ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Popul
a
t
i
ona
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t
t
l
e
me
nt
:
I
nt
r
oduc
t
i
on
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt




















Re
f
e
r
st
oas
t
r
uc
t
ur
ewhe
r
ehuma
nbe
i
ngsr
e
s
i
de
.
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tma
ybema
deupofoneors
e
ve
r
a
ldwe
l
l
i
ngs
.
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e
r
ms
e
t
t
l
e
me
nti
s
,howe
ve
r
,c
ommonl
yus
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or
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f
e
rt
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ve
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a
l
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l
l
i
ngs
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nGe
ogr
a
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udyt
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or
m(
s
ha
pe
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t
i
on(
pur
pos
e
)of
s
e
t
t
l
e
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nt
s
Si
t
e
t
hi
si
st
hes
pa
c
eorpos
i
t
i
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c
upi
e
dbyas
e
t
t
l
e
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nt
.
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ti
st
hel
a
ndup
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c
has
e
t
t
l
e
me
nti
sbui
l
t
.
As
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntc
a
nbebui
l
tuponahi
l
loront
hes
l
opeofahi
l
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na
va
l
l
e
y.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sc
a
na
l
s
obede
s
c
r
i
be
di
nt
e
r
msoft
he
i
rl
oc
a
t
i
on
/
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on.
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a
t
i
on/
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i
t
ua
t
i
ont
hi
si
st
hepos
i
t
i
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e
t
t
l
e
me
nti
nr
e
l
a
t
i
ont
o
i
t
ss
ur
r
oundi
ngs
.
Fore
xa
mpl
eas
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntc
a
nbel
o
c
a
t
e
dbe
t
we
e
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a
i
ns
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ta
r
oa
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unc
t
i
onora
l
ongac
oa
s
t
l
i
ne
.
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e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
sl
oc
a
t
i
onc
a
na
l
s
obede
s
c
r
i
be
di
nr
e
l
a
t
i
onwi
t
ho
t
he
r
s
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
.
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t
t
l
e
me
nt
sc
a
na
l
s
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s
c
r
i
be
di
nt
e
r
msoft
he
i
rs
i
z
e
,s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
a
ndf
unc
t
i
on.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sc
a
ngr
owf
r
ombe
i
ngha
ml
e
t
s
,t
ovi
l
l
a
ge
s
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he
nt
o
t
owns
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oc
i
t
i
e
sore
ve
nl
a
r
ge
rs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sknowna
sc
onur
ba
t
i
ons
orme
ga
l
opol
i
s
.
Ast
hevi
l
l
a
gegr
owsi
ns
i
z
et
her
a
ngeofa
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
swi
t
hi
ni
t
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
I
nat
ownat
he
r
ei
sas
hi
f
tt
onona
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
la
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
st
hus
di
s
t
i
ngui
s
hi
ngi
tf
r
omavi
l
l
a
ge
.
Ur
ba
ns
pr
a
wl
t
hi
si
swhe
nt
woormor
et
ownsgr
owi
nt
oe
a
c
hot
he
r
.
Ther
e
s
ul
tofa
nur
ba
ns
pr
a
wli
sc
a
l
l
e
dac
onur
ba
t
i
on.
As
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
ss
t
r
uc
t
ur
ei
sknowna
si
t
sl
a
yout
.
Thel
a
youti
nc
l
ude
st
hes
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
st
r
a
ns
por
tne
t
wor
ka
ndl
a
ndus
e
.
As
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
smor
phol
ogyt
hi
si
swhe
r
eas
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
sl
a
youti
s
c
ons
i
de
r
e
di
nt
e
r
msofs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
st
ype
sofbui
l
di
ngs
,t
he
i
rl
a
y
out
,




a
ge
,t
ype
,a
ndqua
l
i
t
y.
Ma
nys
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
ede
s
c
r
i
be
di
nt
he
i
rf
unc
t
i
ons
,he
nc
et
het
e
r
ms
l
i
kemi
ni
ngt
own,ma
r
ke
t
i
ngc
e
nt
e
re
t
c
.
Ea
c
hs
e
t
t
l
e
me
n
tha
sas
phe
r
eofi
nf
l
ue
nc
e
.
Sphe
r
eofi
nf
l
ue
nc
e
i
st
hea
r
e
aa
r
o
undt
hes
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntwhi
c
hde
pe
nd
ont
het
ownf
orva
r
i
ouss
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
Thes
phe
r
eofi
nf
l
ue
nc
ec
a
nbede
t
e
r
mi
ne
dl
e
ngt
hoft
hej
our
ne
y
be
t
we
e
nhomea
ndwor
kpl
a
c
eoft
hes
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
’
swor
kpl
a
c
e
so
rt
he
e
xt
e
ntoft
hes
e
r
vi
c
e
sf
ore
xa
mpl
ene
ws
pa
pe
rdi
s
t
r
i
but
i
on.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Popul
a
t
i
ona
ndSe
t
t
l
e
me
nt
:Fa
c
t
or
s
i
nf
l
ue
nc
i
ngt
hes
i
t
i
nga
ndl
oc
a
t
i
onofs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s






Se
ve
r
a
lf
a
c
t
or
si
nf
l
ue
nc
et
hel
oc
a
t
i
onofs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
The
s
ec
a
nbedi
vi
de
di
nt
of
our
:
hi
s
t
or
i
c
a
lf
a
c
t
or
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
a
va
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
yofr
e
s
our
c
e
s
;a
nd
huma
npr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
n
da
va
i
l
a
bl
et
e
c
hnol
ogy
Hi
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
lFa
c
t
or
s









I
nc
l
udehi
s
t
or
i
c
a
lc
ons
i
de
r
a
t
i
onsi
n
c
l
udi
ngt
hede
s
i
r
et
obui
l
d
s
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sonde
f
e
ns
i
vegr
ounds
.
Fa
c
t
or
sofl
e
gi
s
l
a
t
i
ona
ndl
a
ndt
e
nu
r
ea
l
s
oa
f
f
e
c
tt
hepos
i
t
i
onof
pr
e
s
e
nts
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntpa
t
t
e
r
nsa
ndt
he
i
rl
oc
a
t
i
ons
.
Fore
xa
mpl
emos
ts
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
swe
r
el
oc
a
t
e
donhi
ghe
rgr
ound
whi
c
hwa
se
a
s
i
e
rt
ode
f
e
nd.
Hi
ghe
rgr
ounda
l
s
ome
a
nte
ne
mi
e
sc
oul
dbes
e
e
nwhi
l
et
he
ywe
r
e
s
t
i
l
lf
a
rof
f
.
Thi
se
xpl
a
i
nss
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sl
i
keGr
e
a
tZi
mba
bwe
,Kha
mia
nd
Nya
ngahi
l
ls
i
t
e
s
.
I
nEur
ope
a
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sr
i
ve
rbe
ndsa
ndpr
onounc
e
dme
a
nde
r
s
f
or
me
di
mpor
t
a
nts
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
st
he
ywe
r
ef
a
vor
e
da
sde
f
e
ns
i
ve
s
i
t
e
s
.
Al
s
oEur
ope
a
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sof
t
e
na
l
i
gnt
he
ms
e
l
ve
swi
t
ht
hea
nc
i
e
nt
f
e
uda
ls
ys
t
e
msofEur
ope
.
Muc
hoft
hes
e
t
t
l
e
me
nti
nZi
mba
bwee
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yi
nc
ommuna
la
r
e
a
s
a
r
ehuge
l
yi
nf
l
ue
nc
e
dbyt
heLa
ndAppor
t
i
onme
ntAc
tof1930
.
Thel
i
ne
a
rs
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntpa
t
t
e
r
nof
t
e
nf
oundi
nc
ommuna
la
r
e
a
swa
sa
r
e
s
ul
tofpl
a
nne
da
ndl
e
gi
s
l
a
t
e
dl
a
nds
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntpa
t
t
e
r
ns
.
Ac
c
e
s
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y






Thene
e
dt
oc
ommuni
c
a
t
ewi
t
hot
he
ra
r
e
a
sf
ort
r
a
dea
ndt
r
a
ve
l
pur
pos
e
si
sa
not
he
ri
mpor
t
a
ntf
a
c
t
o
rt
ha
ti
nf
l
ue
nc
e
ss
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
eof
t
e
nl
oc
a
t
e
da
l
ongt
r
a
ns
por
tr
out
e
sa
nd
c
ommuni
c
a
t
i
onl
i
ne
s
.
The
s
ema
yber
oa
ds
,r
a
i
l
wa
yl
i
ne
sorwa
t
e
rr
out
e
s
.
Suc
hs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
ea
l
s
oknowna
sNoda
ls
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
Noda
ls
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
t
he
s
ea
r
es
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
st
ha
tc
onve
r
gea
l
ongr
o
a
ds
,
r
a
i
l
wa
yl
i
ne
s
,wa
t
e
rr
out
e
s
,mount
a
i
npa
s
s
e
s
,ga
psr
i
ve
r
c
onf
l
ue
nc
e
sa
ndva
l
l
e
ys
.
Noda
ls
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
ehe
a
vi
l
yi
nf
l
ue
nc
e
dbyc
ommuni
c
a
t
i
on
ne
t
wor
ks
.
Ava
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
yofr
e
s
ou
r
c
e
s
Hwa
ngei
smos
t
l
yac
oa
lt
own.








Al
otofs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
el
oc
a
t
e
dne
a
rna
t
ur
a
lr
e
s
our
c
e
st
ha
ta
r
e
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
yf
orp
e
opl
e
’
sl
i
ve
l
i
hood.
Fore
xa
mpl
ewa
t
e
r
,mi
ne
r
a
l
s
,wood,f
e
r
t
i
l
es
oi
la
ndgr
a
s
s
.
Wa
t
e
ri
save
r
yi
mpor
t
a
ntr
e
s
our
c
et
ha
ta
t
t
r
a
c
t
ss
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
.
I
ti
sus
e
df
ordome
s
t
i
c
/
i
r
r
i
ga
t
i
onpur
pos
e
s
,pa
s
t
or
a
la
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sa
ndi
n
s
omec
a
s
e
swhe
r
et
her
i
ve
ri
sna
vi
g
a
bl
e
,f
ort
r
a
ns
por
tpur
pos
e
s
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
l
s
ooc
c
ura
l
ongs
pr
i
ng
s
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sc
a
na
l
s
ooc
c
ura
sar
e
s
ul
tofac
ombi
na
t
i
onoft
he
s
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
sf
ore
xa
mpl
ewa
t
e
ra
ndf
e
r
t
i
l
el
a
ndsf
orf
a
r
mi
ngvi
l
l
a
ge
s
a
ndt
owns
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sc
a
na
l
s
obea
t
t
r
a
c
t
e
dbyf
or
e
s
t
sa
ndmount
a
i
na
r
e
a
s
whe
r
et
he
r
ei
spl
e
nt
i
f
ulwoodt
obeus
e
da
saf
ue
l
.
Mi
ne
r
a
l
ss
uc
ha
sa
s
be
s
t
osha
vea
c
t
e
da
sac
a
t
a
l
ys
tt
owa
r
dst
he
f
or
ma
t
i
onoft
ownsl
i
keZvi
s
ha
va
nea
ndc
oa
li
nHwa
nge
.
Huma
npr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
ndt
hei
nf
l
ue
nc
eoft
e
c
hnol
ogy

Mos
tba
r
r
i
e
r
st
ha
tpr
e
ve
nt
e
ds
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sf
r
ombe
i
ngbui
l
ti
nc
e
r
t
a
i
n





a
r
e
a
sha
ves
i
nc
ebe
e
nove
r
c
ome
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
enowbe
i
ngbui
l
ti
na
r
e
a
spr
e
vi
ous
l
yma
r
gi
na
l
i
z
e
d.
Fore
xa
mpl
es
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
enowbe
i
ngbui
l
te
ve
nons
t
e
e
ps
l
ope
us
i
ngl
a
nds
c
a
pi
ng.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
enowbe
i
ngpl
a
nne
da
c
c
or
di
ngt
ohuma
n
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sa
ndde
s
i
r
e
s
.
Fore
xa
mpl
emos
tl
a
ndus
epa
t
t
e
r
n
si
nr
e
s
e
t
t
l
e
me
nta
r
e
a
sa
r
ea
r
e
s
ul
tofde
l
i
be
r
a
t
ehuma
npl
a
nni
ngmor
et
ha
na
nyt
hi
nge
l
s
e
.
Ur
ba
na
r
e
as
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
r
ea
l
wa
yspl
a
nne
da
l
t
houghs
pont
a
ne
ous
s
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
,wh
i
c
ha
r
eus
ua
l
l
yi
l
l
e
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s
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e
t
s
,c
e
me
ntr
oof
i
ngora
s
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s
t
os
r
oof
i
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Ac
c
or
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ngt
ot
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ns
us
:
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c
c
e
s
st
os
hops
,c
l
i
ni
c
sors
c
hool
s
.
l
a
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e
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os
a
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i
na
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es
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ni
t
a
t
i
on,
a
st
hel
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c
kofa
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c
e
s
st
opr
ope
rs
a
ni
t
a
t
i
on,
Mos
toft
he
s
es
qua
t
t
e
rc
a
mpsha
vepr
obl
e
mss
uc
h:
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nc
l
udi
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a
s
t
i
c
s
,c
a
r
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r
ds
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t
s
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ve
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t
e
r
i
a
lt
hes
qua
t
t
e
r
sc
a
nl
a
yt
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i
rha
ndson.
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ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
ybui
l
doutofac
ombi
na
t
i
onofs
e
ve
r
a
lbui
l
di
ng
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
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s
ea
r
ee
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yc
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omme
r
c
i
a
lf
a
r
ms
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ni
ng
c
e
nt
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e
sa
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e
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v
i
c
ea
r
e
a
se
.
g.
Di
s
t
r
i
c
tCounc
i
lOf
f
i
c
e
s
.











Squa
t
t
e
rc
a
mpsa
r
ea
l
s
oc
ommoni
nbot
hr
ur
a
la
ndur
ba
na
r
e
a
si
n
Zi
mba
bwe
.
Fa
i
r
l
ymode
r
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sbui
l
tus
i
ngbr
i
c
ka
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oof
e
dwi
t
h
a
s
be
s
t
os
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e
me
nts
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e
t
sorc
or
r
uga
t
e
di
r
ons
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e
t
sa
r
ea
l
s
onow
c
ommoni
nmos
tr
ur
a
la
r
e
a
s
.
I
nf
a
c
te
ve
ni
ff
a
mi
l
i
e
sbui
l
dot
he
rhous
e
sr
oundki
t
c
he
nsa
r
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r
t
ofe
ve
r
yr
ur
a
lc
ompoundf
orc
ul
t
ur
a
la
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a
c
t
i
c
a
lr
e
a
s
ons
.
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a
lpol
e
sa
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a
s
sa
r
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t
i
l
lhowe
ve
rus
e
df
ort
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t
c
hi
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he
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e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
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c
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ea
l
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ous
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l
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a
c
t
t
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ei
nf
l
ue
nc
e
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hes
ha
p
eoft
het
r
a
di
t
i
ona
lpol
ea
nd
da
ggahut
s
.
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tofZi
mba
bwe
’
sc
ommuna
ls
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sha
vemove
da
wa
y
f
r
omt
heus
eofpol
e
sa
ndda
ggaa
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ef
i
r
e
dbr
i
c
ks
.
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ht
r
a
di
t
i
ona
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st
e
nda
r
es
t
i
l
lc
ommona
l
t
hought
he
ya
r
e
s
l
owl
ydi
s
a
ppe
a
r
i
nga
spe
opl
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mb
r
a
c
et
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i
c
ksa
ndot
he
r
mode
r
nbui
l
di
ngma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
Tr
a
di
t
i
ona
lhous
e
sa
r
er
oundi
ns
ha
pe
,bui
l
tofpol
e
s
,da
ggaa
nd
gr
a
s
s
.
I
nZi
mba
bwet
r
a
di
t
i
on
a
lhous
e
sr
e
f
l
e
c
tt
hebui
l
di
ngma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
whi
c
ha
r
eobt
a
i
ne
df
r
o
mt
hes
ur
r
ou
ndi
nge
nvi
r
onme
nt
.
Thequa
l
i
t
yofl
i
f
ei
nr
ur
a
la
r
e
a
si
sgr
e
a
t
l
ya
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbyt
hequa
l
i
t
yof
r
ur
a
lhous
i
ng.
Ac
c
or
di
ngt
ot
he2012Ce
ns
usr
e
por
t67%ofZi
mba
bwe
’
s
popul
a
t
i
onl
i
ve
si
nr
ur
a
la
r
e
a
s
.
Al
s
oove
rt
hepa
s
tde
c
a
demos
tc
omme
r
c
i
a
lf
a
r
msha
vebe
e
n
s
ubdi
vi
de
di
nt
oi
ndi
vi
dua
lpl
ot
sa
spe
opl
eobt
a
i
ne
dl
a
ndunde
rt
he
La
ndRe
f
or
mAc
t
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
:Ur
ba
nSe
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
Thes
t
r
uc
t
ur
eofUr
ba
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s





Thi
si
st
hes
ha
peorf
or
mofur
ba
na
r
e
a
si
nr
e
l
a
t
i
ont
ol
a
ndus
e
mode
l
s
.
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t
r
uc
t
ur
eofur
ba
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
si
sa
l
s
oknowna
sur
ba
n
mor
phol
ogy.
Mode
l
sa
r
eus
e
dt
ode
s
c
r
i
bea
nde
xpl
a
i
nt
hes
t
r
uc
t
ur
eofc
i
t
i
e
s
.
Amode
li
sas
ys
t
e
ma
t
i
cde
s
c
r
i
pt
i
onofa
nobj
e
c
ti
nt
hi
sc
a
s
ea
t
ypi
c
a
lc
i
t
y.
The
r
ea
r
et
hr
e
eur
ba
nl
a
ndus
emode
l
svi
z
:




Thec
onc
e
nt
r
i
cmode
l(
1924)byBur
ge
s
s
TheSe
c
t
orMo
de
l(
1939)byHoyt
TheMul
t
i
nuc
l
e
iMod
e
l(
1945)byHa
r
r
i
sa
ndUl
l
ma
n
The
s
emode
l
sa
t
t
e
mptt
ode
s
c
r
i
bewha
tat
ypi
c
a
lt
own/
c
i
t
yorur
ba
n
s
e
t
t
l
e
me
ntl
ooksl
i
ke
,howi
tc
a
met
obewha
ti
ti
s(
howi
t
de
ve
l
ope
dove
rt
heye
a
r
s
)a
ndwhy
Fa
c
t
o
r
st
ha
ta
f
f
e
c
tl
a
ndus
ei
nur
ba
na
r
e
a
s







Thepa
t
t
e
r
nofur
ba
ngr
owt
ha
ndl
a
ndus
ede
pe
ndsonanumbe
rof
f
a
c
t
or
si
nc
l
udi
ng:
Communi
c
a
t
i
o
n-Thi
si
nc
l
ude
sr
oa
ds
,r
a
i
l
wa
yl
i
ne
s
,t
e
l
e
phone
/
f
i
be
r
l
i
ne
se
t
c
.Fore
xa
mpl
ef
a
c
t
or
i
e
st
e
ndt
obel
oc
a
t
e
da
l
ong/
ne
a
r
r
a
i
l
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yl
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ne
sa
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oa
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ort
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mt
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e
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ver
a
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t
e
r
i
a
l
se
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s
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y
a
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e
r
r
ygoodst
ot
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r
ke
t
.TheCe
nt
r
a
lBus
i
ne
s
sDi
s
t
r
i
c
t(
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i
sa
tt
hec
e
nt
e
roft
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a
s
i
l
ya
c
c
e
s
s
i
bl
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oma
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ls
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t
ownhe
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el
a
ndt
e
ndst
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ns
i
vehe
r
e
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t
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vi
t
i
e
s
t
ha
tc
a
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ort
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sl
a
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r
ef
oundi
nt
heCBDe
.
g.Ba
nks
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f
i
c
e
s
a
ndI
ns
ur
a
nc
ebus
i
ne
s
s
e
s
.
Thena
t
ur
eoft
hel
a
ndf
ore
xa
mpl
ewhe
t
he
ri
ti
sge
nt
l
ei
nt
e
r
msof
t
e
r
r
a
i
n.
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os
toft
hel
a
nd.Fore
xa
mpl
ec
ompe
t
i
t
i
onf
orl
a
nda
tt
heCBD
r
e
s
ul
t
si
ns
t
e
e
pc
os
t
ss
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i
n
e
s
s
e
st
ha
tc
a
npa
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ort
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sl
a
nd
ourf
oundt
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r
e
.
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e
ntorr
a
t
e
spa
ya
bl
e
.Thi
si
ss
i
mi
l
a
rt
ot
hec
os
toft
hel
a
nd.
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i
t
i
onoft
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ot
si
nr
e
l
a
t
i
ont
oot
he
rs
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
.
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i
z
eoft
hepi
e
c
eofl
a
nd.Thes
ma
l
l
e
rt
hel
a
ndt
hel
a
r
ge
rt
h
e
s
i
z
e
.
Type
sofLa
ndus
e
si
nur
ba
na
r
e
a
s





La
ndus
ei
.
e
.wha
tt
hel
a
ndi
sus
e
df
ori
nur
ba
na
r
e
adi
f
f
e
r
swi
t
h
e
a
c
ha
r
e
a
.
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t
houghl
a
ndus
e
sa
r
eus
ua
l
l
ymi
xe
df
ore
xa
mpl
es
omei
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
c
a
nbef
oundi
nr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
r
e
a
sl
a
ndus
e
st
e
ndt
obede
f
i
ne
d.
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mi
l
a
rl
a
ndus
e
sa
t
t
r
a
c
te
a
c
hot
he
ra
ndpus
hot
he
rl
a
ndus
e
sout
.
Fore
xa
mpl
ei
fmor
ea
ndmor
ei
ndus
t
r
i
e
sl
oc
a
t
ei
na
r
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
r
e
amor
ea
ndmor
epe
opl
ewi
l
ll
e
a
veduet
ot
hi
ngsl
i
ke
pol
l
ut
i
on.
Mos
ta
r
e
a
sha
veonedomi
na
ntl
a
ndus
e
.






