EPIGLOTITTIS SLIDESMANIA.COM PRESENTER ● NURAIN SAKINAH BINTI RAZALI ● SAIDATUL MARSITA BINTI MOHD DIAH LEARNING OBJECTIVES Learning objectives SLIDESMANIA.COM 1)Described about anatomy and physiology upper respiratory airway. 2)Define regarding epiglotitis 3)Explain regarding phatophysiology and signs symptoms of epiglotitis 4) State the treatment and education for patient with epiglotitis 5) Identify nursing care plan for patient with epiglotitis INTRODUCTION ● ● ● Acute epiglottitis is a medical emergency and potentially life-threatening condition. It is a serious obstructive inflammatory process that occurs principally in children between 2 and 5 years of age but can occur from infancy to adulthood. The disorder is a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. SLIDESMANIA.COM UPPER RESPIRATORY AIRWAY SLIDESMANIA.COM 1) nose and nasal cavity 2)Pharynx -nasopharynx -Oropharynx -Laryngopharynx 3) Larynx NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY SLIDESMANIA.COM 1) The nose is the first of the respiratory passages through which the inspired air passes. 2) In the nasal cavity air is Warmed - due to immense vascularity of the mucosa moistened - Air travels over the moist mucosa, it becomes saturated with water vapour. Filtered- Hairs at the anterior nares trap larger particles. Small particle trap by mucos. 3) Sense of smell – detect by olfactory epithelium carried by olfactory nerves PHARYNX ● ● ● The pharynx (throat) is a passageway about 12–14 cm long. It extends from the posterior nares and runs behind the mouth and the larynx to the level of the 6th cervical vertebra, where it becomes the oesophagus. Divide into 3 part 1)Nasopharynx 2)Oropharynx 3)Laryngopharynx SLIDESMANIA.COM Pharynx SLIDESMANIA.COM 1) Nasopharynx ● The nasal part of the pharynx lies behind the nose above the level of the soft palate 2) Oropharynx ● lies behind the mouth, extending from below the level of the soft palate to the level of the upper part of the body of the 3rd cervical vertebra. 3) Laryngopharynx ● from the oropharynx above and continues as the oesophagus below, with the larynx lying anteriorly. LARYNX ● ● ● The larynx, or ‘voice box’, links the laryngopharynx and the trachea. It lies in front of the laryngopharynx and the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae. Main cartilage are: SLIDESMANIA.COM LARYNX CARTILAGE ● ● ● ● Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Epiglotis SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM EPIGLOTTIS Epiglottis epi means upon, -glottis means mouth of windpipe SLIDESMANIA.COM Epiglottis The epiglottis and the epiglottis reflex protect the respiratory tract from invading material, including infectious exudate from the upper tract, and prevent such material from being aspirated into the lower tract. ● ● ● ● EPIGLOTTIS The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped fibroelastic cartilage attached by a flexible stalk of cartilage to the inner surface of the anterior wall of the thyroid cartilage, immediately below the thyroid notch. Rises obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the body of the hyoid bone covered with stratified squamous epithelium SLIDESMANIA.COM EPIGLOTTIS ● ● If the larynx is likened to a box, then the epiglottis acts as the lid It closes off the larynx during swallowing, protecting the lungs from accidental inhalation of foreign objects. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM WHAT IS EPIGLOTITTIS? ● Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the epiglottis, a small cartilage "lid" that covers your windpipe is swells and blocking the flow of air into your lungs. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM EPIDEMIOLOGY ● The incidence of epiglottitis in children under age 5 years was as high as 15 cases per 100,000 population. The peak incidence occurred in children under age 3. ● Since the introduction of the Hib vaccine in 1985, the incidence in children has decreased to 0.5–0.7 cases per 100,000. ● In Finland, 50–60 cases per year of epiglottitis were seen throughout the country in 1985–1986, and this decreased to only two cases in 1992, reflecting the widespread use of the Hib vaccine . ● In Sweden, the incidence of epiglottitis in children under age 5 decreased from 21 to 0.9 cases per 100,000 following Hib vaccination . DATA 4 MAY 2018 SLIDESMANIA.COM ● ● ● EPIDEMIOLOGY Retrospective review of acute epiglottitis at four Victorian tertiary centres from 2011 to 2016 was conducted. Eighty-seven adult and six paediatric cases were identified Two of six required intubation and one underwent surgical intervention. There were no deaths, but one patient suffered a hypoxic brain injury. SLIDESMANIA.COM https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207030/ TYPE OF EPIGLOTITIS Acute epiglotitis Serious obstructive inflammatory process that occurs in children 2 and 5 years old SLIDESMANIA.COM ETIOLOGY 1) Caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB). 2) Second most common cause is group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus 3) Other causative organisms now include Streptococcus pyogenes, S pneumoniae & Staphylococcus aureus SLIDESMANIA.COM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Inflammation and edema Upper airway obstruction Increased resistance to airflow Increased intrathoracic negative pressure Collapse of upper airway SLIDESMANIA.COM Respiratory failure 4 MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF EPIGLOTITTIS SLIDESMANIA.COM Dysphagia :Difficulty swallowing Drooling: When saliva flows out of your mouth involuntarily. Distress: Difficulty breathing or lack of oxygen. Dysphonia: Hoarseness or an abnormal voice. SIGNS AND SYMPTOM OF EPIGLOTITIS ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Short history High Fever Rapid pulse and respiration Extreme anxiety Absence of spontaneous cough Suprasternal and substernal retraction. Dyspnoea,mild hypoxia -> cyanosis Systemically unwell: pale, toxic, lethargic Stridor / frog like croaking inspiration Child often adopts the characteristic posture of sitting upright, mouth open and their chin thrust forward, known as tripod positioning SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM IS EPIGLOTITTIS IS CONTAGIOUS? • • • It can be. Can spread from person to person through droplets of saliva or mucus. Droplet isolation is needed. SLIDESMANIA.COM COMPLICATION • Respiratory failure. • Spreading infection. Sometimes the bacteria that cause epiglottitis cause infections elsewhere in the body, such as pneumonia, meningitis or a bloodstream infection. SLIDESMANIA.COM • Hypoxia • Death INVESTIGATION ● ● ● ● SLIDESMANIA.COM Laryngoscopy Culture tests: Takes swab of your throat to test for bacteria or viruses. Blood tests: May perform a variety of blood tests to count your white blood cells or see if there are any bacteria or viruses in your blood. Imaging tests: An X-ray or CT (computed tomography) scan can help determine the level of swelling and to see if there’s an unwanted object in your airway. PREVENTION • HIB Vaccine is important for all children. • Taken 2 month, 3 month ,5 month and 18 month SLIDESMANIA.COM Vaccine HIB MEDICAL TREATMENT ● ● ● ● ● ● SLIDESMANIA.COM If epiglottitis is suspected, then emergency intubation should be performed to protect the airway intravenous antibiotics are required immediately following intubation; empiric regimes include ampicillin and ceftriaxone combinations. Antibiotic need to continue for 7 day. Swollen might be decrease after 24 hours of antibiotic . Patient can extubated on third day. Corticosteroids used to reduce edema in initial stage and 24 hour before extubation. IMPORTANT NOTES! SLIDESMANIA.COM 1) Examination of the throat should not be attempted because it may trigger laryngospasm and cause respiratory collapse 2) Nurse should not visualised directly via tongue depressor or throat culture but seek for the doctor immediately and prepare for intubation. 3) Don’t panic and anxiety! 4) Act quickly but calmly. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT Tracheostomy A tracheostomy tube is placed into the hole to keep it open for breathing. The term for the surgical procedure to create this opening is tracheotomy. SLIDESMANIA.COM NURSING MANAGEMENT 1 Reduce anxiety 4 Nutritional status 2 Maintain airway pattern 5 Prevent spread of infection 3 Maintain and monitor respiratory function 6 Maintain hydration SLIDESMANIA.COM HEALTH EDUCATION Prevent the spread of infection: ● ● ● ● SLIDESMANIA.COM Cover his or her mouth when he or she sneezes or coughs. Wash his or her hands after he or she coughs, sneezes, or uses the bathroom. Ask your child's provider if he or she needs to stay away from other children. Also ask if you or other household members need antibiotic medicine to prevent epiglottitis. HEALTH EDUCATION Contact your child's healthcare provider if: ● fever or sore throat returns. ● have questions or concerns about your child's condition or care. Medicines : ● Do not give medicines to children younger than 6 months without direction from a healthcare provider. ● Give your child's medicine as directed Ask your child's healthcare provider about the Hib vaccine: ● Children usually get 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine starting at 2 months of age. Make sure your child gets any missed or scheduled doses. . Follow up with your child's doctor as directed: ● Write down your questions so you remember to ask them during your child's visits SLIDESMANIA.COM CASE PRESENTATION ● A 3 years old male arrived at the (ED) with a history of fever, vomit, and progressive shortness of breath. According to his mother, the patient did not have any suggestive event of choking or previous episodes of respiratory distress. The patient was febrile, with nasal flaring, suprasternal and intercostal retractions and low pitched inspiratory stridor. No sialorrhea or abnormal breath sounds were described on admission and he had normal heart and abdominal examinations. It was also noted that the patient presented a slight hyperextension of the neck and an oral breathing pattern. ● During his admission to the ED, he presented recurrent non-bloody or bilious vomit and SLIDESMANIA.COM signs of mild dehydration. A bolus of normal saline solution was administered and, due to the possibility of severe croup, he was treated with a dose of IV dexamethasone at 0.6 mg/kg and nebulized adrenaline. The patient continued to have respiratory distress, so a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was placed and administered along with nebulized budesonide, which resulted in an initial improvement of his respiratory pattern. The patient was stabilized and transferred to the intensive care unit. ● Laboratory studies completed prior to his transfer included a complete blood count showing leukocytosis with predominantly polymorphonuclear and a slightly elevated c-reactive protein. A lateral neck x-ray was also performed and a "thumb sign" image suggestive of the enlarged epiglottis. ● In the ICU, the patient got worse and nasotracheal intubation was required. An edematous epiglottis with yellowish secretions was observed during the procedure. Blood cultures and bronchoalveolar lavage were taken, and empirical antibiotic coverage was initiated with cefotaxime and clindamycin. Subsequently, bronchoalveolar lavage culture was positive for S. pyogenes, which was sensitive to cefotaxime, so clindamycin was discontinued. ● After 48 hours, the patient got better and was weaned off ventilatory support. He persisted with significant upper airway edema, so nasotracheal intubation was kept for supplemental oxygen for four days. Extubation was performed without complications, the patient was discharged after 10 days of IV cefotaxime with recommendations and follow-up with the pediatrician in his area. SLIDESMANIA.COM ● https://www.cureus.com/articles/89784-streptococcus-pyogenes-epiglottitis-in-a-child-a-case- report#article-information-publication-history SLIDESMANIA.COM Nasotracheal intubation Chest xray thumb sign NURSING CARE PLAN Date and time 10/9/2020 @ 7am SLIDESMANIA.COM Nursing diagnosis Ineffective airway clearance related to obstructed upper airway due to epiglotittis. SUPPORTIVE DATA Objective data: Child A,3 years old 11 kg looks so restless,drooling,hoarseness of voice,intercostal retraction, and stand with tripod position with and clenched jaw. SLIDESMANIA.COM Vital signs shows : ● Temperature : 40 c ● Heart rate : 150 beat per minutes ● Blood pressure : 130/60mmhg ● Spo2 : 80% under room air ● Respiration : 50 breath per minutes ● ● ● ● SUBJECTIVE DATA : Mother complaint of her child is difficult to swallow, drooling, restless and seem like difficult to breath. GOALS : Patient will be maintain airway pattern as evident by good saturation and prevent from respiratory arrest within 8 hours after nursing intervention given and during hospitalization. SLIDESMANIA.COM 1)Assess patient general condition such as restless,drooling,hoarseness of voice,intercostal retraction and stand with tripod position with and clenched jaw. Rationale : To act as baseline data to plan an appropriate nursing intervention SLIDESMANIA.COM 2)Monitor child A vital signs such as blood pressure, respiration,SPO2, respiration rate every hourly. Rationale : To monitored patient progress within the treatment and plan for further interventions 3)Assess patient respiratory rate, effort, pattern and signs of upper airway obstruction Rationale : Abnormalities of breathing requires immediate airway support. SLIDESMANIA.COM 4) Administer oxygen such as high flow mask 15L as doctor ordered. Rationale : to support breathing patient. SLIDESMANIA.COM 5) Position patient in tripod position, a sitting up and leaning forward position with mouth open and tongue out. Rationale : to open airway and improved breathing. 6)Avoid to open patient airway such as open the mouth and lean patient backward Rationale : To prevent upper airway block. 7) Rechecked patient vital signs such as blood pressure, respiratory rate , SPO2 and heart rate after intervention Rationale : To observe for effectiveness nursing intervention SLIDESMANIA.COM 8) Inform doctor patient abnormalities such rate respiratory rate and SPO2 Rationale : for further medical intervention. 9) Prepare equipment for intubation such as ETT, larygngoscope, lignocaine gell and ETT plaster. Rationale : to intubate the patient for support the breathing SLIDESMANIA.COM 10) Administer sedation such as IV Midazolam 0.1mg/kg STAT via peripheral line as doctor prescribed by using 10 right. Weight : 11 kg Strength : IV Midazolam 5mg/5mls Rationale : To sedate patient for intubation. SLIDESMANIA.COM 11) Recheck back patient vital signs such as,respiratory rate, SPO2 after intubation. Rationale : To observe for efectiveness medical intervention . 12)Perform septic workout such as blood culture, swab throat Culture and sensitivity Rationale : Investigation for trace infection and prescribe proper antibiotic for patient SLIDESMANIA.COM 13)Administer antibiotic such IV Ceftriaxone 100mg/kg STAT and QID as prescribed by doctor followed by 10 right. Rationale : treatment for infection. 14) Educate parent regarding vaccination such as HIB vaccine. Rationale : To prevent epiglottitis happen due to HIB virus. 15) Inform doctor if condition not improving and patient desaturation persist Rationale : for further management and continous treatment. SLIDESMANIA.COM INTERVENTION Patient able maintain airway pattern as evident by good saturation and prevent from respiratory arrest within 8 hours after nursing intervention given and during hospitalization. SLIDESMANIA.COM Subjective data : Mother explain child is more better with ventilator support. Objective data : Child A look calm,breathing effort is synchronized with ventilator machine, no tachypnea seen. SLIDESMANIA.COM Vital signs: Temperature : 36 C Heart rate : 112 beat per minutes Blood pressure : 80/40mmhg Respiration : 25 breath per minutes SPO2 : 100% under mechanical ventilator. SLIDESMANIA.COM Supportive data : Objective data : Baby C, 2 Years old, fever twicely in a week, with sore throat, pale and lethargic looking. Patient readmit to hospital twicely within 1 month Vital signs shows : Temperature : 38.3 c, Heart rate : 156 beat per minutes Blood pressure : 126/66mmhg Spo2 : 80% under room air Respiration : 53 breath per minutes SLIDESMANIA.COM Subjective data : Parents asking information about caregiving and preventive actions and child readmitted to hospital with complications. SLIDESMANIA.COM Goal : Parents will be verbalize an understanding of the condition of the child and its preventive care within 8 hours during hospitalization 1) Assess level of education for parents about the epiglottitis. Rationale : To act as baseline data to plan appropriate nursing care. SLIDESMANIA.COM 2) Encourage parents to express their feeling in regards of their child condition. Rationale : To determine the parents feeling, and understand parents need. 3) Educate parents about the signs and symptoms of respiratory distress such as nasal flaring, retractions, cyanosis, increasing respiratory rate and increased pulse. Rationale : Enables parents to gain knowledge in order to seek immediate medical intervention as necessary. 