IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Exam Type Revision Questions
Characteristics of Life
1. What is the metabolism?
2. Define continuity of life.
3. Identify and define 7 characteristics of life.
Classification of Living Things
1. What is a species?
2. Organisms are grouped together based on their ………………………
3. Briefly describe the binomial system.
Extended
1. Classification systems reflect evolutionary relationships. Traditionally classification was based on
what 2 things?
Features of Organisms
1. How are amino acid sequences and DNA used in classification?
2. Name 5 things/structures that all organisms have.
3. Name 3 features that are used to put animals into each of these groups: mammals, birds, reptiles,
fish, amphibians and fish.
4. Name 3 features that are used to put arthropods into each of these groups: myriapods, insects,
arachnids, crustaceans.
Extended
1. What are the functions of ribosomes and enzymes in cells?
2. List 3 features of organisms in each of these groups: Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote,
Protoctist.
3. List 3 features of monocots.
4. List 3 features of dicots.
5. Briefly describe viruses.
Cell Structure
1.
2.
Cell organelles include: cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell walls
and ribosomes. Give a function for each of the underlined terms.
Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give a named example for
each.
1
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Extended
1. What is the specific function of mitochondria?
2. Do prokaryotic cells have mitochondria?
3. What cell organelles are located on the rough endoplasmic
reticulum?
4. On this diagram label mitochondria and rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
5. Do cardiac muscle and leg muscles contain many or very few
mitochondria? Why?
Organisation of Living Things
1. Give a definition for each of the following: tissue; organ; system
2. Plants have 3 main types of tissues – dermal, ground and vascular. Explain what is meant by each
and give a specific location for each in a plant.
3. Identify each of these cells:
4. Put these structures in order from cell to organism: heart, human, blood
cells, cardiac muscle, circulatory system.
Magnification
1. A red blood cell is 8 μm in diameter. If drawn 100 times larger than its actual size, what
diameter will the drawing be in mm?
A. 0.08 mm
B. 0.8 mm
C.
8 mm
D. 80 mm
2
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Calculate the magnification of these images:
1. The length of an image is 45mm. It represents a structure that has an actual size of 15 µm.
Determine the magnification.
2. If a mitochondrion has a length of 5 µm and a student’s drawing of the mitochondrion is 10
mm, what is the magnification of the drawing?
A.
×0.0005
B.
×0.5
C.
×200
D.
×2000
2. Calculate the power of magnification of the
image.
Diffusion and Osmosis
1.
How does diffusion differ from osmosis?
2.
Define diffusion.
3.
In a sample of seawater name the solvent, solute and solution.
4.
Name 3 examples of selectively permeable membranes.
5.
Name 3 locations where diffusion occurs in the human body.
6.
Define osmosis.
7.
Why is osmosis so important for plant cells and plant structure?
For questions 5, 6, 8 and 9 you should explain whether more water is moving in OR out of the cell and
the technical term used to describe the state of the cell.
8.
Are animal cells happiest in hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic solutions?
9.
What happens to animal cells in hypertonic solutions?
3
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
What happens to animal cells in hypotonic solutions?
Are plant cells happiest in hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic solutions?
What happens to plant cells in hypertonic solutions?
What happens to plant cells in hypotonic solutions?
What happens to plant cells in isotonic solutions?
Name the third type of exchange other than osmosis and diffusion that requires energy.
Identify two ways that osmosis is applied in food preservation.
Extended
1. Molecules move randomly using ……………… energy.
2. Name 4 factors that affect the rate of diffusion. HINT: Think of how the breathing system is
adapted for rapid gas exchange.
3. Do hypotonic solutions have high or low water potential?
4. Do hypertonic solutions have high or low water potential?
Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define metabolism, catalyst, enzyme and denaturation
What biomolecule are enzymes made from?
What is the role of enzymes in the metabolism?
Why could we not survive without enzymes?
Explain what is meant by active site and how this can be used to explain the specificity of
enzymes.
Temperature and pH both affect enzymes activity. What do unsuitable temperatures or pH do
to enzymes? Explain these effects.
Extended
7.
Draw a diagram to illustrate active site and enzyme substrate complex.
Food
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What do organisms need food for?
Name the 3 main groups of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates are one of 3 types: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. For
each group explain their structure, a source for each and a function for a named carbohydrate
from each.
What are starch, cellulose and glycogen made from?
Carbohydrates and lipids are both made from which three elements?
Draw a simple diagram of a lipid (triglyceride).
How do phospholipids differ from lipids and what important structures are they part of?
What elements are present in protein and what are the functions of proteins?
Name the basic units of proteins. How many of these basic units are found in a protein?
4
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Name a fibrous protein and a globular protein and a location of each.
Excess proteins are broken down to form what and where does this happen?
Name and give the function of one water-soluble and one fat-soluble vitamin.
Outline the importance of water for organisms. (8 marks)
How do you test for each of the following: starch, reducing sugars, fats and oils and vitamin
C?
Describe the structure of DNA. (8 marks)
15.
Photosynthesis
1. Define photosynthesis and write a balanced equation.
2. Why is photosynthesis so important for life on earth? (4)
3. Name 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
4. Draw a diagram for an equipment set-up that you could use to investigate the effect of one
factor on the rate of photosynthesis.
5. Briefly outline your results from this investigation. (3)
6. Label these parts of a leaf on the diagram below: chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and stomata,
upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, xylem and
phloem.
7. For nitrate and magnesium ions identify the following:
- What plants need each of them for
- The effects of a deficiency of each
Extended
1.
Why is chlorophyll essential for photosynthesis i.e. what is its role?
2. Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates, what is the function of carbohydrates in plants?
5
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
3. Define translocation.
4. At certain times of the year carbohydrates are translocated downwards from the aerial parts of some
plant species. Explain why this happens. (3)
5. Name two plant species that store food and identify the structures where the food is stored.
6. Define limiting factor.
7. In relation to photosynthesis name two limiting factors.
8. Describe the conditions that are used in greenhouses to maximise growing conditions.
9. How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis? (4)
Human Nutrition
1. What is a balanced diet? List three factors that affect the diet requirements of an individual.
2. Identify the factors in a person’s diet that contribute to each of the following conditions:
(i)
Starvation
(ii)
Constipation
(iii)
Coronary heart disease
(iv)
Scurvy
(v)
Obesity
3. Complete this table:
3 sources
Function(s)
Carbohydrates
Fats
Lipids
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Calcium
Iron
Fibre (roughage)
Water
4. Define each of these terms:
(i)
Ingestion
(ii)
Digestion
(iii)
Absorption
(iv)
Assimilation
(v)
Egestion (this is not the same as excretion)
(vi)
Mechanical digestion
6
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
(vii)
Chemical digestion
5. What is diarrhoea and why can it be treated using rehydration salts?
6. What is the cause of cholera and some of its symptoms?
7. On this diagram identify the different parts of the human digestive system and the function of
each:
8. Name the four types of human teeth and the function of each.
7
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
9. Label this diagram of a tooth with the following labels: Enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves, cement and
gums.
10. Explain how sugar leads to tooth decay.
11. What can you do to keep your teeth healthy and without cavities. (2)
12. Complete this table:
Enzyme
Amylase
Lipase
Protease
Where is it active?
Substrate
Product(s)
13. Where is hydrochloric acid found in the digestive system and what are the two functions of it?
14. Where is the digested food absorbed into the blood?
15. In which part of the digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed into the blood?
Extended:
1. Under what conditions can a person be deficient in vitamin D? What are the symptoms of a
vitamin D deficiency?
2. What are the symptoms of an iron deficiency? What should a person with an iron deficiency
include in their diet?
3. Identify the causes and effects of each of these: Kwashiorkor and marasmus.
4. Explain how the cholera bacterium causes the symptoms of cholera.
Enzyme
Amylase
Maltase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Where is it active?
Substrate
Product(s)
8
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
5. What do amylase and maltase have in common?
6. What do pepsin and trypsin have in common?
7. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the ………………………………… What is the function of bile?
8. If a person has their gall bladder removed how will it affect their digestion of lipids? (Be
specific).
9. Bile contains sodium hydrogen carbonate, the pancreas also produces this substance. Why do we
need this alkaline substance to be produced?
10. Draw and label a diagram of a villus.
11. Where are villi and microvilli located and why are they important structures?
Gas Exchange
1. How is the breathing system adapted for gas exchange? (4 marks)
2. Label this diagram of the human breathing system:
3. The composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different. Outline 3 differences between them.
Remember that you must refer to both in each of your points.
