‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ٱلر ِحي ِم‬
‫س ِم ٰ ِ‬
‫ِب ْ‬
‫ٱلر ْحم ِن ٰ‬
‫ٱَّلل ٰ‬
SPEAKING SKILLS
BY:
YAHYA HAIDER 220
HAMNA RAFIQUE 218
NEHA GULL 227
SOBBAR TARIQ 217
Speaking Skills:

It is a spoken statement based on planning and gathering facts.

It ranges from brief discussion to formal speeches or lectures

It is the ability to express oneself clearly in front of others

Ability to express one`s idea, thoughts , feelings

To give one`s opinion in different matters.
METHODS OF DELIVERING
ORAL COMMUNICATION

Extemporaneous method

Manuscript-reading method

Memorization method

Impromptu method
Extemporaneous Method:

Speaker communicates on the groundwork of pre-planned outlines or
notes.

The outlines are supported with

Comments

Quotations

Statistics

Figures

Other relevant data
Manuscript-reading
Method:

Speaker reads out manuscript of his speech.

While reading speaker often looks at his audience.

Sometimes he may speak out of his written manuscript to emphasize and elaborate some
points.
Memorization Method:

Speaker communicates by memory.

Speaks spontaneously.

Before delivering the speech he has the theme of message.

Explains and elaborates the points he has memorized.

The speaker may sound like a parrot.
Impromptu Method:

Without preparation, as the situation demands, speaker communicates.

Impromptu refers to without preparation or off-hand.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE
SPEAKING
.
Verbal Factors:

Pitch

Rate

Volume

Vocal quality

Pronunciation
Pitch:

It is the highness or lowness of our voice

Three problems regarding pitch i.e.,

Monotone (no variation in tone)

High pitch and low pitch.

Same words when spoken in different contexts or situation should be
sounded differently e.g.

(when coming to finality there should be downward pitch.
Rate:

Means number of words spoken per minute (varies from person to person)

Public speakers use 80 to 160 words per minute.

Casual conversation rangers from 80 to 250 words per minute.

Too slow or rapid speaking distorts the meaning.

There should also be pauses as these helps the speaker to collect his/her
thoughts or take time to move to a visual.
Volume:

Loudness or softness of voice.

There should be contrast in volume in certain ideas and certain words to
show emphasis

Breathing should be controlled to control voice e.g.( deep breathing is for
loud speaking)

Volume should be according to the number of listeners.
Vocal Quality:

The voice may be strong, weak, masculine, feminine, gentle, clear.

Mouth , tongue, lips, teeth, vocal folds , nose all affect the vocal quality and create
variety.
Pronunciation:

Reaction is negative when word is mispronounced.

Mispronunciation occurs due to:

Jargons (technical terms) for every profession

Varied regional accents

Added sound like ‘you know’

Omitted sounds e.g. using ‘gonna’ in place of ‘going to’.

To sort out these problems educated people of community and latest
dictionaries should be consulted.
Non Verbal Factors:

Posture

Movement

Gesture

Facial expression

Appearance
Posture:

Our outward appearance the mirrors inner mood.

Includes the way to stand or sit.

Standing straight shows confidence while lying shoulders show depression
.
Movement:

Movements are slight and controlled movements from one edge to the
other edge.

Movement is observed to hold attention of audience in large session

Get rid of nervousness

Suggest change in topic and increase emphasis.
Gesture:

It is the entire science of body movements also called kinesics.

It is the movement of head, arms, shoulders and hands.

Gestures are used to:

Replace words e.g. waving arms to say good bye.

Add meanings e.g. finger pointing a direction.

Show feelings like fear, surprise, happiness and rejection of something.

However gesture should vary and should not be continuous.
Facial Expression:


Facial expression like smile or laugh show appreciation
Frown shows anger

Eye contact shows respect and good will

Positive facial expression of speaker help him in better explanation of
his/her topic.
Appearance:

Appearance is mainly influenced by dress.

Dress shows age, gender, social status, education level and position in
organization.

Better dress shows respect for the listeners.

Appearance should support the verbal message.
Preparation For OR Steps In
Oral
Communications/Speaking
.
Steps :

Determine the purpose

Analyze the audience and the situation

Choose the idea to include in the message

Collect and interpret data

Organize the data

Plan visual aids

Rehearse talk
Determine the Purpose:

It is necessary to determine the purpose.

What to say and how to say.

Determine the nature of problem, scope, purpose , time, and money limit.

This start will save time and money.
The purpose may be:

You are merely informing.

You are teaching.

You want to convince.

You are simply trying to entertain .

You want to motivate , guide and supervise.

You are answering to a blame or clarifying our position.
Analyze the Audience and
the Situation:

We can analyze the audience by following information:

AGE

EDUCATION

EXPERIENCE

THE NUMBER OF LISTENERS

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS OF AUDIENCE

GENDER

HIS/HER OR THEIR ATTITUDE,KNOWLEDGE OF PROBLEM

HIS/HER OR THEIR PLACE IN ORGANIZATION
Select the main ideas for
Message:

The speaker should know

The required data.

Procedure involved in collecting data.

What is expected of him from the listener.
Research the Topic/Collect
the Required Data:

Data may be collected from primary and secondary sources.

PRIMARY data is :
First hand and unpublished facts collected from company
record, personal observation and experimentation.

SECONDARY data are :
Second hand information collected from primary resources
( Newspaper , libraries, magazines and govt. offices)
Organize the data:

Organize and arrange the data as follows:

Introduction :

It includes three elements called PAL (Porch, Aim, Layout).

PORCH means opening remarks or preface

AIM describes the purpose

LAYOUT introduces the topics and the plan
according to which speaker is going to discuss

Text: (explanation and discussion)

Conclusion includes suggestion, remedial, steps, advice, etc.
Plan Visual Aids:

Visual aids help the audience to understand the message clearly.

Common devices for display are chalkboards, flip sheets, cards, posters,
projectors and VCRs.

Through these aids we may exhibit tables, pictures, letters, graphs,
diagrams etc.
Rehearse the Talk:

The audience judges the speaker by his

Attitude

Bodily action

Tone of voice

Syntax

Speech content

Style

Speaker should rehearse the speech in a physical and psychological atmosphere close to
that of actual performance.

If possible speak loudly and practice the bodily action.

Proper bodily action augments communication.
THANK YOU