4) Encourage to parents to join, each time before doing any procedure to the child, or carry out any treatment such as vital sign , blood taking, and administer medication. Rationale : Promote parents cooperation in providing the child effective treatment. SLIDESMANIA.COM 5) Reinforce parents on the administration of prescribed medications. Rationale : Promotes an understanding that may enhance consistent and proper medication administer. 6) Teach parents about the importance of sufficient rest and proper nutrition. Rationale : Prevents secondary infections, and promote body’s own natural defences. SLIDESMANIA.COM 7) Educate parents, child, and family members, on good handwashing techniques and the proper disposal of soiled tissues. Rationale : To avoids transmission of illness. SLIDESMANIA.COM 8) Ressess parents understanding of teaching and reinforce as needed. Rationale : Provides information about further teaching needs. 9) Grant praise for efforts of learning for parent. Rationale : Positive reinforcement enhance selfesteem and pride in caring for the child properly. 10) Clarify with parents if there is any confusion regarding treatment and diagnosis. Rationale : To correct confusion and in the same time to provide correct information. SLIDESMANIA.COM Evaluation : Parents able to verbalize an understanding of the condition of the child and its preventive care within 8 hours during hospitalization. SLIDESMANIA.COM Subjective data : Parents more understand regarding caregiving and preventive actions and child reduce episode of readmitted to hospital. Objective data : Baby C, reducing trend of fever, resolved sore throat, and now cheer looking. Patient now no history of readmit to hospital within 1 month SLIDESMANIA.COM Vital signs shows : ● Temperature : 36.3 c, ● Heart rate : 128 beat per minutes ● Blood pressure : 85/42mmhg ● Spo2 : 98% under room air ● Respiration : 36 breath per minutes SLIDESMANIA.COM REFERENCES From Book Oliver, m. m. (2015). paediatric nursing made incredibly easy. In m. m. oliver, paediatric nursing made incredibly easy (p. 265). wolters Kluwer. Waugh, A. B., & Grant, A. B. (2018). Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. In A. B. Waugh, & A. B. Grant, Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. Elsevier meg gulanick, j. L. (2022). nursing care plan 10th edition. In j. L. meg gulanick, nursing care plan 10th edition. evolve. SLIDESMANIA.COM hockenberry, w. (2019). wong,s nursing care of infants and children. In w. hockenberry, wong,s nursing care of infants and children. elsevier. From website Apuy, M. (2022, April 13). Streptococcus Pyogenes Epiglottitis in a Child: A Case Report. Retrieved from Cureus: https://www.cureus.com/articles/89784-streptococcus-pyogenes-epiglottitis-in-achild-a-case-report#article-information-publication-history Baird, S. M. (2018, September 11). Review of epiglottitis in the post Haemophilus influenzae type-b vaccine era. Retrieved from National Library of Medicine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207030/ Clinic, C. (2022). Epiglotittis. Retrieved from Cleveland clinic: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17844-epiglottitis SLIDESMANIA.COM Drug.com. (2022, August 31). Epiglotittis in Children. Retrieved from Drug.com: https://www.drugs.com/cg/epiglottitis-in-children-discharge-care.html FROM WEBSITE ● Durand, M. L. (2018, May 4). Epiglottitis, Acute Laryngitis, and Croup. Retrieved from National Library of Medicine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120939/ ● Vaskovic, J. (2022, July 27). Epiglotis. Retrieved from Kenhub.com: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/epiglottis SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM