NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
A holistic approach grounded in
principles of empowerment, human
rights, inclusion, social justice, selfdetermination and collective action
(Kenny, 2007)
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Description
The
United Nations defines community
development as a “process where
community members come together to
SUBTOPIC
take collective action
and generate
solutions to common problems.”
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CD programs are led by community members
at every stage – from deciding on issues to
selecting and implementing actions, and
evaluation.
PURPOSE
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To
bring
people
to
motivate
themselves
through programs geared towards their overall
development as a unit of society.
Encouraging togetherness and teamwork is
another purpose of community development and this
brings about a sense of strength.
It aims to bring social reforms through
discouraging ancient social or cultural practices that
are outdated and possibly harmful.
We also cannot underestimate the purpose
of community
development
that
is
creating
awareness on various social concerns such as health,
poverty, security, hunger among others.
It also aims to promote good governance as it
ensures the community leaders are on their toes. It
makes them aware that they are being watched when
it comes to issues related to their people and how
they make decisions that affect them.
PRINCIPLES
Self-determination - people and communities
have the right to make their own choices and
decisions.
Empowerment - people should be able to
control and use their own assets and means to
influence.
Collective action - coming together in groups
or organizations strengthens peoples’ voices.
Working
and
learning
together collaboration and sharing experiences is vital
to good community activity.
CHARACTERISTICS
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Focus on geographic communities;
\ local definition is important
• Includes a broad range of people
• Also, can focus on population groups
• Promotes empowerment, cooperation
and consensus
• Leadership shared with citizens and
those with appointed power
• Relationship oriented
PHILOSOPHY
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PROPERTY NG INA MO
Seeks to strengthen the capacity of
community members to act collectively to
improve their physical, social, economic,
and political environment
Builds
sustainable
places
through participation and empowerment
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
Core Values of Community Development
Collaboration and inclusion – A large part of
community development revolves around two
major values: group inclusion and collaboration.
Healthy teamwork is crucial in order for a
community development project to succeed.
Meaningful participation and change – Speaking
of teamwork, it’s essential to understand that
your participation is needed for a greater
purpose. Your contributions have significant
meaning and value as you move your community
towards change.
Respect – Respect for your community and
others is so important in this process. Without it,
the change that’s needed will not be possible.
Focusing on solidarity and being respectful of
others is a large part of the process.
Strengths-based
assets –
A
goal
of
community development is to strengthen the
overall strength of the community and its
residents.
Integrity –
No
good
work
can
be
accomplished without integrity. We need
honest, dutiful people who value their
community and actively seek out positive
change for everyone.
Hope – There’s no more important quality
for community development than hope.
Change starts with individuals, then it grows as
we work together with hope for a better,
more fruitful future.
ELEMENTS
Community Development as a Process
Community Development is a process form one
condition to another. It is an evolutionary state
of change from lower point to the upper. It is the
process of total development of man in a
community is the motivation of people towards
change
in
their behavior and
mental growth. Thus it can be easily said that
C.D is a process of emphasizing social as well as
psychological change in human social life.
Community Development as a Method
Community development as a method of
practical work in the community people is
involved in it to bring change and development
in the community. It is a method of
improvement and progress in which the social
organizer play an important role. Social worker
goes to the communities met with people and
aware
them
about
the socio economic backwardness and its causes
in the locality. So, C.D as a method uses by the
social organizers to bring people together and
work collectively for the improvement and
progress of community.
Community Development as a Program
It is a set of procedures and having its rules and
regulation in the form of programs. There
programs are involved in the better
improvement of the community people in
PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
various sectors. Different programs are working
to achieve a variety of specific change and
development in community. The community
program tries to meet the basic needs and
requirements of the people.
Basically, community
activities are as under:
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development program
Physical improvements, such as roads,
housing, sanitation, drainage, system
and farming etc.
Functional activities are health,
education, protection, recreation etc.
Social activities including group
discussion
cooperation,
work
together, self-reliance etc.
Community Development as a Movement
-deepen the decentralization process
-set
the
National
and
Local
Community Development agendas and support
the communities to understand them
People:
-It’s the people of the community who
generates solutions to common problems that
improve the economic, social, environmental
and cultural wellbeing of the community
-The control of community people over the
amount, quality and benefits of development
activities helps make the process sustainable.
Strategy:
-useful, in guiding daily actions and prioritizing
and reviewing established goals, and for
measuring progress.