4. What is used to test for carbon dioxide and what is a positive result?
9
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
5. Why is heart rate higher during and after exercise? (4)
Extended
1. Explain the different roles of internal and external intercostal muscles.
2. What is present to prevent the collapse of the trachea?
3. Outline the mechanism of breathing. Your answer must mention contracting and relaxing, thoracic
volume and thoracic air pressure.
4. Why does exhaled air contain less oxygen but more carbon dioxide and water vapour than inhaled
air?
5. Identify three features of the breathing system that protect the body from infection.
Respiration
1. Define respiration.
2. Define aerobic respiration and identify its location.
3. Identify two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in mammal muscle.
4. Identify five activities/things that we need energy for.
5. Write the word equation and balanced equation for aerobic respiration.
6. Respiration is controlled by enzymes, explain the effect that low and high temperatures would
have on the rate of respiration.
7. What are the products of anaerobic respiration in (i) mammal muscle and (ii) yeast?
Extended
1. Vigorous exercise leads to oxygen debt. Identify three ways that the body reacts to this.
Excretion
1. What is the difference between egestion and excretion?
2. Where is urea formed and what is it formed from?
3. Name the three excretory organs and the substances that they excrete.
4. Draw and label a diagram of the urinary system.
5. How would each of these affect the volume and concentration of urine produced by the kidneys:
(i)
Hot weather
(ii)
High protein diet
(iii)
High intensity exercise
10
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Extended
1. The liver uses (assimilates) amino acids in addition to breaking down excess amino acids. Identify
two proteins that the liver produces using amino acids from our diet.
2. What is deamination? What is removed in this process?
3. Why is it essential for our body to remove wastes such as carbon dioxide and urea?
4. Label the cortex, medulla, ureter and blood vessels on this diagram.
5.
(i)
What process happens in part A?
(ii)
What happens in parts B?
(iii)
Name 3 differences between the composition of the
blood that enters the kidney and the blood that
leaves the kidney.
(iv)
Name three substances that are removed from the
blood and three substances that are reabsorbed into
the blood.
6. If a person requires dialysis their blood is filtered by a machine instead of their kidneys. By what
method do substances move from the blood into the liquid in the machine?
11
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
7. Why does the dialysis fluid need to be changed regularly?
8. Name 1 substance that needs to be fully removed from the blood.
9. Briefly outline the method of dialysis. (3)
10. Why do doctors look for a kidney donor for someone who is on dialysis instead of keeping a
patient on dialysis?
Blood and the heart and the lymphatic system (transport in animals)
1. Is the human circulatory system a single or double system? Explain.
2. What is the job of the heart in the circulatory system?
3. Draw diagrams that show cross sections through an artery, a vein and a capillary. How are these
vessels adapted for their functions?
4. Which type of blood vessels have valves? Why do they need them?
5. Fully label this diagram of the heart, including valves.
6. Name 3 ways that heart rate can be monitored.
7. Explain why pulse rate increases with exercise. (3)
8. Coronary heart is caused by what?
9. Name four factors that can contribute to coronary heart disease.
12
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
10. Name the blood vessels that supply and remove blood from each of these organs:
(i)
Lungs
(ii)
Heart
(iii)
Kidneys
13
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
11. Complete this table:
Part of blood
Description
Diagram
Function(s)
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Extended
1. What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?
2. Explain the differences in the thickness of the heart wall muscle between:
(i)
Left and right sides
(ii)
Atria and ventricles
3. Why is the septum so important?
4. Explain how contraction of the heart muscle pushes blood through the heart and identify when
the valves are open and when they are closed.
5. Name two lifestyle factors that can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
6. List three methods that are used to treat coronary heart disease.
7. What are the functions of arterioles, venules and shunts?
8. Briefly describe the lymphatic system. (3)
9. What is the role of the lymphatic system? (3)
10. Explain the differences between lymphocytes and phagocytic white blood cells in terms of
structure and function. Use a diagram to support your answer.
11. Outline the process of blood clotting. (4)
12. What is tissue fluid and how does it form?
13. Why is tissue fluid essential for the exchange of materials?
14
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Transport in plants
1. Draw and label diagrams that show longitudinal sections of xylem and phloem.
2. List the structural differences between the structure of xylem and phloem.
3. What do xylem and phloem transport? What is the direction of transport in each tissue?
4. Draw and label a root hair cell. By what method does water move into root hair cells? By what
method do mineral ions move into root hair cells?
5. Outline the pathway of water from soil water to the xylem vessels in the root.
6. Draw diagrams to show the location of xylem and phloem in roots and dicot stems.
7. Outline the pathway of water from the xylem in roots to the stomata of leaves.
8. Define transpiration.
9. Identify two factors that affect transpiration rate.
Supplement
1. How are roots adapted for absorbing water from the soil?
2. How are leaves adapted for transpiration?
3. Outline how water moves from roots to the top of plants.
4. Why do plants wilt?
5. Explain why temperature and humidity affect the rate of transpiration.
6. Define translocation.
7. Explain why translocation happens in more than one direction.
8. Define source and sink.
Ecology
1. What is the principle source of energy for food chains?
2. Draw a food chain with four feeding levels.
3. What happens to energy between trophic levels?
4. What is a food web?
5. Define producer and name three species that are producers.
6. Define consumer and name three species that are consumers.
7. Label the organisms in your food chain in number 2 as primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.
8. Define herbivore, carnivore and omnivore and give two examples of each.
9. What effect do each of these have on food webs:
(i)
Overharvesting
(ii)
Introduction of alien species
10. Draw and label a pyramid of energy for your food chain from number 2.
15
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
11. Draw and fully label a diagram of the Carbon cycle.
12. Identify two human activities that have a serious impact on the carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere.
13. Draw and fully label a diagram of the water cycle.
14. Define population and identify three factors that affect population growth.
15. Draw a graph to show how the human population has changed over the last 250 years and identify
two events that significantly changed the trend.
16. Identify five developments that have allowed humans to increase food production.
17. Outline the disadvantages of monoculture.
18. Outline the environmental impacts of intensive livestock production.
19. Why do we destroy habitats?
20. In what ways can human activities alter food webs and food chains?
21. List 4 negative impacts of deforestation.
22. List 3 sources of water pollution.
23. List 3 sources of soil pollution.
24. Identify 2 greenhouse gases. Define greenhouse effect and discuss the implications for the
world’s climate.
25. Define sustainable resource.
26. Identify two renewable energy sources and two non-renewable sources.
27. How can fish stocks be monitored and how can they be maintained?
28. Why is the slogan “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle” a useful approach to conservation?
29. How can sewage be treated to reduce its impact on water?
30. List 5 factors and/or activities that can lead to extinction of species.
31. Explain the role of the following measures in conservation:
(i)
Monitoring and protecting habitats
(ii)
Education
(iii)
Captive breeding
(iv)
Seed banks
Extended
1. Discuss potential societal, environmental and economic implications of providing sufficient food
for the growing human population.
2.
Some reports state that sufficient food is produced in spite of famine reoccurring in many parts
of the world. Explain how this can be the case.
3. Outline eutrophication. (6 marks)
16
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
4. Plastics are a very serious problem for the environment, outline the problems that plastics cause
to the environment, both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
5. Discuss acid rain. (5 marks)
6. What causes estrogen pollution? What are the negative environmental effects of estrogen
pollution?
7. Define sustainable development.
8. Identify 3 factors that are needed for sustainable development.
9. Why do some humans want to conserve plants, animals and ecosystems?
Reproduction
1. Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Asexual reproduction has advantages and disadvantages. Identify one of each for:
(i)
Crop species
(ii)
Species in the wild
3. Define fertilisation.
4. Nucleus and gamete – which has a haploid nucleus and which has a diploid nucleus?
5. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
Reproduction in plants
1. Flowers are used for sexual reproduction in plants. Label these diagrams of a wind-pollinated
flower and an insect-pollinated flower:
2. What are the functions of the following parts of flowers: sepals, petals, anthers, stigma and
ovaries.
3. Define pollination.
4. How does the pollen of wind-pollinated plants differ from the pollen of insect-pollinated plants?
17
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
5. In plants where does fertilisation occur and what fuses together during this process?
6. List the three factors that affect germination in all seeds. Draw a diagram of an experiment setup that can be used to investigate the effect of these factors on germination.
Extended:
1. What is self-pollination? Explain why this is not an example of asexual reproduction.
2. Why is cross-pollination advantageous for a species?
3. Outline what happens between the pollen grain landing on the stigma and fertilisation occurring in
the ovule.
Human Reproduction
1. Label these diagrams:
18
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
2. On the diagrams above label the following:
(i)
Site of gamete production
(ii)
Fertilisation
(iii)
Implantation
(iv)
Development of foetus
3. Identify two adaptations of sperm and two adaptations of eggs.
4. After fertilisation how does the diploid zygote develop?
5. Outline the development of the foetus in the first 12 weeks.
6. Give the functions of these structures:
(i)
Placenta
(ii)
Umbilical cord
(iii)
Amniotic sac
(iv)
Amniotic fluid
7. Identify three pieces of advice that doctors give to pregnant women in relation to lifestyle.
8. Outline the process of birth, 3 stages.
9. For testosterone and oestrogen outline the following:
(i)
Site of production
(ii)
Effect
10. What is the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
11. Name one example of each of the following types of contraception:
(i)
Natural
(ii)
Chemical
(iii)
Physical
(iv)
Surgical
12. Define STI.
19
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
13. Discuss how the transmission of STIs can be prevented. (4 marks)
14. What do the letters HIV stand for? What effect does this virus have on the body in the short
term and long term? (3 marks)
Extended:
1. Compare male and female gametes under the following headings:
(i)
Size
(ii)
Motility
(iii)
Numbers
(iv)
Structure
2. Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved
nutrients, gases and excretory products and providing a barrier to toxins and pathogens.
3. Does the placenta prevent entry of all harmful substances and micro-organisms? Identify three
things that it does allow through that can harm the foetus.
4. Breast feeding has many advantages compared to bottle feeding using formula. Discuss the
advantages.
5. Outline the role of FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen in the menstrual cycle.
6. Where are FSH, LH and progesterone produced?
7. What structure produces progesterone during pregnancy?
8. What happens to progesterone levels at the beginning of labour?
9. What is IVF?
10. IVF involves artificial insemination. What is artificial insemination?
11. How does HIV affect the specific defence system?
Genetics
1. Define inheritance.
2. Explain the difference between gene and allele.
3. On what structures are genes located?
4. How many of these structures are found in
(i)
A human somatic cell
(ii)
A human gamete
(iii)
A bacterial cell
5. Which sex chromosomes do males have?
6. How many cells are produced by mitosis? Are they genetically identical or genetically different to
the parent cell?
20
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
7. What are the roles of mitosis in:
(i)
Bacterial cells
(ii)
Animals
8. How is meiosis different to mitosis?
9. Why is meiosis essential for sexual reproduction?
10. Define the following terms:
(i)
Genotype
(ii)
Phenotype
(iii)
Homozygous
(iv)
Pure breeding
(v)
Heterozygous
11.
INTERPRETING PEGIGREE CHARTS
Look at the pedigree chart below and answer the questions.
THE GREEN FAMILY
1
3
2
4
8
12
Female
suffering with
sickle cell
5
9
13
6
7
10
14
Male suffering
with sickle cell
11
15
16
17
18
21
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. Label the oldest and youngest members of this family. [2 marks]
2. How do you know that 6 and 7 must both be carriers of the disease? (a carrier
is somebody that has the gene but is not affected by the disease) [2 marks]
3. Who is the youngest female in the family?
4. How do you know that 10 and 11 are both affected by sickle cell? [1 mark]
5. Name all the affected females [1 mark]
6. Name all the unaffected males [1 mark]
7. Name all the married couples [2 marks]
8. Who are the members of the family that have no children? [2 marks]
9. 14 has just found out she is pregnant. She is expecting a little girl. Add this
to the pedigree chart [2 marks]
10. How many children did 8 and 9 have? [1 mark]
11. What are the genotypes of 6 and 7?
12. What are the two possible genotypes of 17?
12. Use a Punnet square to show the offspring of two parents that are heterozygous for a trait.
13. Use a Punnet square to show the offspring of one heterozygous parent and one pure-breeding
parent.
Extended:
1. Genes code for proteins. Explain the role of the sequence of bases in a gene in making proteins.
2. Name three groups of proteins that are produced by our cells.
3. Outline the process of protein synthesis. (6 marks)
4. Every somatic gene contains an identical set of genes. Do all cells produce the same proteins?
5. Define haploid nucleus and diploid nucleus.
6. Why must chromosomes be replicated before mitosis?
7. How do stem cells differ from blood and muscle cells?
8. Identify 3 potential uses of stem cells.
9. Meiosis leads to variation. Explain this statement.
10. What is a test cross used for?
11. Complete a Punnet square for a test cross for a fruit fly that has a black body. (Black body is
dominant to ebony (pale) body).
12. What is co-dominance?
22
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
13. Show how blood groups are an example of co-dominance.
14. Name two sex-linked conditions.
15. Use a punnet square to illustrate why sex-linked conditions are more common in males than
females.
16. Show a genetic cross between a colourblind male and a female who is heterozygous for colour
vision.
Variation and evolution
1. Define variation and explain the difference between genotypic and phenotypic variation.
2. Is height an example of continuous or discontinuous variation?
3. Is tongue rolling an example of continuous or discontinuous variation?
4. Define mutation.
5. Mutation leads to new alleles. True or false?
6. List 4 mutagens.
7. What is an adaptive feature? Name two adaptive features for the following species:
(i)
Polar bear
(ii)
Acacia tree
(iii)
Elephant
(iv)
Butterflies
8. Outline the theory of natural selection. (5 marks)
9. What does selective breeding mean? Why have people used selective breeding?
10. Name 3 species that have been selectively bred by humans.
Extended:
1.
In the phrase ‘survival of the fittest’, what does ‘fittest’ mean?
2. Identify the adaptive features of hydrophytes.
3. Identify the adaptive features of xerophytes.
4. Which picture shows halophytes and which shows xerophytes?
5. List 3 adaptive features of each group.
23
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
6. Define evolution.
7. Is antibiotic resistance an example of evolution? Give a reason for your answer.
Biotechnology and genetic engineering
1. Bacteria are widely used in biotechnology, give two reasons why they are suitable.
2. Outline each of these uses of biotechnology:
(i)
Enzymes washing powders
(ii)
Pectinase in fruit juices
(iii)
Yeast in brewing
(iv)
Yeast in baking
3. Define genetic engineering.
4. List 4 specific uses of genetic engineering the benefits given by each.
Extended:
1. Name the DNA structure from bacterial cells that is usually used.
2. Outline the uses and production of lactose-free milk.
3. Define fermenter and list the important characteristics of fermenters.
4. Outline the process of genetic engineering using the production of human insulin by bacteria.
5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, such as soya, maize and
rice.
24
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Diagrams
You need to be able to label all of these diagrams!
Plant Structure Diagrams
Structure of a Flowering Plant
Structure of a Typical Flower
25
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Structure of A Root
Root hair cell
Xylem vessel
26
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Cross Section through a Leaf
Transverse section of leaf showing plant tissues
27
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Transverse section of a root
TS of dicot stem
28
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Cell Diagrams
Light Microscope
Animal cell
Plant cell
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
29
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Enzymes
Turgid plant cell
Lysed animal cell
Plasmolysed plant cell
Crenated animal cell
30
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
DNA
Protein Synthesis
31
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Genetic Engineering
Animal Diagrams
Bacteria
Binary fission
32
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Growth Curve of Bacteria
Rhizopus
Budding in Yeast
33
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Red and White Blood Cells (which are phagocytes and which are lymphocytes)
Veins and Arteries
Heart
34
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Digestive System
Tooth Structure
Types of Teeth
35
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Villus
Breathing System
Ciliated cell
36
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Skin
Eye
37
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Nephron
Urinary system
Sensory (afferent) Neuron
Motor (efferent) Neuron
38
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Inter neuron
Synapse
39
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Endocrine System
Male Reproductive System
40
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Sperm
Female Reproductive System
Egg
41
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Biology Graphs
Predator-Prey Numbers
Enzyme Activity with Temperature
Enzyme Activity with pH
42
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Photosynthesis and Light Intensity
Growth Curve of Bacteria
Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle
43
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Human Diseases
Asthma
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Lung cancer
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Coronary obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Coronary heart disease
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
44
IGCSE Biology Revision Booklet
International School of Lusaka
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
HIV
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
Type I diabetes
Type of Disorder:
Causes:
Prevention:
Symptoms:
Treatment:
45