Ernst & Young
Ernst & Young Global Limited, trade name EY,[6][7] is a
multinational professional services partnership headquartered in
London, England.[8] EY is one of the largest professional services
networks in the world.[9] Along with Deloitte, KPMG and
PricewaterhouseCoopers, it is considered one of the Big Four
accounting firms. It primarily provides assurance (which includes
financial audit), tax, consulting and advisory services to its
clients.[10] Like many of the larger accounting firms in recent
years,[11] EY has expanded into markets adjacent to accounting,
including strategy, operations, HR, technology, and financial
services consulting.[12]
EY operates as a network of member firms which are structured as
separate legal entities in a partnership, which has 312,250
employees in over 700 offices in more than 150 countries around
the world.[13] The firm's current partnership was formed in 1989
by a merger of two accounting firms; Ernst & Whinney and Arthur
Young & Co.[14] It was named Ernst & Young until a rebranding
campaign officially changed its name to EY in 2013,[15] although
this initialism was already used informally prior to its sanctioning
adoption.
In 2019, EY was the seventh-largest privately owned organization
in the United States.[16] EY has continuously been ranked on
Fortune magazine's list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For
for the past 24 years, longer than any other accounting firm.[17]
Ernst & Young Global
Limited
Ernst & Young logo, 2019–present
Trade name
EY
Type
UK private
company limited by
guarantee[1]
Industry
Professional
services
Predecessor
Ernst & Whinney
Arthur Young & Co.
Founded
1989 (through
merger of Ernst &
Whinney and
Arthur Young &
Co.; oldest
component from
1849)[2]
Contents
History
Early history and mergers
Later developments
Recent history, re-branding and expansion
Global structure
Headquarters London, England,
UK[2]
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Carmine Di Sibio
Services
Assurance
Services
Accounting scandals
Audit practices
Exam cheating by audit professionals
Investment banking
Culture
Sexist training program
(Chairman, CEO)[3]
Tax advisory
Digital strategy
Strategy consulting
Financial advisory
Legal
Working rights
Sponsorships
Art and media
Sports
See also
Revenue
US$45.4 billion
(2022)[4]
Number of
employees
365,399 (2022)[5]
Divisions
Assurance
Consulting
References
Strategy and
Transactions
External links
Tax
History
EY Private
Website
www.ey.com (http
s://www.ey.com)
Early history and mergers
EY resulted from several mergers of ancestor firms over the last century and a half, the oldest of which was
founded in 1849, in England, as Harding & Pullein. That same year, this firm was joined by an accountant
named Frederick Whinney, who, a decade later, became a partner. After his son joined the firm, it was later
renamed Whinney, Smith & Whinney, in 1894.[18]
In 1903, the firm Ernst & Ernst was founded in Cleveland, Ohio, by Alwin C. Ernst, and his brother,
Theodore Ernst. In 1906, Arthur Young & Co. was set up by a Scotsman accountant, Arthur Young, in
Chicago. Starting in 1924, these two American firms became allied with prominent British firms; Young
with Broads Paterson & Co.; and Ernst with the aforementioned Whinney Smith & Whinney. The latter of
these two mergers spawned Anglo-American partnership Ernst & Whinney in 1979, then the fourth
largest accountancy firm in the world.[18]
A decade later, in 1989, Ernst & Whinney merged with the fifth largest firm globally at the time, Arthur
Young & Co., to create Ernst & Young.[19]
Later developments
In October 1997, Ernst & Young announced plans to merge its
global practices with professional services network KPMG, to
Ernst & Young logo, 1990–2012
create the largest professional services organization in the world.