The
r
ea
r
edi
f
f
e
r
e
ntt
ype
sofl
a
ndus
e
si
nur
ba
na
r
e
a
s
.
The
s
ec
a
nbec
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
di
nt
o:
I
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
Comme
r
c
i
a
l
Re
s
i
de
nt
i
a
l
I
ns
omea
r
e
a
st
he
s
el
a
ndus
e
sma
ymi
x.
Hi
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
lde
ve
l
opme
nt
sofur
ba
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s












Mos
tmode
r
nt
ownsi
nAf
r
i
c
aa
ndEur
opea
r
ei
nf
l
ue
nc
e
dby
i
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Asne
wf
a
c
t
or
i
e
swe
r
ebui
l
tl
a
r
genumbe
r
sofwor
ksmi
gr
a
t
e
df
r
om
r
ur
a
la
r
e
a
st
ot
owns
.
Thel
a
r
gei
nf
l
uxofpe
opl
el
e
dt
opr
e
s
s
ur
eonur
ba
nl
a
nda
ndt
he
de
ve
l
opme
ntofur
ba
npl
a
nni
ng.
Compe
t
i
t
i
onf
orl
a
ndi
nt
heCBDl
e
dt
oar
i
s
ei
ni
t
sc
os
t
,r
e
nt
a
l
s
a
ndr
a
t
e
s
.
Func
t
i
onst
ha
tc
oul
dnota
f
f
or
dt
hi
sl
a
ndwe
r
epus
he
doutoft
he
c
i
t
yc
e
nt
e
rt
ol
e
s
se
xpe
ns
i
veur
ba
nout
s
ki
r
t
s
.
We
a
l
t
hyi
ndi
vi
dua
l
sa
l
s
omove
doutoft
heCBDt
oe
s
c
a
pe
ove
r
c
r
owdi
nga
nds
mokef
r
omi
nd
us
t
r
i
e
st
ot
hepe
r
i
phe
r
a
la
r
e
a
s
.
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yc
oul
dbui
l
dl
a
r
ge
rhous
e
swi
t
hga
r
de
nsa
ndr
e
c
r
e
a
t
i
ona
lpa
r
ks
.
Fore
xa
mpl
eBor
r
owda
l
e
.
Lowi
nc
omea
ndune
mpl
oye
dmi
gr
a
t
e
smove
dne
a
r
e
rt
ot
hepl
a
c
e
s
ofe
mpl
oyme
nta
tt
hec
i
t
yc
e
nt
e
r
.Fore
xa
mpl
eAve
nue
shous
e
sa
nd
f
l
a
t
sa
ndMba
r
e
.
Hous
i
ngs
t
a
ndsbe
c
a
mes
ma
l
l
e
ra
nds
ma
l
l
e
r
.
Se
mi
de
t
a
c
he
dhous
i
nga
nds
qua
t
t
e
rc
a
mpsbe
c
a
meac
ommon
f
e
a
t
ur
ei
ni
nne
r
c
i
t
yz
o
ne
s
.
Fore
xa
mpl
eHope
l
yf
a
r
m.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
:Thec
onc
e
nt
r
i
c
mode
l
/
Bur
ge
s
s
’
smode
l(
1924)



Thi
si
sknowna
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ve
l
ya
st
hec
onc
e
nt
r
i
cmode
l
,t
her
i
ngmode
l
f
orur
ba
nl
a
ndus
eorBur
ge
s
s
’mode
l
.
I
twa
sf
or
mul
a
t
e
dbyBur
ge
s
sa
ndPa
r
ki
n1924a
f
t
e
rt
he
i
rs
t
udi
e
s
oft
hec
i
t
yofChi
c
a
goi
nt
heUni
t
e
dSt
a
t
e
s
.
The
i
rs
t
udyr
e
ve
a
l
e
dt
ha
tt
hec
i
t
yc
oul
dbedi
vi
de
di
nt
oanumb
e
rof
c
onc
e
nt
r
i
cl
a
ndus
ez
one
s:









TheCe
nt
r
a
lBus
i
ne
s
sDi
s
t
r
i
c
t
TheZoneoft
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on
TheZoneoft
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on
TheZoneofwor
ki
ngme
n’
shous
e
s
TheZoneofmi
ddl
ei
n
c
omeorme
di
umde
ns
i
t
yhous
i
ng
TheCommut
e
rZone
Themode
la
s
s
ume
st
ha
tt
hec
i
t
ygr
owsf
r
omas
i
ngl
enuc
l
e
us(
c
or
e
)
i
nc
onc
e
nt
r
i
cc
i
r
c
l
e
so
fdi
s
t
i
nc
tl
a
ndus
e
s
.
Thec
i
t
ygr
owsbyur
ba
ne
c
ol
ogyore
xpa
ns
i
onduet
ode
ma
ndof
di
f
f
e
r
e
ntgoodsa
nds
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
Thec
i
t
ywi
l
lc
ont
i
nuet
ogr
owi
nt
os
ur
r
oundi
ngr
ur
a
la
r
e
a
s
.
TheCBD






I
ti
st
henuc
l
e
usoft
hec
i
t
y
Al
l(
c
ommuni
c
a
t
i
on)r
out
e
sme
e
ti
nt
hi
sa
r
e
a
.
I
tha
shi
ghr
i
s
ebui
l
di
ngs
/
s
kys
c
r
a
pe
r
s
.
Re
nt
a
l
sa
r
enor
ma
l
l
yhi
ghi
nt
hi
sa
r
e
a
.
I
tha
sve
r
yf
e
wpe
opl
ea
ndt
r
a
f
f
i
cdur
i
ngt
heni
ghta
ndhi
ght
r
a
f
f
i
c
de
ns
i
t
i
e
sofpe
opl
ea
ndt
r
a
f
f
i
cdur
i
ngt
heda
y.
I
ti
st
hec
omme
r
c
i
a
lc
or
ewhe
r
ehot
e
l
s
,ba
nks
,s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
ds
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
t
he
a
t
e
r
s
,de
pa
r
t
me
nt
a
ls
t
or
e
s
,f
i
na
n
c
ehous
e
sa
ndc
i
ne
ma
sa
r
e
f
ound.
Zoneoft
r
a
ns
i
t
i
on







I
ts
ur
r
oundst
heCBD
I
tha
sr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
r
e
a
swi
t
hpoorhous
i
ng.
I
tha
sof
f
i
c
e
sa
ndl
i
ghti
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
.
I
ti
sc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
dbyi
ndus
t
r
i
a
lf
un
c
t
i
onst
ha
tr
e
qui
r
eal
otofl
a
nd.
I
ti
nf
a
mousf
ori
t
sc
r
i
me
sa
nds
oc
i
a
lpr
obl
e
msf
ore
xa
mpl
e
pr
os
t
i
t
ut
i
on.
I
ti
sc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
dbyt
r
a
ns
i
e
ntpopul
a
t
i
on,mi
gr
a
ntwor
ke
r
s
,t
he
poor
,a
ge
da
ndune
mpl
oyme
nt
.
Exa
mpl
e
sa
r
eMba
r
ea
ndAve
nue
s
.
Zoneofwor
ki
ngme
n’
shous
e
s
/
Lowc
l
a
s
sr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
r
e
a
s

Thi
si
sknowna
st
ot
hez
oneofwo
r
ki
ngme
n’
shous
e
sorl
owi
nc
omer
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
lz
on
e




Thi
sz
onei
sf
oundne
a
rhe
a
vyi
ndu
s
t
r
i
e
sf
ore
xa
mpl
eHi
ghf
i
e
l
da
nd
Gl
e
nNor
a
hs
ubur
bsn
e
a
rWi
l
l
owva
l
ei
ndus
t
r
i
e
sa
ndMba
r
ea
n
d
Gr
a
ni
t
e
s
i
deI
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
.
Thede
ns
i
t
yofhous
e
spe
runi
ta
r
e
ai
shi
gh
Thez
onei
sc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
dbyhi
ghd
e
ns
i
t
ys
ubur
bswi
t
he
a
c
hhous
e
l
oc
a
t
e
donas
ma
l
lpl
otofl
a
nd.
Thi
sa
r
e
ai
soc
c
upi
e
dbyf
a
c
t
or
ywor
ks
,s
i
ngl
ehous
e
s
,s
ma
l
ly
a
r
ds
a
ndunt
a
r
r
e
dr
oa
ds
.
Zoneofmi
ddl
ei
nc
ome
/
me
di
umde
ns
i
t
yhous
i
ng






Thi
si
sc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
dbyl
a
r
gehous
e
s
,
wi
t
hga
r
de
nsa
ndbr
oa
dt
r
e
e
l
i
ne
ds
t
r
e
e
t
s
.
.
As
ma
l
lc
omme
r
c
i
a
lc
e
nt
r
ea
nd
gr
e
e
nbe
l
t
sc
a
nbef
oun
dwi
t
hi
nt
hi
sz
one
.
Soc
i
a
lc
e
nt
e
r
sl
i
kepr
e
s
c
hool
sa
nds
c
hool
sc
a
na
l
s
obef
oundi
n
t
hi
sz
one
.
Exa
mpl
e
sa
r
eHi
l
l
s
i
dea
ndCr
a
nbor
nes
ubur
bsi
nHa
r
a
r
e
.
Commut
e
rz
one








I
sl
oc
a
t
e
ds
omedi
s
t
a
nc
ea
wa
yf
r
omt
hec
i
t
yc
e
nt
e
r
.
Pe
opl
eus
ec
ommut
et
ot
heCBDi
nor
de
rt
oge
tt
owor
kus
i
ng
t
r
a
i
ns
,c
a
r
sa
ndbus
e
s
.
Thez
ones
t
a
r
t
sof
fwi
t
hl
owde
ns
i
t
y,hi
ghi
nc
omer
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
r
e
a
s
,
wi
t
hl
a
r
ges
pa
c
e
dhous
e
sa
ndga
r
de
ns
.
I
ns
omepl
a
c
e
sma
r
ke
tga
r
de
ni
ngma
ybepr
a
c
t
i
c
e
df
ore
xa
mpl
e
Hone
yDe
wf
a
r
mi
nGr
e
e
nda
l
e
.
The
yus
ua
l
l
yh
a
veas
ubur
ba
ns
hop
pi
ngc
e
nt
e
rf
ore
xa
mpl
eSa
m
Le
vyi
nBor
r
owda
l
ea
ndKa
mphi
ns
ai
nGr
e
e
nda
l
e
.
Thez
onema
ya
l
s
ogi
v
ewa
yt
ol
a
r
ge
rf
a
r
mss
uppl
yi
ngf
r
e
s
hf
r
ui
t
s
,
da
i
r
ypr
oduc
t
sa
ndve
ge
t
a
bl
e
st
ot
het
own.
Some
t
i
me
st
hef
a
r
mi
ngz
onema
ybei
nt
e
r
r
upt
e
dbys
ma
l
l
dor
mi
t
or
yt
ownss
uc
ha
sChi
t
ungwi
z
a
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
:Hoyt
’
sSe
c
t
ormode
l
(
1939)

I
twa
spubl
i
s
he
da
sa
na
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
vet
oBur
ge
s
sa
ndPa
r
k’
sc
onc
e
nt
r
i
c
mode
l

I
twa
sba
s
e
donas
t
udyof142Ame
r
i
c
a
nc
i
t
i
e
s
.
As
s
umpt
i
ons







I
nma
ki
ngt
hemode
lHoytma
des
omea
s
s
umpt
i
ons
Themode
la
s
s
ume
swe
a
l
t
hype
opl
ewhoc
a
na
f
f
or
dt
hehi
ghe
s
t
r
e
nt
a
l
sa
ndr
a
t
e
sc
hos
et
hebe
s
ts
i
t
e
s
.
We
a
l
t
hyr
e
s
i
de
nt
sc
a
na
f
f
or
dpr
i
va
t
ec
a
r
sort
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ont
hus
t
he
yl
i
vef
ur
t
he
rf
r
omi
ndus
t
r
ya
ndne
a
rma
i
nr
oa
ds
.
Si
mi
l
a
rl
a
ndus
e
sa
t
t
r
a
c
te
a
c
hot
he
ra
ndr
e
pe
lot
he
rl
a
ndus
e
s
.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
si
sr
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
ss
e
c
t
orde
ve
l
opme
nt
Thec
i
t
yort
owna
sas
i
ngl
eCBDorc
or
e
.
Pe
opl
ene
e
dt
omovef
r
omonea
r
e
aoft
het
ownt
oa
not
he
r
.
Themode
l










Ac
c
or
di
ngt
oHoyta
r
e
a
sa
l
ongs
i
dema
i
nr
oa
ds
/
c
ommuni
c
a
t
i
on
l
i
ne
sa
t
t
r
a
c
tt
hehi
ghe
s
tr
e
nta
ndr
a
t
e
s
.
Thec
i
t
ygr
owsi
nas
e
r
i
e
sofwe
dge
s
La
ndus
ef
ol
l
owst
r
a
ns
por
tr
out
e
sf
r
omt
heCBD.
Onc
eac
e
r
t
a
i
na
r
e
aha
sde
ve
l
ope
dadi
s
t
i
nc
t
i
vel
a
ndus
eorf
un
c
t
i
on
i
tt
e
ndst
or
e
t
a
i
nt
ha
tl
a
ndus
ea
st
hec
i
t
ygr
owsout
wa
r
ds
Hoyta
l
s
oi
de
nt
i
f
i
e
sdi
f
f
e
r
e
ntr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
lz
one
si
nr
e
l
a
t
i
ont
o
i
nc
ome
,oppor
t
uni
t
ya
ndc
l
a
s
s
.
Se
c
t
or
st
husr
e
pl
a
c
et
her
i
ngsi
nBur
ge
s
sa
ndPa
r
k’
smode
l
.
Thi
si
sbe
c
a
us
eofune
qua
la
c
c
e
s
sa
st
hec
i
t
ygr
owsout
wa
r
dsa
l
ong
ma
j
orr
out
e
s
.
Ma
j
orr
out
e
sa
t
t
r
a
c
tma
nuf
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
.
Ne
xtt
ot
hei
nd
us
t
r
i
a
lz
onea
r
el
owc
l
a
s
swor
ke
r
’
shous
e
sf
or
e
xa
mpl
eMba
r
ea
ndLe
i
ght
oni
ndus
t
r
i
e
s
,Wi
l
l
owva
l
ea
nd
Hi
ghf
i
e
l
dsa
ndMba
r
ea
ndGr
a
ni
t
e
s
i
de
.
The
s
ehous
e
sa
r
ef
ol
l
owe
dbymi
ddl
ec
l
a
s
shous
e
s(
Wa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sne
xt
t
oMba
r
e
)a
ndt
he
nhi
ghi
nc
omeho
us
e
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
:Ha
r
r
i
sa
ndUl
l
ma
n’
s
Mul
t
i
nuc
l
e
imode
l(
1945)
The
yma
det
he
i
rs
t
udywe
l
la
f
t
e
rt
heot
he
rt
womode
l
sha
dbe
e
n
publ
i
s
he
da
ndt
husha
dt
hebe
ne
f
i
tofhi
n
ds
i
ghta
ndc
i
t
i
e
sha
ds
i
nc
e
gr
owni
ns
i
z
e
.
Fi
ndi
ngs











The
yr
e
a
l
i
z
e
dt
hef
a
c
tt
ha
tmode
r
nc
i
t
i
e
sha
veamor
ec
ompl
e
x
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
et
ha
nde
s
c
r
i
be
dbyt
heConc
e
nt
r
i
ca
ndSe
c
t
ormode
l
s
Ci
t
i
e
sus
ua
l
l
ygr
owf
r
o
ms
e
ve
r
a
li
nde
pe
nde
ntnuc
l
e
ir
a
t
he
rt
ha
nor
i
na
ddi
t
i
ont
ot
hema
i
nCBD.
The
s
ec
or
e
si
nc
l
udes
ubur
ba
ns
hoppi
ngc
e
nt
e
r
si
nmos
tmode
r
n
c
i
t
i
e
s
.
Ea
c
hoft
he
s
en
uc
l
e
usa
c
t
sa
sapoi
ntofgr
owt
ha
ndus
ua
l
l
yha
s
s
omeoft
hef
un
c
t
i
onsf
oundi
nt
hema
i
nCBDa
ndot
he
rnuc
l
e
if
or
e
xa
mpl
ei
tmi
g
htha
veba
nks
,s
hoppi
ngma
l
l
s
,s
upe
r
ma
r
ke
t
se
t
c
Fore
xa
mpl
eSa
mLe
vys
hoppi
ngc
e
nt
e
r
,Ka
mphi
ns
a
,We
s
t
ga
t
e
,
Ma
konis
hoppi
ngc
e
nt
e
r
s
The
s
ec
e
nt
e
r
sgr
owwi
t
ht
i
met
ome
r
gewi
t
he
a
c
hot
he
rt
of
or
mone
l
a
r
geur
ba
nc
e
nt
e
r
.
Ha
r
r
i
sa
ndUl
l
ma
nwe
r
ea
bl
et
os
t
udyl
a
t
e
rur
ba
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
st
ha
t
ha
ds
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
er
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
ndi
ndus
t
r
i
a
ls
ubur
bsi
nt
he
i
rmode
l
.
I
ft
hema
i
nc
i
t
ybe
c
ome
st
ool
a
r
gea
ndc
onge
s
t
e
ds
omef
unc
t
i
o
ns
ma
ydi
s
pe
r
s
et
of
or
mn
e
wnuc
l
e
i
.
Mul
t
i
pl
enuc
l
e
it
husde
ve
l
opoutoft
hene
e
df
orqui
c
ka
c
c
e
s
st
ot
he
c
e
nt
e
r
,t
oke
e
pc
e
r
t
a
i
nl
a
ndus
e
sa
p
a
r
ta
ndt
ode
c
e
nt
r
a
l
i
s
e
.
Thec
i
t
yofHa
r
a
r
ec
l
os
e
l
ya
ppr
oxi
ma
t
e
st
hi
smode
lwi
t
ht
hema
i
n
l
a
r
geCBDa
tt
hec
e
nt
e
ra
ndva
r
i
ou
snuc
l
e
ii
nt
hef
or
mofs
hoppi
ng
c
e
nt
e
r
ss
uc
ha
sBor
r
owda
l
e
,Sa
meLe
vy,Ma
c
hi
pi
s
ai
nHi
ghf
i
e
l
d,
Ka
mphi
ns
ai
nGr
e
e
nda
l
e
,We
s
t
ga
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s
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s

The
yonl
yc
a
r
r
yal
i
mi
t
e
da
mountofgoods
/
pe
opl
e



Ca
nc
a
us
et
r
a
f
f
i
cc
onge
s
t
i
onorma
kei
twor
s
e
.
The
yc
a
nbet
i
r
e
s
omea
st
he
ya
r
epowe
r
e
dbyhuma
ne
ne
r
gy.
Sl
ow
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Ca
noe
sa
ndDhows




The
ya
r
ec
he
a
p
c
l
e
a
n
The
ya
r
eve
r
s
a
t
i
l
ea
st
he
yc
a
nc
a
r
r
yava
r
i
e
t
yofgoods
The
ya
r
es
i
mpl
et
oma
nuf
a
c
t
ur
ea
n
dr
e
pa
i
r
.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s





Ca
nnotc
a
r
r
yl
a
r
gea
mount
sofgoodsa
ndpa
s
s
e
nge
r
s
.
The
ya
r
eve
r
ys
l
ow.
The
yr
e
qui
r
en
a
vi
ga
bl
ewa
t
e
rbodi
e
sa
ndc
a
na
l
s
.
The
yma
yc
a
ps
i
z
ec
a
us
i
ngde
a
t
ha
nd/
ori
nj
ur
y/
da
ma
get
ogood
s
Someoft
he
ma
r
epowe
r
e
dbyhuma
ne
ne
r
gywhi
c
hc
a
nbet
a
x
i
ng.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Mot
orve
hi
c
l
e
s
Adva
nt
a
ge
s





I
sf
a
s
t
The
ya
r
ec
omf
or
t
a
bl
ee
.
g.t
he
yha
v
ea
i
rc
ondi
t
i
oni
nga
ndhe
a
t
i
ng.
The
ya
r
epr
ot
e
c
t
e
df
r
o
mwe
a
t
he
re
l
e
me
nt
s
.
The
yc
a
nc
ond
uc
tdoort
odoorde
l
i
ve
r
i
e
s
.
I
nde
pe
nde
nti
.
eyouc
a
ndr
i
vet
he
mt
owhe
r
e
ve
ryoul
i
kewhe
ne
ve
r
youwa
nta
st
he
ydonotha
vef
i
xe
dt
i
met
a
bl
e
sorr
out
epe
r
mi
t
s
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s








The
ya
r
ee
xpe
ns
i
vet
obuya
ndma
i
nt
a
i
n
The
yc
a
r
r
yf
e
we
rpa
s
s
e
nge
r
s
Mos
ta
r
enotve
r
s
a
t
i
l
ee
.
g.t
he
r
ea
r
ekombi
s
,t
r
uc
ks
,va
ns
,s
e
da
ns
e
t
c
.
The
yc
a
nc
a
us
ef
a
t
a
la
c
c
i
de
nt
s
.
The
ypol
l
ut
et
hee
nvi
r
onme
nt
.
The
yc
r
e
a
t
ec
onge
s
t
i
on
The
yr
e
qui
r
er
oa
ds
.
The
yr
e
qui
r
ef
ue
lwhi
c
hmi
ghtma
ket
he
me
xpe
ns
i
vet
oope
r
a
t
e
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Bus
e
sa
ndTr
a
mc
a
r
s
Adva
nt
a
ge
s









