It is a system that creates representations of the world.Mind
It is the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characterististics and properties of the mind and how it operates.Cognitive Psychology
He is a Dutch physiologist who determined how long does it take to make a decision.Franciscus Donders
It measure how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus.Reaction Time
What are the two types of measurement Franciscus Donders made?Simple reaction time, and Choice reaction time
"By Franciscus Donders' conclusion, how long does it take for a person to make a decision?"one-tenth of a second (1/10th of a second)
Why is Franciscus Donders experiment simple yet relevant to the Cognitive Psychology?It illustrates significance about studying the mind. We learned that mental responses can not be measured directly, it must be inferred from behavior.
Who founded the 1st laboratory of Scientific Psychology at University of Leipzig, Germany?Wilhelm Wundt
"What is Wilhem Wundt's approach in measuring the properties of mind?"Structuralism
It is our overall experience determinded by combining basic element of experiences and sensations.Structuralism
It is a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.Analytic Introspection
Who is the Father of Experimental Psychology?Wilhelm Wundt
He is a Germand Psychologist at the University of Berlin, Germany.Hermann Ebbinghaus
What is Herman Ebbinghaus approach in measuring the properties of mind?He used a quantitative method on how to measure the nature of memory and forgetting.
How did Herman Ebbinghaus conducted his experiment?He learned 13 nonsense syllables and measure how long it took him to learn and relearn it.
What is the term that Herman Ebbinghaus use for calculating the time?Savings
Smaller savings means:More forgetting
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environmentWilliam James
What significant observations did William James made in his book Principles of Psychology?Withdrawal from some things in order to deal efficiently with other things.
Who proposed the new approach in measuring the properties of mind?John Watson
What did John Watson wanted when he proposed Behaviorism?He wanted to restrict Psychology to behavioral data.
The little albert experiment was associated with what?classical conditioning
"What happened to ""Little Albert"" ?"A 9-month old baby was exposed to a neutral stimuli then the neutral stimuli was associated with a sound.
Who provided another tool for studying the relationship between stimulis and response.B.F Skinner
This technique focused on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers.Operant Conditioning
Who is the researcher who conducted the rat in a maze experimentEdward Chace Tolman
He saw language development as a biological program that holds among culture.Noel Chomsky
This is when psychology shifted from behaviorism and stimulus response into understanding the operation of the mind.Cognitive Revolution (1960s)
Defined normal science, established paradigms, wrote The Structure of Scientific RevolutionsThomas Kuhn
A system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time.Paradigm
This approach traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition.Information-proccessing approach
Operation of mind can be described as a occuring in a number of stages.Information-proccessing approach
Who proposed the 1st flow diagram about the mind?Donald Broadbent
A young math professor who wondered about computers mimicing the humand mind.John McCarthy
What is the conference conducted by John McCarthy?Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence
They made the Model of Memory, study of higher mental processes.Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
This memory holds in for a fraction of second.sensory memory
This memory holds info for secondsshort-term memory
This memory is high-capacity and can store info for long.long-term memory
What are the 3 types of long-term memory?Episodic, Semantic, Procedural
Life eventsEisodic Memory
Facts (learn and memorize Mrt stations, capital of states, etc.)Semantic Memory
The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans.Neuropsychology
the study of electrical activity in the bodyElectrophysiology
a range of experimental techniques that make brain structures and brain activity visiblebrain imaging
an imaging technique used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasksPositron Emission Tomography (PET)
"A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels"functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Physical actions (How to ride a bike, play piano, etc.)Procedural Memory
Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes.Sensory Input
To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed.Integration
Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response.Motor Output
consists of the brain and spinal cordCentral Nervous System (CNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Picks up sensory stimuli.Sensory Division (Afferent)
Sends directions from brain to muscles and glands.Motor Division (Efferent)
Rules your skeletal muscle movement.Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Keeps your heart beating, your lungs breathing, and your stomach churning.Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
"The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies."Sympathetic Division
A branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal body functions; it calms the body ever conserves energy.Parasympathetic Division
Provide support, nutrition, insulation, and help with signal transmission in the nervous system.Glial Cells
Exchange of materials between neurons and capillaries.Astrocytes
Immune defense against invading microorganisms.Microglial Cells (CNS)
Create, secrete, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.Ependymal Cells (CNS)
Produce an insulating barrier called the myelin sheath.Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Surround and support neuron cell bodies.Satellite Cells (PNS)
Produce an insulating barrier called the myelin sheath.Schwann Cells (PNS)
A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.Multipolar (neuron)
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma.Bipolar (neuron)
A neuron with one axon attached to its soma; the axon divides, with one branch receiving sensory information and the other sending the information into the central nervous system.Unipolar (Neuron)
Impulse moves between sensory and motor neurons.Interneurons
Neurons got more than one signal they can send, and it only transmits at one uniform strength and speed.FALSE. Only one signal.
Measure of potential energy generated by separated charge. The membrane potential.Voltage
"The flow of electricity from one point to another. Indicate the flow of positively or negatively charged ions across the resistance of your cells' membranes."Current
"Whatever's getting in the way of current."Resistance
"An ion channel that uses the neuron's energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to pump three Na+ ions outside the cell in exchange for bringing two K+ ions inside the cell."Sodium-potassium pump
The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.Electrochemical gradient
Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential.Voltage-Gated Channels
Open when a neurotransmitter latches onto its receptor.Ligand-Gated Channels
Open in response to the physical stretching of the membrane.Mechanically-Gated Channels
shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell membranes leaving neuron and polarized state; needs higher than normal threshold of excitation to fire<br>A local voltage change in a neuron membrane induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength proportional to the strength of the stimulus and lasting about a millisecond.Graded Potential
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.Depolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.Repolarization
an increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potentialHyperpolarization
A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.Refractory Period
The speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon.Conduction Velocity
Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.Saltatory Conduction
A type of syanpse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore an action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell, usually in smooth and cardiac muscle. - compared to chemical synapse.Electrical Synapse
A type of synapse at which a chemical (a neurotransmitter) is released from the axon of a neuron into the synaptic cleft, where it binds to receptors on the next structure (either another neuron or an organ)Chemical Synapse
Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.Gap Junctions
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.Synaptic Cleft
Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that excite the next neuron into firing.Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that inhibit the next neuron from firing.Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles.Reuptake
A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.Serotonin
"A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system."Dopamine
A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation.Norepinephrine