<div>Spinal cord is a component of the _______</div>CNS
<div>Spinal nerves are a component of the _________</div>PNS
The spinal cord is encased within the _________vertebral (spinal) canal of the vertebral column
<div>The spinal cord is continuous rostrally with the ____________</div>medulla oblongata of the brain stem.
The spinal cord receives information from, and controls, the _____________trunk and limbs
"<div>The action of the spinal cord is achieved through <u><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span> pairs of spinal nerves </u>that join the cord at intervals along its length and <u>contain afferent and efferent fibers </u>connecting with structures in the periphery.</div>"31
"<div>The action of the spinal cord achieved through <u>31 pairs of spinal nerves </u>that join the cord at intervals along its length and <u>contain <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span> fibers </u>connecting with structures in the periphery.</div>"<u>afferent and efferent</u>
"<div>Spinal cord begins at the base of the skull- foramen magnum and <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><u>_______________</u></span></div>"<div><u>extends down to vertebral level L1/L2</u>.</div><div></div><div><br></div>
"<div>Spinal nerves exit out of vertebral column via the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><u>___________</u></span></div>"<u>intervertebral foramen</u>.&nbsp;
"<div>We have seven cervical vertebrae but <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span> pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8).&nbsp; The first seven cervical nerves (C1-C7) exit ABOVE the same numbered of cervical vertebrae. C8 spinal nerve exits BELOW C7 vertebrae.&nbsp;</div>"eight
"<div>We have seven cervical vertebrae but eight pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8).&nbsp; The first seven cervical nerves (C1-C7) exit <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> the same numbered of cervical vertebrae. C8 spinal nerve exits BELOW C7 vertebrae.&nbsp;</div>"Above
"<div>We have seven cervical vertebrae but eight pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8).&nbsp; The first seven cervical nerves (C1-C7) exit ABOVE the same numbered of cervical vertebrae. C8 spinal nerve exits <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> C7 vertebrae.&nbsp;</div>"Below
"<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Spinal cord levels and vertebral levels <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span></span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;correspond!</span></div>""<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">DO NOT</span>"
"<div><u><b>Suface Features of the Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div><i>Enlargements of the spinal cord is caused by:</i></div><i> </i><div><ul><li>Amount of <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> in the segment (lots of neuronal cell bodies)</li><li>Involvement of sensory and motor nerve limbs</li></ul></div> <div><i>Cervical enlargement</i></div> <div><ul><li><i>C5 to T1</i>, innervate the upper limbs</li></ul></div> <div><i>Lumbar enlargement (lumbosacral)</i></div> <div><ul><li><i>L1 to S3 </i>innervates the lower limbs</li></ul></div>"gray matter
"<u><b>Surface Features of the Spinal Cord:</b></u><br><div><i>Enlargements of the spinal cord is caused by:</i></div> <div><ul><li>Amount of gray matter in the segment (lots of neuronal <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span>)</li><li>Involvement of sensory and motor nerve limbs</li></ul></div> <div><i>Cervical enlargement</i></div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">C5 to T1</span>, innervate the upper limbs</li></ul></div> <div><i>Lumbar enlargement (lumbosacral)</i></div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">L1 to S3 </span>innervates the lower limbs</li></ul></div>"cell bodies
"<u><b>Surface Features of the Spinal Cord:</b></u><br><div><i>Enlargements of the spinal cord is caused by:</i></div><div><ul><li>Amount of gray matter in the segment (lots of neuronal cell bodies)</li><li>Involvement of sensory and motor nerve limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Cervical enlargement</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic; color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>, innervate the upper limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Lumbar enlargement&nbsp;(lumbosacral)</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">L1 to S3&nbsp;</span>innervates the lower limbs</li></ul></div>"C5 to T1
"<u><b>Surface Features of the Spinal Cord:</b></u><br><div><i>Enlargements of the spinal cord is caused by:</i></div><div><ul><li>Amount of gray matter in the segment (lots of neuronal cell bodies)</li><li>Involvement of sensory and motor nerve limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Cervical enlargement</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">C5 to T1</span>, innervate the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Lumbar enlargement&nbsp;(lumbosacral)</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">L1 to S3&nbsp;</span>innervates the lower limbs</li></ul></div>"upper
"<u><b>Surface Features of the Spinal Cord:</b></u><br><div><i>Enlargements of the spinal cord is caused by:</i></div><div><ul><li>Amount of gray matter in the segment (lots of neuronal cell bodies)</li><li>Involvement of sensory and motor nerve limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Cervical enlargement</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">C5 to T1</span>, innervate the upper limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Lumbar enlargement&nbsp;(lumbosacral)</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span>&nbsp;</span>innervates the lower limbs</li></ul></div>"L1 to S3
"<u><b>Surface Features of the Spinal Cord:</b></u><br><div><i>Enlargements of the spinal cord is caused by:</i></div><div><ul><li>Amount of gray matter in the segment (lots of neuronal cell bodies)</li><li>Involvement of sensory and motor nerve limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Cervical enlargement</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">C5 to T1</span>, innervate the upper limbs</li></ul></div><div><i>Lumbar enlargement&nbsp;(lumbosacral)</i></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-style: italic;"">L1 to S3&nbsp;</span>innervates the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> limbs</li></ul></div>"lower
"<div><u><b>Surface Features of Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div>-Also covered in <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span> (continuous with the brain). </div> <div></div> <div>-Opening the meninges towards the inferior end of the spinal cord will expose the following structures: </div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Conus medullaris</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Filum </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">terminale</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cauda equina&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div> "meninges
"<div><u><b>Surface Features of Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div>-Also covered in meninges (<span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span> with the brain).</div><div></div><div>-Opening the meninges towards the inferior end of the spinal cord will expose the following structures:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Conus medullaris</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Filum&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">terminale</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cauda equina&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div>"continuous
"<div><u><b>Surface Features of Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div>-Also covered in meninges (continuous with the brain).</div><div></div><div>-Opening the meninges towards the inferior end of the spinal cord will expose the following structures:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>Name the 3&nbsp;</b></span></li></ul></div>""<ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Conus medullaris</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Filum&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">terminale</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cauda equina&nbsp;</span></li></ul>"
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span>&nbsp;</span></u>is the terminal end of the spinal cord; typically at the L1 vertebral level in adult.</div>""<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Conus medullaris</span></u>"
"<div><b><u><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>-</u></b>- collection of nerves extending below the conus medullaris (L3 to Co1 nerve roots resembling the horse’s tail)</div> <div>Nerves provide the ability to move and feel sensation in the legs and bladder.&nbsp;</div>""<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cauda equina</span></u>"
"<div><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b><u>__________</u></b></span>- thin strand of pia mater that extends from the tip of the conus and attaches to the coccyx. (Anchors the cord inferiorly).</div>""<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Filum&nbsp;</span></u><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">terminale</span></u>"
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">- </span>laterally anchors the spinal cord. Pia mater that extends and attaches itself to dura. </div> <div>See rootlets coming out of the cord- denticulate ligament is also a landmark that separates the dorsal rootlets from the ventral rootlets.&nbsp;</div>"Denticulate Ligament
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Denticulate ligament</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">-&nbsp;</span><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> anchors the spinal cord. Pia mater that extends and attaches itself to dura.</div><div>See rootlets coming out of the cord- denticulate ligament is also a landmark that separates the dorsal rootlets from the ventral rootlets.&nbsp;</div>"laterally
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Denticulate ligament</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">-&nbsp;</span>laterally anchors the spinal cord. <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span> mater that extends and attaches itself to dura.</div><div>See rootlets coming out of the cord- denticulate ligament is also a landmark that separates the dorsal rootlets from the ventral rootlets.&nbsp;</div>"Pia
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Denticulate ligament</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">-&nbsp;</span>laterally anchors the spinal cord. Pia mater that extends and attaches itself to dura.</div><div>See rootlets coming out of the cord- denticulate ligament is also a landmark that separates the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________</span></div>"dorsal rootlets from the ventral rootlets.&nbsp;
<div>Contains fat, veins, spinal arteries, and lymphatics in the spinal cord</div>epidural space
(true space) Between the arachnoid and pia mater…where CSF resides in the spinal cordSubarachnoid space