The
ya
r
ef
a
s
t
The
ya
r
ec
omf
or
t
a
bl
e
The
ya
r
epunc
t
ua
l
The
yc
a
r
r
yal
otofpa
s
s
e
nge
r
sa
tonc
e
.
The
ya
r
ec
he
a
pe
rt
ha
not
he
rmode
r
nmode
soft
r
a
ns
por
t
.
The
yha
vepr
e
s
c
r
i
be
dpi
c
kupa
nddr
oppoi
nt
s(
buss
t
opsa
nd
s
t
a
t
i
ons
)
Ther
e
duc
et
r
a
f
f
i
cc
onge
s
t
i
on
The
yus
ec
he
a
pe
rf
ue
l
s(
i
.
eDi
e
s
e
lwhi
c
hi
smi
s
t
i
l
yc
he
a
pe
rt
ha
n
pe
t
r
ol
)
Enj
oye
c
onomi
e
sofs
c
a
l
e
.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s









The
ya
r
el
e
s
sve
r
s
a
t
i
l
e
Ca
nnotpr
ovi
dedoort
odoors
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
The
ya
r
er
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
ys
l
o
w.
Re
qui
r
ee
xpe
ns
i
vegoodqua
l
i
t
yr
oa
ds
.
Ca
nc
a
us
ef
a
t
a
la
c
c
i
de
nt
s
.
Ca
us
ea
i
rpol
l
ut
i
on
The
f
t
sc
a
noc
c
ura
tbuss
t
a
t
i
ons
Ca
nnota
c
c
e
s
ss
omer
e
mot
ea
r
e
a
se
.
g.s
omepa
r
t
soft
heEa
s
t
e
r
n
Hi
ghl
a
ndswe
r
er
oa
dsc
a
nnotbec
ons
t
r
uc
t
e
d.
Tout
swhoma
nt
he
s
ebus
e
sof
t
e
nc
a
us
eha
voca
ndc
ha
os
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Tr
a
i
nsa
ndr
a
i
lt
r
a
ns
por
t
Adva
nt
a
ge
s






I
sr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
yc
he
a
p
Ca
r
i
e
sbul
kgoodss
uc
ha
sc
oa
la
ndunpr
oc
e
s
s
e
dor
e
s
Ca
r
r
i
e
sl
a
r
gea
mount
sofgoodsa
nd
Ca
r
r
i
e
sl
a
r
gea
mount
sofpa
s
s
e
nge
r
s
The
ya
r
ec
omf
or
t
a
bl
e
Ca
nbeve
r
yf
a
s
t

The
ya
r
el
e
s
spr
onet
oa
c
c
i
de
nt
s
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s









Doe
snotpr
ovi
dedoort
odoors
e
r
v
i
c
e
.
Ca
nnots
c
a
l
es
t
e
e
pgr
a
di
e
nt
se
.
g.Ea
s
t
e
r
nHi
ghl
a
nds
Re
qui
r
er
a
i
l
wa
yl
i
ne
swhi
c
ha
r
ee
x
pe
ns
i
vet
oc
ons
t
r
uc
t
.
Re
s
t
r
i
c
t
i
vee
.
g
.t
r
a
i
nsi
nt
heSADCr
e
gi
onma
ybeuna
bl
et
os
e
r
vi
c
e
ot
he
rc
ount
r
i
e
sa
st
he
yus
edi
f
f
e
r
e
ntr
a
i
l
wa
yga
uge
s
.
Re
qui
r
es
pe
c
i
a
lha
ndl
i
nge
qui
pme
ntt
ol
oa
da
ndunl
oa
d.
I
snotve
r
s
a
t
i
l
ea
ss
pe
c
i
a
lt
r
a
i
l
e
r
sa
r
er
e
qui
r
e
df
ors
omel
oa
ds
.
I
sr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
ys
l
owe
rt
ha
not
he
rf
or
msoft
r
a
ns
por
te
.
g.a
i
r
.
Nots
ui
t
a
bl
ef
o
rpe
r
i
s
h
a
bl
egoods
.
I
nZi
mba
bweweha
veonl
yonet
r
a
c
kwhi
c
hme
a
nst
r
a
i
nsc
a
nn
ot
pa
s
se
a
c
hot
he
r
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Ai
rTr
a
ns
por
t
Adva
nt
a
ge
s








I
sve
r
yf
a
s
tf
ore
xa
mpl
eat
r
i
pt
ot
heVi
c
t
or
i
aFa
l
l
st
a
ke
s1hour15
mi
nut
e
sbya
i
ra
ndove
r12hour
sbyr
oa
d.
I
sc
omf
or
t
a
bl
e
Nota
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbywe
a
t
he
re
l
e
me
nt
s
.
Nota
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbys
ur
f
a
c
er
e
l
i
e
f
Ca
nbeus
e
di
nt
i
me
sofe
me
r
ge
nc
yf
ore
xa
mpl
ehe
l
i
c
opt
e
r
sa
r
e
us
e
di
na
i
rr
e
s
c
uemi
s
s
i
onss
uc
ha
sa
f
t
e
rt
hee
a
r
t
hqua
kei
nNe
pa
l
.
Ca
nc
ove
rl
a
r
g
edi
s
t
a
nc
e
swi
t
houtt
hene
e
dt
or
e
f
ue
l
.
The
yc
a
nt
a
kedi
r
e
c
tr
out
e
s
.
The
yc
a
nc
a
r
r
yhi
ghv
a
l
uegoodss
a
f
e
l
yf
ore
xa
mpl
et
he
r
ea
r
eno
a
i
rpi
r
a
t
e
s
.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s





Ai
r
s
pa
c
ei
sus
ua
l
l
yr
e
s
t
r
i
c
t
e
da
ndc
ont
r
ol
l
e
dbyhos
tc
ount
r
i
e
sa
sa
ma
t
t
e
rofna
t
i
ona
ls
e
c
ur
i
t
y.
The
yc
a
nbea
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbye
xt
r
e
mewe
a
t
he
rc
ondi
t
i
onse
.
g.c
yc
l
o
ne
s
.
Ca
nnotpr
ovi
dedoort
odoors
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
Re
qui
r
ee
xpe
ns
i
vea
i
rpor
t
st
ot
a
keof
fa
ndl
a
nd.
Ai
r
por
t
sa
r
eus
ua
l
l
yl
o
c
a
t
e
df
a
ra
wa
yf
r
omr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
la
nd
i
ndus
t
r
i
a
la
r
e
a
swhi
c
hme
a
nsa
ddi
t
i
ona
lmode
soft
r
a
ns
por
ta
r
e



r
e
qui
r
e
d.
The
ya
r
eve
r
ye
xpe
ns
i
vet
opur
c
ha
s
ea
ndma
i
nt
a
i
n.
Ac
c
i
de
nt
sa
r
ea
l
mos
ta
l
wa
ysf
a
t
a
la
ndc
os
t
l
yi
nda
ma
get
e
r
ms
.
Pr
onet
os
a
bot
a
gea
ndt
e
r
r
or
i
s
m.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Se
aTr
a
ns
por
t
Adva
nt
a
ge
s




I
sr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
yc
he
a
pe
r
.
Ca
r
i
e
sbul
kygoodsa
tonc
e
The
ya
r
eve
r
yc
omf
or
t
a
bl
ef
ore
xa
mpl
ec
r
ui
s
es
hi
psa
ndoc
e
a
n
l
i
ne
r
sa
r
eof
t
e
nf
i
t
t
e
dwi
t
hl
uxur
yf
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
ss
uc
ha
sba
t
hr
ooms
,
t
oi
l
e
t
s
,c
a
s
i
nosa
nde
nt
e
r
t
a
i
nme
ntf
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
.
Ea
s
yha
ndl
i
ngofgoodsf
ore
xa
mpl
eRoRos
hi
ps
.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s





Sl
owe
rt
ha
not
he
rf
or
msoft
r
a
ns
po
r
te
.
g.a
i
r
.
Re
qui
r
e
sgoodpor
t
s
Re
qui
r
e
ss
pe
c
i
a
lha
ndl
i
nge
qui
pme
ntt
ol
oa
da
ndunl
oa
d.
Ca
nbes
us
c
e
pt
i
bl
et
owe
a
t
he
rha
z
a
r
dss
uc
ha
sc
yc
l
one
s
.
Ac
c
i
de
nt
sc
a
nc
a
us
eda
ma
get
ope
opl
e
,goodsa
ndt
hee
nvi
r
onme
nt
f
ore
xa
mpl
eOi
ll
e
a
ks
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Tr
a
ns
por
t
:Pi
pe
l
i
ne
Adva
nt
a
ge
s



The
ya
r
eve
r
ye
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
The
ya
r
ec
he
a
ponc
et
hei
ns
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
onha
sbe
e
nc
ompl
e
t
e
d.
The
yc
a
nc
a
r
r
yf
l
ui
dsi
nbul
k.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s




The
ya
r
ei
mmobi
l
ei
.
e
.t
her
out
ec
a
nnotbec
ha
nge
donc
et
he
ya
r
e
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d.
Ca
nonl
yc
a
r
r
yf
l
ui
dss
uc
ha
soi
l
,g
a
sa
ndwa
t
e
ra
ndnots
ol
i
dsl
i
ke
me
a
t
.
The
ya
r
eve
r
ye
xpe
ns
i
vet
oi
ns
t
a
l
la
ndma
i
nt
a
i
n.
The
ya
r
ee
a
s
yt
os
a
bot
a
gee
.
g.t
heRENAMOba
ndi
t
sc
ons
t
a
nt
l
y


t
hr
e
a
t
e
ne
da
nds
a
bot
a
ge
dZi
mba
bwe
’
sBe
i
r
a
Fe
r
ukapi
pe
l
i
ne
dur
i
ngt
heMoz
a
mbi
c
a
nCi
vi
lWa
r
.
Le
a
ksa
ndda
ma
gec
a
nbedi
f
f
i
c
ul
tt
ode
t
e
c
ti
ft
hepi
pe
l
i
nei
s
unde
r
gr
ound.
Spe
c
i
a
lpi
pe
l
i
ne
sa
r
er
e
qui
r
e
dt
oc
a
r
r
yf
l
a
mma
bl
e
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:We
a
t
he
r
i
ng



Ea
r
t
hmove
me
nt
s(
pl
a
t
et
e
c
t
oni
c
s
)c
r
e
a
t
ea
ndl
e
a
dt
ot
he
de
ve
l
opme
ntoft
hee
a
r
t
h’
sma
j
orl
a
ndf
or
msf
ore
xa
mpl
eBl
oc
k
Mount
a
i
ns
,vol
c
a
ni
cc
one
s
,l
a
vapl
a
t
e
a
usa
ndr
i
f
tva
l
l
e
ys
.
Ass
oona
st
he
ya
r
ef
or
me
dde
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
t
t
a
c
k,e
xpos
e
a
ndgr
a
dua
l
l
ywe
a
rt
he
s
el
a
ndf
or
msa
wa
y.
De
nuda
t
i
oni
sat
e
r
mt
ha
ti
sus
e
dt
ode
s
c
r
i
bet
hef
or
c
e
st
ha
twe
a
r
a
wa
yt
hel
a
nds
ur
f
a
c
ei
ti
nc
l
ude
st
h
epr
oc
e
s
s
e
sofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng,
e
r
os
i
on,t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ona
ndma
s
swa
s
t
i
ng.
We
a
t
he
r
i
ng


We
a
t
he
r
i
ngr
e
f
e
r
st
ot
hewe
a
ke
ni
ng,br
e
a
ki
ngup,a
nd
di
s
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
onofr
oc
kst
ha
tf
or
mt
h
es
ur
f
a
c
eoft
hegr
ounda
ndl
i
e
e
xpos
e
dt
ot
hewe
a
t
he
re
l
e
me
nt
si
ns
i
t
u.
Thel
i
t
t
l
ephr
a
s
ei
ns
i
t
ui
saLa
t
i
nphr
a
s
ewhi
c
hs
i
mpl
yme
a
ns“
i
n
i
t
sor
i
gi
na
lpl
a
c
e
”/
”
s
t
a
t
i
ona
r
y.
”
Exa
mi
ne
r
sa
tZI
MSEC,Ca
mbr
i
dgea
ndot
he
re
xa
mi
ni
ngbodi
e
sof
t
e
n
a
s
ks
t
ude
nt
st
odi
s
t
i
ngui
s
hbe
t
we
e
nwe
a
t
he
r
i
nga
nde
r
os
i
on.
We
a
t
he
r
i
ng
Br
e
a
ki
ngdownofr
oc
ks
Ha
ppe
nsi
ns
i
t
u(
i
ss
t
a
t
i
c
)
Pr
oduc
e
si
ns
e
l
be
r
gsa
ndka
r
s
tl
a
nds
c
a
pe
s
Er
os
i
on
Wa
s
hi
nga
wa
yofs
o
i
lby
e
i
t
he
rwi
nd,wa
t
e
rori
c
e
.
Wa
s
hi
nga
wa
yoft
o
ps
oi
l
Pr
oduc
e
sgul
l
i
e
sa
nd
donga
s
Ca
us
e
dmos
t
l
ybyt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
eva
r
i
a
nc
e
sa
nd
Ca
us
e
dbyt
hemove
me
nt
a
c
i
dr
a
i
n(
i
.
et
he
r
ea
r
et
wot
ype
sc
he
mi
c
a
la
nd
ofwa
t
e
r
,wi
nda
ndi
c
e
me
c
ha
ni
c
a
l
)
Ma
s
swa
s
t
i
ng
Cr
e
e
pmove
me
ntonas
l
ope
.I
ma
gec
r
e
di
tMys
c
hool
s
t
uf
f
.
c
o.
z
a





i
st
hemove
me
ntofr
e
gol
i
t
ha
ndot
he
rwe
a
t
he
r
e
dma
t
e
r
i
a
le
nma
s
s
e
duet
ot
hef
or
c
eofgr
a
vi
t
y.
I
tt
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
hef
o
r
mofmuds
l
i
de
sa
ndr
oc
kf
a
l
l
swhe
nas
e
mi
l
i
qui
ds
pongyma
s
sf
a
l
l
sdownas
l
opea
sas
i
ngl
ema
s
sa
soppos
e
d
s
a
yt
oe
r
os
i
onwhe
nt
hes
oi
la
ndr
e
gol
i
t
hi
swa
s
he
ddownt
hes
l
ope
i
ns
t
e
a
d.
Ma
s
swa
s
t
i
ngi
nc
l
ude
ss
uc
hpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
sc
r
e
e
pi
ng,s
oi
la
ndr
oc
k
s
l
i
de
s
,t
oppl
e
sa
ndf
a
l
l
s
.
I
tc
a
nt
a
kepl
a
c
ea
tas
l
owa
l
mos
ti
mpe
r
c
e
pt
i
bl
epa
c
ea
si
nc
r
e
e
por
qui
c
kl
yi
nt
hef
or
mofs
udde
nr
oc
kf
a
l
l
sa
ndl
a
nds
l
i
de
s
.
The
r
ea
r
et
wot
ype
sofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng:
1.Phys
i
c
a
l
/
Me
c
h
a
ni
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
2.Che
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
NBAs
pe
c
t
sofbi
ol
o
gi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
nga
r
ee
i
t
he
rgr
oupe
da
sbe
i
ng
phys
i
c
a
lorc
he
mi
c
a
lde
pe
nd
i
ngwi
t
ht
he
i
rna
t
ur
e
,ac
r
i
t
e
r
i
onwhi
c
h
ZI
MSECs
e
e
mst
of
a
voura
tOr
di
na
r
yLe
ve
l
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ma
i
nt
ype
sofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng:
Che
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng






Che
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
st
hebr
e
a
ki
n
gdownorde
c
ompos
i
t
i
onof
r
oc
ksa
sar
e
s
ul
tofva
r
i
ousc
he
mi
c
a
lpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
ndr
e
a
c
t
i
ons
a
l
t
e
r
i
ngt
hec
he
mi
c
a
lc
ompone
nt
soft
her
oc
k.
Somet
ype
sofr
oc
ksde
c
ompos
ewhe
nt
he
yc
omei
nt
oc
ont
a
c
twi
t
h
wa
t
e
r
,oxyge
n,c
a
r
bondi
oxi
dea
ndot
he
rna
t
ur
a
l
l
yoc
c
ur
r
i
nga
c
i
ds
s
uc
ha
si
nt
hes
oi
l
.
The
s
ea
c
i
dsi
nc
l
udehumi
ca
c
i
ds
,c
a
r
boni
ca
c
i
ds
,a
c
i
dr
a
i
na
nd
s
mog(
whi
c
hi
sf
ogl
a
c
e
dwi
t
ht
oxi
ca
nds
ome
t
i
me
sc
or
r
os
i
ve
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
)
.
Somemi
ne
r
a
l
si
nt
her
oc
ksf
ore
xa
mpl
ec
a
l
c
i
uma
r
es
us
c
e
pt
i
b
l
et
o
c
he
mi
c
a
lr
e
a
c
t
i
on.
The
yunde
r
goc
he
mi
c
a
lc
ha
nge
sa
ndf
a
l
loft
her
oc
kl
e
a
di
ngt
ot
he
r
e
duc
t
i
onoft
her
oc
k’
ss
i
z
e
.
Che
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
si
nc
l
udeoxi
da
t
i
on,hydr
a
t
i
on,

hydr
ol
ys
i
s
,c
a
r
bona
t
i
on,or
ga
ni
cwe
a
t
he
r
i
nga
nda
c
i
dr
a
i
n.
Che
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
smos
tpr
e
va
l
e
nti
nhumi
dz
one
s
,a
ga
i
ns
t
r
e
a
c
t
i
vemi
ne
r
a
l
si
nr
o
c
ksa
tt
ypi
c
a
l
l
ya
tt
heba
s
eofs
l
ope
swh
e
r
ei
t
i
sl
i
ke
l
yt
obewe
ta
ndhumi
df
ore
x
t
e
nde
dpe
r
i
odsoft
i
met
oa
l
l
ow
t
hec
he
mi
c
a
lp
r
oc
e
s
s
e
st
ooc
c
ur
.
Oxi
da
t
i
on





Oc
c
ur
swhe
nr
oc
ksormor
es
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
yc
e
r
t
a
i
nmi
ne
r
a
l
swi
t
hi
nt
he
r
oc
ksa
r
ee
xpo
s
e
dt
oa
ndr
e
a
c
twi
t
hoxyge
ni
nt
hea
i
rorwa
t
e
r
.
Themos
tpr
e
va
l
e
ntoft
he
s
ei
swhe
nr
oc
ksc
ont
a
i
ni
ngi
r
on
c
ompoundsr
e
a
c
twi
t
hoxyge
nt
oi
naf
or
mofoxi
da
t
i
on
c
a
l
l
e
dr
us
t
i
nga
st
her
oc
ki
st
r
a
ns
f
or
me
df
r
omwha
ti
sknowna
sa
f
e
r
r
ouss
t
a
t
et
oaf
e
r
r
i
cs
t
a
t
e
.
Dur
i
ngr
us
t
i
ngr
oc
ksc
ha
nget
he
i
rc
ol
oura
ndbe
c
omer
e
ddi
s
hbr
own(
t
hec
ol
ourofr
us
t
)
.
Thi
sc
ompr
omi
s
e
st
hei
nt
e
gr
i
t
ya
nds
t
r
uc
t
ur
eoft
her
oc
kma
ki
ng
t
he
mc
r
umbl
ee
a
s
i
l
yt
husa
i
di
ngot
he
rf
or
msofwe
a
t
he
r
i
nga
swe
l
l
.
Re
duc
t
i
on(
t
heoppos
i
t
eofoxi
da
t
i
on)a
l
s
ooc
c
ur
si
nwa
t
e
r
l
ogg
e
d
a
r
e
a
swhe
r
eapr
oc
e
s
sc
a
l
l
e
dgl
e
yi
ngt
a
ke
spl
a
c
e
.
Hydr
a
t
i
on




Somet
ype
sofr
oc
ksf
ore
xa
mpl
et
hos
et
ha
tc
ont
a
i
ns
a
l
tmi
ne
r
a
l
s
ha
vet
hec
a
pa
c
i
t
yt
oa
b
s
or
bwa
t
e
ri
nt
ot
he
i
rs
t
r
uc
t
ur
ec
a
us
i
ngt
he
m
t
os
we
l
la
ndbe
c
omes
us
c
e
pt
i
bl
et
of
ut
ur
ebr
e
a
kdown.
Hydr
a
t
i
oni
si
na
c
t
ua
lf
a
c
taphys
i
c
a
l
c
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
ss
i
nc
et
her
oc
kss
we
l
la
nde
xe
r
tpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
na
ddi
t
i
ont
o
c
ha
ngi
ngt
he
i
rc
he
mi
c
a
ls
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
.
Ther
oc
ks
we
l
ldur
i
ngwe
tpe
r
i
odsa
ndc
ont
r
a
c
tdur
i
ngdr
ype
r
i
ods
c
a
us
i
ngt
he
mt
of
r
a
c
t
ur
ea
ndt
ode
v
e
l
opj
oi
nt
sa
ndwe
a
kne
s
s
e
s
.
Fore
xa
mpl
ea
nhydr
i
t
ea
bs
or
bswa
t
e
rt
obe
c
omegyps
um.
Hydr
ol
ys
i
s




