‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Nondestructive Testing
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- 127 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 W:1.7
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K2
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K4
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E Crack HuntingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EMicro FlowsF
   ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬KEMacro FlowsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  EHeat treatmentF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KECold workingF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.7
 
Visual Inspection
 Penetrant Inspection
 Leak Test
 Thermal Test
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1


‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 Magnetic Particle Test
‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 Ultrasonic Test
‫א‬‫ א‬K7
Microwave Test
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9
 Radiography
 Eddy Current Test

 ‫א‬‫ א‬K6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
 
 WType of defects‫א‬‫א‬:4.7
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 130 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Inherent Defects
 K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Processing defects ‫א‬ K2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Service defects ‫א‬ K3
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Cracks ‫ א‬K1
 Porosity‫ א‬K2
 Tears‫ א‬K3
 Lack of bond‫א‬‫א‬EF K4
 Inclusions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،Segregation  ‫א‬‫ א‬K6
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Lack of penetration in welding‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
 Fatigue Defects‫א‬‫א‬ K9
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،Blow Holes   ‫א‬
K10
 K‫א‬
 FlakesK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K11
 Pitting‫א‬
K12
Laps‫א‬‫א‬
K13
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.7‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7
 
- 133 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 WVisual Inspection‫א‬‫א‬:5.7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 
KSurface porosity‫א‬‫ א‬9
.Unfilled crater 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
KSharp notch‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ –،E Shot blasting F‫א‬ ،E Sand blastingF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E Phototubes F‫א‬،E Photocells F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
 .1.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W1.7
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Converging lensF‫א‬
E ContrastF‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،
 KEBackgroundF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.7
 WLuminex penetrant and developer and fluorescent testing methods
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ :1.6.7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE Acid etching F‫א‬ E Vapor degreasing F
 K‫א‬‫א‬E Sand blasting F‫א‬
 W‫א‬:2.6.7
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E Capillaries F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Oil and whiting method
 Dye method
 Fluorescent method
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K1

‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 Radio-active method ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 :Oil and whiting method‫א‬‫א‬:3.6.7
 
‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 K2.7‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬W2.7 
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDye method‫א‬:4.6.7
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

252

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬ F‫א‬ K4
KE talc F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K5
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 WFluorescent method‫א‬‫א‬:5.6.7
 
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Fluorescent F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE Ultraviolet light F‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 5 J15
 30
 
 
 30
 
 15
 
 30
 
 30
 30
 60
 60
 
 

 
 10
 30
 15
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W2.7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،
‫א‬E Zyglo pentrexF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.7
 
 WRadio Active Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.6.7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:7.6.7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ELow flash pointF ،EVolatile F‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K5
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Magna Flux Inspection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:7.7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :1.7.7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬EParamagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 KE Diamagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬ 9
 K‫א‬‫א‬EFerromagnetic F‫א‬ 9
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬      K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :2.7.7
 
‫א‬3.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 KW3.7
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.7
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:3.7.7
 W‫א‬
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9
K‫א‬ 9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCircular Field
KLongitudinal Field
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.7
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.7
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.7
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