<div>(potential space of the spinal cord) If you get bleeding between these 2 membranes,it will separate them and form a space.&nbsp;</div>Subdural Space
"<u><b>Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap):</b></u><br><div><ul><li>Procedure done to diagnose or treat a condition.</li><li>A hollow needle is inserted into the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> space in the lower back to withdraw CSF or inject medicine. </li><li>To prevent injury&nbsp; to the spinal cord, the insertion of the needle is done below L2 (usually between L3 and L4). </li><li>Lying on one side (a lateral recumbent position), with knees drawn up towards the chest and the back exposedà curves the spine anteriorly and provides the maximum room between the vertebral processes to allow insertion of the needle.&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "Subarachnoid
"<u><b>Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap):</b></u><br><div><ul><li>Procedure done to diagnose or treat a condition.</li><li>A hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lower back to withdraw CSF or inject medicine.</li><li>To prevent injury&nbsp;&nbsp;to the spinal cord, the insertion of the needle is done below <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span> (usually between L3 and L4).</li><li>Lying on one side (a lateral recumbent position), with knees drawn up towards the chest and the back exposedà&nbsp;curves the spine anteriorly and provides the maximum room between the vertebral processes to allow insertion of the needle.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"L2
"<u><b>Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap):</b></u><br><div><ul><li>Procedure done to diagnose or treat a condition.</li><li>A hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lower back to withdraw CSF or inject medicine.</li><li>To prevent injury&nbsp;&nbsp;to the spinal cord, the insertion of the needle is done below L2 (usually between <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span>).</li><li>Lying on one side (a lateral recumbent position), with knees drawn up towards the chest and the back exposedà&nbsp;curves the spine anteriorly and provides the maximum room between the vertebral processes to allow insertion of the needle.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"L3 and L4
"<u><b>Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap):</b></u><br><div><ul><li>Procedure done to diagnose or treat a condition.</li><li>A hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lower back to withdraw CSF or inject medicine.</li><li>To prevent injury&nbsp;&nbsp;to the spinal cord, the insertion of the needle is done below L2 (usually between L3 and L4).</li><li>Lying on one side (a lateral <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> position), with knees drawn up towards the chest and the back exposed-&gt;&nbsp;curves the spine anteriorly and provides the maximum room between the vertebral processes to allow insertion of the needle.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Recumbent
"<div><u><b>Cross Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div><ul><li>Central area of gray matter shaped like a butterfly surrounded by white matter</li><li>Gray matter- primarily neuronal cell bodies with no <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span></li><li>White matter- primarily myelinated axons</li><li>Central canal- CSF- fluid filled space that runs through the spinal cord.&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "myelin
"<div><u><b>Cross Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div><ul><li>Central area of gray matter shaped like a butterfly surrounded by white matter</li><li>Gray matter- primarily neuronal cell bodies with no myelin</li><li>White matter- primarily <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span></li><li>Central canal- CSF- fluid filled space that runs through the spinal cord.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"myelinated axons
"<div><u><b>Cross Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord:</b></u></div><div><ul><li>Central area of gray matter shaped like a butterfly surrounded by white matter</li><li>Gray matter- primarily neuronal cell bodies with no myelin</li><li>White matter- primarily myelinated axons</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span>- CSF- fluid filled space that runs through the spinal cord.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Central Canal
"<u><b>Grey Matter:</b></u><br><div>-Butterfly shaped- divided into regions referred to as horns. Three pairs of horns:</div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Posterior (dorsal) horns</span>- sensory <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anterior&nbsp; (ventral) horns</span>- sends out motor signals to skeletal muscles </li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Lateral horns</span>- only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar region (for sympathetic). Lateral horn at the sacral level is parasympathetic.&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "processing
"<u><b>Grey Matter:</b></u><br><div>-Butterfly shaped- divided into regions referred to as horns. Three pairs of horns:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Posterior (dorsal) horns</span>- sensory processing</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anterior&nbsp;&nbsp;(ventral) horns</span>- sends out <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> to skeletal muscles</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Lateral horns</span>- only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar region (for sympathetic). Lateral horn at the sacral level is parasympathetic.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"motor signals
"<u><b>Grey Matter:</b></u><br><div>-Butterfly shaped- divided into regions referred to as horns. Three pairs of horns:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Posterior (dorsal) horns</span>- sensory processing</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anterior&nbsp;&nbsp;(ventral) horns</span>- sends out motor signals to skeletal muscles</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Lateral horns</span>- only found in the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span> region (for sympathetic). Lateral horn at the sacral level is parasympathetic.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"thoracic, upper lumbar
"<u><b>Grey Matter:</b></u><br><div>-Butterfly shaped- divided into regions referred to as horns. Three pairs of horns:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Posterior (dorsal) horns</span>- sensory processing</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anterior&nbsp;&nbsp;(ventral) horns</span>- sends out motor signals to skeletal muscles</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Lateral horns</span>- only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar region (for <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span>). Lateral horn at the sacral level is parasympathetic.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"sympathetic
"<u><b>Grey Matter:</b></u><br><div>-Butterfly shaped- divided into regions referred to as horns. Three pairs of horns:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Posterior (dorsal) horns</span>- sensory processing</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anterior&nbsp;&nbsp;(ventral) horns</span>- sends out motor signals to skeletal muscles</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Lateral horns</span>- only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar region (for sympathetic). Lateral horn at the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> level is parasympathetic.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"sacral
"<u><b>Grey Matter:</b></u><br><div>-Butterfly shaped- divided into regions referred to as horns. Three pairs of horns:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Posterior (dorsal) horns</span>- sensory processing</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Anterior&nbsp;&nbsp;(ventral) horns</span>- sends out motor signals to skeletal muscles</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Lateral horns</span>- only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar region (for sympathetic). Lateral horn at the sacral level is <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"parasympathetic
"<div>Within the dorsal horns, inter-neuronal cell bodies accept <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span> from sensory neurons .</div>"information
"<div>The sensory neuronal cell bodies lie in the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span> outside of the spinal cord</div>"dorsal root ganglion
"<div>Sensory neurons send their axons into the spinal cord via the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span></div>"dorsal roots
"The ventral horns contain the cell bodies of <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span> neurons."MOTOR&nbsp;
"<div>Motor neurons project axons out of the cord through ventral roots to supply <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span></div>"muscles and glands
"<u><b>White Matter:</b></u><br><div><i>Separated into columns</i></div> <div><ul><li><u>Posterior (dorsal) columns</u>- lie between the two posterior horns of gray matter. Composed of axons of <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>_________</b></span></li></ul></div> <div><i>These columns are composed of many different groups of axons of ascending and descending tracts:</i></div> <div><ul><li><u>Anterior columns</u>- lie between the two anterior horns</li><li><u>Lateral columns</u>- lie between the posterior horn and anterior horns.&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "ascending tracts
"<u><b>White Matter:</b></u><br><div><i>Separated into columns</i></div><div><ul><li><u>Posterior (dorsal) columns</u>-&nbsp;lie between the two posterior horns of gray matter. Composed of axons of&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ascending tracts</span>.</li></ul></div><div><i>These columns are composed of many different groups of axons of ascending and descending tracts:</i></div><div><ul><li><u>Anterior columns</u>- lie between the two <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span></li><li><u>Lateral columns</u>- lie between the posterior horn and anterior horns.&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"anterior horns
"<u><b>White Matter:</b></u><br><div><i>Separated into columns</i></div><div><ul><li><u>Posterior (dorsal) columns</u>-&nbsp;lie between the two posterior horns of gray matter. Composed of axons of&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">ascending tracts</span>.</li></ul></div><div><i>These columns are composed of many different groups of axons of ascending and descending tracts:</i></div><div><ul><li><u>Anterior columns</u>- lie between the two anterior horns</li><li><u>Lateral columns</u>- lie between the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______________</span>&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"posterior horn and anterior horns.