It is the gradually change in behavior,
belief, mental
horizon
and
motivation
towards change in human life. As a movement, it
is the persuasion of masses to become self
reliance and work for the betterment of
community. This movement is imposable
without
the
help, cooperation
and
coordination and also active participation of the
people in community programs. When the
people identify the need of program as their
own, then the process of development starts
with full zeal and progress. In this way the
process of community development takes place
as a movement from lower stages to the
peak point.
-aim to provide a focus on specific needs which
have an impact across the whole community.
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1. WELFARE APPROACH
PILLARS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
-the immediate and/or spontaneous to
ameliorate the manifestation of poverty
especially on the personal level
Objectives/goals:
-identifies long and short-term goals the
community wants to achieve
Technology:
-a catalyst for social change
-gives power and a voice to people within the
larger ecosystem
APPROACHES
PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
-assumes that poverty is God-given; destined,
hence the poor should accept their condition
since they will receive their just reward in
heaven
-believes that poverty is caused by bad luck,
natural disasters and certain circumstances
which are beyond the control of the people
COPAR
HRDP
2. MODERNIZATION APPROACH
assumes that development consists
of abandoning the traditional methods of doing
things and must adopt the technology of
industrial countries
believes that poverty is due to lack
of education, lack of resources such as capital
and technology
A model for establishing and implementing
effective, sustainable and participatory PHC
programs in DDU (deprived, depressed,
underserved) communities
It entails development and mobilization of
students and faculty of paramedical institutions,
and enrichment of health oriented curriculum
and reorienting the health education of future
health workers to be more responsive and
relevant to the current community health needs
Strategies:
3. PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
this is the process of empowering/transforming
the poor and the oppressed sectors of
society so that they can pursue a more just and
humane society
Strengthening the integration of PHC, COPAR,
Adult teaching learning concepts, strategies and
methodologies in the health science curricula
Systematization of the student’s
exposure program
Development of CHO which can sustain health
development program
believes that poverty is caused by prevalence of
exploitation, oppression, domination and other
unjust structure
Community – capability building
through leadership and skills trainings.
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Provision of health services by the
faculty, students and the trained Barangay
Health Workers
PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
HISTORY OF HRDP
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was developed and sponsored by
the Philippine Center for Population
and Development (PCPD)
PCPD is a non-stock, non –
profit institution, which serve as a
resource center assisting institutions
and agencies
through
programs
and projects geared toward the
social human development of rural
and urban communities
to make health services available
and accessible
to
depressed
and underserved
communities
in
the Philippines.
Community organizing as the main
strategy to be employed in preparing
the communities to develop their
community health care systems and the
establishment
of
community
health organization to manage the
community health programs.
Organizing work in the communities
were done in 3 phases
Participatory
Action
Research
as fascinating strategy for maximum
community
involvement
through collective identification and
analysis of community health problems
and collective health action
Available
funds
to
finance
community initiated projects
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HRDP II
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The
2nd cycle
uses
the
same strategy but the program could
not be sustained by the schools or
hospitals and the income-generating
projects
eventually
become the
hindrance to the goal of achieving the
health
program
because
the
people tend to be more interested in
the income generated by the projects
Both HRPD I and HRDP II have
brought about some changes in the
community life of the people
Established
basic
health
infrastructure; basic health services
were increased; there were trained
workers and organized health groups to
take care of the need of the community
HRDP III
PCPD refined the program and resulted to what
is now called HRDP III, which has these unique
features:
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HRDP 1
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to the far flung barrios because of lack
of man power for health services at the
same time that similar activities fulfilled
the curricular requirements of the
students for public health
The PCPD provides seed money for the
income generating projects
Short-term service
Trained the faculty, medical/nursing
students to provide health care services
PROPERTY NG INA MO
Comprehensive training of the staff
and faculty of the participating agency
in which the community work was
initiated
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
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Periodic training program and
regular assistance to the participating
agency were provided to strengthen the
health outreach program to become
community oriented
PHC as the approach with which
all nursing / medical students, their CI’s
and indigenous health workers are
trained for community health work and
around which all other project inputs
will revolve
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COPAR (Community Organizing
Participatory Action and Research)
COPAR
or
Community Organizing
Participatory Action Research is a vital part of
public health nursing. COPAR aims to transform
the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor
into dynamic,
participatory and
politically
responsive community
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A social development approach that
aims to transform the apathetic,
individualistic and voiceless poor into
dynamic, participatory and politically
responsive community
A
collective,
participatory,
transformative, liberative, sustained
and systematic process of building
people’s organizations by mobilizing and
enhancing the capabilities and resources
of the people for the resolution of their
issues and concerns towards effecting
change in their existing oppressive and
exploitative conditions (1994 National
Rural Conference).