Hydr
oge
ni
onsi
nwa
t
e
rr
e
a
c
twi
t
hmi
ne
r
a
l
si
onsi
nt
her
oc
k
Tha
ti
st
hewa
t
e
rr
e
a
c
t
swi
t
hmi
ne
r
a
l
si
nt
her
oc
ki
ns
t
e
a
dof
di
s
s
ol
vi
ngi
t
.
Thi
sgi
ve
sr
i
s
et
odi
f
f
e
r
e
ntc
ompounds
.
Thi
si
sve
r
yc
ommoni
ngr
a
ni
t
ea
r
e
a
s


Whe
r
et
hef
e
l
ds
pa
ri
nt
hegr
a
ni
t
e
/
i
gne
ousr
e
a
c
t
swi
t
hhydr
oge
nt
o
f
or
mc
l
a
y.
Mi
c
aa
not
he
rr
oc
kmi
ne
r
a
lc
a
na
l
s
obea
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbyhydr
oge
ni
n
a
c
i
di
cwa
t
e
rs
ol
ut
i
ons
.
Ca
r
bona
t
i
on




Thi
si
swhe
nc
a
r
bondi
oxi
dedi
s
s
ol
ve
swi
t
hr
a
i
nwa
t
e
rt
of
or
m
c
a
r
boni
ca
c
i
d.
Thi
swe
a
ka
c
i
dr
e
a
c
t
swi
t
hr
oc
kst
h
a
ta
r
ec
ompos
e
dofc
a
l
c
i
um
c
a
r
bona
t
ef
ore
xa
mpl
el
i
me
s
t
one
.
Thec
a
l
c
i
umi
sdi
s
s
ol
ve
da
ndr
e
move
di
na
sac
a
l
c
i
umbi
c
a
r
bona
t
e
s
ol
ut
i
onbyr
unni
ngwa
t
e
r
.
Thema
yr
e
s
ul
ti
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofl
a
ndf
or
mf
e
a
t
ur
e
ss
uc
ha
s
Unde
r
gr
oundc
a
ve
ss
uc
ha
st
heCh
i
nhoyic
a
ve
sa
swe
l
la
sot
he
r
l
i
me
s
t
onef
e
a
t
ur
e
ss
uc
ha
ss
t
a
l
a
gmi
t
e
sa
nds
t
a
l
a
c
t
i
t
e
s
.
Sol
ut
i
on



Somemi
ne
r
a
l
sl
i
ker
oc
ks
a
l
ta
r
es
o
l
ubl
ei
nwa
t
e
r
Whe
nt
he
yc
omei
nc
ont
a
c
twi
t
hwa
t
e
rt
he
yj
us
tdi
s
s
ol
vei
ns
i
t
u.
Ast
her
oc
ksdi
s
s
ol
vei
nwa
t
e
rt
he
yma
yf
or
mc
l
i
nt
sa
nd
gr
i
ke
s
/
gr
yke
swhi
c
ha
r
ec
ol
l
e
c
t
i
ve
l
yknowna
sl
i
me
s
t
one
pa
ve
me
nt
s
.
Or
ga
ni
cWe
a
t
he
r
i
ng




De
c
ompos
i
ngve
ge
t
a
t
i
on(
humus
)r
e
l
e
a
s
e
shumi
ca
c
i
d.
Thi
sa
c
i
da
t
t
a
c
ksc
a
l
c
i
um,ma
gne
s
i
uma
ndi
r
onmi
ne
r
a
l
swi
t
hi
n
r
oc
ksi
napr
oc
e
s
sc
a
l
l
e
dc
he
l
a
t
i
on.
Ther
e
s
pi
r
a
t
i
onofba
c
t
e
r
i
aa
ndpl
a
n
tr
ooti
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sc
a
r
bondi
oxi
de
l
e
ve
l
swi
t
hi
nt
hes
oi
lt
husa
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
ngt
hepr
oc
e
s
sofc
a
r
bona
t
i
on.
Li
c
he
ne
xt
r
a
c
t
si
r
onf
r
omr
oc
ksvi
ar
e
duc
t
i
on.
Ac
i
dr
a
i
n



Huma
na
nde
c
onomi
ca
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sa
r
er
e
a
l
i
s
i
ngmor
ea
ndmor
e
c
a
r
bondi
oxi
dei
nt
ot
hea
t
mos
phe
r
et
oge
t
he
rwi
t
hot
he
rc
he
mi
c
a
l
s
s
uc
ha
sSul
phurdi
oxi
d
ea
ndni
t
r
i
coxi
de
.
The
s
ega
s
e
st
he
ndi
s
s
ol
ve
di
nt
or
a
i
nwa
t
e
rt
of
or
ma
c
i
di
cs
ol
ut
i
ons
.
Ac
i
dr
a
i
na
t
t
a
c
ksa
ndc
or
r
odel
i
me
s
t
one
sa
nda
tal
e
s
s
e
rr
a
pi
dr
a
t
e

s
a
nds
t
one
s
.
Al
s
ot
hea
c
i
di
cs
ol
ut
i
onst
e
ndt
of
r
e
eupoxyge
ni
onst
husf
ue
l
i
ng
t
hepr
oc
e
s
sofhydr
ol
ys
i
s
.
Phys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Phys
i
c
a
lWe
a
t
he
r
i
ng





Phys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
st
hedi
s
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
onofar
oc
ki
nt
os
ma
l
l
e
r
pa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sbyme
c
ha
ni
c
a
lpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
ndwi
t
houta
nyc
ha
nge
si
nt
he
c
he
mi
c
a
lc
omp
os
i
t
i
onoft
her
oc
k.
I
ti
smor
el
i
ke
l
yt
ooc
c
uri
na
r
i
dc
l
i
ma
t
e
ss
uc
ha
sde
s
e
r
t
s
,a
r
c
t
i
c
r
e
gi
onsa
nda
r
e
a
st
ha
tha
vel
i
t
t
l
et
onove
ge
t
a
t
i
on.
Phys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngt
ypi
c
a
l
l
ypr
oduc
e
ss
a
nds
oi
l
s
.
Phys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
sa
l
s
oknowna
sme
c
ha
ni
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Phys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
si
nc
l
udee
xf
ol
i
a
t
i
on,f
r
os
ts
ha
t
t
e
r
i
ng,
pr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
l
e
a
s
ea
ndt
he
r
ma
ls
ha
t
t
e
r
i
ng.
Exf
ol
i
a
t
i
on











Roc
kse
xpa
ndwhe
nhe
a
t
e
da
ndc
ont
r
a
c
twhe
nc
ool
e
dmuc
hl
i
kea
l
l
s
ol
i
dma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
I
nde
s
e
r
t
sa
nda
r
e
a
swi
t
hs
c
a
ntve
ge
t
a
t
i
on,di
ur
na
lt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sc
a
n
e
xc
e
e
d50°
C.
Dur
i
ngt
hee
xc
e
s
s
i
veda
yhe
a
tt
her
oc
kse
xpa
nd.
Theout
e
rl
a
ye
r
soft
her
oc
kse
xpa
ndf
a
s
t
e
rt
ha
nt
hei
nne
rl
a
ye
r
s
.
Atni
ghtt
hewhe
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sdr
op,i
nde
s
e
r
t
se
ve
ni
ng
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sc
a
na
ndus
ua
l
l
yf
a
l
lt
obe
l
owf
r
e
e
z
i
ngpoi
nt
,t
her
oc
k
c
ont
r
a
c
t
sa
nda
ga
i
nt
heout
e
rl
a
ye
r
sc
oolf
a
s
t
e
rt
ha
nt
hei
nne
rl
a
ye
r
s
.
Thi
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
ns
t
r
e
s
s
e
sbe
i
ngs
e
tupwi
t
hi
nt
her
oc
kc
a
us
i
ngou
t
e
r
l
a
ye
r
soft
her
oc
kt
ope
e
lof
fl
i
ket
h
er
i
ngsofa
noni
on.
Thust
hepr
oc
e
s
si
ss
ome
t
i
me
sc
a
l
l
e
doni
onwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Al
s
os
e
ve
r
a
ldi
f
f
e
r
e
ntmi
ne
r
a
l
swi
t
hi
nt
her
oc
ke
xpa
nda
ndc
ont
r
a
c
t
a
tdi
f
f
e
r
e
ntr
a
t
e
sde
pe
ndi
ngont
he
i
rphys
i
c
a
lc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
Thi
swi
l
lr
e
s
ul
ti
ngr
a
nul
a
rdi
s
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
onwi
t
ht
her
oc
k.
Thi
si
st
hepr
oc
e
s
st
ha
twa
st
hough
tt
or
e
s
ul
ti
nt
hec
r
e
a
t
i
onof
e
xf
ol
i
a
t
i
ondome
sl
i
keDombos
ha
v
a
.
Thi
sf
or
mofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
sa
l
s
okn
owna
st
he
r
ma
le
xpa
ns
i
onor
i
ns
ol
a
t
i
onwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
NBAtOr
d
i
na
r
yLe
ve
lyoua
r
es
uppos
e
dt
oa
c
c
e
ptt
hi
sme
t
hodof
we
a
t
he
r
i
nga
sf
a
c
t
.Theoc
c
u
r
r
e
nc
eoft
h
i
sme
t
hodofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
nt
he
r
e
a
lwor
l
di
snowa
da
yss
e
r
i
ous
l
ydoubt
e
da
f
t
e
ras
e
r
i
e
sofe
xpe
r
i
me
n
t
s
bype
opl
el
i
keDa
vi
dGr
i
ggsa
ndot
he
r
s
.
Fr
os
ts
ha
t
t
e
r
i
ng







I
toc
c
ur
si
nr
oc
kst
ha
tha
vec
r
e
vi
c
e
sa
ndj
oi
nt
sa
ndwhe
r
et
he
r
ei
s
l
i
mi
t
e
dve
ge
t
a
t
i
onc
ove
ra
ndt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sr
e
vol
vef
l
uc
t
ua
t
ea
r
ound
0°
C.
Dur
i
ngt
heda
ywhe
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sa
r
ewa
r
me
r
,wa
t
e
re
nt
e
r
st
he
c
r
e
vi
c
e
sorj
oi
nt
s
.
Whe
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sf
a
l
la
tni
ghtt
hewa
t
e
rf
r
e
e
z
e
sl
e
a
di
ngt
o
br
e
a
kdown:
I
c
eoc
c
upi
e
smor
es
pa
c
et
ha
nwa
t
e
ri
.
ea
st
het
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
eofwa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sbe
l
ow4°
Ci
ts
t
a
r
t
st
oe
xpa
nd.
Ast
hewa
t
e
rf
r
e
e
z
e
swi
t
hi
nt
her
oc
ki
ta
t
t
r
a
c
t
smor
es
ma
l
lpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
ofwa
t
e
rwhi
c
hf
or
msmor
ei
c
ec
r
ys
t
a
l
sa
nde
xpa
ndsf
ur
t
he
r
,
f
ue
l
i
ngt
hepr
oc
e
s
s
.
Wi
t
he
a
c
hf
r
e
e
z
ea
ndt
ha
wc
yc
l
et
h
ej
oi
nt
se
xpa
ndunt
i
lt
her
oc
ks
s
ha
t
t
e
ra
ndf
a
l
lof
ft
hema
i
nr
oc
ka
sbl
oc
kf
i
e
l
ds
,s
c
r
e
ea
ndt
a
l
us
.
Thepr
oc
e
s
si
sa
l
s
oknowna
sf
r
os
twe
dgi
ng
Sa
l
tc
r
ys
t
a
l
l
i
z
a
t
i
on






Sa
l
i
ne
(
wa
t
e
rc
ont
a
i
ni
ngs
a
l
t
)wa
t
e
re
nt
e
r
spor
es
pa
c
e
si
nr
oc
ks
.
Asi
te
va
por
a
t
e
ss
a
l
tc
r
ys
t
a
l
sa
r
el
i
k
e
l
yt
of
or
m.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
sus
ua
l
l
yo
c
c
ur
si
nde
s
e
r
t
swhe
r
ewa
t
e
ri
sdr
a
wnt
ot
he
s
ur
f
a
c
eofr
oc
ks(
s
a
nds
t
oner
oc
ks
)byc
a
pi
l
l
a
r
ya
c
t
i
on.
Ast
hec
r
ys
t
a
l
sbe
c
omel
a
r
ge
rt
he
ye
xe
r
ts
t
r
e
s
supont
her
oc
ks
c
a
us
i
ngi
tt
odi
s
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e(gr
a
nul
a
rdi
s
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on)
.
Sa
l
tc
r
ys
t
a
l
l
i
z
a
t
i
onoc
c
ur
sonc
os
t
swhe
r
et
he
r
ei
sar
e
a
dys
uppl
yof
s
a
l
twa
t
e
r
.
Thepr
oc
e
s
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hede
ve
l
opme
ntofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpi
t
s
.
Pr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
l
e
a
s
e
I
nt
r
us
i
vegr
a
ni
t
el
a
n
df
or
mss
uc
ha
sba
t
hol
i
t
hsa
r
ef
or
me
dde
e
pbe
l
owt
he
s
ur
f
a
c
ea
ndunde
ri
n
t
e
ns
epr
e
s
s
ur
eduet
ot
hewe
i
ghtoft
heove
r
l
yi
ng
ove
r
bur
de
n.




I
ft
heove
r
bur
de
ni
sr
e
move
dbyde
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
st
he
r
ei
sa
s
ubs
t
a
nt
i
a
lr
e
duc
t
i
oni
npr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
Ther
e
duc
t
i
oni
npr
e
s
s
ur
ec
a
us
e
sf
r
a
c
t
ur
e
st
ode
ve
l
ope
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yon
t
het
opl
a
ye
r
soft
her
oc
k.
The
s
ec
r
a
c
ksde
ve
l
oppa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
ot
h
es
ur
f
a
c
ei
napr
oc
e
s
st
ha
ti
s
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
ss
he
e
t
i
ng.
Thi
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofe
xf
ol
i
a
t
i
ondome
sl
i
ke
Dombos
ha
va
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Fa
c
t
or
sa
f
f
e
c
t
i
ngwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.

Ther
a
t
ea
ndpr
e
va
i
l
i
n
gt
ypeofwe
a
t
he
r
i
nga
ta
nygi
ve
npl
a
c
ei
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
dby:
1.Cl
i
ma
t
e
2.Re
l
i
e
f
3.Ve
ge
t
a
t
i
on
4.Roc
kt
ype
Cl
i
ma
t
e








We
a
t
he
r
i
ngt
ype
sa
r
edi
s
t
r
i
but
e
da
c
c
or
di
ngt
ot
hepr
e
va
i
l
i
ng
c
l
i
ma
t
eofgi
ve
na
r
e
a
se
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ywhe
nc
ons
i
de
r
i
ng.
Te
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ea
ndr
a
i
nf
a
l
lha
vet
hegr
e
a
t
e
s
te
f
f
e
c
tonwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
I
nc
ol
da
r
e
a
se
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yr
e
gi
onswhe
r
et
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sf
l
uc
t
ua
t
e
a
r
ound0°
Cphys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
nt
hef
or
moff
r
os
ts
ha
t
t
e
r(
f
r
e
e
z
e
t
ha
w)i
sdomi
na
nt
.
I
nhota
r
e
a
ss
uc
ha
sde
s
e
r
t
swhe
r
et
he
r
ea
r
el
a
r
gedi
ur
na
l
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
er
a
nge
se
xf
ol
i
a
t
i
oni
ns
ol
a
t
i
onwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng(
he
a
t
i
nga
nd
c
ool
i
ng)i
sdomi
na
nt
.
I
nhota
ndwe
ta
r
e
a
sl
i
ket
hes
a
va
nna
ha
ndr
a
i
nf
or
e
s
tc
he
mi
c
a
l
we
a
t
he
r
i
ngt
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
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i
de
dbyt
hee
a
s
i
l
ya
va
i
l
a
bl
emoi
s
t
ur
e
a
ndhi
ght
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
swhi
c
hf
a
vou
rc
he
mi
c
a
lr
e
a
c
t
i
ons
.
I
nr
a
i
nf
or
e
s
t
st
hede
c
ompos
i
t
i
onofhumusc
r
e
a
t
e
shumi
ca
c
i
d
l
e
a
di
ngt
oor
ga
ni
cwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Me
c
ha
ni
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Thusc
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngoc
c
ur
si
sdomi
na
nti
nhota
ndhumi
d
c
l
i
ma
t
ea
r
e
a
s

Cl
i
ma
t
ea
l
s
oi
ndi
r
e
c
t
l
ya
f
f
e
c
twe
a
t
he
r
i
ngbya
f
f
e
c
t
i
ngt
hea
mo
unt
ofve
ge
t
a
t
i
ona
ndpr
e
s
e
nc
eofor
ga
ni
s
mst
ha
tc
a
nl
e
a
dt
oc
he
mi
c
a
l
we
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Re
l
i
e
f




Mount
a
i
nr
e
gi
o
nsha
ves
t
e
e
ps
l
ope
swhi
c
hme
a
nst
ha
ti
nt
hee
ve
nt
ofr
a
i
nt
he
ydr
a
i
nqui
c
kl
yl
e
a
vi
ngt
hedr
y.
Asar
e
s
ul
tphys
i
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
sdomi
na
nta
tmount
a
i
nt
opi
c
s
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ywhe
nc
ons
i
de
r
i
nghows
omepe
a
kst
e
ndt
oha
ve
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
st
ha
tf
l
uc
t
ua
t
ea
r
oundt
hef
r
e
e
z
i
ngpoi
nte
ve
ni
f
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sa
r
equi
t
ehi
ghe
ra
tt
hes
t
a
r
toft
hes
l
ope
s
.
Moi
s
t
ur
et
e
ndst
oa
c
c
umul
a
t
ea
tt
h
eba
s
eofmount
a
i
nsa
i
di
ng
c
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngp
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Gr
a
ni
t
er
e
gi
onss
ome
t
i
me
sl
e
a
dt
ot
hede
ve
l
opme
ntofvl
e
i
swhi
c
h
a
r
ewa
t
e
rl
ogge
ds
i
nc
egr
a
ni
t
ei
si
mpe
r
me
a
bl
et
husf
a
vour
i
ng
c
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
nt
hemoi
s
tc
ondi
t
i
ons
.
Ve
ge
t
a
t
i
on



Tr
e
er
oot
spe
ne
t
r
a
t
ei
nt
or
oc
ks
,wi
de
ni
ngc
r
a
c
ks
,r
e
l
e
a
s
ec
a
r
bon
di
oxi
dedur
i
ngr
e
s
pi
r
a
t
i
onr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nbi
ol
ogi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.The
s
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
r
en
a
t
ur
a
l
l
ydomi
na
nti
na
r
e
a
swhe
r
et
he
r
ea
r
emor
e
t
r
e
e
s
.
Whe
nt
r
e
er
oot
sde
c
a
yhumi
ca
c
i
dsa
r
epr
oduc
e
dc
a
us
i
ng
bi
ol
ogi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngapr
oc
e
s
swh
i
c
hmor
er
e
a
di
l
yoc
c
ur
si
na
r
e
a
s
wi
t
hde
ns
eve
g
e
t
a
t
i
onc
ove
ra
ndmoi
s
t
ur
es
uc
ha
si
nr
a
i
nf
or
e
s
t
sa
nd
i
nt
het
r
opi
c
s
.
Li
c
he
na
ndmos
sgr
owonr
oc
kpl
a
t
e
a
usa
nddome
sa
i
de
dby
moi
s
t
ur
ef
r
omr
a
i
na
nda
tt
heba
s
eofs
l
ope
sf
or
mi
nga
c
i
dst
ha
te
a
t
i
nt
or
oc
ks
.
Roc
kt
ype


Li
me
s
t
onei
sve
r
ys
of
ta
ndpor
ous(
be
i
ngpor
ousi
snott
hes
a
me
t
hi
nga
sbe
i
ngi
mpe
r
vi
ous
/
i
mpe
r
me
a
bl
e
)a
ndt
he
r
e
f
or
emor
ee
a
s
i
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbypr
oc
e
s
s
e
ss
uc
ha
sc
a
r
bona
t
i
on,mor
es
ogi
ve
nt
he
c
he
mi
c
a
lc
omp
os
i
t
i
onoft
her
oc
k.
Gr
a
ni
t
er
oc
ki
sha
r
da
ndnonpor
ousa
ndt
husl
e
s
ss
us
c
e
pt
i
bl
et
o
c
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngp
r
oc
e
s
s
e
swhi
c
hr
e
qui
r
eac
e
r
t
a
i
na
mountof


moi
s
t
ur
ei
nor
de
rt
ooc
c
ur
.
Di
f
f
e
r
e
ntr
oc
kt
ype
sa
r
ec
ompos
e
dordi
f
f
e
r
e
ntc
he
mi
c
a
l
st
ha
ts
t
a
nd
ondi
f
f
e
r
e
ntpl
a
c
e
soft
her
e
a
c
t
i
vi
t
ys
e
r
i
e
s
.
Che
mi
c
a
l
sf
oundi
nl
i
me
s
t
oner
e
a
di
l
yr
e
a
c
twi
t
hwe
a
ka
c
i
dswhi
l
e
gr
a
ni
t
er
oc
ksa
r
emor
er
e
s
i
s
t
a
nt
.
Expos
ur
e


Roc
kst
ha
ta
r
ee
xpos
e
dt
ot
hes
ur
f
a
c
et
e
ndt
obewe
a
t
he
r
e
df
a
s
t
e
r
t
ha
nbe
dr
oc
kwhi
c
hi
sc
ove
r
e
d.
Howe
ve
rme
c
h
a
ni
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
ss
uc
ha
spr
e
s
s
ur
e
r
e
l
e
a
s
ec
a
ns
t
i
l
loc
c
uri
ft
heove
r
bu
r
de
ni
sbe
i
ngr
e
move
dby
de
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:La
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
om
we
a
t
he
r
i
ng.


We
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
ndus
ua
l
l
yi
nc
onj
unc
t
i
onwi
t
hot
he
r
de
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
ss
uc
ha
swa
t
e
ra
ndwi
nde
r
os
i
ona
ndma
s
s
wa
s
t
i
ngr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofva
r
i
ousl
a
nds
c
a
pe
s
.
I
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ea
ndt
r
opi
c
a
ll
a
t
i
t
ude
st
he
s
ei
nc
l
ude
:
1.
I
ns
e
l
be
r
gs
/
Mona
dnoc
ks






Thewor
di
ns
e
l
be
r
gi
sGe
r
ma
nf
or“
i
s
l
a
ndmount
a
i
n”
Mona
dnoc
ki
sWe
s
tI
ndi
a
nf
ori
s
ol
a
t
e
dmount
a
i
n.
Ani
ns
e
l
be
r
gormona
dnoc
ki
sa
ni
s
ol
a
t
e
dr
oc
khi
l
l
,knob,r
i
dg
e
,or
s
ma
l
lmount
a
i
nt
ha
tr
i
s
e
sa
br
upt
l
yf
r
omage
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ngor
vi
r
t
ua
l
l
yl
e
ve
ls
ur
r
oundi
ngpl
a
i
n.
The
ya
r
ehi
l
l
sma
deupofr
oc
kpi
l
e
sorbl
oc
ksofr
oc
kst
ha
tr
i
s
e
f
r
oma
na
r
e
aofr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
yf
l
a
ta
nd/
o
rl
owe
rt
e
r
r
a
i
n.
I
ft
hemona
dnoc
ki
sdo
me
s
ha
pe
da
ndf
or
me
df
r
omgr
a
ni
t
e
gne
i
s
s
,
i
tc
a
na
l
s
obec
a
l
l
e
dabor
nha
r
dt
.
Commoni
ns
e
l
be
r
gsi
n
c
l
ude
:c
a
s
t
l
ekopj
e
s
,t
or
s,ba
l
a
nc
i
ngr
oc
ks
a
ndc
oni
c
a
lhi
l
l
swi
t
hr
e
c
t
a
ngul
a
rs
i
de
s
.
We
a
t
he
r
i
nga
l
s
of
or
ms
:
2)Ruwa
r
e
s
/
Dwa
l
a
s
/
Wha
l
e
ba
c
ks
3)Ka
r
s
tl
a
nds
c
a
pe
s
4)Mount
a
i
npe
a
kst
ha
ta
r
eus
ua
l
l
yma
deupofr
oc
kswhe
nt
hemount
a
i
n
c
or
ei
se
xpos
e
d.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:La
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
om
we
a
t
he
r
i
ng:Dwa
l
a











Knowna
sr
uwa
r
ei
nShona
,dwa
l
ai
nNde
be
l
e(
Ngunil
a
ngua
ge
s
)
a
ndwha
l
e
ba
c
ki
nEngl
i
s
h.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
sDombos
ha
vawhe
r
es
e
ve
r
a
ls
uc
hl
a
ndf
or
msc
a
nbe
f
ound.
I
ti
sahi
l
lorr
o
c
kwhi
c
hi
sdomes
ha
pe
da
ndr
i
s
e
ss
e
ve
r
a
lme
t
r
e
s
f
r
omt
hegr
oun
d.
I
ti
sane
a
rl
e
ve
lr
oc
kout
c
r
op,t
ha
tde
ve
l
opswhe
r
et
heba
s
a
l
s
ur
f
a
c
ei
sundul
a
t
i
ng.
Dwa
l
a
sa
r
ege
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ng,
l
owl
yi
nga
ndr
ounde
dore
l
onga
t
e
dhi
l
l
s
.
The
ya
r
ea
bout25mi
nhe
i
ght
.
The
yha
veage
nt
l
e
,c
onve
xs
ummi
tt
ha
ti
sus
ua
l
l
ys
moot
hbutc
a
n
ha
ves
he
e
tj
oi
nt
sa
sar
e
s
ul
tofpr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
l
e
a
s
ea
ndr
e
gol
i
t
ht
ha
ti
s
oni
onpe
e
ls
ha
pe
da
sar
e
s
ul
tofe
x
f
ol
i
a
t
i
on.
I
t
ss
l
ope
sa
r
ec
onve
x/
r
e
c
t
i
l
i
ne
a
ra
ndge
nt
l
e
.
Mi
ghta
l
s
oha
veve
r
t
i
c
a
lj
oi
nt
swhi
c
hbe
gi
na
sf
r
a
c
t
ur
e
sa
sar
e
s
ul
t
ofpr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
l
e
a
s
ebuta
r
ef
ur
t
he
rwi
de
ne
dwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
The
ya
r
es
ur
r
o
unde
dbyde
e
pl
ywe
a
t
he
r
e
dr
e
gol
i
t
h
The
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
yba
r
eofve
ge
t
a
t
i
onbutc
a
nbel
i
ght
l
ypopul
a
t
e
dby
s
hr
ubsa
ndbus
he
s
.
Thef
or
ma
t
i
onofdwa
l
a
s
Thedi
a
gr
a
msbe
l
owde
t
a
i
lt
hepos
s
i
bl
ef
or
ma
t
i
onofadwa
l
a
.
Anunde
r
gr
oundi
nt
r
us
i
one
.
g.ba
t
hol
i
t
hi
se
xpos
e
dbyde
nuda
t
i
on.
Theove
r
bur
de
ni
sr
e
move
dbyde
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
n
pr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
l
e
a
s
ea
ndt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofadwa
l
a
/
r
uwa
r
e
.
Adwa
l
a
/
r
uwa
r
ei
sf
or
me
dwhe
nt
heove
r
bude
ni
sr
e
move
d.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:La
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
om
We
a
t
he
r
i
ng:Kopj
e
s
Tor
s
/
Kopj
e
s
/
Ca
s
t
l
ekopj
e
s



















Tor
s
/
kopj
e
s
/
c
a
s
t
l
ekopj
e
sa
r
ei
ns
e
l
b
e
r
gs
.
Tor
st
hes
a
mea
skopj
e
se
ve
nt
houghs
omebooksma
kea
na
t
t
e
mpt
t
odi
s
t
i
ngui
s
hb
e
t
we
e
nt
het
wo.
Di
f
f
e
r
e
ntna
me
sa
r
ea
ppl
i
e
di
ndi
f
f
e
r
e
ntl
oc
a
l
i
t
i
e
st
owha
ta
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
l
yt
hes
a
mel
a
ndf
or
ms
.
Kopj
ei
sa
nAf
r
i
ka
a
nswor
dme
a
ni
n
gas
ma
l
la
ndi
s
ol
a
t
e
dhi
l
lma
de
ofgr
a
ni
t
er
oc
kpi
l
e
s
.
Tori
saSc
ot
i
s
hwor
dme
a
ni
nghi
l
l
.
The
ya
ppe
a
ra
ppe
a
ra
sal
a
r
ge
,f
r
e
e
s
t
a
ndi
ngr
oc
kout
c
r
opt
ha
t
r
i
s
e
sa
br
upt
l
yf
r
omt
hes
ur
r
oundi
ngs
moot
ha
ndge
nt
l
es
l
ope
so
fa
r
ounde
dhi
l
ls
ummi
torr
i
dgec
r
e
s
t
.
The
ya
r
er
e
s
i
s
t
a
ntr
oc
kf
e
a
t
ur
e
st
ha
tha
vebe
e
nma
debywe
a
t
h
e
r
i
ng.
The
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
yl
e
s
st
ha
n5me
t
e
r
si
nhe
i
ght
.
The
ya
r
ear
e
s
u
l
tofma
r
gi
na
ls
ubs
u
r
f
a
c
ewe
a
t
he
r
i
ngofdome
d
l
a
ndf
or
ms
.
Gr
a
ni
t
ei
nt
r
us
i
onsa
r
ewe
a
t
he
r
e
dbe
ne
a
t
ht
hes
ur
f
a
c
eduet
oa
c
i
di
c
wa
t
e
rpe
ne
t
r
a
t
i
ngj
oi
nt
si
nt
her
oc
k.
Whe
nt
her
oc
ki
se
xpos
e
dt
her
ot
t
e
npa
r
t
sa
r
ewa
s
he
da
wa
yby
e
r
os
i
on.
We
a
t
he
r
i
ngc
o
nt
i
nue
si
nt
hef
or
mofbot
hme
c
ha
ni
c
a
la
ndc
he
mi
c
a
l
we
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Be
c
a
us
et
he
s
er
oc
ksh
a
ver
e
c
t
a
ngul
a
rj
oi
nt
s
,c
he
mi
c
a
la
nd
me
c
ha
ni
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngt
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
he
s
ej
oi
nt
s
.
Ther
e
gol
i
t
h(
we
a
t
he
r
e
d/
r
ot
t
e
npa
r
t
soft
her
oc
k)i
ss
t
r
i
ppe
da
wa
y
bye
r
os
i
ont
of
or
makopj
e
/
t
or
.
I
ft
hej
oi
nt
sa
r
ec
l
os
et
oge
t
he
rt
hewhol
ema
s
sc
ol
l
a
ps
e
sa
ndi
s
wa
s
he
da
wa
y,
Howe
ve
ri
ft
hej
oi
nt
sawi
de
rbl
oc
ksofr
oc
ksf
a
l
la
wa
yf
r
omt
h
e
ma
i
nr
oc
kc
r
e
a
t
i
ngt
or
s
/
kopj
e
s
.
The
ya
r
es
ome
t
i
me
sr
e
mna
nt
sofd
wa
l
a
sa
ndbor
nha
r
dt
ss
uc
ha
s
Dwa
l
a
s
/Bor
nha
dt
sa
ndi
ns
e
l
be
r
gs
/
Mona
dnoc
ks
.
The
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
yf
oundi
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
el
a
t
i
t
ude
s
.
Be
c
a
us
eoft
he
i
rmor
phol
ogy(
s
ha
p
e
)kopj
e
sa
r
eknowni
ss
ome
l
oc
a
l
i
t
i
e
sa
sc
a
s
t
l
ekopj
e
s
.
Ba
l
a
nc
i
ngr
oc
ks



The
s
ea
r
ear
e
s
ul
tofc
ont
i
nue
dwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngonkopj
e
sa
ndt
or
s
.
I
ft
hej
oi
nt
si
nt
her
oc
kst
ha
tf
or
mk
opj
e
sa
ndt
or
sa
r
ef
ur
t
he
ra
pa
r
t
ma
s
s
i
vec
hunksofr
oc
kma
ywi
t
hs
t
a
ndt
hede
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
st
o
r
e
ma
i
nba
l
a
nc
i
ngoneont
opofa
no
t
he
r
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ea
r
et
heBa
l
a
nc
i
ngRoc
ksi
nEpwor
t
h.
Li
me
s
t
onepa
ve
me
nt
s
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Li
me
s
t
onepa
ve
me
nt
s












Li
me
s
t
onepa
ve
me
nt
sa
r
ef
l
a
ta
r
e
a
sofe
xpos
e
dl
i
me
s
t
oner
oc
ks
.
The
ya
r
epa
r
toft
hedi
s
s
ol
ve
dbe
dd
i
ngpl
a
t
ewhi
c
hma
yha
veb
e
e
n
e
xpos
e
dbe
c
a
us
et
hes
ur
f
a
c
es
oi
lma
yha
vebe
e
nr
e
move
dby
gl
a
c
i
a
la
c
t
i
vi
t
ya
ndne
ve
rr
e
pl
a
c
e
d.
Whe
r
et
hepa
ve
me
ntha
sj
oi
nt
st
ha
tr
e
a
c
ht
hes
ur
f
a
c
e
,t
he
s
ej
oi
nt
s
ma
ybewi
de
ne
dbya
c
i
dr
a
i
nwa
t
e
r
.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
si
sc
a
l
l
e
dc
a
r
bona
t
i
on.
Thewi
de
ni
ngoft
hej
oi
nt
sl
e
a
ve
sd
e
e
pi
nc
i
s
i
ons
/
ga
s
he
s
/
f
i
s
s
ur
e
s
c
a
l
l
e
dgr
i
ke
s
.
Somegr
i
ke
ss
uc
ha
sf
oundi
nt
heLi
me
s
t
oner
e
gi
onsofEngl
a
nd
c
a
nbea
boutha
l
fame
t
e
rwi
de
.
Se
pa
r
a
t
i
ngt
hegr
i
ke
sa
r
ef
l
a
t
t
oppe
dye
tdi
s
s
e
c
t
e
dbl
oc
ksr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
oa
sc
l
i
nt
s
.
Ast
i
mepa
s
s
e
st
he
s
ec
l
i
nt
sa
r
el
e
ve
l
l
e
dbyde
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
i
nc
l
udi
ngt
hewi
de
ni
ngoft
hegr
i
ke
sunt
i
lal
owe
rbe
ddi
ngpl
a
n
ei
s
e
xpos
e
d.
Thi
sbe
ddi
ngpl
a
ne
’
sj
oi
nt
sa
r
ei
nt
ur
na
t
t
a
c
ke
dbywe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
n
t
hef
or
mofc
a
r
bona
t
i
onf
or
mi
nggr
i
ke
sa
ndt
husr
e
pe
a
t
i
ngt
he
pr
oc
e
s
sa
l
love
ra
ga
i
n.
Gr
i
ke
sc
a
na
l
s
obef
or
me
dbys
ubs
ur
f
a
c
ewe
a
t
he
r
i
ngi
nmuc
ht
he
s
a
mewa
ya
st
or
sa
r
ef
or
me
d.
Ac
i
di
cwa
t
e
rma
ys
e
e
pi
nt
ot
hegr
oundi
nt
oj
oi
nt
si
nt
heunde
r
l
yi
ng
l
i
me
s
t
onebe
ddi
ngr
oc
k.
Ove
rt
i
mei
twi
de
nst
h
e
s
ej
oi
nt
sa
ndwhe
nt
heove
r
l
yi
ngs
oi
li
s
wa
s
he
da
wa
ybye
r
os
i
ont
hec
l
i
nt
sa
ndgr
i
ke
sa
r
ee
xpos
e
d.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Pe
opl
ea
ndwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng
Howhuma
nsi
nf
l
ue
nc
ewe
a
t
he
r
?






Huma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
ss
uc
ha
si
ndus
t
r
i
a
l
i
s
a
t
i
ona
nddr
i
vi
ngofc
a
r
s
pr
oduc
ee
mi
s
s
i
onss
uc
ha
ss
ul
phurdi
oxi
de
,
ni
t
r
i
coxi
dea
ndc
a
r
bon
di
oxi
del
e
a
di
ngt
oi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
di
nc
i
de
nc
e
sofa
c
i
dr
a
i
nwhi
c
hi
nt
ur
n
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
e
sc
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
ss
uc
ha
sc
a
r
bona
t
i
on
.
The
s
ei
ndus
t
r
i
e
ss
ome
t
i
me
sdumpa
c
i
di
cc
he
mi
c
a
l
si
nt
odr
a
i
nsa
nd
r
i
ve
r
sl
e
a
di
ngt
oc
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
De
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
oni
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sr
unof
fa
ndr
e
duc
e
st
hemoi
s
t
ur
er
e
t
e
nt
i
on
ofc
e
r
t
a
i
na
r
e
a
sl
e
a
di
ngt
oade
c
r
e
a
s
ei
nbi
ol
ogi
c
a
la
ndc
he
mi
c
a
l
we
a
t
he
r
i
nga
nda
ni
nc
r
e
a
s
ei
nme
c
ha
ni
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Huma
nsa
r
ea
l
s
oi
ndi
r
e
c
t
i
l
ya
f
f
e
c
t
i
ngwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngt
hr
ought
he
pr
oc
e
s
sofgl
oba
lwa
r
mi
ng.Thee
f
f
e
c
t
sde
pe
ndont
hee
ns
ui
ng
c
l
i
ma
t
i
cc
ondi
t
i
onsi
ne
a
c
hgi
ve
na
r
e
a
.
Pl
a
t
i
ngoft
r
e
e
sc
a
nl
e
a
dt
oi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
dc
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Bl
a
s
t
i
nga
ndmi
ni
ngope
r
a
t
i
onsc
a
nl
e
a
dt
os
e
i
s
mi
cmove
me
nt
st
ha
t
c
a
nc
r
e
a
t
ef
r
a
c
t
ur
e
st
ha
tc
a
nbee
xpl
oi
t
e
dbywe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
s
uc
ha
sf
r
e
e
z
ea
ndt
ha
wa
ndc
r
ys
t
a
l
l
i
z
a
t
i
ont
husa
i
di
ngwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Be
ne
f
i
t
sofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngt
ope
opl
e
.


Cr
e
a
t
e
st
our
i
s
ta
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
onsf
ore
xa
mpl
et
heba
l
a
nc
i
ngr
oc
ksi
n
Epwor
t
hdr
a
wr
e
gul
a
rc
r
owdsbr
i
ngi
ngi
nmuc
hne
e
de
di
nc
omet
o
t
hec
ommuni
t
ydwe
l
l
e
r
s
.
I
tpr
oduc
e
ss
oi
lwhi
c
hi
se
s
s
e
nt
i
a
lf
ora
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
la
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
,
bi
odi
ve
r
s
i
t
ya
n
dde
ve
l
opme
ntofve
ge
t
a
t
i
on.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
:
Ba
s
i
cConc
e
pt
s
.


Ri
ve
r
sa
r
epe
r
ha
pst
hemos
ti
mpor
t
a
ntde
nuda
t
i
ona
ge
nt
.
The
yc
a
r
vec
ha
nne
l
s
,f
or
mva
l
l
e
ys
,
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ndde
pos
i
tr
e
gol
i
t
h
ove
rgr
e
a
tdi
s
t
a
nc
e
sa
ndot
he
rma
t
e
r
i
a
lt
of
or
mot
he
rt
ype
sof
l
a
ndf
or
ms
.
Te
r
msus
e
di
nde
s
c
r
i
bi
ngar
i
ve
rc
ha
nne
l
.


Ac
ha
nne
li
sa
na
r
e
at
ha
tc
ont
a
i
nsf
l
owi
ngwa
t
e
rc
onf
i
ne
dbyb
a
nks
.
Cha
nne
lwi
dt
hi
st
hedi
s
t
a
nc
ei
nme
t
e
r
sa
c
r
os
st
hes
ur
f
a
c
eofar
i
ve
r
,
i
ti
st
hedi
s
t
a
nc
ebe
t
we
e
nt
het
wob
a
nksi
.
e
.t
hedi
s
t
a
nc
ef
r
omba
nk





t
ot
heot
he
r
.
De
pt
hi
st
hedi
s
t
a
nc
ei
nme
t
e
r
soft
hel
e
ve
lofwa
t
e
rdownt
ot
h
e
r
i
ve
rbe
d.Thi
si
st
heve
r
t
i
c
a
ldi
s
t
a
nc
ef
r
omt
hes
ur
f
a
c
et
ot
hebe
d.
Gr
a
di
e
nt
/
Sl
opei
st
hea
ngl
ebe
t
we
e
nt
hehor
i
z
ona
ndt
her
i
ve
r
’
s
s
ur
f
a
c
e
.
Ve
l
oc
i
t
yi
st
hes
pe
e
da
twhi
c
ht
hewa
t
e
rf
l
owst
hr
ought
hec
ha
nne
l
.
Spe
e
di
sl
owa
tt
hes
i
de
sne
a
rt
heb
a
nksa
nda
tt
her
i
ve
rbe
dduet
o
f
r
i
c
t
i
ona
ndhi
ghe
s
ta
tt
hec
e
nt
e
r
.
Thes
our
c
ei
swhe
r
et
h
er
i
ve
rbe
gi
ns
.
Themout
hi
swhe
r
ear
i
ve
re
mpt
i
e
s
/
e
ndsus
ua
l
l
yi
nt
oal
a
ke
,s
e
aor
oc
e
a
n.
Fl
owofwa
t
e
ri
ns
t
r
e
a
ms







Ri
ve
r
sa
l
wa
ysf
l
owdowns
t
r
e
a
mbe
c
a
us
eoft
hepul
lofgr
a
vi
t
y
.
Ar
i
ve
r
’
se
r
os
i
on,t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ndde
pos
i
t
i
onde
pe
ndsont
hef
l
owof
wa
t
e
ri
ni
t
sc
ha
nne
l
.
Thi
sf
l
owi
sde
t
e
r
mi
ne
dbys
e
ve
r
a
lf
a
c
t
or
svi
z
:
Thee
ne
r
gywhi
c
hi
spr
ovi
de
dbygr
a
vi
t
ya
ndi
sa
f
f
e
c
t
e
ddi
r
e
c
t
l
yby
t
he
ygr
a
di
e
ntoft
her
i
ve
r
’
sbe
dt
hes
t
e
e
pe
rt
hes
l
opet
hemor
e
e
ne
r
gyar
i
ve
rha
s
.
Vol
umei
st
hea
mountofwa
t
e
ri
nar
i
ve
r
’
sc
ha
nne
l
.Vol
ume
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sdur
i
ngt
hewe
ts
e
a
s
onswhe
nmos
toft
hepr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
on
oc
c
ur
sori
far
i
ve
r
’
sc
our
s
epa
s
s
e
st
hr
oughar
e
gi
one
xpe
r
i
e
nc
i
ng
we
tc
l
i
ma
t
i
cc
ondi
t
i
ons
Conve
r
s
e
l
yar
i
ve
r
’
svol
umef
a
l
l
sdur
i
ngdr
ys
e
a
s
onss
uc
ha
s
wi
nt
e
ra
nds
pr
i
ngi
nZi
mba
bweori
fi
tpa
s
s
e
st
hr
ougha
r
i
d
c
ondi
t
i
ons
/
r
e
gi
onse
xpe
r
i
e
nc
i
ngdr
yc
ondi
t
i
ons
.
Thena
t
ur
eoff
l
owa
l
s
oa
f
f
e
c
t
sa
ndc
ha
nne
ls
ha
pea
l
s
oa
f
f
e
c
ta
r
i
ve
r
’
se
ne
r
gy.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rPr
of
i
l
e




Ri
ve
r
sc
a
nbes
t
udi
e
df
r
omt
woa
s
pe
c
t
svi
z
:
Thel
ongpr
of
i
l
e
t
hi
si
st
hec
r
os
ss
e
c
t
i
ona
l
ongt
her
i
ve
r
’
se
nt
i
r
e
l
e
ngt
hf
r
omi
t
ss
our
c
et
oi
t
smout
h.
Thes
hor
tpr
of
i
l
e
t
hi
si
st
hec
r
os
ss
e
c
t
i
ona
c
r
os
sar
i
ve
r
’
sva
l
l
e
y
f
r
omt
hec
r
e
s
tl
i
ne
(ononeba
nk)t
ot
hec
ha
nne
lt
ot
heot
he
r
c
r
e
s
tl
i
ne
.Thi
si
sknowna
st
her
i
ve
r
’
sva
l
l
e
y.
The
r
ei
sonl
yonec
r
os
spr
of
i
l
ebuta
ni
nnume
r
a
bl
es
hor
tpr
of
i
l
e
s


t
ha
tc
a
nbet
a
k
e
na
ta
n
ypoi
nti
nar
i
ve
r
’
sl
e
ngt
h.
Thes
hor
tpr
of
i
l
ehowe
ve
rt
e
ndst
owi
de
nt
hef
ur
t
he
ronemove
s
downs
t
r
e
a
m.
Thedi
a
gr
a
ma
boves
howst
het
hr
e
ema
i
ns
e
c
t
i
onsofa
r
i
ve
r
/
s
t
r
e
a
m’
sl
ongpr
of
i
l
ea
ndt
hedi
a
gr
a
mbe
l
ows
howst
he
c
or
r
e
s
pondi
ngt
ypi
c
a
ls
hor
tpr
of
i
l
e
sa
te
a
c
hs
t
a
ge
.
Shor
tpr
of
i
l
e
st
ha
tc
or
r
e
s
pondt
ot
hel
ongpr
of
i
l
e
.