<div>carry sensory information up to the brain.</div>Ascending Tracts
<div>carry motor commands from the brain.&nbsp;</div>Descending tracts
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Emerging out of the dorsal and ventral horns are the dorsal and ventral <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> respectively. </div> <div><ul><li>Dorsal rootlets carry sensory (afferent) fibers TO the spinal cord </li><li>Ventral rootlets carry motor (efferent) fibers AWAY from the spinal cord. </li></ul></div> <div>-Laterally near each intervertebral foramen, dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets will coalesce into a single dorsal root and ventral root respectively. </div> <div>-The dorsal roots and ventral roots fuse to form the <u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">spinal nerve</span></u><u>, which is a MIXED NERVE carrying both sensory and motor fibers.&nbsp;</u></div>"rootlets
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Emerging out of the dorsal and ventral horns are the dorsal and ventral rootlets respectively.</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal rootlets carry sensory (afferent) fibers <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___</span> the spinal cord</li><li>Ventral rootlets carry motor (efferent) fibers AWAY from the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-Laterally near each intervertebral foramen, dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets will coalesce into a single dorsal root and ventral root respectively.</div><div>-The dorsal roots and ventral roots fuse to form the&nbsp;<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">spinal nerve</span></u><u>, which is a MIXED NERVE carrying both sensory and motor fibers.&nbsp;</u></div>"TO
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Emerging out of the dorsal and ventral horns are the dorsal and ventral rootlets respectively.</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal rootlets carry sensory (afferent) fibers TO the spinal cord</li><li>Ventral rootlets carry motor (efferent) fibers <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> from the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-Laterally near each intervertebral foramen, dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets will coalesce into a single dorsal root and ventral root respectively.</div><div>-The dorsal roots and ventral roots fuse to form the&nbsp;<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">spinal nerve</span></u><u>, which is a MIXED NERVE carrying both sensory and motor fibers.&nbsp;</u></div>"AWAY
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Emerging out of the dorsal and ventral horns are the dorsal and ventral rootlets respectively.</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal rootlets carry sensory (afferent) fibers TO the spinal cord</li><li>Ventral rootlets carry motor (efferent) fibers AWAY from the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-Laterally near each intervertebral foramen, dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets will coalesce into a single dorsal <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span> and ventral <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span> respectively.</div><div>-The dorsal roots and ventral roots fuse to form the&nbsp;<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">spinal nerve</span></u><u>, which is a MIXED NERVE carrying both sensory and motor fibers.&nbsp;</u></div>"root
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Emerging out of the dorsal and ventral horns are the dorsal and ventral rootlets respectively.</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal rootlets carry sensory (afferent) fibers TO the spinal cord</li><li>Ventral rootlets carry motor (efferent) fibers AWAY from the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-Laterally near each intervertebral foramen, dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets will coalesce into a single dorsal root and ventral root respectively.</div><div>-The dorsal roots and ventral roots fuse to form the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span><u>, which is a MIXED NERVE carrying both sensory and motor fibers.&nbsp;</u></div>"spinal nerve
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Emerging out of the dorsal and ventral horns are the dorsal and ventral rootlets respectively.</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal rootlets carry sensory (afferent) fibers TO the spinal cord</li><li>Ventral rootlets carry motor (efferent) fibers AWAY from the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-Laterally near each intervertebral foramen, dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets will coalesce into a single dorsal root and ventral root respectively.</div><div>-The dorsal roots and ventral roots fuse to form the&nbsp;<u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">spinal nerve</span></u><u>, which is a <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> NERVE carrying both sensory and motor fibers.&nbsp;</u></div>"Mixed
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____________</span></div> <div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons. </div> <div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div> <div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are <u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div> <div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components). </div> <div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li> Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"Dorsal Root Ganglia
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span> neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li>Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"psuedounipolar
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span> horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li>Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"dorsal
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li>Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"SYNAPSES
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______________</span> (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li>Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR)
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li>Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"mixed
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span></li><li>Ventral ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"back
"<div><u><b>How do spinal nerves form?</b></u></div><div>-Along the dorsal roots are the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</div><div>-Sensory peripheral neurons in the DRG are pseudounipolar neurons.</div><div><ul><li>The receptors for the pseudounipolar neurons are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep tissue, or viscera and synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.</li></ul></div><div>-The cell bodies sit in the DRG&nbsp; to support the neurons. There are&nbsp;<u>NO SYNAPSES in the DRG</u>! (The nerve fiber or axon passes through the ganglion without synapsing inside of it.)</div><div>-Afterwards, spinal nerves split into dorsal primary rami (DPR) and ventral primary rami (VPR) (also MIXED having both motor and sensory components).</div><div><ul><li>Dorsal ramus- skin and muscles of the back</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> ramus- skin and muscles of the ventral body walls and limbs</li></ul></div>"ventral
<div>A layer, strip of skin that gets sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve</div>dermatome
"<div>Testing of dermatomes is part of the neurological examination. They are primarily used to determine whether the sensory loss on a limb corresponds to a single <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>, implying the lesion is of that nerve root.</div>"spinal segment
<div>As the vertebral artery go up towards the brain, they give off spinal arteries:&nbsp;</div><div>1 anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal</div><div>arteries.</div>
"The spinal arteries give rise to the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>&nbsp;which supply different levels of the cord.&nbsp;"anterior and posterior radicular arteries
"<div>A <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________</span> injury often causes permanent loss of strength, sensation, and function below the site of the injury.</div>"spinal cord
"<div>Spina Bifida</div><div>•Birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly -&gt;&nbsp;results from incomplete closure of <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> during embryonic development. </div> <div>•Spinal cord is exposed. Complications include walking/ mobility problems (weakness of legs and sometimes paralysis), abnormal growth, bone and joint deformities, etc..</div> <div>•Can be prevented with daily <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">folic acid </span>supplements taken prior to conception and during early formation stages</div>"neural tube
"<div>Spina Bifida</div><div>•Birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly -&gt;&nbsp;results from incomplete closure of neural tube during embryonic development.</div><div>•Spinal cord is <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span>. Complications include walking/ mobility problems (weakness of legs and sometimes paralysis), abnormal growth, bone and joint deformities, etc..</div><div>•Can be prevented with daily&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">folic acid&nbsp;</span>supplements taken prior to conception and during early formation stages</div>"exposed
"<div>Spina Bifida</div><div>•Birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don’t form properly -&gt;&nbsp;results from incomplete closure of neural tube during embryonic development.</div><div>•Spinal cord is exposed. Complications include walking/ mobility problems (weakness of legs and sometimes paralysis), abnormal growth, bone and joint deformities, etc..</div><div>•Can be prevented with daily&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>&nbsp;</span>supplements taken prior to conception and during early formation stages</div>"folic acid
"<u><b>Function of Brain Stem:</b></u><br><div>-Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>_________</b></span></div> <div><ul><li>All of the cranial nerves (CN III to CN XII) come from the brainstem EXCEPT CN I and II</li></ul></div> <div>-The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.</div> <div>-Connects the motor and sensory system from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body</div> <div>-Plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function.</div> <div>-Also regulates the CNS, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.</div>"cranial nerves
"<u><b>Function of Brain Stem:</b></u><br><div>-Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the&nbsp;<b>cranial nerves</b></div><div><ul><li>All of&nbsp;the cranial nerves (CN III to CN XII) come from the brainstem EXCEPT <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span></li></ul></div><div>-The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.</div><div>-Connects the motor and sensory system from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body</div><div>-Plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function.</div><div>-Also regulates the&nbsp;CNS, and&nbsp;is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.</div>"CN I and CN II
