Anatomy and Physiology, Fall 2022
Exam 1 Summary: Key Topics
Anatomical Organization
1.
Know the hierarchy of organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
2.
Be able to identify and describe the necessary life functions
a.
Boundaries
b.
Movement
c.
Responsiveness
d.
Digestion
e.
Metabolism
f.
Excretion
g.
Reproduction
h.
Growth
2.
Be able to identify and describe homeostasis
a.
Positive and negative feedback
3.
Know the definitions of all anatomical terms described in class and posted on the
resources posted on BOX.
4.
Know the body planes
5.
Know the body cavities
a.
Cranial
b.
Vertebral
c.
Thoracic
i.
Pleural
d.
Mediastinum
i.
Pericardial
e.
Abdominopelvic
i.
Abdominal
ii.
Pelvic
6.
Be able to identify and describe the components of serosa membranes
Cellular Biology
1.
Know the structure of the generalized cell
2.
Know the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane
a.
Phospholipid bilayer
b.
Integral and peripheral proteins
3.
For membranes, know:
a.
Functions
b.
Types of cellular connections
4.
Know the different types of membrane transport
a.
Diffusion
i.
Simple
ii.
Osmosis
iii.
Facilitated
b.
Filtration
c.
Active transport
d.
Bulk transport
i.
Exocytosis
ii.
Endocytosis
5.
Know the different types of endocytosis
6.
Be able to describe the basic function of cytoplasmic organelles
a.
Mitochondria
b.
Ribosomes
c.
Endoplasmic reticulum
d.
Golgi apparatus
e.
Lysosomes
7.
Be able to describe the endomembrane system
8.
Be able to describe the three types of fibers that makeup the cytoskeleton
a.
Microtubules
b.
Microfilaments
c.
Intermediate fibers
9.
Know the structure and function of the nucleus
a.
Envelope
b.
Nucleoli
c.
Chromatin
10.
Know the two periods of the cell cycle
a.
Interphase
b.
Mitosis (meiosis)
11.
Know the subphases of interphase and the events occurring in each
12.
Know the phases of mitosis and the events occurring in each
a.
Prophase
b.
Metaphase
c.
Anaphase
d.
Telophase
e.
Cytokinesis
13.
Be able to describe the chromosomal and DNA makeup during each phase of mitosis
14.
Be able to describe the two nuclear divisions that occur during meiosis
a.
Know the events that occur during each
b.
Know the chromosomal and DNA makeup during each phase
Cancer
1.
Know the terminology that describes neoplasia
a.
Hypertrophy
b.
Hyperplasia
c.
Aplasia
2.
Know the characteristics of tumors
a.
Benign tumors
b.
Malignant tumors
c.
Carcinoma
d.
Sarcoma
3.
Know the epidemiology of cancer
a.
Host factors
b.
Environmental and lifestyle factors
4.
Know the etiology of most cancers
a.
Neoplastic transformation
General Characteristics of Tissue; Non-glandular Epithelial Tissue
1.
For each type of tissue, know:
a.
Functions
b.
Cell types
c.
Fibers
d.
Fluids
2.
Know the three types of muscle tissue and the basic characteristics of each
a.
Skeletal
i.
Striated
ii.
Multinucleated
iii.
Voluntary control
b.
Smooth
i.
Non-striated
ii.
Uninucleated
iii.
No voluntary control
c.
Cardiac
i.
Striated
ii.
Intercalated disks
iii.
No voluntary control
3.
Know the basic characteristics of epithelial tissue
a.
Cellularity: close-packed cells with limited extracellular material
b.
Cellular connections
i.
Tight junctions
ii.
Desmosomes
c.
Cellular organization
i.
Apical surface in contact with fluid or air
ii.
Basal cell layer in contact with basement membrane (lamina)
d.
e.
f.
g.
4.
Connective tissue support
i.
All epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue
ii.
Deep to the basement lamina is a layer of connective tissue—reticular
lamina
iii.
Basement lamina + reticular lamina = basement membrane
Innervated—receives nervous innervation
Avascular—contains no blood vessels
Highly regenerative
i.
Cells are replaced rapidly by cell division
ii.
Cell loss due to friction and contact with hostile environments
For each subtype of epithelial tissue, know the number of cell layers, cell and nuclear
shape, functions, locations, and any unique modifications