The announcement came on the heels of an announced merger
between Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand only a month earlier. These plans were soon
abandoned in February 1998, due to several factors ranging from client opposition, antitrust issues, cost
problems, and the anticipated difficulty of merging the two diverse firms and cultures.[20] The merger
between Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand, however, went ahead as planned, creating
PricewaterhouseCoopers.[21]
Ernst & Young expanded its consulting practice heavily during the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and various members of the investment community, began to
raise concerns about a potential conflict of interests. This conflict would be brought about by firms offering
both consulting and auditing services simultaneously to overlapping clients, a common practice among the
"Big Five". In May 2000, Ernst & Young was the first of those firms to fully separate its consulting
practices via a sale to the French IT services company Capgemini for $11 billion, creating the new
company Capgemini Ernst & Young, which was later renamed back to Capgemini.[22]
Recent history, re-branding and expansion
EY offices in Warsaw,
Poland
In 2002, Ernst & Young serviced a large
chunk of the clients previously working
with Arthur Andersen after their downfall
in connection with the Enron scandal,
although it did not engage with any new
Arthur Andersen clients from the United
Kingdom, China, or the Netherlands.[23]
Four years later, Ernst & Young became
the only member of the Big Four to have
two member firms in the United States,
with the inclusion of Mitchell & Titus,
LLP in 2006, the largest minority-owned
accounting
firm in
the
United
States.[24][25] Mitchell & Titus ended its
membership in the EY network effective
October 30, 2015.[26]
Ernst & Young Plaza in Los
Angeles, California, USA
In April 2009, Reuters reported that Ernst & Young, spurred by the
global economic downturn, had launched a cost-saving initiative
encouraging its staff in China to take 40 days of low-pay leave
between the summer of 2009 and the summer of 2010. Those who
participated got a prorated salary equal to 20% of a regular salary,
plus the benefits of a full-time employee. The initiative applied to
employees in Hong Kong, Macau and mainland China, where the
firm's employees numbered 8,500 in total.[27] In 2010, Ernst &
Young acquired Terco, the Brazilian member firm of Grant
Thornton.[28]
In 2013, the firm officially changed its brand from Ernst & Young
to EY, and christened the accompanying tagline: "Building a better
working world".[29][6][7][30]
Ernst & Young office in Sandton,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Also in 2013, the Pope of the Roman Catholic church hired EY to
help review Vatican City State's finances and help "verify and
consult" the institution's administration, including the museums,
post office and tax-free department store.[31] EY expanded further
and acquired all of KPMG Denmark's operations including its 150
partners, 1500 employees and 21 offices.[32]
In 2014, EY acquired global strategy consulting firm The
Parthenon Group, gaining 350 consultants in its then-Transaction
Advisory Services practice so that it could provide in-house
strategy consulting services to its clients. The business unit has
since been rebranded as EY-Parthenon and is one of the most
selective strategy consultancies worldwide.[33]
EY logo, 2013–2018
In 2015, EY opened its first global Security Operations Centre in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala in India, and coincidentally invested
$20 million over 5 years to combat the increasing threat of cybercrimes.[34]
In 2017 EY announced it was opening an executive support center in Tucson, AZ, USA, creating 125 new
jobs.[35] That same year, the company opened a Digital Security Operations Center, located in Muscat,
Oman, to cover the EMEIA region as part of a $10 million investment.[36]
In 2018, EY opened a $4.4 million professional services center in Louisville, KY, USA, creating 125 new
jobs,[37] and announced it would open an IT / tech hub in Nashville, TN, USA, creating 600 regional
jobs.[38]
The Wall Street Journal reported in May 2022 that the firm might split its accounting and advisory divisions
into two new, separate businesses.[39] The plan, referred to internally as "Project Everest" would involve
the consulting business completing an initial public offering, the proceeds of which would be used to
compensate partners at the new, separate auditing company.[40] The firm's debt has proven to be an internal
obstacle to the split.[41] The debt is mostly owed to former partners of EY, taking the form of what the Wall
Street Journal characterized as "effectively an unfunded pension plan".[41] Would-be partners of the new
accounting firm have expressed reservations as their descendant firm, the smaller of the new organizations,
would presumably absorb most of the debt.[41] On 5 September 2022, the firm announced that partners
would vote on whether to split EY into two businesses.[42] EY's member firms in China, Hong Kong, and
Macau stated that they would not split.[43] Rival firms such as KPMG and Deloitte have said they do not
intend to imitate EY.[44]
Global structure
The firm is organized geographically into three areas: Europe, Middle East, India and Africa; the Americas;
and Asia-Pacific.[45]
In 2018, the company underwent a transformation of some of its region borders, primarily a unification of
its CIS region (operating in the former Soviet Union) and the CEE region (Eastern Europe) to create the
CESA block.[46]
Services
Over the course of its operations, EY has transformed its business model and diversified its pool of offered
services. Over the course of the last decade EY has substantially altered its business approach to offer a
more comprehensive scope of services. This is mainly attributed to an intensified competition in the existing
market of professional services, and competition in new markets: investment banking and strategic
consultancy. According to the latest published data, the company has the following four main service
lines:[47]
Assurance: comprises Financial Audit, Financial Accounting Advisory Services, CCaSS
(Climate Change and Sustainability services) and Forensic & Integrity Services.