A process by which a community
identifies its needs and objectives,
develops confidence to take action in
respect to them and in doing so, extends
and
develops
cooperative
and collaborative
attitudes
and
practices in the community (Ross 1967).
A continuous and sustained process of
educating the people to understand and
develop their critical awareness of
their existing condition, working with
the people collectively and efficiently on
their immediate
and long-term
problems, and mobilizing the people to
develop their capability and readiness to
respond and take action on their
immediate needs towards solving their
long-term problems (CO: A manual of
experience, PCPD).
PROCESS
The sequence of steps whereby members of
a community come together to critically assess
to evaluate community conditions and work
together to improve those conditions.
PROCESS AND METHODS USED IN COPAR
1. A progressive cycle of action- reflection-action
- which begins with small, local, and
concrete issues identified by the people and
the evaluation and reflection of actions taken by
them
2. Consciousness Raising
- through experiential learning is central to the
COPAR process because it places emphasis on
PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
learning that emerges from concrete action and
which enriches succeeding action
community
activities.
3. Participatory and Mass –based
COPAR prepares people/clients to eventually
take
over the
management
of
a dvelopment.programs in the future.
- It is primarily DIRECTED TOWARDS and BASED
in favor of the POOR, the powerless and the
oppressed
participation
in development
COPAR maximizes community participation
and involvement; community resources are
mobilized for community services.
4. Group centered and not leader oriented
- Leaders are identified, emerge and are
tested through action rather than appointed
or selected by some external force or entity
PRINCIPLES
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STRUCTURE
Refers
to
a
particular
group
of
community members that work together for a
common health and health related goals.
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EMPHASIS
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Community working to solve its own
problem.
Direction is established internally and
externally.
Development and implementation of
a specific project less important than
the development of the capacity of the
community to establish the project.
Consciousness
raising involves
perceiving health and medical care
within the total structure of society.
People especially the most oppressed,
exploited and deprived sectors are open
to change, have the capacity to change
and are able to bring about change.
COPAR should be based on the interest
of the poorest sector of the community.
COPAR should lead to a self-reliant
community and society.
PHASES OF COPAR
Pre-Entry phase
Entry phase
Core Group Formation Phase
Organization – building phase
Sustenance and strengthening phase
Phase-out
IMPORTANCE
COPAR is an important tool for community
development and people empowerment as this
helps the community workers to generate
1. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
-Is the initial phase of the organizing process
where the community organizer looks
for communities to serve and help.
PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
•
Activities includes:
Coordinate with local government and
NGOs for future activities.
Preparation of the Institution
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Train faculty and students in COPAR.
Formulate plans for institutionalizing
COPAR.
Revise/enrich curriculum and
immersion program.
Coordinate participants of other
departments.
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SITE SELECTION
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CHOOSING FINAL COMMUNITY
Initial networking with local
government.
Conduct preliminary special
investigation.
Make long/short list of
potential communities.
Do ocular survey of listed communities.
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IDENTIFYING HOST FAMILY
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Criteria for Initial Site Selection
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Must have a population of 100-200
families.
Economically depressed.No strong
resistance from the community.
No serious peace and order problem.
No similar group or organization
holding the same program.
Conduct informal interviews with
community residents and
key informants.
Determine the need of the program in
the community.
Take note of political development.
Develop community profiles for
secondary data.
Develop survey tools.
Pay courtesy call to community leaders.
Choose foster families based on
guidelines
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House is strategically located in the
community.
Should not belong to the rich segment.
Respected by both formal and informal
leaders.
Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the
house.
No member of the host family should
be moving out in the community.
2. ENTRY PHASE
IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL COMMUNITY
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Guidelines for Entry
Do the same process as in selecting
municipality.
Consult key informants and residents.
PROPERTY NG INA MO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
Recognize the role of local authorities by paying
them visits to inform their presence and
activities.
Her appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle
should be in keeping with those of the
community residents without disregard of
their being role model.
Avoid raising the consciousness of the
community residents; adopt a low-key profile.
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Once the community health nurse
identifies the potential leaders, they are
formed into a core group.
The core group will be given the role of
community organizer.
-Integration with the core group members
-Deepening social investigation
-Training and education
-Mobilizing the core group
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
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Integration. Establishing rapport with
the people in continuing effort to imbibe
community life.
living with the community
seek out to converse with people where
they usually congregate
lend a hand in household chores
avoid gambling and drinking
Deepening social
investigation/community study
verification and enrichment of data
collected from initial survey
conduct baseline survey by students,
results
relayed through
community assembly
Core Group Formation
Leader spotting through sociogram.
Key
Persons.
Approached
by most people
Opinion Leader. Approached by key
persons
Isolates. Never or hardly consulted
4. ORGANIZATION PHASE-BUILDING PHASE
Entails the formation of more formal structure
and the inclusion of more formal procedure of
planning, implementing,
and
evaluating community-wise activities. It is at this
phase where the organized leaders or groups are
being given training (formal, informal, OJT)
to develop their style in managing their
own concerns/programs.
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
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3. CORE GROUP FORMATION PHASE
PROPERTY NG INA MO
Community Health Organization (CHO)
preparation of legal requirements
guidelines in the organization of
the CHO by the core group
election of officers
Research Team Committee
Planning Committee
Health Committee Organization
Others
Formation of by-laws by the CHO
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
4. SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING
PHASE
Occurs when the community organization has
already been established and the
community members are already
actively participating in communitywide undertakings. At this point,
the different committees setup in the
organization-building phase are already
expected to be functioning by way of
planning, implementing and evaluating their
own programs, with the overall guidance from
the community-wide organization.
ACTIVITIES:
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Training of CHO for monitoring and
implementing of community health
program.
Identification of secondary leaders.
Linkaging and networking.
Conduct of mobilization on health and
development concerns.
Implementation of livelihood projects.
CRITICAL STEPS IN BUILDING PEOPLE
ORGANIZATION:
Methods of Integration includes:
-Participation in direct production activities of
the people
-Conduct of house visits
-Participation in activities like birthdays, fiestas,
wakes, etc
-Conversing with people where they usually
gather such as stores, water, walls, washing
streams, or churchyards
-Helping out in the household chores like
cooking, washing the dishes, etc
1.SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
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A systematic process of
collecting, collating, analyzing data to
draw a clear picture of the community.
Also known as community study
5.PHASE OUT
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The phase when the health
care workers leave the community
to stand alone
This phase should be stated during the
entry phrase so that people will be
ready for this phase
The organizations built should be ready
to sustain the test of the community
itself because the real evaluation will be
done by the residents of the community
itself.
Pointers for the conduct of Social Investigation
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PROPERTY NG INA MO
Use of survey
or questionnaires is discouraged
Community leaders can be trained
to initially assist
the community worker/organizer in SI
Data can be more effectively and
efficiently collected through
informal methods-house
visits, participating in conversations
in jeepneys and others
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
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SI is facilitated if the community worker
is properly integrated and has acquired
the trust of the people
Confirmation and validation
of community data should be
done regularly
Secondary data should be thoroughly
examined because much of the
information might already be available
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6. MOBILIZATION OF ACTIONS
Community organizer to choose one
issue to work on in order to begin
organizing the people
7. EVALUATION
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3. GROUNDWORK
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Going around and motivating the
people on something or an issues
A time to spot and develop
potential leader
The entry phase or sometimes called
the social preparation phase
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4. MEETING
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Core group formation
People collectively ratifying what they
have already decided individually
The meeting gives the people the
collective power and confidence
Problems and issues are discussed
Determines whether the goal is met or
not
The people reviewing the steps 1- 7, so
to determine whether they were
successful or not in their objectives
8. REFLECTION
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To act out the meeting that will take
place between the leaders of the people
and the government representatives
It is a way of training the people to
anticipate what will happen and prepare
themselves for such eventually
Actual experience of the people in confronting
the powerful and the actual exercise power
2. TENTATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING
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Determines whether the goal is met or
not
The people reviewing the steps 1- 7, so
to determine whether they were
successful or not in their objectives
9. ORGANIZATION
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5. ROLE PLAYING
PROPERTY NG INA MO
The result of many successive and
similar actions of the people
Occurs
when
the community
organization has been established
and the
community
members are
already participating in a community
wide undertaking
NCM 113- COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
BS. NURSING 2025
St. Paul University Philippines | school of nursing and allied health sciences | college of nursing
The Community Health Worker as
a Documenter/Reporter
The community health worker keeps a
written account
of
services
rendered,
observations, condition, needs, problems and
attitude
of
the client
in
community
activities, accomplishments made etc.
Community workers takes responsibility
to disseminate
pertinent
information
to appropriate authorities, agencies, and
most especially to the client
At the same time, the community
worker develops the people’s capabilities to
keep/ maintain their recording and reporting
system
PROPERTY NG INA MO