"<u><b>Function of Brain Stem:</b></u><br><div>-Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the&nbsp;<b>cranial nerves</b></div><div><ul><li>All of&nbsp;the cranial nerves (CN III to CN XII) come from the brainstem EXCEPT CN I and II</li></ul></div><div>-The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.</div><div>-Connects the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span> system from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body</div><div>-Plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function.</div><div>-Also regulates the&nbsp;CNS, and&nbsp;is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.</div>"motor and sensory
"<u><b>Function of Brain Stem:</b></u><br><div>-Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the&nbsp;<b>cranial nerves</b></div><div><ul><li>All of&nbsp;the cranial nerves (CN III to CN XII) come from the brainstem EXCEPT CN I and II</li></ul></div><div>-The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.</div><div>-Connects the motor and sensory system from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body</div><div>-Plays an important role in the regulation of <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span> function.</div><div>-Also regulates the&nbsp;CNS, and&nbsp;is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle.</div>"cardiac and respiratory
"<u><b>Function of Brain Stem:</b></u><br><div>-Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the&nbsp;<b>cranial nerves</b></div><div><ul><li>All of&nbsp;the cranial nerves (CN III to CN XII) come from the brainstem EXCEPT CN I and II</li></ul></div><div>-The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.</div><div>-Connects the motor and sensory system from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body</div><div>-Plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function.</div><div>-Also regulates the&nbsp;CNS, and&nbsp;is pivotal in maintaining <font color=""#0433ff"">___________</font>&nbsp;and regulating the sleep cycle.</div>"consciousness
"<u><b>Function of Brain Stem:</b></u><br><div>-Provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the&nbsp;<b>cranial nerves</b></div><div><ul><li>All of&nbsp;the cranial nerves (CN III to CN XII) come from the brainstem EXCEPT CN I and II</li></ul></div><div>-The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from peripheral nerves and the spinal cord to the highest parts of the brain.</div><div>-Connects the motor and sensory system from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body</div><div>-Plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function.</div><div>-Also regulates the&nbsp;CNS, and&nbsp;is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span></div>"sleep cycle
<div>•Collections of <u>axons</u> (either afferent or efferent) exiting or entering the brain and brainstem.</div> <div>•Have numerical order and are numbered using roman numerals from I to XII.&nbsp;</div>Cranial Nerves
<div>•4 pairs of cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers that serve muscles and glands: </div> <div><br></div>•CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?12
How are the cranial nerves named?<div>•Name because the nerves pass through the foramina or fissures exiting the cranial cavity</div>
CN I (SMB)Sensory
CN II (SMB)Sensory
CN III (SMB)Motor
CN IV (SMB)Motor
&nbsp;CN V (SMB)Both
CN VI (SMB)Motor&nbsp;
CN VII (SMB)Both
CN VIII (SMB)Sensory
CN IX (SMB)Both
CN X (SMB)Both
CN XI (SMB)Motor
CN XII (SMB)Motor
CN IOlfactory Nerve
CN IIOptic Nerve
CN IIIOcculomotor Nerve
CN IVTrochlear
CN VTrigeminal
CN VIAbducens
CN VIIFacial Nerve
CN VIIIVestibulocochlear
CN IXGlossopharyngeal
CN XVagus Nerve
CN XISpinal Accessory Nerve
CN XIIHypoglossal Nerve
CN I FunctionSmell
CN II FunctionVision
CN III FunctionPupillary Constriction
CN IV Functionmotor function of the eye
CN V Function<div>Sensory to most skin of the face and motor to muscles of mastication. Sensory to teeth.</div>
What is the biggest cranial nerveTrigeminal Nerve CN V
CN VI FunctionMotor muscles of eye
CN VII Function<div>Motor to muscles of facial expression, TASTE to anterior 2/3 tongue, parasympathetic to the following glands: lacrimal, sublingual, submandibular glands.</div> <div></div>
CN VIII FunctionHearing and balance
<div>CN IX Function</div> <div></div><div>provides special and general sensation to posterior 1/3 tongue, parasympathetic to parotid gland, a muscle of the tongue, a pharynx muscle</div>
CN X Function<div>motor to a muscle of the tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx. “wandering nerve”- autonomics to gut, heart. Sensory from larynx, pharynx, visceral organs.&nbsp;</div>
CN XI functionmotor to a neck muscle- sternocleidomastoid m. and back muscle- trapezius m
CN XII FunctionMotor to most muscles of tongue
What connects the brain to the spinal cord?Brain stem
What are the 3 regions of the brainstem?Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
<div>The most rostral portion of the brainstem connect diencephalon rostrally and pons caudally&nbsp;</div>Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
<div>the middle part of the brainstem connecting the midbrain with the medulla</div>Pons (Part of metencephalon)
<div>Extends from the lower border of the pons to the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the spinal cord.</div>Medulla (Myelencephalon)
<div>•Visual and auditory reflex centers</div> <div>•Eye movement</div><div><br></div><div>Which part of the brain stem controls these functions?&nbsp;</div>Midbrain
<div>•Sensory analysis</div> <div>•Controls level of consciousness and sleep</div> <div>•Linked to the cerebellum (movement and posture)</div><br>Which part of the brain stem controls these functions?&nbsp;<br>Pons
<div>•Decussation of motor tracts (pyramids)</div> <div>•Respiratory, cardiac, vasomotor centers</div> <div>•Reflexes for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, hiccupping, and vomiting</div><br>Which part of the brain stem controls these functions?&nbsp;<br>Medulla Oblongata
"<div><u><b>Midbrain Anterior Surface:&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-<span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>- large column of descending fibers</div> <div>-Only one nerve emerging from the midbrain: <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">CN III- Oculomotor n</span>. from the media aspect of crus cerebri. </div><ul><li> Provides motor to muscles in the eye</li></ul>"Crus Cerebri
"<div><u><b>Midbrain Anterior Surface:&nbsp;</b></u></div><div>-Crus cerebri- large column of descending fibers</div><div>-Only one nerve emerging from the midbrain:&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>_____________</b></span>&nbsp;from the media aspect of crus cerebri.</div><ul><li>Provides motor to muscles in the eye</li></ul>""<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">CN III- Oculomotor n</span>."
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span></span>&nbsp;concerned with visual reflexes. Combines sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two inferior colliculus</span>: forms part of the auditory pathway. Neurons project to the thalamus, which then sends auditory info. to the cerebrum for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div> "Superior Colliculus
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two superior colliculus</span>: concerned with <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> reflexes. Combines sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two inferior colliculus</span>: forms part of the auditory pathway. Neurons project to the thalamus, which then sends auditory info. to the cerebrum for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div>"visual
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two superior colliculus</span>: concerned with visual reflexes. <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two inferior colliculus</span>: forms part of the auditory pathway. Neurons project to the thalamus, which then sends auditory info. to the cerebrum for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div>"Combines
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two superior colliculus</span>: concerned with visual reflexes. Combines sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span></span>: forms part of the auditory pathway. Neurons project to the thalamus, which then sends auditory info. to the cerebrum for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div>"Inferior Colliculus
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two superior colliculus</span>: concerned with visual reflexes. Combines sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two inferior colliculus</span>: forms part of the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> pathway. Neurons project to the thalamus, which then sends auditory info. to the cerebrum for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div>"auditory
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two superior colliculus</span>: concerned with visual reflexes. Combines sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two inferior colliculus</span>: forms part of the auditory pathway. Neurons project to the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>, which then sends auditory info. to the cerebrum for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div>"Thalamus
"<u><b>Midbrain Posterior Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Marked by 4 elevations:</div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two superior colliculus</span>: concerned with visual reflexes. Combines sensory info. about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space. (Orients the eye to a sound or touch stimulus)</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Two inferior colliculus</span>: forms part of the auditory pathway. Neurons project to the thalamus, which then sends auditory info. to the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> for the conscious perception of sound.</li></ul></div>"Cerebrum
<div>•One nerve emerges from the dorsal side of the midbrain:&nbsp;</div>"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">CN IV- Trochlear n</span>."
connects the third and fourth ventricles providing a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow inside the brain.&nbsp;"•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cerebral aqueduct</span>"
Where is the cerebral aqueduct found?&nbsp;Dorsal side of the midbrain
Which nerves emerge from the ventral side of the pons?&nbsp;CN V, CN VI, CNVII, CN VIII
Which cranial nerve emerges from the middle of ventrolateral aspect of pons?Trigeminal
Which cranial nerve emerges from sulcus between pons and pyramid?CN VI
Which Cranial nerves emerge at junction between the medulla, pons, and cerebellum?Facial and Vestibulocochlear
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span>. It <u>forms the upper half of the floor of the fourth ventricle</u>.&nbsp; </div> <div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar peduncles- </span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem. </div> <div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Median sulcus</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div> <div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Facial colliculus</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers. </div> <div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Sulcus limitans- </span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the fourth ventricle.<span style=""font-weight: bold;""></span></div>"cerebellum
