
When you are working with drawings which will be plotted at different scales, you will need
some way of changing the scale of the dimension lines relative to your drawing so that they
always appear the same size, irrespective of plotting scale. You can achieve this by using the
Scale variable. This option is also available from the Geometry dialogue box. The default value is
set to 1.0. The larger the value the larger the dimension will appear. For example, a value of 2.0
would double the text height and the arrow size. To change the scale of dimensions, simply
type the required scale in the "Overall Scale" edit box. Try changing the scale factor and check
the results. The scaling applies to individual styles, so you could create different styles with
different dimension scales to be used for different plotting scales.
Setting the Text Location
To change the text location click on the "Format…" button in the Dimension Styles dialogue box.
The Format dialogue box is shown below. By default the horizontal justification is set to
"Centred" and the vertical justification to "Above". This means that the dimension text will
appear centred above a horizontal dimension line and centred left of a vertical dimension line.
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To have the text centred within the dimension line, click on the down arrow of the "Vertical
Justification" pull-down list to reveal the options and click on "Centered". The illustration
changes to reflect your choice. Click on "OK" to return to the Dimension Styles dialogue box.
You can see the result of this action by looking at the illustration below. Experiment with the
Horizontal Justification and Vertical Justification options to see what results they give.
You can also use Text the option in this dialogue box to change the text orientation in aligned
dimensions. By default all dimension text is aligned with the dimension. This option allows you
to force text to appear horizontal, irrespective of the orientation of the dimension. You have
independent control over dimension text which appears inside and outside of the dimension
lines.
The illustration on the left shows a dimension with
vertical justification set to "Above" (far left) and to "Centred" (near left).
Setting Text Style and Units
Text style and units are both set using the Annotation dialogue box, illustrated below. To set a
text style to a dimension you must first have created the style using the Text Style command
(Format Text Style… from the pull-down menu). To assign the text style to a dimension style,
click on the "Annotation…" button in the Dimension Styles dialogue box, click on the drop-down
list in the "Text" area of the Annotation dialogue and select the required text style from the list.
Click on "OK" to return to the Dimension Styles dialogue.
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The Dimension Update Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension Update
Keyboard DIM
UPDATE
The Dimension Update command is used to apply the current dimension style to existing
dimensions. You can use this command to change the style of a dimension. Unlike text styles,
dimension styles do not automatically update when the style is changed. The UPDATE
command must be used to force dimensions to appear in the current text style.
Command Sequence
Command: DIM
Dim: UPDATE
Select objects: (pick dimension to update)
Select objects: (pick more dimensions or
to end)
Dim: (press the escape key, Esc to return to the command prompt)
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Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
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LAB SESSION: 12
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Explode and Join Commands
Explode
The Explode command allows to break an object into its component objects. Sometime
in AutoCAD you have a group of objects all locked in a single object. We can use the
same analogy to say that a rectangle will be formed by 4 lines.
If you use the command line RECTANG to draw a rectangle, you will notice you can not
select a line of the rectangle without selecting the whole rectangle. We will, in this case,
say that the rectangle is formed by its 4 lines. If you wish to break the rectangle into 4
lines in a way to allow you to use each line individually, you will need to use the
EXPLODE command.
This command can also be used after creating an ARRAY that has Associative elements.
To be able to remove the associative feature of the array, the EXPLODE command can
be used.
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Erase in AutoCAD
Erase is the command that allows you to erase objects in AutoCAD. But this command
erases the whole object, not part of it.
To Erase an object in AutoCAD
1. Select the object to erase
2. Click on the ERASE icon (shown on the image above)
An alternative way to use this command is the following
1. Select the object to erase
2. Hit the DEL key of your keyboard
JOIN (Command)
Joins the endpoints of linear and curved objects to create a single object.
Find
Combines a series of finite linear and open curved objects at their common endpoints to
create a single 2D or 3D object. The type of object that results depends on the types of
objects selected, the type of object selected first, and whether the objects are coplanar.
Note: Construction lines, rays, and closed objects cannot be joined.
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The following prompts are displayed.
Source object
Specifies a single source object to which you can join other objects. Press Enter after
selecting the source object to begin selecting the objects to join. The following rules
apply for each type of source object:
Line
Only line objects can be joined to the source line. The line objects must all be
collinear, but can have gaps between them.