Tax: Transfer Pricing, International Tax Services, Business Tax Compliance, Global Trade,
Indirect Tax, Tax Accounting & Risk Advisory Services, Tax Technology and Transformation,
Transaction Tax.
Consulting: comprises three sub-service lines – Business Consulting, Technology
Consulting, and People Advisory Services.
Strategy and Transactions or SaT: deals with companies' capital transformation – including
Business Valuation and Economics, Due Diligence, Real Estate Advisory, M&A,
Restructuring (financial and operational), Corporate Finance Strategy.
EY Revenues by Service Line – in US$ millions
FY21
FY20
FY19
FY18
FY17
FY16
Assurance
13,567
12,821
12,646
12,534
11,632
11,301
Tax
10,467
9,765
9,460
8,995
8,179
7,751
Consulting
11,135
10,467
10,236
9,621
8,526
7,846
Strategy and Transactions
4,790
4,181
4,052
3,622
3,067
2,728
Total
39,959
37,234
36,394
34,772
31,404
29,626
Accounting scandals
Audit practices
EY has been involved in many accounting scandals: Bank of Credit and Commerce International (1991),
Informix Corporation (1996), Sybase (1997), Cendant (1998), One.Tel (2001), AOL (2002), HealthSouth
Corporation (2003), Chiquita Brands International (2004), Lehman Brothers (2010), Sino-Forest
Corporation (2011), Olympus Corporation (2011), Stagecoach Group (2017),[48] Wirecard (2020),[49]
Luckin Coffee (2020)[50] and NMC Health (2020).[51]
In 2004, Ernst & Young was punished for forming a lucrative business arrangement with one of its audit
clients, PeopleSoft, thus creating a conflict of interest. As a result, the firm was barred by the SEC from
accepting any new publicly traded companies as audit clients for six months.[52]
In April 2004, Equitable Life, a UK life assurance company, sued EY after nearly collapsing but
abandoned the case in September 2005. EY described the case as "a scandalous waste of time, money and
resources for all concerned."[53]
In 2009, EY, the former auditors of Sons of Gwalia, agreed to a $125m settlement over their role in the
gold miner's collapse in 2004. Ferrier Hodgson, the company's administrator, had claimed EY was
negligent over the accounting of gold and dollar hedging contracts. However, EY said that the proposed
settlement was not an admission of any liability.[54]
Following allegations by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that EY had committed
accounting fraud in its work auditing the books of Bally Total Fitness, EY reached two settlements in 2008,
including a fine of $8.5 million.[55]
EY Hong Kong resigned from the audit of Standard Water on when it emerged that although EY Hong
Kong had signed off the audit, it had been effectively outsourced to the affiliate in mainland China, which
had received 99.98% of the fee.[56] This was important because shareholders have less confidence in
mainland auditors and because audit papers on the mainland are subject to state secrecy laws and can be
withheld from outside regulators.[56] EY's quality and risk management leader (Greater China) even
testified in the Court of First Instance that he was not sure whether there was a formal agreement covering
the relationship between the two EY entities.[56] The court case in 2013 came as US regulators were taking
an interest in similar cases of accounting fraud in mainland China.[56]
In September 2016, the US securities regulatory SEC fined EY US US$9.3 million for failures, including
an auditor’s romantic involvement with a client. Another partner on the team who was auditing a different
public company became romantically involved with its chief accounting officer.[57]
In October 2016, EY settled with the SEC because they were unable to detect financial statement fraud that
was committed by the Weatherford tax department.[58] Weatherford misstated their financial statements by
manipulating the income tax line item in their financials. EY was Weatherford's independent auditors when
the fraud was perpetrated.[59]
In October 2016, Mozilla stopped accepting WebTrust audits from Ernst & Young Hong Kong[60] due to
their failure "to detect multiple issues they should have detected" during their audits of WoSign.[61]
In February 2017, in response to questions regarding misissued certificates, Symantec stated they would no
longer accept WebTrust audits from E&Y Korea and E&Y Brazil due to deficiencies in these audits.[62]
According to The Wall Street Journal, in 2019, EY had audited WeWork the office-space company that
"nearly collapsed after fumbling a planned initial public offering".[50]
In April 2020, a former partner and whistleblower was awarded $10.8 million for ethical misconduct by
EY in a Dubai gold audit by the high court in London. EY appealed the decision,[63] but then dropped the
appeal in March 2021.[64]
In 2020, EY failed to uncover $2 billion that was missing at Wirecard AG, a German fintech payment
processing company.[50] This resulted in a lawsuit filed against EY in June 2020.[65] An investigation by
the Bundestag revealed in April 2021 that EY's audits of defunct payments group Wirecard suffered from
serious shortcomings over a period of years.[66]
EY also failed to identify $300 million in "fabricated sales" in their 2020 audit of the a coffee chain Luckin
Coffee[50] and $5 billion in "undisclosed debt" at NMC Health and Finablr.[50]
In August 2021, EY US agreed to pay US$10 million as part of a settlement with the SEC related to
charges of auditor independence misconduct perpetrated by several of its partners to secure Sealed Air as a
client.[67]
In August 2021, UK accounting regulatory Financial Reporting Council (FRC) fined EY UK £3.5 million
(US$4.8 million) for failing to challenge financial statements in its 2017 audit of UK transport company,
Stagecoach Group. In addition, the auditing engagement partner Mark Harvey was sanctioned and fined
£100,000. EY's fine was subsequently cut to £2.2 million for admitting to the failings, with Harvey's fine
reduced to £70,000 for the same reason.[48]
In December 2021, EY filed a criminal complaint against unknown persons with Munich prosecutors
relating to the alleged leak of a classified German parliamentary report relating to its role in the collapse of
payments firm, Wirecard, to the German newspaper, Handelsblatt.[68]
In April 2022 the administrators of NMC Health filed a $2.5 billion lawsuit against EY, alleging negligence
during its work on NMC's accounts spanning a seven-year period.[69]
Exam cheating by audit professionals
In June 2022, the SEC fined the firm US$100 million for "for cheating by its audit professionals on exams
required to obtain and maintain Certified Public Accountant (CPA) licenses, and for withholding evidence
of this misconduct from the SEC's Enforcement Division during the Division's investigation of the
matter".[70] EY admitted "the facts underlying the SEC’s charges"[70] and the penalty is a record imposed
on an US audit firm.[71] The Canadian Public Accountability Board has announced that it will investigate
whether EY's Canadian arm was involved in similar practices.[72]
Investment banking
In 2009, in the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy, EY was criticised by politicians[73] and the
shareholders of Anglo Irish Bank for failing to detect large loans to Sean FitzPatrick, its chairman, during
its audits. The Irish Government had to subsequently take full ownership of the Bank at a cost of €28
billion.[74][75] The Irish Chartered Accountants Regulatory Board appointed John Purcell to investigate.[76]
EY said it "fundamentally disagrees with the decision to initiate a formal disciplinary process" and that
"there has been no adverse finding made against EY in respect of the audit of Anglo Irish Bank."[77]
In 2009, EY agreed to pay US$200m out of court to settle a negligence claim by the liquidators of Akai
Holdings.[78] Separately the firm was accused of falsifying and doctoring documents it presented to defend
against the negligence claim by Akai's liquidators.[79] In a separate lawsuit, a former EY senior partner
from 1984 to 1991, Cristopher Ho, and his listed company, Grande Holdings, paid over US$100m to Akai
creditors to settle Akai's liquidators' claim that Ho conspired with Ting of stripping assets from Akai.[80][81]
Police raided the Hong Kong office and arrested an EY partner who had been an audit manager on the
Akai account from December 1997, although audit documents had been doctored dating back to 1994.[79]
Akai was said to be the firm's largest client for most of the 1990s from Hong Kong.[82] The EY partner for
the Akai account between 1991 and 1999, David Sun Tak-kei, faced no charges and went on to become
co-managing partner for EY China.[79] A few months later EY settled a similar claim of up to HK$300m
from the liquidators of Moulin Global Eyecare, an audit client of the Hong Kong affiliate between 2002
and 2004.[78] The liquidators described the Moulin accounts as a "morass of dodginess".[78]
The Valukas Report issued in 2010[83] charged that Lehman Brothers engaged in a practice known as repo
105 and that EY, Lehman's auditor, was aware of it. EY was accused of professional malpractice regarding
the lack of disclosure of Lehman's repo 105 practice in Lehman's public filings.[84] New York prosecutors
announced in 2010[85] that they have sued the firm. David Goldfarb, a Lehman CFO who concocted the
repo 105 balance sheet window dressing technique was a former senior partner of EY.[84] EY said that its
last audit of Lehman Brothers was for the fiscal year ending 30 November 2007 and that Lehman's
financial statements were fairly presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles.[86][87][88] In March 2015, EY settled Lehman-related lawsuits with municipalities in New
Jersey and California.[89]