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the cerebellum. It&nbsp;<u>forms the upper half of the floor of the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> ventricle</u>.&nbsp;</div><div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar peduncles-&nbsp;</span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Median sulcus</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Facial colliculus</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Sulcus limitans-&nbsp;</span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the fourth ventricle.</div>"fourth
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the cerebellum. It&nbsp;<u>forms the upper half of the floor of the fourth ventricle</u>.&nbsp;</div><div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>-&nbsp;</span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Median sulcus</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Facial colliculus</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Sulcus limitans-&nbsp;</span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the fourth ventricle.</div>"peduncles
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the cerebellum. It&nbsp;<u>forms the upper half of the floor of the fourth ventricle</u>.&nbsp;</div><div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar peduncles-&nbsp;</span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Facial colliculus</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Sulcus limitans-&nbsp;</span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the fourth ventricle.</div>"Median Sulcus
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the cerebellum. It&nbsp;<u>forms the upper half of the floor of the fourth ventricle</u>.&nbsp;</div><div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar peduncles-&nbsp;</span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Median sulcus</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Sulcus limitans-&nbsp;</span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the fourth ventricle.</div>"Facial Colliculus
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the cerebellum. It&nbsp;<u>forms the upper half of the floor of the fourth ventricle</u>.&nbsp;</div><div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar peduncles-&nbsp;</span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Median sulcus</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Facial colliculus</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span>-&nbsp;</span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the fourth ventricle.</div>"Sulcus Limitans
"<u><b>Pons Dorsal Surface:</b></u><br><div>•Posterior surface of the pons is usually hidden from view by the cerebellum. It&nbsp;<u>forms the upper half of the floor of the fourth ventricle</u>.&nbsp;</div><div>•Removing the cerebellum, you see the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">cerebellar peduncles-&nbsp;</span>connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Median sulcus</span>- divides the floor of the fourth ventricle on the midline.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Facial colliculus</span>- elevation on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Houses the abducens nucleus and the facial motor fibers.</div><div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Sulcus limitans-&nbsp;</span>separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei from the sensory nuclei. Lateral border of the floor of the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span> ventricle.</div>"fourth
"<div>The floor of the fourth ventricle is formed by posterior surfaces of the pons and the upper part of the medulla. It is <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> in shape (diamond-shaped) and because of its shape, the floor of fourth ventricle is often called <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>__________</b></span>.&nbsp;</div>""rhomboid;&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">rhomboid fossa</span>"
"<u><b>Medulla Oblongata Anterior/Ventral Surface:</b></u><br><div><ul><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>_________</b></span>: divides the medulla into 2 halves. It’s lower part is marked by decussation of pyramids.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Pyramids: </span>paired elevations, lies on either side of ventral median fissure. Produced by the <u>corticospinal tract</u></li></ul>Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.<br><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Olives: </span>paired oval swellings, lies lateral to the pyramid. Produced by gray matter called inferior olivary nuclei.</li></ul>Deals with involuntary functions- breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.&nbsp;<br></div> "<b>Anterior (ventral) median fissure</b>
"<u><b>Medulla Oblongata Anterior/Ventral Surface:</b></u><br><div><ul><li><b>Anterior (ventral) median fissure</b>: divides the medulla into 2 halves. It’s lower part is marked by decussation of pyramids.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span>:&nbsp;</span>paired elevations, lies on either side of ventral median fissure. Produced by the&nbsp;<u>corticospinal tract</u></li></ul>Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.<br><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Olives:&nbsp;</span>paired oval swellings, lies lateral to the pyramid. Produced by gray matter called inferior olivary nuclei.</li></ul>Deals with involuntary functions- breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.&nbsp;</div>"Pyramids
"<u><b>Medulla Oblongata Anterior/Ventral Surface:</b></u><br><div><ul><li><b>Anterior (ventral) median fissure</b>: divides the medulla into 2 halves. It’s lower part is marked by decussation of pyramids.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Pyramids:&nbsp;</span>paired elevations, lies on either side of ventral median fissure. Produced by the&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><u>_________</u></span></li></ul>Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.<br><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Olives:&nbsp;</span>paired oval swellings, lies lateral to the pyramid. Produced by gray matter called inferior olivary nuclei.</li></ul>Deals with involuntary functions- breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.&nbsp;</div>"corticospinal tract
"<u><b>Medulla Oblongata Anterior/Ventral Surface:</b></u><br><div><ul><li><b>Anterior (ventral) median fissure</b>: divides the medulla into 2 halves. It’s lower part is marked by decussation of pyramids.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Pyramids:&nbsp;</span>paired elevations, lies on either side of ventral median fissure. Produced by the&nbsp;<u>corticospinal tract</u></li></ul>Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.<br><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>:&nbsp;</span>paired oval swellings, lies lateral to the pyramid. Produced by gray matter called inferior olivary nuclei.</li></ul>Deals with involuntary functions- breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.&nbsp;</div>"Olives
"<u><b>Medulla Oblongata Anterior/Ventral Surface:</b></u><br><div><ul><li><b>Anterior (ventral) median fissure</b>: divides the medulla into 2 halves. It’s lower part is marked by decussation of pyramids.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Pyramids:&nbsp;</span>paired elevations, lies on either side of ventral median fissure. Produced by the&nbsp;<u>corticospinal tract</u></li></ul>Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.<br><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Olives:&nbsp;</span>paired oval swellings, lies lateral to the pyramid. Produced by gray matter called <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span>.</li></ul>Deals with involuntary functions- breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.&nbsp;</div>"Inferior olivary nuclei
"<u><b>Medulla Oblongata Anterior/Ventral Surface:</b></u><br><div><ul><li><b>Anterior (ventral) median fissure</b>: divides the medulla into 2 halves. It’s lower part is marked by decussation of pyramids.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Pyramids:&nbsp;</span>paired elevations, lies on either side of ventral median fissure. Produced by the&nbsp;<u>corticospinal tract</u></li></ul>Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.<br><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Olives:&nbsp;</span>paired oval swellings, lies lateral to the pyramid. Produced by gray matter called inferior olivary nuclei.</li></ul>Deals with <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>- breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.&nbsp;</div>"involuntary functions
"<div><span style=""font-style: italic;"">Collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.</span></div>"Corticospinal tract
Which 4 nerves emerge from the Medulla?CN IX-XII
Which CNs emerge tom the posterolateral sulcus of the Medulla?CN IX-XI
Which cranial nerve emerges from the sulcus between the pyramids and olives?CN XII
<u><b>Medulla Posterior Surface:&nbsp;</b></u><br><div>The medulla is divided into the......</div>caudal part (closed medulla) and cranial part (open medulla)
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Closed medulla (caudal part)</span></u></div> <div><ul><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>- divides the closed medulla into 2 halves</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Fasciculus </span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">gracilis</span>: medial- most tract in the medulla. Contains fibers from medial portion of dorsal column of spinal cord</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Fasciculus cuneatus: </span>Lies lateral to the fasciculus gracilis in medulla. Contains fibers from the lateral potion of dorsal column of spinal cord.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle- </span>elevation at the upper part of the fasciculus cuneatus and gracile respectively. Marks the sites of cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus respectively&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "dorsal median sulcus
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Closed medulla (caudal part)</span></u></div> <div><ul><li>Dorsal median sulcus- divides the closed medulla into 2 halves</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><b>____________</b></span>: medial- most tract in the medulla. Contains fibers from medial portion of dorsal column of spinal cord</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Fasciculus cuneatus: </span>Lies lateral to the fasciculus gracilis in medulla. Contains fibers from the lateral potion of dorsal column of spinal cord.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle- </span>elevation at the upper part of the fasciculus cuneatus and gracile respectively. Marks the sites of cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus respectively&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "Fasciculus gracilis&nbsp;
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Closed medulla (caudal part)</span></u></div><div><ul><li>Dorsal median sulcus- divides the closed medulla into 2 halves</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Fasciculus&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">gracilis</span>: medial- most tract in the medulla. Contains fibers from medial portion of dorsal column of spinal cord</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____________</span>:&nbsp;</span>Lies lateral to the fasciculus&nbsp;gracilis&nbsp;in medulla. Contains fibers from the lateral potion of dorsal column of spinal cord.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle-&nbsp;</span>elevation at the upper part of the fasciculus cuneatus and&nbsp;gracile&nbsp;respectively. Marks the sites of cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus respectively&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Fasciculus cuneatus