Polyline
Lines, polylines, and arcs can be joined to the source polyline. All objects must be
contiguous and coplanar. The resulting object is a single polyline.
3D Polyline
Any linear or curved object can be joined to the source 3D polyline. All the
objects must be contiguous, but can be noncoplanar. The resulting object is
either a single 3D polyline or a single spline, depending on whether you are
joining to a linear or a curved object respectively.
Arc
Only arcs can be joined to the source arc. All the arc objects must have the same
radius and center point, but can have gaps between them. The arcs are joined in
a counterclockwise direction starting from the source arc. The Close option
converts the source arc into a circle.
Elliptical Arc
Only elliptical arcs can be joined to the source elliptical arc. The elliptical arcs
must be coplanar and have the same major and minor axes, but can have gaps
between them. The elliptical arcs are joined counterclockwise starting from the
source elliptical arc. The Close option converts the source elliptical arc into an
ellipse.
Helix
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
Any linear or curved object can be joined to the source helix. All objects must be
contiguous, but can be noncoplanar. The resulting object is a single spline.
Spline
Any linear or curved object can be joined to the source spline. All objects must be
contiguous, but can be noncoplanar. The resulting object is a single spline.
Multiple objects to join at once
Joins multiple objects without specifying a source object. The rules and resulting object
types are as follows:





A line object results from joining collinear lines. The lines can have gaps between
their endpoints.
An arc or circle object results from joining coplanar arcs with the same center
point and radius. The arcs can have gaps between their endpoints. Lengthening
occurs in a counterclockwise direction. A circle object results if the joined arcs
form a complete circle.
A spline object results from joining splines, elliptical arcs, or helixes together, or
to other objects. The objects can be noncoplanar.
A polyline object results from joining coplanar lines, arcs, polylines, or 3D
polylines.
A 3D polyline results from joining noncoplanar objects other than curved objects.
Assessment Sheet
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
LAB SESSION: 13
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Draw 2D plan of a house (plot size: 30’-00” x 60’-00”).
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
LAB SESSION: 14
Name: ________________
Roll No: ________________
Date: _________________
Grade: _________________
Draw 2D plan of a house (plot size: 40’-00” x 35’-00”).
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
Assessment Sheet
ELEN-01104 Engineering Drawing Lab
Lab Rubric
Student Name: ______________________
PLOs
Apparatus
Usage
(P-6)
Data
Acquisition
(P-2)
Data
Interpretation
(P-4)
Safety
(P-3)
Viva
(A-2)
Report
(A-2)
PLO-5
PLO-5
Excellent
3.0
Can independently
setup, operate and
handle the apparatus
All required data is
recorded and
presented accurately
and completely in the
required format
Good
2.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
minimal help
Data recorded and
presented is
complete but
accuracy is not as
per requirement.
The required
format is followed.
Roll#: _________________
Satisfactory
1.0
Can setup and
handle the
apparatus with
some help
Data recorded
and presented is
partially
complete. The
required format
is followed but
with few
deficiencies
Poor
0
Score
Cannot setup or
handle the
apparatus
Data recorded only
with considerable
assistance from
instructor
PLO-4
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for all tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes and
interprets data
correctly for few
tasks/
experiments in the
lab
Analyzes data
correctly
however unable
to interpret it
for tasks/
experiments in
the lab
Unable to analyze
and interpret data
for any tasks/
experiments in the
lab
PLO-6
Demonstrates
complete compliance
with related practices
of safety and health.
Demonstrates
sound compliance
with related
practices of safety
and health.
Demonstrates
shortfalls in
following
related practices
of safety and
health.
Does not follow
related practices of
safety and health.
PLO-9
Demonstrates
extensive knowledge
of the topic by
responding precisely
to all questions
Demonstrates
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
precisely to all
questions
Demonstrates
some knowledge
of the topic by
responding
accurately to all
questions
5.0
3.0 – 4.0
1.0 – 2.0
Demonstrates
incomplete
knowledge of the
topic by
responding
inaccurately to all
questions
0
The report contains
all the background
theory and
plotted/recorded data
is correct
The report
contains the theory
but data is not
presented in
reference to the
text
The report
contains the
background
theory and data
with some
errors observed
The theory behind
the topic is
incomplete and the
drawn conclusions
don’t agree with
the concept
PLO-8
Total Score in Lab
/15
Instructor Signature: _________________
Date: _________________
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Page 121