Ar
i
ve
r
’
sl
ongpr
of
i
l
ec
a
nbedi
vi
de
di
nt
ot
hr
e
es
e
c
t
i
onsvi
z
:
t
heuppe
rc
our
s
eorhe
a
dwa
t
e
rr
e
a
c
he
s
,t
hemi
ddl
ec
our
s
eor
mi
ddl
er
e
a
c
he
s
,t
hel
owe
rc
our
s
eo
rt
hel
owe
rr
e
a
c
he
s
.
Theba
s
el
e
ve
lofar
i
ve
ri
st
hel
owe
s
tpoi
ntar
i
ve
rc
a
ne
r
odei
t
s
c
ha
nne
l
,t
hi
si
se
qua
lt
ot
hes
e
al
e
ve
loft
heoc
e
a
ni
nt
owhi
c
ht
he
r
i
ve
re
mpt
i
e
s
.
Uppe
rc
our
s
e



i
tha
sas
t
e
e
pgr
a
di
e
nt
,l
e
s
svol
umeofwa
t
e
r
,t
he
r
ei
se
ddyi
nga
nd
s
pl
a
s
hi
nga
st
h
ewa
t
e
rf
l
owst
ur
bul
e
nt
l
y.
Commonf
e
a
t
u
r
e
si
nc
l
ude
:
Vs
ha
pe
dna
r
r
owva
l
l
e
ys
,pot
hol
e
s
,
i
nt
e
r
l
oc
ki
ngs
p
ur
s
,wa
t
e
rf
a
l
l
sa
ndr
a
pi
ds
,gor
ge
s
,s
t
r
e
wnboul
d
e
r
s
.
Themos
tdomi
na
ntf
or
mofe
r
os
i
oni
sve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
ona
nd
he
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
ona
l
s
ot
a
ke
spl
a
c
e
.
Mi
ddl
ec
our
s
e



I
t
sl
e
s
ss
t
e
e
p,ha
smor
ewa
t
e
rvol
ume
,awi
de
rc
ha
nne
la
ndmor
e
ve
l
oc
i
t
yduet
or
e
duc
e
dc
ha
nne
lr
oughne
s
s
.
Commonf
e
a
t
u
r
e
si
nc
l
ude
:Ope
nVs
ha
pe
dva
l
l
e
ys
,t
r
unc
a
t
e
ds
pur
s
,
me
a
nde
r
s
,oxbowl
a
ke
sa
ndbr
a
i
ds
.
Er
os
i
oni
smos
t
l
yi
nt
hef
or
mofl
a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
on.
Lowe
rc
our
s
e


I
sf
l
a
ta
ndha
save
r
ywi
dec
ha
nne
lwi
t
hl
e
s
se
ne
r
gy.
Commonf
e
a
t
u
r
e
si
nc
l
ude
:bl
uf
f
sa
ndot
he
rf
l
oodpl
a
i
nf
e
a
t
ur
e
s
s
uc
ha
ss
wa
mps
,br
a
i
d
i
ng,de
l
t
a
s
,a
l
l
uvi
a
lf
a
ns
,de
f
e
r
r
e
dj
unc
t
i
ons
a
ndna
t
ur
a
ll
e
ve
e
s
.

The
s
ef
e
a
t
ur
e
sa
r
emos
t
l
yduet
ode
pos
i
t
i
onwhi
c
hi
smor
e
domi
na
ntt
ha
ne
r
os
i
onduet
ot
her
e
duc
e
dr
i
ve
re
ne
r
gyduet
ot
he
l
owe
rgr
a
di
e
nta
ndi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
dwe
t
t
e
dpe
r
i
me
t
e
r
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rEr
os
i
on




Ri
ve
re
r
os
i
oni
nvol
ve
st
hewe
a
r
i
nga
wa
yofr
oc
ka
nds
oi
lf
ound
a
l
ongt
her
i
ve
rbe
da
ndba
nks
.
I
ta
l
s
oi
nvol
ve
st
hebr
e
a
ki
ngdownoft
her
oc
kpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sbe
i
ng
c
a
r
r
i
e
ddowns
t
r
e
a
mbyt
her
i
ve
r
.
The
r
ea
r
ef
ourma
i
npr
oc
e
s
s
e
sofe
r
os
i
on.
The
s
ea
r
ec
or
r
a
s
i
on,a
t
t
r
i
t
i
on,hydr
a
ul
i
ca
c
t
i
ona
nds
ol
ut
i
on(
a
l
s
o
knowna
sc
or
r
os
i
on)
.
Cor
r
a
s
i
on








I
st
hewe
a
r
i
ngdownoft
hes
i
de
sa
ndbe
doft
her
i
ve
rbyt
hel
oa
da
s
i
ti
sbe
i
ngt
r
a
ns
por
t
e
dbyt
her
i
ve
r
.
Cor
r
a
s
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
nar
i
ve
rpi
c
ksupma
t
e
r
i
a
la
ndr
ubsi
t
sb
e
d
a
ndba
nkwe
a
rt
he
ma
wa
ybya
br
a
s
i
onl
i
kes
a
ndpa
pe
r
.
Cor
r
a
s
i
ont
he
r
e
f
or
eha
ppe
nswhe
nt
her
i
ve
r
’
ss
i
de
sa
ndbe
da
r
e
s
c
r
a
ppe
dof
fbyt
hema
t
e
r
i
a
lbe
i
ngt
r
a
ns
por
t
e
dbyt
her
i
ve
r
.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
si
smos
tp
r
onounc
e
ddur
i
ngf
l
oodi
ng.
Thi
si
st
hema
j
orme
a
nsofe
r
os
i
onbywhi
c
har
i
ve
re
xt
e
ndsbot
h
ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
l
ya
ndhor
i
z
ont
a
l
l
y.
I
ft
he
r
ea
r
ehol
l
owsi
nt
her
i
ve
rbe
d
,pe
bbl
e
sc
a
nge
tt
r
a
ppe
di
n
t
he
s
ea
ndwhi
r
l
e
dbyt
ur
bul
e
nte
dd
i
e
s(
i
nc
i
r
c
ul
a
rmot
i
on)t
of
or
m
pot
hol
e
s
.
Whe
npe
bbl
e
sa
r
et
r
a
ppe
di
ne
xi
s
t
i
ngpot
hol
e
st
he
s
ea
r
ede
e
pe
ne
d
f
ur
t
he
rbyt
hewhi
r
l
i
ngpe
bbl
e
s
.
Cor
r
a
s
i
onwe
a
r
sa
wa
yt
hec
ha
nne
l
’
sr
i
ve
rbe
da
nda
ddmor
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
lt
ot
her
i
ve
r
’
sl
oa
dt
husa
mpl
i
f
yi
ngt
hepr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
smor
e
l
oa
dme
a
nsmor
ec
or
r
a
s
i
on.
At
t
r
i
t
i
on


I
sapr
oc
e
s
sbywhi
c
ht
her
i
ve
r
’
sownl
oa
di
sbr
oke
ndownf
r
om
l
a
r
ge
rpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
si
nt
os
ma
l
l
e
rone
s
.
Thi
sha
ppe
nsbe
c
a
us
et
her
i
ve
r
’
sl
o
a
dwhi
c
hi
sma
deupof
di
f
f
e
r
e
nts
i
z
e
dpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
swhi
c
hc
ol
l
i
dea
ndknoc
ki
nt
oe
a
c
hot
h
e
r


c
a
us
i
ngt
he
mt
obr
e
a
ki
nt
os
ma
l
l
e
rf
r
a
gme
nt
s
.
Ast
hel
oa
dpr
ogr
e
s
s
e
sdowns
t
r
e
a
mi
tge
t
ss
ma
l
l
e
ra
nds
ma
l
l
e
r
.
Al
s
oa
ngul
a
rr
oc
ksbe
c
omei
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ngl
yr
ounde
d.
Hydr
a
ul
i
cAc
t
i
on






r
e
f
e
r
st
ot
hes
he
e
rf
or
c
ea
ndt
ur
bul
e
nc
eoft
hemovi
ngwa
t
e
rwhi
c
h
c
a
nbea
bl
et
or
e
movel
oos
ema
t
e
r
i
a
ls
uc
ha
sgr
a
ve
l
,s
a
nda
nds
i
l
t
.
Thi
sf
or
c
ec
a
na
l
s
owe
a
ke
ns
ol
i
dr
o
c
ksbys
ur
gi
ngi
nt
oc
r
a
c
ksi
n
t
her
oc
k.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
s
e
sc
a
nbea
i
de
dwhe
nt
he
r
ei
sa
i
ri
nt
hec
r
a
c
kswhi
c
hi
s
c
ompr
e
s
s
e
dc
a
us
i
nge
ve
nt
ua
lba
nkc
ol
l
a
ps
e
.
Ca
vi
t
a
t
i
oni
saf
or
mofhydr
a
ul
i
ca
c
t
i
onc
a
us
e
dbybubbl
e
sofa
i
r
c
ol
l
a
ps
i
nga
ndt
her
e
s
ul
t
a
nts
hoc
kwa
ve
shi
ta
ndwe
a
ke
nt
heb
a
nks
oft
her
i
ve
r
.
Hydr
a
ul
i
ca
c
t
i
onbyi
t
s
e
l
fi
sve
r
ye
f
f
e
c
t
i
vei
ft
her
i
ve
rdoe
snot
ha
ves
omel
oa
dt
opr
oduc
ec
or
r
os
i
vee
r
os
i
on/
a
br
a
s
i
vee
r
os
i
on.
Hydr
a
ul
i
ca
c
t
i
oni
st
hewe
a
ke
s
ta
ndl
e
a
s
te
f
f
e
c
t
i
vef
or
mofe
r
os
i
on.
Sol
ut
i
onorCor
r
os
i
on





Thewa
t
e
ri
nt
her
i
ve
rdi
s
s
ol
ve
ss
omes
ol
ubl
er
oc
kss
uc
ha
sr
oc
k
s
a
l
ta
nds
ome
t
i
me
sl
i
me
s
t
one
.
Thi
si
smos
te
f
f
e
c
t
i
vei
na
r
e
a
swhe
r
et
hes
t
r
e
a
mbe
da
ndba
nksa
r
e
c
ompos
e
dofs
ol
ubl
er
oc
kf
ore
xa
mpl
ei
nl
i
me
s
t
oner
e
gi
ons
.
Thi
sme
t
hodofe
r
os
i
o
nt
a
ke
spl
a
c
ea
l
lt
het
i
mea
ndi
si
nde
pe
nde
nt
ofar
i
ve
r
’
sve
l
oc
i
t
yordi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
I
ti
ss
i
mi
l
a
rt
ot
hec
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
sofs
ol
ut
i
on.
Ther
i
ve
r
’
sc
or
r
os
i
vea
bi
l
i
t
yi
sa
i
de
d,howe
ve
r
,i
ft
he
r
ea
r
ea
c
i
d
s
wi
t
hi
ni
t
.
For
msofEr
os
i
on



Thea
bovef
ourpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sma
keupar
i
ve
r
’
se
r
os
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Ri
ve
re
r
os
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
hr
e
ewa
ys
:
He
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
on,l
a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
ona
ndve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
on.
He
a
dwa
r
dEr
os
i
on



I
st
hepr
oc
e
s
s
e
sbywhi
c
har
i
ve
ri
nc
r
e
a
s
e
si
t
sl
e
ngt
hups
t
r
e
a
m.
Thi
si
sa
c
hi
e
ve
dbyar
i
ve
rc
ut
t
i
ngba
c
ka
ti
t
ss
our
c
e
.
Ra
i
nwa
s
ha
nds
oi
lc
r
e
e
pa
r
eot
he
rpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sbywhi
c
har
i
ve
r
e
xt
e
ndsi
t
sc
ha
nne
lupt
hes
l
ope
.
La
t
e
r
a
lEr
os
i
on
For
msofEr
os
i
on,Upa
r
r
ows
howshe
a
d
wa
r
de
r
os
i
on,t
het
woa
r
r
ows
l
a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
on/
wi
de
ni
ngorc
ha
nne
la
ndt
hedownpoi
nt
i
na
r
r
owve
r
t
i
c
a
l
e
r
os
i
on.I
ma
geCr
e
d
i
tWi
ki
Commons


Thepr
oc
e
s
s
e
sbywhi
c
ht
her
i
ve
r
’
ss
i
de
sa
r
ewor
na
wa
ya
ndt
he
c
ha
nne
lbe
i
nge
xt
e
nde
di
nwi
dt
h.
Thi
si
smor
epr
onounc
e
da
l
ongt
hebe
nds(
out
s
i
deba
nks
)of
me
a
nde
r
s
.
Ve
r
t
i
c
a
lEr
os
i
on

Thi
si
sapr
oc
e
s
sbywhi
c
har
i
ve
rde
e
pe
nsi
t
sc
ha
nne
l
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rTr
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
onPr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.





Anye
ne
r
gyl
e
f
ta
f
t
e
rar
i
ve
rha
sove
r
c
omef
r
i
c
t
i
oni
sus
e
dt
o
t
r
a
ns
por
ts
e
di
me
nt
.
Thi
se
ne
r
gyva
r
i
e
sdi
r
e
c
t
l
ywi
t
har
i
ve
r
’
sdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
,ve
l
oc
i
t
ya
nd
t
ur
bul
e
nc
e
Tha
ti
si
ft
he
yi
nc
r
e
a
s
et
hea
mountofar
i
ve
r
’
se
ne
r
gyt
oe
r
odea
nd
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
l
s
oi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sunt
i
lar
i
ve
rr
e
a
c
he
sf
l
oodi
ngl
e
ve
lwhe
n
de
pos
i
t
i
oni
sl
i
ke
l
yt
ooc
c
urduet
oa
ni
nc
r
e
a
s
ei
nt
hewe
t
t
e
d
pe
r
i
me
t
e
ra
ndt
husf
r
i
c
t
i
on.
The
r
ea
r
et
hr
e
ema
i
npr
oc
e
s
s
e
sbywhi
c
har
i
ve
r
’
sl
oa
di
s
t
r
a
ns
por
t
e
d:
s
us
pe
ns
i
on,s
ol
ut
i
ona
ndbe
dl
oa
d(
s
ome
t
i
me
sdi
vi
de
di
nt
os
a
l
t
a
t
i
on
a
ndt
r
a
c
t
i
onma
ki
ngt
he
mf
ourme
t
hodsi
ns
t
e
a
doft
hr
e
ei
nt
hi
s
c
a
s
e
)
.
Sus
pe
ns
i
on

Thi
si
swhe
nl
i
ghts
i
l
ta
ndmudf
l
oa
t
sa
l
ongwi
t
ht
hewa
t
e
r
.





Ve
r
yf
i
nepa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sofs
i
l
ta
ndc
l
a
ya
r
edi
s
l
odge
da
ndc
a
r
r
i
e
da
wa
y
i
nt
het
ur
bul
e
nc
eoft
hef
l
owi
ngwa
t
e
r
.
Thegr
e
a
t
e
rt
het
ur
bul
e
nc
et
hegr
e
a
t
e
rl
a
r
ge
rt
hequa
nt
i
t
ya
nds
i
z
e
ofpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
spi
c
ke
dupbya
ndc
a
r
r
i
e
da
wa
ybyt
her
i
ve
r
.
Thi
spa
r
t
l
ye
xpl
a
i
nswhyf
l
oode
dr
i
ve
rof
t
e
nha
vemudc
ol
our
e
d
wa
t
e
r
,i
ti
sduet
ot
hehe
a
vya
moun
t
sofs
us
pe
nde
dma
t
e
r
i
a
lwi
t
h
t
hewa
t
e
r
.
Thes
us
pe
nde
dma
t
e
r
i
a
lus
ua
l
l
yf
or
mst
hel
a
r
ge
s
tpa
r
tofar
i
ve
r
’
s
t
ot
a
ll
oa
d.
I
ti
nc
r
e
a
s
e
si
na
mountt
owa
r
dsar
i
ve
r
’
smout
ha
l
s
ogi
vi
ngt
he
bl
a
c
k/
br
owni
s
hc
ol
ourt
ot
hewa
t
e
rt
ha
ti
ss
i
mi
l
a
rt
ot
ha
tofmo
s
t
r
i
ve
r
sa
f
t
e
ras
t
or
m.
Sol
ut
i
on/
Di
s
s
ol
ve
dLoa
d





I
swh
e
nma
t
e
r
i
a
ldi
s
s
o
l
ve
si
nt
hewa
t
e
ra
ndi
sc
a
r
r
i
e
da
wa
yi
n
s
ol
ut
i
onf
or
mf
ore
xa
mpl
er
oc
ks
a
l
t
.
Fl
owi
ngwa
t
e
rwi
t
hi
nr
i
ve
rc
ha
nne
l
sa
l
mos
ta
l
wa
ysc
ont
a
i
na
c
i
dsi
n
t
hef
or
mc
a
r
bo
ni
ca
ndni
t
r
ousa
c
i
dse
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ya
f
t
e
ras
t
or
mordue
t
opol
l
ut
i
on.
Thi
sdi
s
s
ol
ve
st
hebe
dr
oc
ke
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yi
fi
ti
ss
ol
ubl
ef
ore
xa
mpl
e
l
i
me
s
t
one
.
I
tdi
s
s
ol
ve
si
nwa
t
e
ra
n
di
sc
a
r
r
i
e
da
wa
yi
ns
ol
ut
i
onf
or
m.
Thi
si
save
r
ya
c
t
i
vef
or
moft
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
oni
nl
i
me
s
t
oner
e
gi
on
s
a
ndi
not
he
rr
e
gi
onsi
tf
or
msac
ompa
r
a
t
i
ve
l
ys
ma
l
lpa
r
toft
hel
oa
d.
Be
dl
oa
d






I
sdi
vi
de
di
nt
ot
wopr
oc
e
s
s
e
st
r
a
c
t
i
ona
nds
a
l
t
a
t
i
on.
Sa
l
t
a
t
i
oni
swhe
ns
ma
l
l
e
rpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sbounc
ea
l
ongt
hebe
doft
he
r
i
ve
r
.
Tr
a
c
t
i
oni
swhe
nl
a
r
ge
rboul
de
r
sa
n
dpe
bbl
e
sr
ol
la
nda
r
edr
a
gge
d
a
l
ongt
her
i
ve
r
’
sbe
d.
Si
nc
el
a
r
ge
rpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sc
a
nnotbepi
c
ke
dupbyt
hec
ur
r
e
ntt
he
ya
r
e
move
da
l
ongt
h
ebe
doft
her
i
ve
ri
nt
he
s
et
wowa
ys
.
Sa
l
t
a
t
i
onha
ppe
nswhe
npe
bbl
e
s
,
s
a
nda
ndgr
a
ve
la
r
et
e
mpor
a
r
i
l
y
l
i
f
t
e
dupbyt
her
i
ve
r
’
sc
ur
r
e
nta
ndbounc
e
da
l
ongt
hebe
doft
he
r
i
ve
ri
nahoppi
ngmot
i
on.
Tr
a
c
t
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
nt
hel
a
r
ge
s
tc
o
bbl
e
sa
ndboul
de
r
sr
ol
lors
l
i
de
a
l
ongt
hebe
doft
her
i
ve
r
.