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Closed medulla (caudal part)</span></u></div><div><ul><li>Dorsal median sulcus- divides the closed medulla into 2 halves</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Fasciculus&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">gracilis</span>: medial- most tract in the medulla. Contains fibers from medial portion of dorsal column of spinal cord</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Fasciculus cuneatus:&nbsp;</span>Lies lateral to the fasciculus&nbsp;gracilis&nbsp;in medulla. Contains fibers from the lateral potion of dorsal column of spinal cord.</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________________</span>-&nbsp;</span>elevation at the upper part of the fasciculus cuneatus and&nbsp;gracile&nbsp;respectively. Marks the sites of cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus respectively&nbsp;</li></ul></div>""<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Cuneate tubercle and gracile tubercle</span>"
"<div>The <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____________</span> carries information from the lower torso and the lower limbs.&nbsp;</div> <div>The cuneate nucleus carries information from the upper body and the upper limbs.</div>"Gracile
"<div>The gracile nucleus carries information from the lower torso and the lower limbs.&nbsp;</div> <div>The <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> nucleus carries information from the upper body and the upper limbs.</div>"cuneate
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Open medulla (cranial part</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">)</span></div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span>- </span>widest cavity/space that provides passage for CSF to reach the subarachnoid space surrounding brain. Divides the area into 3 parts (from medial to lateral).</li><li>1. Hypoglossal triangle- overlies the hypoglossal nucleus.</li><li>2. Vagal triangle- overlies dorsal vagal nucleus.</li><li>3. Vestibular area- overlies vestibular nuclei</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Obex</span>- the point at which the 4th ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. The decussation of sensory fibers happens at this point.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></div> "Fourth Ventricle
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Open medulla (cranial part</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">)</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">4</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">th</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;ventricle-&nbsp;</span>widest cavity/space that provides passage for CSF to reach the subarachnoid space surrounding brain. Divides the area into 3 parts (from medial to lateral).</li><li>1. <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>- overlies the hypoglossal nucleus.</li><li>2. Vagal triangle- overlies dorsal vagal nucleus.</li><li>3. Vestibular area- overlies vestibular nuclei</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Obex</span>- the point at which the 4th&nbsp;ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. The decussation of sensory fibers happens at this point.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Hypoglossal triangle
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Open medulla (cranial part</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">)</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">4</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">th</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;ventricle-&nbsp;</span>widest cavity/space that provides passage for CSF to reach the subarachnoid space surrounding brain. Divides the area into 3 parts (from medial to lateral).</li><li>1. Hypoglossal triangle- overlies the hypoglossal nucleus.</li><li>2. <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span>- overlies dorsal vagal nucleus.</li><li>3. Vestibular area- overlies vestibular nuclei</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Obex</span>- the point at which the 4th&nbsp;ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. The decussation of sensory fibers happens at this point.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Vagal triangle
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Open medulla (cranial part</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">)</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">4</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">th</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;ventricle-&nbsp;</span>widest cavity/space that provides passage for CSF to reach the subarachnoid space surrounding brain. Divides the area into 3 parts (from medial to lateral).</li><li>1. Hypoglossal triangle- overlies the hypoglossal nucleus.</li><li>2. Vagal triangle- overlies dorsal vagal nucleus.</li><li>3. <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_________</span>- overlies vestibular nuclei</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Obex</span>- the point at which the 4th&nbsp;ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. The decussation of sensory fibers happens at this point.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Vestibular area
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Open medulla (cranial part</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">)</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">4</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">th</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;ventricle-&nbsp;</span>widest cavity/space that provides passage for CSF to reach the subarachnoid space surrounding brain. Divides the area into 3 parts (from medial to lateral).</li><li>1. Hypoglossal triangle- overlies the hypoglossal nucleus.</li><li>2. Vagal triangle- overlies dorsal vagal nucleus.</li><li>3. Vestibular area- overlies vestibular nuclei</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______</span>- the point at which the 4th&nbsp;ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. The decussation of sensory fibers happens at this point.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Obex
"<div><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Open medulla (cranial part</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">)</span></div><div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">4</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">th</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">&nbsp;ventricle-&nbsp;</span>widest cavity/space that provides passage for CSF to reach the subarachnoid space surrounding brain. Divides the area into 3 parts (from medial to lateral).</li><li>1. Hypoglossal triangle- overlies the hypoglossal nucleus.</li><li>2. Vagal triangle- overlies dorsal vagal nucleus.</li><li>3. Vestibular area- overlies vestibular nuclei</li><li><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Obex</span>- the point at which the 4th&nbsp;ventricle narrows to become the central canal of the spinal cord. The <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> of sensory fibers happens at this point.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul></div>"Decussation
"<div>The <span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span>&nbsp;</span>are <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">collection of cell bodies </span>(gray matter) in the brainstem that receive primary sensory inputs or send motor outputs.&nbsp;Attached to these cells are fibers called cranial nerves (bundles of axons).</div>"cranial nerve nuclei
3 motor categories of cranial nerve nuclei<div><ul><li>General somatic efferent (GSE)</li><li>General visceral efferent (GVE)</li><li>Special visceral efferent&nbsp; (SVE)**</li></ul></div> 4 sensory groups of cranial nerve nuclei<div><ul><li>General somatic afferent (GSA)</li><li>General visceral afferent (GVA)</li><li>Special somatic afferent (SSA)**</li><li>Special visceral afferent (SVA)**</li></ul></div> "<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Cranial nerve nuclei </span>form <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____</span>&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">discontinuous longitudinal columns of neuronal cell bodies within the brain stem</span>. Each nuclear column represents a particular fiber type.&nbsp;</div>"six
"<div>•<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">THERE ARE NO <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">__________</span> classification of cranial nerve nuclei!</span></div>""<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">special somatic efferent</span>"
"<div>Unlike spinal nerves which are ALWAYS mixed, <u>cranial nerves can be <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________________</span></u></div>"<u>purely motor, purely sensory, or mixed.&nbsp;</u>
<div>Information that travels from our special senses (vision, smell, taste, hearing and balance)</div>special sensation
<div>Describes information to/from everywhere else</div>general sensation
<div>Information that goes to/ from the skin and skeletal muscles</div>Somatic sensation
Information that travels to/ from our internal organsVisceral sensation
<div>Nerve fibers that carry impulses from the CNS to <u>skeletal muscles</u>.&nbsp;</div>GSE
<div>Nerve fibers that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. (<u>Think parasympathetic</u>!)</div>GVE
<div>Refers to muscle tissue derived from the pharyngeal arches in the embryo. Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles that <u>control facial expression and position of the jaw, neck, larynx, and pharynx</u>.&nbsp;</div>SVE
<div>Nerve fibers that convey touch, pressure, temperature, and pain (skin) and information of movement and position (proprioception) from somatic structures like muscles, tendons, and joints (<u>sensation from skin, muscles, joints</u>)</div>GSA
<div>special senses involving <u>vision, hearing, and balance</u></div>SSA
<div>sensation from internal organs.&nbsp;</div>GVA
<div>fibers that convey impulses for <u>smell and taste</u>.</div>SVA
"<div>The <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span> (represents the <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">general somatic afferent (GSA) </span>cell column) extends throughout the length of the brainstem into the spinal cord. Its principal afferents are carried in the trigeminal nerve (CN V)</div>"&nbsp;trigeminal sensory nucleus
"<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">General visceral afferents (GVA) and Special visceral afferent (SVA) </span>are carried by the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________________</span> end in the <u>nucleus solitarius tract </u>(NST) of the medulla.&nbsp;</div>"facial n. (CN VII), glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), and vagus n. (CN X)
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">General visceral afferents (GVA) and Special visceral afferent (SVA)&nbsp;</span>are carried by the facial n. (CN VII), glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), and vagus n. (CN X) end in the&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);""><u>_____________</u></span>&nbsp;of the medulla.&nbsp;"<u>nucleus solitarius tract&nbsp;</u>(NST)
