ه
ه
ٱلر ِحي ِم
س ِم ٰ ِ
ِب ْ
ٱلر ْحم ِن ٰ
ٱَّلل ٰ
SPEAKING SKILLS
BY:
YAHYA HAIDER 220
HAMNA RAFIQUE 218
NEHA GULL 227
SOBBAR TARIQ 217
Speaking Skills:
It is a spoken statement based on planning and gathering facts.
It ranges from brief discussion to formal speeches or lectures
It is the ability to express oneself clearly in front of others
Ability to express one`s idea, thoughts , feelings
To give one`s opinion in different matters.
METHODS OF DELIVERING
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Extemporaneous method
Manuscript-reading method
Memorization method
Impromptu method
Extemporaneous Method:
Speaker communicates on the groundwork of pre-planned outlines or
notes.
The outlines are supported with
Comments
Quotations
Statistics
Figures
Other relevant data
Manuscript-reading
Method:
Speaker reads out manuscript of his speech.
While reading speaker often looks at his audience.
Sometimes he may speak out of his written manuscript to emphasize and elaborate some
points.
Memorization Method:
Speaker communicates by memory.
Speaks spontaneously.
Before delivering the speech he has the theme of message.
Explains and elaborates the points he has memorized.
The speaker may sound like a parrot.
Impromptu Method:
Without preparation, as the situation demands, speaker communicates.
Impromptu refers to without preparation or off-hand.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE
SPEAKING
.
Verbal Factors:
Pitch
Rate
Volume
Vocal quality
Pronunciation
Pitch:
It is the highness or lowness of our voice
Three problems regarding pitch i.e.,
Monotone (no variation in tone)
High pitch and low pitch.
Same words when spoken in different contexts or situation should be
sounded differently e.g.
(when coming to finality there should be downward pitch.
Rate:
Means number of words spoken per minute (varies from person to person)
Public speakers use 80 to 160 words per minute.
Casual conversation rangers from 80 to 250 words per minute.
Too slow or rapid speaking distorts the meaning.
There should also be pauses as these helps the speaker to collect his/her
thoughts or take time to move to a visual.
Volume:
Loudness or softness of voice.
There should be contrast in volume in certain ideas and certain words to
show emphasis
Breathing should be controlled to control voice e.g.( deep breathing is for
loud speaking)
Volume should be according to the number of listeners.
Vocal Quality:
The voice may be strong, weak, masculine, feminine, gentle, clear.
Mouth , tongue, lips, teeth, vocal folds , nose all affect the vocal quality and create
variety.
Pronunciation:
Reaction is negative when word is mispronounced.
Mispronunciation occurs due to:
Jargons (technical terms) for every profession
Varied regional accents
Added sound like ‘you know’
Omitted sounds e.g. using ‘gonna’ in place of ‘going to’.
To sort out these problems educated people of community and latest
dictionaries should be consulted.
Non Verbal Factors:
Posture
Movement
Gesture
Facial expression
Appearance
Posture:
Our outward appearance the mirrors inner mood.
Includes the way to stand or sit.
Standing straight shows confidence while lying shoulders show depression
.
Movement:
Movements are slight and controlled movements from one edge to the
other edge.
Movement is observed to hold attention of audience in large session
Get rid of nervousness
Suggest change in topic and increase emphasis.
Gesture:
It is the entire science of body movements also called kinesics.
It is the movement of head, arms, shoulders and hands.
Gestures are used to:
Replace words e.g. waving arms to say good bye.
Add meanings e.g. finger pointing a direction.
Show feelings like fear, surprise, happiness and rejection of something.
However gesture should vary and should not be continuous.
Facial Expression:
Facial expression like smile or laugh show appreciation
Frown shows anger
Eye contact shows respect and good will
Positive facial expression of speaker help him in better explanation of
his/her topic.
Appearance:
Appearance is mainly influenced by dress.
Dress shows age, gender, social status, education level and position in
organization.
Better dress shows respect for the listeners.
Appearance should support the verbal message.
Preparation For OR Steps In
Oral
Communications/Speaking
.
Steps :
Determine the purpose
Analyze the audience and the situation
Choose the idea to include in the message
Collect and interpret data
Organize the data
Plan visual aids
Rehearse talk
Determine the Purpose:
It is necessary to determine the purpose.
What to say and how to say.
Determine the nature of problem, scope, purpose , time, and money limit.
This start will save time and money.
The purpose may be:
You are merely informing.
You are teaching.
You want to convince.
You are simply trying to entertain .
You want to motivate , guide and supervise.
You are answering to a blame or clarifying our position.
Analyze the Audience and
the Situation:
We can analyze the audience by following information:
AGE
EDUCATION
EXPERIENCE
THE NUMBER OF LISTENERS
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS OF AUDIENCE
GENDER
HIS/HER OR THEIR ATTITUDE,KNOWLEDGE OF PROBLEM
HIS/HER OR THEIR PLACE IN ORGANIZATION
Select the main ideas for
Message:
The speaker should know
The required data.
Procedure involved in collecting data.
What is expected of him from the listener.
Research the Topic/Collect
the Required Data:
Data may be collected from primary and secondary sources.
PRIMARY data is :
First hand and unpublished facts collected from company
record, personal observation and experimentation.
SECONDARY data are :
Second hand information collected from primary resources
( Newspaper , libraries, magazines and govt. offices)
Organize the data:
Organize and arrange the data as follows:
Introduction :
It includes three elements called PAL (Porch, Aim, Layout).
PORCH means opening remarks or preface
AIM describes the purpose
LAYOUT introduces the topics and the plan
according to which speaker is going to discuss
Text: (explanation and discussion)
Conclusion includes suggestion, remedial, steps, advice, etc.
Plan Visual Aids:
Visual aids help the audience to understand the message clearly.
Common devices for display are chalkboards, flip sheets, cards, posters,
projectors and VCRs.
Through these aids we may exhibit tables, pictures, letters, graphs,
diagrams etc.
Rehearse the Talk:
The audience judges the speaker by his
Attitude
Bodily action
Tone of voice
Syntax
Speech content
Style
Speaker should rehearse the speech in a physical and psychological atmosphere close to
that of actual performance.
If possible speak loudly and practice the bodily action.
Proper bodily action augments communication.
THANK YOU
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