Thel
a
r
ge
s
tl
oa
dsc
a
nonl
ybemove
di
nt
hi
swa
ydur
i
ngf
l
ood
pe
r
i
odsf
ore
xa
mpl
ea
f
t
e
ras
t
or
m.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rde
pos
i
t
i
on











De
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
nar
i
ve
rnol
onge
ra
ss
uf
f
i
c
i
e
nte
ne
r
gyt
o
t
r
a
ns
por
ti
t
sl
oa
d.
Whe
ni
t
sve
l
oc
i
t
ybe
gi
nst
of
a
l
la
ndha
sl
e
s
se
ne
r
gy,ar
i
ve
r
’
s
c
ompe
t
e
nc
e(
ma
xi
mums
i
z
eofma
t
e
r
i
a
lwhi
c
har
i
ve
ri
sc
a
pa
b
l
eof
t
r
a
ns
por
t
i
ng)a
ndc
a
pa
c
i
t
y(ma
xi
muma
mountofl
oa
dt
ha
tar
i
ve
r
i
sc
a
pa
bl
eoft
r
a
ns
por
t
i
ng)f
a
l
l
sa
ndt
he
r
e
f
or
ede
pos
i
t
i
onbe
gi
n
s
.
De
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
n:
Di
s
c
ha
r
gei
sr
e
duc
e
da
f
t
e
rape
r
i
odofl
owpr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
on.
Ve
l
oc
i
t
yi
sr
e
duc
e
dupont
her
i
ve
rr
e
a
c
hi
ngt
heda
m,l
a
ke
,
s
e
aor
oc
e
a
nr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofde
l
t
a
s
.
Sha
l
l
owwa
t
e
roc
c
ur
sont
hei
ns
i
des
e
c
t
i
onofame
a
nde
rf
or
e
xa
mpl
e
.
Thel
oa
di
ss
udde
nl
yi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
df
ore
xa
mpl
ei
nt
hee
ve
ntofa
l
a
nds
l
i
def
ori
ns
t
a
nc
ewhe
napor
t
i
onofba
nkc
ol
l
a
ps
e
si
nt
ot
he
r
i
ve
r
.
Whe
nt
her
i
ve
rove
r
f
l
owsi
t
sba
nkss
ot
ha
tt
heve
l
oc
i
t
yout
s
i
det
he
c
ha
nne
li
sr
e
duc
e
dr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofaf
l
oodpl
a
i
n.
Dur
i
ngf
l
oods
,e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yi
nt
hel
owe
rc
our
s
er
i
ve
r
ss
pr
e
a
dt
ot
he
s
i
de
soft
hec
ha
nne
l
.
Fr
i
c
t
i
ona
ldr
a
ga
ndt
her
e
duc
e
dgr
a
di
e
nts
l
owdownt
hef
l
owi
ng
wa
t
e
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nde
pos
i
t
i
on.
De
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
sa
l
on
gt
hee
nt
i
r
ec
our
s
eoft
her
i
ve
r
:
1.Ont
hec
ha
nne
lbe
d.
2.Ther
i
ve
rva
l
l
e
yf
l
oore
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ydur
i
ngf
l
oods
.
3.Ont
her
i
ve
r
’
sba
nksa
si
name
a
nde
r
.
4.Att
her
i
ve
r
’
smout
hwhe
ni
te
mpt
i
e
si
nt
ot
hes
e
a
.
NBDe
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
sa
ta
nypa
r
tofar
i
ve
r
’
sc
our
s
ede
pe
ndi
ngona
r
i
ve
r
’
se
ne
r
gya
ndve
l
oc
i
t
y.Thedi
vi
s
i
onofar
i
ve
ri
nt
os
t
a
ge
si
s
t
he
r
e
f
or
eus
e
f
ulbutbynome
a
nsc
onc
l
us
i
ve
.
De
pos
i
t
i
on

Whe
nt
her
i
ve
rl
os
e
si
t
se
ne
r
gyt
oa
nyoft
her
e
a
s
onspoi
nt
e
dout






a
bovet
hef
ol
l
owi
ngha
ppe
ns
.
Thehe
a
vi
e
s
tma
t
e
r
i
a
l
/
l
oa
di
sde
pos
i
t
e
df
i
r
s
tt
hi
si
swhyr
i
ve
r
sa
r
e
l
i
t
t
e
r
e
dwi
t
hboul
de
r
si
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
e
.
Thi
si
sbe
c
a
us
et
r
a
c
t
i
onl
oa
da
nds
i
l
t
a
t
i
onl
oa
dsr
e
qui
r
emor
e
e
ne
r
gyt
ot
r
a
ns
por
t
.
Thef
i
ne
s
tma
t
e
r
i
a
li
sde
pos
i
t
e
dl
a
s
ta
ndma
yr
e
a
c
ht
hes
e
awhe
r
ei
t
i
sde
pos
i
t
e
dont
oa
ndt
of
or
mde
l
t
a
s
.
Thedi
s
s
ol
ve
dl
oa
dwhi
c
hi
si
ns
ol
u
t
i
onwa
t
e
ri
sde
pos
i
t
e
da
ta
l
lbut
t
r
a
ns
por
t
e
dt
ot
hes
e
awhe
r
ei
tma
i
nt
a
i
nst
hes
a
l
t
i
ne
s
sofoc
e
a
ns
.
Thede
pos
i
t
i
onofs
a
nda
nds
i
l
tl
e
a
d
st
ot
hede
ve
l
opme
ntofa
ge
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ngpl
a
i
nknowna
saf
l
oodpl
a
i
n.
De
pos
i
t
i
onc
a
nr
e
s
ul
ti
na
ggr
e
da
t
i
o
nwhe
r
et
her
i
ve
r
’
sbe
da
nd
gr
a
di
e
nta
r
ei
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d.Thi
sc
a
nha
ppe
na
tde
l
t
a
sa
ndona
l
l
uvi
a
l
f
a
ns
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s


Thef
ol
l
owi
ngf
a
c
t
or
sa
f
f
e
c
tt
her
i
ve
r
’
se
ne
r
gya
nda
bi
l
i
t
yt
oe
r
ode
,
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ndd
e
pos
i
ti
t
sl
oa
d.
Typeoff
l
ow,gr
a
di
e
ntofc
ha
nne
l
,
vol
ume
/
di
s
c
ha
r
ge
,c
r
os
s
s
e
c
t
i
ona
lc
ha
nne
ls
ha
pe
,c
ha
nne
lr
oughne
s
s
.
Typeoff
l
ow







Whe
nwa
t
e
rf
l
owsdownhi
l
lunde
rgr
a
vi
t
yi
tf
ol
l
owst
hepa
t
ho
f
l
e
a
s
tr
e
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
.
The
r
ea
r
et
wopa
t
t
e
r
nsoff
l
ow:l
a
mi
na
ra
ndt
ur
bul
e
nt
.
La
mi
na
r
i
sahor
i
z
ont
a
lmove
me
ntofwa
t
e
ri
nar
i
ve
rwi
t
hmi
ni
ma
l
ve
r
t
i
c
a
lmi
xi
ng.
Thewa
t
e
ri
si
nl
a
ye
r
,s
uc
haf
or
mo
ff
l
owwoul
dr
e
s
ul
ti
nmi
ni
ma
l
e
r
os
i
ona
ndmor
ede
pos
i
t
i
on
I
nr
e
a
l
i
t
ys
uc
hat
ypeoff
l
owdoe
snote
xi
s
ta
l
t
houghs
ome
t
hi
ng
c
l
os
et
ot
hi
sc
a
nbeobs
e
r
ve
di
nf
l
a
tt
e
r
r
a
i
nwhe
nr
i
ve
r
sa
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
yc
a
l
mdur
i
ngt
he
i
rf
l
ow.
Tur
bul
e
ntf
l
owc
ons
i
s
t
sofas
e
r
i
e
sofve
r
t
i
c
a
la
ndhor
i
z
ont
a
le
ddi
e
s
a
ndal
otofve
r
t
i
c
a
lmi
xi
ngoft
hewa
t
e
ra
si
tf
l
owsdownhi
l
l
.
Tur
bul
e
ntf
l
owr
e
s
ul
t
si
nmor
ee
r
os
i
ona
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ona
ndt
hi
s
f
or
moff
l
owi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
swi
t
ha
ni
nc
r
e
a
s
ei
nar
i
ve
r
’
se
ne
r
gy.
Gr
a
di
e
ntoft
hec
ha
nne
l



Thegr
a
di
e
ntoft
hec
ha
nne
lde
t
e
r
mi
ne
sar
i
ve
r
’
sa
bi
l
i
t
yt
oe
r
ode
,
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ndd
e
pos
i
ti
t
sl
oa
d.
Theuppe
rc
our
s
eofar
i
ve
ri
sa
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
t
hs
t
e
e
pgr
a
di
e
nt
s
t
he
r
e
f
or
eal
otofve
l
oc
i
t
ya
nde
ne
r
gya
ndt
he
r
e
f
or
er
i
ve
re
r
os
i
on
a
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
e
.
Themi
ddl
ea
n
dl
owe
rc
our
s
eha
veamuc
hge
nt
l
e
rgr
a
di
e
nta
nd
t
he
r
e
f
or
et
hes
l
owe
rmovi
ngwa
t
e
r
sha
vel
e
s
se
r
os
i
vepowe
ra
nd
t
he
r
e
f
or
emor
ede
pos
i
t
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
ea
ndl
e
s
st
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ona
nd
e
r
os
i
on.
Di
s
c
ha
r
ge
/
Vol
ume



Asa
l
r
e
a
dys
a
i
d,wa
t
e
rf
l
owsi
nr
e
s
pons
et
ot
hepul
lofgr
a
vi
t
y
whi
c
hi
sa
l
s
ode
t
e
r
mi
ne
dbyt
hema
s
sa
ndi
nt
ur
nt
hevol
umeoft
he
movi
ngwa
t
e
r
.
Ri
ve
r
sha
vel
e
s
swa
t
e
ri
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
ebe
c
a
us
eofmos
tha
ve
f
e
we
rt
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sa
tt
hi
ss
t
a
get
he
r
e
f
or
et
he
yha
vel
e
s
se
ne
r
gyt
o
e
r
ode
.
Mi
ddl
ec
our
s
ea
ndl
owe
rc
our
s
er
i
ve
rs
e
c
t
i
onsha
vehi
ghe
r
vol
ume
sofwa
t
e
rs
i
nc
et
he
yha
vemor
eups
t
r
e
a
mt
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sa
tt
hi
s
s
t
a
ger
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nmor
ee
ne
r
gyt
ot
r
a
ns
por
ta
nde
r
odea
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
i
nt
e
r
msofwa
t
e
rvol
ume
.
Cr
os
sSe
c
t
i
ona
lCha
nne
ls
ha
pe
.



Cha
nne
lAha
sal
a
r
ge
rwe
t
t
e
dpe
r
i
me
t
e
rwhi
c
hme
a
nsmor
e
f
r
i
c
t
i
ona
ndl
e
a
ve
sl
e
s
se
ne
r
gyt
oe
r
odei
t
sbe
da
ndt
ot
r
a
ns
por
tl
oa
d.
Cha
nne
lBha
sas
ma
l
l
e
ras
ma
l
l
e
rwe
t
t
e
dpe
r
i
me
t
e
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
n
mor
eve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
onbe
c
a
us
ei
tha
smor
ee
ne
r
gyl
e
f
tove
rf
r
om
ove
r
c
omi
ngf
r
i
c
t
i
on.
I
nt
e
r
msofc
ha
nne
lc
r
os
ss
e
c
t
i
onuppe
rc
our
s
es
t
r
e
a
msha
vemor
e
e
ne
r
gyt
oe
r
odewhe
nc
ompa
r
e
dt
ol
owe
ra
ndmi
ddl
ec
our
s
e
s
t
r
e
a
ms
.
Cha
nne
lRoughne
s
s
Cha
nne
lr
oughne
s
sc
ha
nne
lA)i
st
ypi
c
a
li
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
es
t
r
e
a
msa
nd
B)i
nt
hel
owe
rc
our
s
es
t
r
e
a
ms


Uppe
rc
our
s
es
t
r
e
a
mse
nc
ount
e
rmor
ef
r
i
c
t
i
onduet
ot
he
i
rr
oug
h
c
ha
nne
l
swhi
c
ha
r
ear
e
s
ul
tofpr
ot
r
udi
ngboul
de
r
sa
ndr
oc
ky
out
l
i
ne
s
.Thi
sme
a
nss
uc
hc
ha
nne
l
swi
l
lha
vel
e
s
se
ne
r
gyl
e
f
tove
r
t
oe
r
odea
ndt
r
a
ns
por
tt
he
i
rl
oa
d.
Mi
ddl
ea
ndLo
we
rc
our
s
es
t
r
e
a
msha
vemor
ee
ne
r
gyt
ot
r
a
ns
por
t
a
nde
r
odes
i
nc
et
he
yha
ves
moot
hc
ha
nne
l
sr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nl
e
s
sf
r
i
c
t
i
on.
Conc
l
us
i
on



Mor
ee
r
os
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
hemi
ddl
ec
our
s
es
i
nc
et
hec
ha
nne
l
s
a
r
es
moot
h,t
hegr
a
di
e
nts
t
e
e
pe
rt
ha
ni
nt
hel
owe
rc
our
s
e
,t
he
we
t
t
e
dpe
r
i
me
t
e
rs
ma
l
l
e
rt
ha
ni
nt
hel
owe
rc
our
s
ea
ndt
hevol
u
me
ofwa
t
e
ri
shi
gh
.
Al
otofve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
o
nt
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
e
.
Mos
tde
pos
i
t
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
ei
nt
hel
owe
rc
our
s
eoft
her
i
ve
rs
i
nc
e
t
hegr
a
di
e
nti
ss
ma
l
l
e
r
,t
hewe
t
t
e
dpe
r
i
me
t
e
rl
a
r
ge
r
,a
ndt
he
gr
a
di
e
ntc
ons
i
de
r
a
bl
yl
e
s
ss
t
e
e
pwhe
nc
ompa
r
e
dt
ot
heot
he
rt
wo
c
our
s
e
s
.
NBI
ti
si
mpor
t
a
ntt
or
e
me
mbe
rt
ha
tt
hi
si
sage
ne
r
a
l
i
s
e
da
ppr
oa
c
hs
i
nc
e
e
r
os
i
on,de
pos
i
t
i
ona
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
onc
a
nt
a
kepl
a
c
ei
na
nypa
r
toft
he
c
our
s
eduet
ova
r
i
ou
sc
i
r
c
ums
t
a
nc
e
sr
e
ga
r
dl
e
s
soft
hec
our
s
eoft
her
i
ve
r
.
ZI
MSECGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:La
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
omr
i
ve
rpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
Topi
c
sl
i
nke
dt
ot
hi
spa
gea
r
ec
ur
r
e
nt
l
yb
e
i
nge
di
t
e
da
ndma
yc
ha
nge
a
ppe
a
r
a
nc
eorbeuna
va
i
l
a
bl
e
.


Ar
i
ve
rt
hr
oughi
t
spr
oc
e
s
s
e
sofe
r
o
s
i
on,t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ona
nd
de
pos
i
t
i
onf
or
mss
e
ve
r
a
ll
a
ndf
or
ms
.
The
s
ec
a
nbebr
oa
dl
ydi
vi
de
di
nt
ot
hos
el
a
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
om
e
r
os
i
ona
ndde
pos
i
t
i
on
.
La
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngma
i
nl
yf
r
ome
r
os
i
o
n
1.Na
r
r
owva
l
l
e
ys
2.I
nt
e
r
l
oc
ki
ngs
pur
s
3.Wa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sa
ndr
a
pi
ds
4.Pothol
e
s
5.Gor
ge
s
Thos
er
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
omma
i
nl
yde
pos
i
t
i
on
1.Fl
oodPl
a
i
ns
2.Me
a
nde
r
s
3.Oxbowl
a
ke
s
4.Br
a
i
ds
5.Le
vé
e
s
6.De
l
t
a
s
Cl
i
c
kone
a
c
honet
ol
e
a
r
nmor
ea
bouti
ta
ndwhe
r
ei
ti
smos
tl
i
ke
l
yt
obe
f
or
me
di
nar
i
ve
r
’
sc
our
s
e
.
I
ti
si
mpor
t
a
ntt
onot
et
ha
tt
h
i
sdi
vi
s
i
oni
nt
ol
a
ndf
or
msa
se
i
t
he
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
f
r
omde
pos
i
t
i
onore
r
os
i
oni
snotha
r
da
ndf
a
s
ta
si
twoul
da
ppe
a
r
.For
e
xa
mpl
eal
otofr
i
ve
rf
e
a
t
ur
e
ss
uc
ha
sf
l
oodpl
a
i
nsa
ndme
a
nde
r
sa
r
e
f
or
me
dbybot
he
r
os
i
ona
ndde
pos
i
t
i
ona
c
t
i
ngi
nt
a
nde
m.
Al
s
omi
norr
i
ve
rf
e
a
t
ur
e
ss
uc
ha
sbl
uf
f
s(
s
ome
t
i
me
sknowna
sr
i
ve
rc
l
i
f
f
s
orbl
uf
fl
i
ne
s
)
,poi
ntba
r
s
,po
ol
sa
ndr
i
f
f
l
e
sa
r
ei
nc
l
ude
di
nt
he
de
s
c
r
i
pt
i
onsofr
i
ve
rl
a
ndf
or
mst
ha
tt
he
ya
r
eof
t
e
na
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
t
h.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Fl
oodpl
a
i
nsa
ndLe
ve
e
s
Fl
oodpl
a
i
n







The
s
ea
r
et
ypi
c
a
l
l
yf
oundi
nt
hemi
ddl
ea
ndl
owe
rc
our
s
es
e
c
t
i
ons
oft
her
i
ve
r
.
The
ya
r
ege
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ngs
ur
f
a
c
e
sofa
l
l
uvi
umt
ha
tr
e
s
ul
tf
r
om
l
a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
ona
ndma
t
e
r
i
a
lde
pos
i
t
e
dont
ot
heva
l
l
e
yf
l
oor
.
Af
l
oodpl
a
i
nc
ommonl
yha
st
hef
o
l
l
owi
ngr
i
ve
rf
e
a
t
ur
e
sa
l
l
uvi
um,
ma
r
s
he
s
,me
a
nde
r
sa
n
doxbowl
a
ke
swhi
c
ha
r
er
e
mna
nt
sofc
utof
f
me
a
nde
r
s
.
Whe
nar
i
ve
ri
si
nf
l
oodi
tove
r
f
l
owsi
t
sba
nksa
ndc
ove
r
st
he
whol
epl
a
i
nup
onwhi
c
hi
tde
pos
i
t
ss
omeofi
t
sl
oa
d.
Thec
ont
i
nua
lde
pos
i
t
i
onr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofl
e
ve
e
s
.
The
s
ea
r
er
i
dgel
i
kef
e
a
t
ur
e
sr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
omde
pos
i
t
i
on.
Fl
oodpl
a
i
nsma
ybe
c
omes
ol
a
r
gea
ndwi
det
het
hee
dge
soft
he
me
a
nde
r
sma
ynotbea
bl
et
or
e
a
c
ht
hes
i
de
soft
heva
l
l
e
yf
or
e
xa
mpl
et
heNi
l
eRi
ve
ra
ndt
he(
Ye
l
l
owRi
ve
r
)Hua
ngHo.





I
nme
a
nde
r
sbot
hl
a
t
e
r
a
la
ndve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
er
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
i
nt
her
e
mova
loft
heor
i
gi
na
lf
l
ood
pl
a
i
na
ndt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofa
ne
wone
.
Thepi
e
c
e
st
ha
ts
ur
vi
v
et
hee
r
os
i
onf
or
mt
e
r
r
a
c
e
swhi
c
hha
ve
va
r
yi
nghe
i
ght
sa
ndof
t
e
nt
i
me
st
hehe
i
ght
soft
e
r
r
a
c
e
smi
ghtnot
ma
t
c
ht
hos
eont
heot
he
rs
i
de
.
Thi
sdi
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
t
e
st
he
s
et
e
r
r
a
c
e
sf
r
omt
heone
sf
or
me
dbyr
i
ve
r
r
e
j
uve
na
t
i
on.
Ther
i
ve
rBe
nueha
sawe
l
lde
ve
l
op
e
df
l
oodpl
a
i
n.
I
ti
si
mpor
t
a
ntt
onot
et
ha
tf
l
oodpl
a
i
nsa
r
ebot
hade
pos
i
t
i
ona
la
nd
e
r
os
i
ona
lf
e
a
t
ur
e
.
Na
t
ur
a
lt
e
r
r
a
c
e
sr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
oms
uc
c
e
s
s
i
vee
r
os
i
onoff
l
oodpl
a
i
ns
.I
ma
ge
c
r
e
di
tKe
nt
.
e
du
Le
ve
e
sa
ndt
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
swi
t
hde
f
e
r
r
e
dj
unc
t
i
ons







Fl
oodi
ngc
a
us
e
sde
pos
i
t
i
ont
ot
a
kepl
a
c
eonar
i
ve
r
’
sba
nksbe
c
a
us
e
t
hewa
t
e
ri
ss
l
owe
rt
he
r
ea
ndt
he
r
e
f
or
eha
sl
e
s
se
ne
r
gyt
ot
r
a
ns
por
t
t
hel
oa
d.
Asa
l
r
e
a
dys
a
i
da
bove
,c
ont
i
nue
df
l
oodi
ngr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
on
ofr
a
i
s
e
dba
nks
.
The
s
er
i
dge
sa
r
eknowna
sna
t
ur
a
ll
e
ve
e
s
.
Mos
tf
l
oodi
ngt
a
ke
spl
a
c
ea
tt
hee
d
ge
soft
hec
ha
nne
ls
i
nc
et
he
wa
t
e
ri
ss
l
owe
r
Ther
i
ve
rt
he
nf
l
owsa
bovet
hel
e
ve
loft
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
nwhi
c
hc
a
us
e
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
st
ode
f
e
rj
oi
ni
ngwi
t
ht
hema
i
ns
t
r
e
a
m.
Tr
i
but
a
r
i
e
sf
l
owpa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
ot
her
i
ve
r
,wi
t
hs
omef
l
owi
ngi
nt
o
de
pr
e
s
s
i
onsr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
os
wa
mps
,
whi
l
eot
he
r
se
ve
nt
ua
l
l
yj
oi
nt
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i
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ve
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ur
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he
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t
r
e
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or
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e
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r
e
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t
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.
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ve
r
st
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l
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e
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e
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ore
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)
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e
s
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r
s
he
s

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si
ss
t
a
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e
rt
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ti
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l
ogge
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t
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t
e
rl
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ge
t
a
t
i
on.