"<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________</span>&nbsp;</span>columns consists of four nuclei that lie near the midline and give rise to motor fibers that run in the same name. </div> <div>1.Oculomotor nucleus for the oculomotor n. (CN III), </div> <div>2.Trochlear nucleus for trochlear n. (CN IV), </div> <div>3.Abducens nucleus for abducens n. (CN VI)</div> <div>4.Hypoglossal nucleus for hypoglossal n. (CN XII)- innervates most muscles of the tongue</div>""<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">General somatic efferent (GSE)</span>"
4 GSE Nerves/nuclei1) CN III<br>2) CN IV<br>3) CN VI<br>4) CN XII
"<div>The <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">general visceral efferent (GVE) </span>(<u>parasympathetic column</u>) is made up of:</div> <div><ul><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span> nucleus of the midbrain for oculomotor n. (CN III).</li><li>Superior salivary nuclei of the pons for the facial n. (CN VII) as well as lacrimal nucleus (not shown) and inferior salivary nuclei for glossopharyngeal n (CN IX).</li><li>Dorsal motor nucleus of Vagus of the medulla for vagus n. (CN X)</li></ul></div> "Edinger-westphal Nucleus
"<div>The&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">general visceral efferent (GVE)&nbsp;</span>(<u>parasympathetic column</u>) is made up of:</div><div><ul><li>Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus of the midbrain for oculomotor n. (CN III).</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________</span> for the facial n. (CN VII) as well as lacrimal nucleus (not shown) and inferior salivary nuclei for glossopharyngeal n (CN IX).</li><li>Dorsal motor nucleus of&nbsp;Vagus&nbsp;of the medulla for&nbsp;vagus&nbsp;n. (CN X)</li></ul></div>"Superior salivary nuclei of the pons
"<div>The&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">general visceral efferent (GVE)&nbsp;</span>(<u>parasympathetic column</u>) is made up of:</div><div><ul><li>Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus of the midbrain for oculomotor n. (CN III).</li><li>Superior salivary nuclei of the pons for the facial n. (CN VII) as well as lacrimal nucleus (not shown) and inferior salivary nuclei for <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______________</span>.</li><li>Dorsal motor nucleus of&nbsp;Vagus&nbsp;of the medulla for&nbsp;vagus&nbsp;n. (CN X)</li></ul></div>"CN IX
"<div>The&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">general visceral efferent (GVE)&nbsp;</span>(<u>parasympathetic column</u>) is made up of:</div><div><ul><li>Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus of the midbrain for oculomotor n. (CN III).</li><li>Superior salivary nuclei of the pons for the facial n. (CN VII) as well as lacrimal nucleus (not shown) and inferior salivary nuclei for glossopharyngeal n (CN IX).</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________________</span> for&nbsp;vagus&nbsp;n. (CN X)</li></ul></div>"Dorsal motor nucleus of&nbsp;Vagus&nbsp;of the medulla
"<div>Cells in the <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">special visceral efferent (SVE) </span>column <u>innervate muscles derived from the branchial/ pharyngeal arches</u>. (Nerve fibers that control facial expression and position of the jaw, neck, larynx, pharynx.)</div> <div><ul><li>Lie in the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">____________</span> for the trigeminal n. (CN V)</li><li>Facial nucleus for facial n. (CN VII)</li><li>Nucleus ambiguus for glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), vagus n. (CN X), spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li><li>Nucleus of spinal accessory for spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li></ul></div> "trigeminal motor nucleus
"<div>Cells in the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">special visceral efferent (SVE)&nbsp;</span>column&nbsp;<u>innervate muscles derived from the branchial/ pharyngeal arches</u>. (Nerve fibers that control facial expression and position of the jaw, neck, larynx, pharynx.)</div><div><ul><li>Lie in the trigeminal motor nucleus for the trigeminal n. (CN V)</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">______</span> nucleus for facial n. (CN VII)</li><li>Nucleus&nbsp;ambiguus&nbsp;for glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX),&nbsp;vagus&nbsp;n. (CN X), spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li><li>Nucleus of spinal accessory for spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li></ul></div>"facial&nbsp;
"<div>Cells in the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">special visceral efferent (SVE)&nbsp;</span>column&nbsp;<u>innervate muscles derived from the branchial/ pharyngeal arches</u>. (Nerve fibers that control facial expression and position of the jaw, neck, larynx, pharynx.)</div><div><ul><li>Lie in the trigeminal motor nucleus for the trigeminal n. (CN V)</li><li>Facial nucleus for facial n. (CN VII)</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> for glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX),&nbsp;vagus&nbsp;n. (CN X), spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li><li>Nucleus of spinal accessory for spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li></ul></div>"Nucleus ambiguus
"<div>Cells in the&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">special visceral efferent (SVE)&nbsp;</span>column&nbsp;<u>innervate muscles derived from the branchial/ pharyngeal arches</u>. (Nerve fibers that control facial expression and position of the jaw, neck, larynx, pharynx.)</div><div><ul><li>Lie in the trigeminal motor nucleus for the trigeminal n. (CN V)</li><li>Facial nucleus for facial n. (CN VII)</li><li>Nucleus&nbsp;ambiguus&nbsp;for glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX),&nbsp;vagus&nbsp;n. (CN X), spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li><li><span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____________</span> for spinal accessory n. (CN XI)</li></ul></div>"Nucleus of spinal accessory
"<div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Special somatic afferent (SSA) </span>column located both in pons and medulla corresponds to the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_______________</span> (for vestibulocochlear n. (CN VIII))</div>"vestibular and cochlear nuclei
"<div>•Specialized receptive nerve endings found at the terminal ends of <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">___________</span> nerve fibers</div> <div>•Sensory receptors help the body adapt to its environment by helping transmit sensory input through the PNS</div>"afferent/sensory peripheral
"<div>•Somatosensory receptors are associated with the peripheral axon of afferent/sensory neurons</div> <div>•The sensory neuron is a <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span> neuron, which has its cell body located in the DRG (sensory ganglion) or the cranial sensory ganglia associated with CNs V, VII, IX, and X</div>"psuedounipolar
"<div>•Somatosensory receptors are associated with the peripheral axon of afferent/sensory neurons</div> <div>•The sensory neuron is a pseudounipolar neuron, which has its cell body located in the <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">_____</span> (sensory ganglion) or the cranial sensory ganglia associated with CNs V, VII, IX, and X</div>"DRG
"<div>•Somatosensory receptors are associated with the peripheral axon of afferent/sensory neurons</div> <div>•The sensory neuron is a pseudounipolar neuron, which has its cell body located in the DRG (sensory ganglion) or the cranial sensory ganglia associated with CNs <span style=""color: rgb(4, 51, 255);"">________</span></div>"V, VII, IX, and X
Somatosensory Processing Steps<div>•STEP 1: Sensory Reception</div> <div>•STEP 2: Transduction</div> <div>•STEP 3: Transmission</div> <div>•STEP 4: Interpretation</div>
<div>Attributes for effective somatosensory processing:</div><div>•1. Stimulus Intensity Threshold/Adequate Stimulus</div> <div>•2. Stimulus Location/Receptive Field</div> <div>•3. Stimulus Duration/Adaptation</div> <div>•4. Stimulus Modality/Type of Sensation</div>
<div>respond to chemical stimuli (smell, taste, Ph, metabolite concentrations)</div>Chemoreceptors
Visual receptorsPhotoreceptors
<div>respond to temperature and changes in temperature</div>Thermoreceptors
<div>respond to physical deformation (cutaneous receptors for touch, receptors that monitor muscle length and tension, auditory and vestibular receptors)</div>"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">Mechanoreceptors</span>"
pain receptorsNocireceptors
Ways sensory receptors can be classified:<ul><li>Based on type of stimulus detected</li><li>Encapsulation</li><li>Location</li></ul>
<div>monitor events within the body; visceral receptors (organ stretch, pH changes)</div>Interoreceptors
<div>respond to stimuli that originate outside the body (touch, hearing, vision)</div>exteroreceptors
<div>monitor changes in body/body part position&nbsp;</div>Proprioreceptors
<div>Meissner’s Corpuscles Location</div><div>Superficial glabrous skin (palms, soles of feet, lips)</div>
<div>Meissner’s Corpuscles Type</div>Mechanoreceptors, encapsulated
<div>Meissner’s Corpuscles Modality</div><div>Touch: fine, discriminative touch (2-point discrimination), flutter (low frequency vibrations)</div>
<div>Meissner’s Corpuscles Adaptation</div>Rapidly adapting
<div>Meissner’s Corpuscles receptive field</div>Small
<div>Merkel’s Cells Location</div><div>Superficial; basal layer of hairy and glabrous skin (fingertips, palms, lips, oral cavity)</div>
<div>Merkel’s Cells Types</div>Mechanoreceptor; nonencapsulated
<div>Merkel’s Cells Modality</div><div>Touch: sustained fine, discriminative touch, shape, texture (stereognosis)</div>
<div>Merkel’s Cells Adaptation</div>Slowly adapting
<div>Merkel’s Cells Receptive field</div>small
<div>Ruffini’s Corpuscles Location</div>Deep skin and joints
<div>Ruffini’s Corpuscles Type</div><div>Mechanoreceptor/Proprioceptor; encapsulated&nbsp;</div>
<div>Ruffini’s Corpuscles Modality</div><div>Touch: Static stretch; principal receptor in the periodontal ligament and provides critical feedback about occlusal bite force and movement of the tooth.</div>
<div>Ruffini’s Corpuscles Adaptation</div>Slowly adapting
<div>Ruffini’s Corpuscles Receptive Field</div>Large
<div>Pacinian Corpuscles Location</div><div>Deep skin, joints, periosteum, some viscera</div>
<div>Pacinian Corpuscles Type</div>Mechanoreceptor; encapsualted
<div>Pacinian Corpuscles Modality</div><div>Touch: vibration, deep pressure changes</div>
<div>Pacinian Corpuscles Adaptation</div>Rapidly adapting
<div>Pacinian Corpuscles Receptive Field</div>Large
<div>Free Nerve Endings Location</div>Superficial and deep skin (also in joints and viscera)
<div>Free Nerve Endings Modality</div><div>Touch: crude touch, tickle</div> <div>Temperature</div> <div>Pain and itching.</div>
<div>Free Nerve Endings Adaptation</div>Both
<div>Hair Follicle Receptor Location</div>Deep hairy skin
<div>Hair Follicle Receptor Modality</div><div>Touch: discriminative touch (formed by lightly myelinated nerve endings warping around the base of the hair follicle)</div>
<div>Hair Follicle Receptor Adaptation</div>Rapidly adapting
Cutaneous Recptors:"<ul><li>Meissner's Corpuscles</li><li>Merkel's Cells</li><li>Ruffini's Corpuscles</li><li>Pacinian Corpuscles</li><li>Free Nerve Endings&nbsp;</li><li>Hair Follicle Receptors</li></ul>"
Muscle Proprioreceptors:Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ
Muscle Spindles Locationskeletal muscle
<div>Muscle Spindles Type</div>Proprioreceptors; encapsulated
Golgi Tendon Organ LocationMuscle-tendon insertion
<div>Golgi Tendon Organ Type</div><div>Proprioceptor; encapsulated</div>
Joint Propriorecpetors<ul><li>Paciniforms Corpuscles</li><li>Ruffinis Corpuscles</li><li>Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles (Golgi end organs)</li></ul>
<div>Paciniform Corpuscles Location</div>Joint capsule
<div>Paciniform Corpuscles Type</div>Proprioreceptors; encapsulated
<div>Paciniform Corpuscles Modality</div><div>Joint position, direction and speed of joint movement</div>
<div>Paciniform Corpuscles Adaptation</div>Rapdily
<div>Paciniform Corpuscles Receptive field</div>Large
Free Nerve Endings (Visceral) Modality<div>Stretch, pressure</div> <div></div> <div>Baroreceptors – specialized mechanoreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch to monitor BP</div> <div></div> <div>Chemoreceptors – aortic and carotid bodies&nbsp;</div>
Which is the only specialized oral mucaose sensory receptor?&nbsp;Taste receptors
Which Somatosensory Pathways are Conscious/Cerebral?Anterolateral Spinothalamic and DCML Paths
Which Somatosensory Pathways are Unconscious/Cerebellar?Spinocerebellar
ALS Path ModalityCrude touch, itch, pain, Temperature
ALS Pathway First order neuron Cell bodyDRG
ALS Pathway first order neuron Synapse inDorsal horn of spinal cord
ALS Pathway Second order neuron Cell body inDorsal Horn of Spinal Cord (ipsilateral)
When/ Where does ALS Pathway Decussation Happen?2nd order neuron in the anterior white commisure
Where does the 2nd order neuron in the ALS Pathway synapse?VPL of the thalamus
Where are the ALS Pathway 3rd order neuron cell bodies?VPL of the thalamus (contralateral)
Where do 3rd order neurons of ALS Pathway synapse?Postcentral gyrus (cerebrum) contralateral
In ALS Pathway is the first order neuron is damaged where is the sensation loss?&nbsp;Ipsilateral
In ALS Pathway is the second order neuron is damaged before decussation where is the sensation loss?&nbsp;ipsilateral
In ALS Pathway is the second order neuron is damaged after decussation where is the sensation loss?&nbsp;Contralateral
In ALS Pathway is the Third order neuron is damaged where is the sensation loss?&nbsp;Contralateral
Pain and Temp Associated LesionsIrritation (Hyperalgesia and allodynia)<br>Destruction (Analgesisa and Hypoalgesia)
Increased senstivity to pain and tempHyperalgesia
Pain due to stimulus that does not normally provoke painAllodynia
Complete loss of sensationAnalgesia
Decreased sensationHypoalgesia
What is the modality of the DCML PathwayFine touch, proprioception, pressure
Where are the cell bodies of the first order neurons in the DCML Pathway?DRG
Where do the first order neurons in the DCML Pathway synapse?Nucleus Gracilis (T6 and below stimuli)<br>Nucleus Cuneatus (T6 and above stimuli)
Where are the cell bodies of the Second order neurons in the DCML Pathway?Nuclei cuneatus and gracilis in the medulla ipsilateral
Where does the decussation in the DCML Pathway occur?On the second order neuron in the medulla
Where do the second order neurons in the DCML Pathway synapse?VPL of the thalamus
Where are the cell bodies of the third order neurons in the DCML Pathway?VPL of the thalamus
Where do the third order neurons in the DCML Pathway synpase?Postcentral gyrus in the cerebrum
Fine touch and proprioception associated lesions<ul><li>Astereognosis</li><li>Parasthesia</li><li>Hyperalgesia</li><li>Allodynia</li><li>Positive Romberg Sign</li></ul>
<div>inability to identify object’s shape or texture by touch</div>Asterognosis&nbsp;
Pins and needles feelingParasthesia
<div>loss of balance when eyes shut; fall to side of spinal cord lesion</div>Positive Romberg Sign
Where is loss of sensation in the DCML pathway if injury accurs on the first order neuron?Ipsilateral
Where is loss of sensation in the DCML pathway if injury accurs on the second order neuron before decussation?Ipsilateral
Where is loss of sensation in the DCML pathway if injury accurs on the second order neuron after decussation?Contralateral
Where is loss of sensation in the DCML pathway if injury accurs on the third order neuron?contralateral&nbsp;
What is the spinocerebellar pathway for?&nbsp;unconscious proprioception
How many neurons are in the spinocerebellar pathway?2 neurons
How many tracts are there in the spinocerebellar pathway?4
Where are the cell bodies of the first order neuron for all the tracts in the spinocerebellar pathway?DRG
Where do first order neurons synapse in the DSCT of the spinocerebellar pathway?Spinal cord
Where do first order neurons synapse in the VSCT of the spinocerebellar pathway?Spinal cord
Where do first order neurons synapse in the RSCT of the spinocerebellar pathway?Spinal cord (just diff levels from VSCT and DSCT)
Where do first order neurons synapse in the Cuneocerebellar tract of the spinocerebellar pathway?Synapse in cuneate nucleus in the medulla
Which tracts have a second order nucleus cell body in the spinal cord in the spinocerebellar pathway?VSCT, DSCT, RSCT
Where are the second order nucleus cell bodies in the cuneocerebellar tract of the spinocerebellar pathway?Nucleus cuneatus in the medulla
Where do all of the second order neurons synapse in the spinocerebellar pathway?Ipsilateral cerebellum
Which tract does a double cross over in the spinocerebellar pathway and where do the two crossovers occur?VSCT; anterior white commisure and superior cerebellar peduncle
What are the modalities associated with the spinal trigeminal pathway?pain, crude touch, temperature in the face
How many neurons are in the spinal trigeminal pathway?3
Where does the input come from in the spinal trigeminal pathway?Face!!
Where are the first order neuron cell bodies in the spinal trigeminal pathway?sensory trigeminal ganglia
Where do the first order neurons synapse in the spinal trigeminal pathway?in trigeminal spinal nucleus in the medulla and spinal cord
Which neuron decussates in the spinal trigeminal pathway?2nd order neuron
&nbsp;Where do the second order neurons synpase in the spinal trigeminal pathway?VPM of the thalamus contralateral
Where are 3rd order neuron cell bodies located in the spinal trigeminal pathway?VPM of the thalamus
Where do third order neurons synapse in the spinal trigeminal pathway?Cerebral cortex (contralateral)
What are the modalities associated with the main/chief trigeminal pathway?fine touch, stereognosis, vibration, stretch
How many neurons are in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?3
Where are the cell bodies of the first order neurons in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?Sensory trigeminal ganglia
Where do the first order neurons synapse in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?trigeminal main sensory nucleus in the pons
Where are second order neuron cell bodies in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?Trigeminal main sensory nucleus in the pons
Which neurons decussate in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?2nd order
Where do second order neurons synapse in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?VPM of thalamus (contralateral)
Where are thrid order neuron cell bodies in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?VPM of the thalamus
Where do third order neurons synapse in the main/chief trigeminal pathway?Cerebral cortex contralateral
What are the 4 trigeminal nerve nuclei?<ul><li>Motor</li><li>Main sensory</li><li>Spinal&nbsp;</li><li>Mesencephalic</li></ul>
What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal spinal nucleus?Pars oralis<br>Pars interpolaris<br>Pars caudalis
What is the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway responsible for?unconscious proprioception of head
Where does the input come from for the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?Face!!
Where are the first order neuron cell bodies in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?Sensory trigmeninal ganglia
Where do the cell bodies of the first order neurons in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway pass through wihtout synapsing?mesencepahlic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
Where can first order neurons synapse in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?"Chief sensory nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, motor nucleus, or CPG's"
Where do second order neurons residing in the chief sensroy nucleus synpase in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?&nbsp;ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus
Where do second order neurons residing in the trigmeninal spinal nucleus synpase in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?&nbsp;ipsilateral cerebellum
Where do third order neuron cell bodies exist in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?&nbsp;VPM of the thalamus only in the CHIEF SENSORY NUCLEUS PATH
Where do the third order neurons synapse in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?&nbsp;Ipsilateral cerebral cortex
What do second order neurons from the motor nucleus do in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?&nbsp;Jaw jerk reflex
"What do second order neurons in the CPG's do in the trigeminal mesencepahlic pathway?&nbsp;"Rhythmic chewing and bite force
Where do first order neuron cell bodies reside for CN VII?geniculate nucleus
Where do first order neuron cell bodies reside for CN IX?Petrosal (inferior) and superior ganglion
Where do first order neuron cell bodies reside for CN X?Nodose (inferior) and jugular (superior vagal) ganglion
Where do all first order neurons synapse in the CN VII, IX, and X GSA Pathway?spinal trigeminal nucleus
Where are second order neuron cell bodies in the CN VII, IX, and X GSA Pathway?trigeminal spinal nucleus
Where do second order neurons synapse in the CN VII, IX, and X GSA Pathway?Contralateral VPM of the thalamus
Where are third orde neuron cell bodies in the CN VII, IX, and X GSA Pathway?VPM of the thalamus
Where do third order neurons synapse in the CN VII, IX, and X GSA Pathway?Contralateral cerebral cortex
Where do first order neurons synapse in the CN VII, IX, X GVA/SSA Pathway?solitary nucleus in the brainstem
Where do the first order neurons pass through without synapsing in the CN VII, IX, X GVA/SSA Pathway?NST
Where are the second order neuron cell bodies in the CN VII, IX, X GVA/SSA Pathway?Solitary nucleus&nbsp;
Where do second order neurons synapse in the CN VII, IX, X GVA/SSA Pathway?higher regions of the CNS
What visceral sensations is CN VII responsible for?tactile and chemical irritation on posterior palate and nasopharynx
What visceral sensations is CN IX responsible for?baroreflex in the carotid sinus and carotid body reflex
What visceral sensations is CN X responsible for?Cough, swallow, aortic body reflex and aortic sinus (baroreceptor reflex)
How many neurons are in the GVA/SSA CN VII, IX, and X pathways?2
First order neurons in the gustatory pathway synapse in the?Solitary nucleus
Second order neurons cell bodies in the gustatory pathway located in the?solitary nucleus
Second order neurons in the gustatory pathway synapse in the?VPM of the thlamus ipsilateral
Third order neurons cell bodies in the gustatory pathway located in the?VPM of the thalamus
Third order neurons in the gustatory pathway synapse in the?Insular cortex ipsilateral
<div>a rapid, involuntary, and repeatable response to a stimulus.</div>Neural Reflex
Types of reflexes<ul><li>Spinal vs cranial</li><li>congenital vs acquired</li><li>Mono-synaptic Poly-synaptic</li><li>Somatic or visceral/autonomic</li></ul>