Non-Destructive Testing Coursebook

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Nondestructive Testing  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬  K6    W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ - 127 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    W:1.7   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K1  K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K4 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K3 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬      W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:2.7   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،    ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  - 128 -  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬E Crack HuntingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3 K‫א‬‫א‬ K4 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EMicro FlowsF    ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬KEMacro FlowsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  EHeat treatmentF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KECold workingF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ - 129 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:3.7   Visual Inspection  Penetrant Inspection  Leak Test  Thermal Test  ‫א‬‫ א‬K1   ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2  ‫א‬‫ א‬K3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4  Magnetic Particle Test ‫א‬‫ א‬K5  Ultrasonic Test ‫א‬‫ א‬K7 Microwave Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9  Radiography  Eddy Current Test   ‫א‬‫ א‬K6  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8    WType of defects‫א‬‫א‬:4.7    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 130 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    Inherent Defects  K1  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Processing defects ‫א‬ K2    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Service defects ‫א‬ K3    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬Cracks ‫ א‬K1  Porosity‫ א‬K2  Tears‫ א‬K3  Lack of bond‫א‬‫א‬EF K4  Inclusions‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،Segregation  ‫א‬‫ א‬K6  K‫א‬‫א‬  Lack of penetration in welding‫א‬‫א‬ K7  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8  Fatigue Defects‫א‬‫א‬ K9 - 131 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،Blow Holes   ‫א‬ K10  K‫א‬  FlakesK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11  Pitting‫א‬ K12 Laps‫א‬‫א‬ K13  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.7‫א‬   - 132 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7   - 133 -  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    WVisual Inspection‫א‬‫א‬:5.7   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 9   KSurface porosity‫א‬‫ א‬9 .Unfilled crater 9 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9 KSharp notch‫א‬‫א‬ 9  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ –،E Shot blasting F‫א‬ ،E Sand blastingF ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،E Phototubes F‫א‬،E Photocells F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  .1.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬W1.7 - 134 -  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Converging lensF‫א‬ E ContrastF‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،  KEBackgroundF‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.7  WLuminex penetrant and developer and fluorescent testing methods   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ :1.6.7   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ KE Acid etching F‫א‬ E Vapor degreasing F  K‫א‬‫א‬E Sand blasting F‫א‬  W‫א‬:2.6.7   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،E Capillaries F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬   - 135 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Oil and whiting method  Dye method  Fluorescent method  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ K1  ‫א‬ K2 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3  Radio-active method ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4  :Oil and whiting method‫א‬‫א‬:3.6.7   ‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F  K2.7‫א‬‫א‬،              K‫א‬‫ א‬W2.7      ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WDye method‫א‬:4.6.7    W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬ K1  K‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 136 -  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3  ‫א‬E ‫א‬ F‫א‬ K4 KE talc F‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K5  K‫א‬،‫א‬  WFluorescent method‫א‬‫א‬:5.6.7    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ E Fluorescent F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE Ultraviolet light F‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  5 J15  30      30    15    30    30  30  60  60         10  30  15  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬W2.7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬، ‫א‬E Zyglo pentrexF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 137 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.7    WRadio Active Method‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:6.6.7 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   K‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:7.6.7  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ELow flash pointF ،EVolatile F‫א‬ K1  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K3 K‫א‬‫א‬ K4 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K5 K‫א‬‫א‬  Magna Flux Inspection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:7.7   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - 138 -  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :1.7.7  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬EParamagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬ 9  KE Diamagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬ 9  K‫א‬‫א‬EFerromagnetic F‫א‬ 9   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :2.7.7   ‫א‬3.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K4.7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - 139 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        KW3.7        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.7     - 140 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:3.7.7  W‫א‬    K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9 K‫א‬ 9 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCircular Field KLongitudinal Field - 141 -  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    252  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.7    ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2.7  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.7  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.7 - 142 -

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