In 2014, tax arrangements negotiated by EY for The Walt Disney Company, Koch Industries, Skype, and
other multinational corporations became public in the so-called Luxembourg Leaks. The disclosure of these
and other tax arrangements led to controversial discussions about tax avoidance.[90][91][92]
EY's member firm in Japan, Ernst & Young ShinNihon, was fined ¥2.1 billion (US$17.4 million) for
failing to spot irregularities during audit of its client Toshiba, which was Japan's worst accounting scandal
in years. The firm was also suspended from taking up new business for three months. An official from
Japan's Financial Services Agency (FSA) described that "there was a grave breach of duty". The firm's
CEO and chairman, Koichi Hanabusa stepped down the following month to take responsibility and
monthly salaries for 19 employees were cut from 20 per cent to 50 per cent.[93][94] In an unusual move, the
FSA publicly named seven accountants involved in the audit who were said of failing to exercise due
caution and signing off on false financial documents.[94] The FSA also said the "firm’s operations were
deeply improper".[94] ShinNihon, at the time, was Japan's biggest accounting firm, with about 3,500
certified accountants and more than 4,000 clients.[93] Ernst & Young ShinNihon audited about 960 listed
companies in Japan, the most among the Big Four, as reported in 2015.[95] Ernst & Young ShinNihon had
audited Toshiba for over 60 years and the firm had around 70 staff serving Toshiba before the accounting
scandal broke.[95]
Ernst & Young Baltic, member of the EY network, used the emission assumptions of highly polluting
EURO II trucks (manufactured before 2001) to falsely increase the socio-economic benefits of the new
railway for the period 2026–2055 by 3 billion euros in the Rail Baltica Cost-Benefit Analysis. Total
mistakes amount to more than 4 billion euros that constitute 20% of the total socio-economic benefits of the
Rail Baltica.[96] Correction of the mistakes makes the project unfeasible. EY has refused to provide any
comments to the media regarding the public accusations.[97]
Culture
Sexist training program
In October 2019, HuffPost broke a story about a training seminar purportedly to empower female
employees, which was actually dishing out 1950s style advice. Women were told to concentrate on their
appearance, not to show too much skin, and not to speak too much. One participant said it was basically a
"women bashing" exercise. "You have to offer your thoughts in a benign way...You have to be the perfect
Stepford wife... It felt like they were being turned into someone who is super-smiley, who never confronts
anyone" she said.[98] In 2021, EY agreed to paid the state of New Jersey $100,000 following its
investigation of the sexist "Power-Presence-Purpose" training program.[99]
Working rights
In April 2021, EY's second-year auditor staff in their Barcelona office sent an email to their line managers
to complain about the long hours that they had to work, which were sometimes reaching 84 working hours
per week.[100]
Sponsorships
Ernst & Young is involved in many sponsorships, including its World Entrepreneur of the Year Award
program, held in over 60 countries.[101]
Art and media
EY UK sponsors exhibitions of works by famous artists, such as Cézanne, Picasso, Bonnard, Monet,
Rodin and Renoir. The most recent of these was Maharaja: the Splendour of India's Royal Courts at the
Victoria and Albert Museum.[102]
In addition, EY sponsors the educational children's show Cyberchase on PBS Kids under the PBS Kids
GO! television brand, in an effort to improve mathematics literacy in children.[103]
EY in the UK sponsors the ITEM club.[104]
EY in the UK has set up the National Equality Standard (NES), an initiative developed for business which
sets clear equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) criteria against which companies are assessed. The
National Equality Standard (NES) is currently the only industry recognized national standard for EDI in the
UK.[105]
EY in the UK has set up EY Foundation, a new UK charity set up to support young people and
entrepreneurs.[106]
Sports
On 8 September 2011, Rio 2016 made the announcement that EY would be an official sponsor of the 2016
Summer Olympics to be held in Brazil, as the exclusive provider of professional services – consulting and
auditing – for Rio 2016 organizing committee.[107]
EY was an Official Partner to the 2012 and the 2014 Ryder Cups,[108] it partners with the British and Irish
Lions.,[109] and it has a longstanding relationship with the 2011 Tour de France winner Cadel Evans.[110]
See also
Accounting networks and associations
Sibling Big Four accounting firms: Deloitte, KPMG, PwC
Crowe Global, BDO Global, Grant Thornton
Clarkson Gordon & Co (Canada)
EY-Parthenon
FTSE 100 Index
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