The
yoc
c
uri
nt
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l
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i
nduet
of
r
e
que
ntf
l
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e
t
r
i
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e
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r
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e
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.
Bl
uf
f
s


Thi
si
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omi
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l
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r
kt
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n.
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es
t
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e
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omont
or
yc
l
i
f
f
sa
r
es
ome
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i
me
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oundont
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n
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a
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s
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


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

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Me
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r
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r
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our
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e
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ya
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ef
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me
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ve
rt
wi
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t
sa
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ur
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.
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ya
r
ec
ommonont
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ve
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tof
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her
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ve
r
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sc
our
s
e
.
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a
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i
ngi
sac
ommonbe
ha
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ou
roff
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ui
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ta
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r
a
i
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ht
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s
t
i
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h.
I
ti
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ve
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i
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ma
xi
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z
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ya
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e
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ks
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r
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l
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r
e
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omba
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ur
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ra
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a
t
e
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e
a
t
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uc
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i
f
f
l
e
s
.
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l
i
c
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l
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name
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ra
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e
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t
i
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e
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ur
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te
a
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nt
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ma
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e
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e
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s
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c
om
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sa
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i
f
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l
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s
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e
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t
i
oni
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rwhe
r
eal
otofe
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et
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ve
r
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f
r
i
c
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ona
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t
e
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shi
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l
oc
i
t
y.


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f
f
l
e
t
hi
si
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ha
l
l
ows
e
c
t
i
oni
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ve
rwhe
r
et
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r
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pos
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t
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on
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pa
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i
t
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ve
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
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ome
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gydi
s
s
i
pa
t
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on
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e
duc
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nar
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ve
rduet
oi
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e
a
s
e
df
r
i
c
t
i
ona
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e
duc
t
i
oni
na
r
i
ve
r
’
sve
l
oc
i
t
y.
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pa
c
i
ngoft
hepool
sa
ndr
i
f
f
l
e
sa
r
ef
a
i
r
l
yr
e
gul
a
ri
nar
i
ve
r
c
ha
nne
la
bouts
i
xt
of
i
vet
i
me
st
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dt
hoft
hec
ha
nne
l
.
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l
i
c
oi
da
lf
l
owi
sr
e
s
pons
i
bl
ef
ort
hee
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os
i
onont
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i
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a
ndt
he
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pos
i
t
i
ngi
ti
nt
ot
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ns
i
d
ebe
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a
nde
r
s
.
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ntba
r
sa
ndme
a
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rc
r
os
ss
e
c
t
i
on














Wa
t
e
rf
l
owsf
a
s
t
e
s
tont
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e
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nd(
c
onc
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nk)oft
her
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ve
r
whe
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et
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li
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e
pe
ra
ndt
he
r
ei
sl
e
s
sf
r
i
c
t
i
on.
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te
r
ode
st
hi
sba
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a
t
e
r
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l
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t
t
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i
t
i
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a
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t
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on.
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r
ea
l
s
ove
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t
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c
a
le
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os
i
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c
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pe
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l
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h
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t
si
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ur
t
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re
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os
i
on.
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a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
onr
e
s
ul
t
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c
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t
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ve
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nka
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f
or
ma
t
i
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e
ps
i
de
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f
ft
he
s
ec
l
i
f
f
sa
r
ea
l
s
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s
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uf
f
s
.
t
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ri
ss
l
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l
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gy
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t
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ur
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e
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t
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l
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ha
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l
.
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si
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e
a
s
e
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t
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ur
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rr
e
du
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ur
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e
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gy)
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our
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ur
t
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pos
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t
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on.
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rt
i
meas
ma
l
lr
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ve
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a
c
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fs
l
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t
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re
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ur
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e
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h
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l
e
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pe
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sc
a
us
e
sme
a
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rt
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a
t
edo
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l
l
e
y.
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t
e
r
a
le
r
os
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a
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r
sa
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i
rmi
gr
a
t
i
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nt
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l
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a
i
n.
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pos
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t
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ona
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e
a
t
ur
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l
l
uvi
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t
a
c
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umul
a
t
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e
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ve
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sbe
l
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es
l
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p
of
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ope
.
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ya
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ec
r
e
s
c
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nt
s
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pe
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a
t
e
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r
e
a
m
be
ndofme
a
nde
r
s
.
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ys
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or
me
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t
i
onsofame
a
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i
ngi
t
s
downs
t
r
e
a
mmi
gr
a
t
i
on.
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e
r
mi
ss
ome
t
i
me
sus
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ds
ynonymous
l
ywi
t
hs
l
i
p0f
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l
ope
s
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l
t
hought
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ms
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e
f
e
rt
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r
os
ss
e
c
t
i
on
a
ndt
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e
r
mpoi
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ri
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or
e
f
e
rt
ot
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e
r
i
a
lvi
e
w.
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ntba
r
sa
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utba
nks
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ve
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phyNot
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s
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t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sa
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ds
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t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sa
ndRa
pi
ds





Wa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sc
ommonl
yoc
c
uri
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
es
e
c
t
i
onoft
her
i
ve
r
a
l
t
hought
he
yc
a
noc
c
ura
ta
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r
ti
nar
i
ve
r
’
sc
our
s
e
.
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r
ea
r
eva
r
i
ouswa
y
si
nwhi
c
hawa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
/
r
a
pi
dc
a
nbef
or
me
d.
As
ha
r
pbr
e
a
ki
nt
hebe
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ve
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sawa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
.
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ndofr
e
s
i
s
t
a
ntr
oc
kwi
t
have
r
t
i
c
a
lf
a
c
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l
yi
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e
s
sr
e
s
i
s
t
a
nt
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oc
kpr
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e
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t
e
r
f
a
l
lwhe
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ti
se
xpos
e
da
tt
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ur
f
a
c
ebyr
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ve
r
e
r
os
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onc
a
na
l
s
or
e
s
ul
ti
nt
hede
ve
l
opme
ntofawa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
.
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a
pi
di
sf
or
me
di
ft
h
er
oc
kl
i
e
sa
tas
t
e
e
pa
ngl
ebuti
snotve
r
t
i
c
a
l
.
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t
e
r
f
a
l
lc
a
na
l
s
ode
ve
l
opwhe
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e
s
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s
t
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kove
r
l
i
e
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e
s
sr
e
s
i
s
t
a
nt
i
shor
i
z
ont
a
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psge
nt
l
yupr
i
ve
r
.








Ar
a
pi
dmi
ghtbef
or
me
df
i
r
s
ti
ns
uc
hi
ns
t
a
nc
e
sbutc
ont
i
nue
d
e
r
os
i
ona
tt
heba
s
eoft
hepoolwi
l
lr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
ot
her
a
pi
d
de
ve
l
opi
ngi
nt
oawa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
.
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a
pi
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ve
l
opswhe
nt
her
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
tr
oc
k,ove
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l
yi
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e
s
sr
e
s
i
s
t
a
nt
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oc
kdi
psge
nt
l
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ve
r
.
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c
t
or
i
aFa
l
l
sa
r
et
hewi
de
s
tf
a
l
l
si
nt
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l
d.
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yma
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vede
ve
l
ope
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e
s
u
l
toft
her
i
ve
rZa
mbe
z
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i
f
tof
a
na
l
mos
thor
i
z
ont
a
lba
s
a
l
t
i
cpl
a
t
e
a
u.
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r
ear
i
ve
rf
l
owsa
c
r
os
sal
i
neo
fwe
a
kne
s
si
te
r
ode
sve
r
t
i
c
a
l
l
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t
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or
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t
e
r
f
a
l
l
.
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t
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l
l
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ya
l
s
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e
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or
me
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nt
hi
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y.
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tha
sr
e
t
r
e
a
t
e
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t
r
e
a
ma
l
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a
ul
tl
i
ne
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a
s
et
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s
t
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i
ve
rmi
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e
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hes
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a
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pi
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e
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soff
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t
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e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
na



wa
t
e
r
f
a
l
la
tt
hekni
c
kp
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nt
.
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t
e
r
f
a
l
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l
s
obef
or
me
dwh
e
r
ear
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ve
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s
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e
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oma
hi
ghl
a
nda
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e
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(
f
ore
xa
mpl
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t
e
a
u)i
nt
oal
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a
nda
r
e
a
.
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i
ve
rmi
ghte
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kwa
r
dst
ounde
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c
uta
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ve
r
tt
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t
e
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ghbour
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t
r
e
a
ma
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a
pt
ur
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sma
r
ke
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wa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
.
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xa
mpl
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st
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l
l
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c
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kst
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ntwhe
r
et
he
PungweRi
ve
rc
a
pt
ur
e
dt
hewa
t
e
r
soft
heNya
kupi
ngar
i
ve
rwhi
c
h
i
sat
r
i
but
a
r
yoft
her
i
ve
rOdz
ii
nt
h
eEa
s
t
e
r
nHi
ghl
a
nds
.
Pl
ungepool
s


I
sde
e
ppoolt
ha
ti
sf
or
me
da
tt
heba
s
eofwa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
sduet
he
s
wi
r
l
i
ngwa
t
e
re
r
odi
ngt
heba
s
eoft
hewa
t
e
r
f
a
l
lvi
ahydr
a
ul
i
c
a
c
t
i
ona
ndc
or
r
a
s
i
ona
i
de
dbybi
t
soft
heha
r
dr
oc
kt
ha
tf
a
l
l
si
nt
o
t
hepoola
ndbe
c
ome
spa
r
toft
hel
oa
da
ndt
hee
ddyi
nga
nd
t
ur
bul
e
ntmot
i
o
noft
hewa
t
e
ra
tt
heba
s
e
.
Ast
heunde
r
c
ut
t
i
ngc
ont
i
nue
st
hewa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
smi
gr
a
t
eups
t
r
e
a
m.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rPr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
:St
r
e
a
mba
nk
c
ul
t
i
va
t
i
on






St
r
e
a
mba
nkc
ul
t
i
va
t
i
onr
e
f
e
r
st
ot
hepr
a
c
t
i
c
eofgr
owi
ngor
c
ul
t
i
va
t
i
onofc
r
opsne
a
rawe
t
l
a
nd
,s
t
r
e
a
morr
i
ve
r
.
SubSa
ha
r
a
nAf
r
i
c
aha
sf
a
c
e
dpol
i
t
i
c
a
l
,s
oc
i
oe
c
onomi
cpr
obl
e
ms
i
nt
her
e
c
e
ntt
i
me
s
.
The
s
epr
obl
e
msha
vebe
e
ni
nbr
oughta
boutbye
r
r
a
t
i
cr
a
i
nf
a
l
l
pa
t
t
e
r
nsi
nt
her
e
gi
on.
I
nZi
mba
bwe
,e
r
r
a
t
i
cr
a
i
nf
a
l
lpa
t
t
e
r
ns
,l
a
c
kofe
mpl
oyme
nta
nd
pove
r
t
yha
sl
e
dt
ot
hec
ul
t
i
va
t
i
onofs
t
r
e
a
mba
nks
.
Ane
xa
mpl
eofa
r
e
a
st
ha
te
xpe
r
i
e
nc
eal
otofs
t
r
e
a
mba
nk
c
ul
t
i
va
t
i
ona
r
et
hepe
r
i
ur
ba
na
r
e
a
sofSe
ke
Chi
t
ungwi
z
a
.
Cr
opsa
r
egr
ownmos
t
l
yf
ordome
s
t
i
cc
ons
umpt
i
ona
l
t
hough
hor
t
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
la
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
ss
uc
ha
sve
ge
t
a
bl
egr
owni
ss
ome
t
i
me
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
doutwi
t
hmos
toft
hepr
oduc
es
ol
da
tl
oc
a
lf
a
r
me
r
’
sma
r
ke
t
s
.
Re
s
ul
t
s

St
r
e
a
mba
nkc
ul
t
i
va
t
i
onr
e
s
ul
t
si
ns
i
l
t
a
t
i
ona
ndt
hec
hoki
ngof
r
i
ve
r
sa
ndda
ms
.


I
ta
l
s
ol
e
a
dst
oe
ut
r
ophi
c
a
t
i
ona
sf
e
r
t
i
l
i
z
e
r
sc
ont
a
i
ni
ngni
t
r
a
t
e
sa
r
e
wa
s
he
di
nt
ot
her
i
ve
r
s
.
I
ta
l
s
ol
e
a
dst
ot
hedi
s
t
ur
ba
nc
eofna
t
ur
a
le
c
os
ys
t
e
ms
.
Gol
dPa
nni
ng
Re
s
ul
t
s



I
tr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hes
i
l
t
a
t
i
o
na
ndc
hoki
ngofr
i
ve
r
sa
ndda
ms
.
I
tl
e
a
dst
opol
l
ut
i
ona
sda
nge
r
ousc
he
mi
c
a
l
sl
i
keme
r
c
ur
ya
n
c
ya
ni
dea
r
er
e
l
e
a
s
e
di
nt
os
t
r
e
a
ms
.
Thedi
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e
sofe
c
os
ys
t
e
ms
.
Ur
ba
ni
z
a
t
i
on
Re
s
ul
t
s


Re
s
ul
t
si
ni
nc
r
e
a
s
e
dpol
l
ut
i
ona
nddi
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e
sofe
c
os
ys
t
e
ms
.
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
di
mpe
r
vi
ouss
ur
f
a
c
e
sr
e
s
ul
ti
ni
nc
r
e
a
s
e
dove
r
l
a
ndf
l
ow,
s
hor
t
e
rl
a
gt
i
mebe
t
we
e
nas
t
or
ma
ndas
ur
gei
ndi
s
c
ha
r
gea
nd
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
di
nc
i
de
nc
e
soff
l
oodi
ngdowns
t
r
e
a
m.
Ri
ve
rdi
ve
r
s
i
ons




Some
t
i
me
sr
i
ve
rwa
t
e
ri
sdi
ve
r
t
e
dt
hr
oughma
nma
dec
a
na
l
s
,
da
me
sa
ndpi
pe
l
i
ne
st
os
uppl
ywa
t
e
rf
ori
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on,i
ndus
t
r
i
a
la
nd
dome
s
t
i
cus
e
.
ThePungwePr
oj
e
c
ti
nMut
a
r
ei
sa
ne
xa
mpl
e
.
Ther
e
s
ul
ti
sde
c
r
e
a
s
e
ddi
s
c
ha
r
gea
ndt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofmor
e
de
pos
i
t
i
onf
e
a
t
ur
e
s
.
Thi
sma
ya
l
s
ol
e
a
dt
ot
hes
hor
t
a
geofwa
t
e
rdowns
t
r
e
a
m.
I
nt
e
r
l
oc
ki
ngs
pur
s
/
s
pur
sa
nds
t
e
e
pva
l
l
e
ys


I
nt
e
r
l
oc
ki
ngs
pur
sa
r
ear
e
s
ul
tofwa
t
e
rt
a
ki
ngt
hee
a
s
i
e
s
tpa
t
h
downt
hes
l
opea
ndt
e
n
di
ngotgor
oundr
e
s
i
s
t
a
ntr
oc
kr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
na
wi
ndi
ngc
our
s
e
.
Thebe
ndsbe
c
omemor
epr
onounc
e
dwi
t
ht
i
mebe
c
a
us
ewa
t
e
r
f
l
owsf
a
s
t
e
ra
tt
hebe
ndsa
nde
r
ode
st
hes
i
de
sl
e
a
di
ngt
ot
he


pr
oj
e
c
t
i
ons
/
s
pur
st
oi
nt
e
r
l
oc
k.
Theunde
r
c
utc
onc
a
veba
nkss
t
a
ndupa
sr
i
ve
rc
l
i
f
f
swhi
l
et
he
oppos
i
t
ec
onve
xde
ve
l
opi
nt
oas
l
i
pof
fs
l
opea
st
he
r
ei
sve
r
yl
i
t
t
l
e
e
r
os
i
on.
I
nt
e
r
l
oc
ki
ngs
pur
soc
c
urma
i
nl
yi
nt
heuppe
rc
our
s
es
e
c
t
i
onof
s
t
r
e
a
msa
ndr
i
ve
r
sa
sr
i
ve
r
sha
vel
i
t
t
l
ee
ne
r
gyt
oe
r
ode
.
St
e
e
ps
i
de
dva
l
l
e
ys



Si
nc
ewa
t
e
rf
l
owsi
ns
ma
l
la
mount
sa
ndi
npr
e
domi
na
nt
l
ys
t
e
e
p
a
r
e
a
si
nt
heuppe
rc
ou
r
s
es
e
c
t
i
onve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
oni
smor
edomi
na
nt
t
ha
nl
a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
on.
Thi
sa
l
s
of
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
dbyt
hel
oa
dwh
i
c
ht
her
i
ve
rc
a
r
r
i
e
sbe
c
a
us
ei
t
c
a
nnotr
e
a
c
ht
h
euppe
rl
e
ve
l
soft
heva
l
l
e
ywa
l
l
sonc
et
he
yha
v
e
be
e
nf
or
me
ds
omuc
hofc
or
r
a
s
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
r
el
i
mi
t
e
dt
ot
he
l
owe
rs
e
c
t
i
onsoft
her
i
ve
ra
ndt
hi
st
e
ndst
ode
e
pe
nt
hec
ha
nne
l
.
Ther
e
s
ul
ta
r
eVs
ha
pe
ds
t
e
e
ps
i
de
dva
l
l
e
ys
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Br
a
i
di
nga
ndAl
l
uvi
a
lFa
ns
Br
a
i
di
ng









Br
a
i
di
ngoc
c
ur
st
ypi
c
a
l
l
ydur
i
ngt
h
edr
ys
e
a
s
onwhe
nar
i
ve
r
’
s
di
s
c
ha
r
gei
sgr
e
a
t
l
yr
e
duc
e
d.
Ther
i
ve
rma
ybes
pl
i
ti
nt
os
e
ve
r
a
lc
ha
nne
l
swhi
c
hr
e
j
oi
na
nds
pl
i
t
a
ga
i
n.
The
s
ea
r
eknowna
sbr
a
i
de
dr
i
ve
rc
ha
nne
l
s
.
Ri
ve
r
swi
t
hhe
a
vyl
oa
dsbe
c
ome
sove
r
l
oa
de
di
nt
hedr
ys
e
a
s
on
whe
nt
hea
mountofwa
t
e
rf
a
l
l
si
nt
hedr
ys
e
a
s
ons
.
Ast
hea
mountofwa
t
e
ra
ndt
husi
t
sc
a
pa
c
i
t
yt
oc
a
r
r
yt
hel
oa
di
s
r
e
duc
e
dde
pos
i
t
i
ont
a
k
e
spl
a
c
ei
nt
hef
or
mofs
a
ndba
nksa
nd
a
l
l
uvi
umi
s
l
a
nd
sc
a
us
i
ngac
ha
nne
lt
obr
a
i
d.
I
nor
de
rt
oc
ont
i
nuef
l
owi
ngt
her
i
v
e
rs
pl
i
t
si
nt
os
ma
l
l
e
rc
ha
nne
l
s
t
ha
tc
ont
i
nuous
l
ys
pl
i
ta
ndr
e
j
oi
n.
Br
a
i
di
ngi
st
hepr
oc
e
s
sbywhi
c
har
i
ve
rdi
ve
r
ge
sa
ndc
onve
r
g
e
s
i
nt
oas
e
r
i
e
sofs
e
gme
nt
ss
e
pa
r
a
t
e
dbyc
ha
nne
lba
r
s
Abr
a
i
de
dr
i
ve
rc
a
nbebot
hwi
dea
nds
ha
l
l
ow.
Al
t
houghi
tmos
t
l
yoc
c
ur
si
nt
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
nbr
a
i
di
ngi
sbyno
me
a
nsl
i
mi
t
e
dt
he
r
e
.


Huma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
ss
uc
ha
ss
t
r
e
a
mba
nkc
ul
t
i
va
t
i
ona
ndgol
dpa
nni
ng
c
a
nl
e
a
dt
ot
hec
hoki
ngoft
her
i
ve
rduet
oe
xc
e
s
s
i
ves
i
l
t
a
t
i
ona
nd
t
husr
e
s
ul
ti
nb
r
a
i
di
ng.
De
c
r
e
a
s
e
ddi
s
c
ha
r
gei
nWi
nt
e
rmont
hsl
e
a
dst
or
i
ve
rbr
a
i
di
ngi
n
mos
tofSout
he
r
nAf
r
i
c
a
’
sr
i
ve
r
si
n
c
l
udi
ngZi
mba
bwe
.
Al
l
uvi
a
lFa
ns



The
s
ea
r
ec
oneorf
a
ns
ha
pe
df
e
a
t
ur
e
sc
ompos
e
dofa
l
l
uvi
umt
ha
t
f
or
ma
sat
r
i
but
a
r
yde
s
c
e
ndsdownt
hebl
uf
f
sont
ot
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
n.
De
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
sa
tt
hepoi
ntwhe
r
et
hes
t
e
e
pbl
uf
fme
r
ge
swi
t
ha
f
l
a
tpl
a
i
nl
e
a
di
ngt
or
e
duc
e
dve
l
oc
i
t
y.
The
ya
l
s
ooc
c
urwhe
nar
i
ve
rde
s
c
e
ndsi
nt
oaf
l
a
ta
r
e
af
r
oma
n
e
s
c
a
r
pme
ntort
hee
dgeofar
i
f
tva
l
l
e
y.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Oxbowl
a
ke
s


Anoxbowl
a
kei
saUs
ha
pe
dbodyofwa
t
e
rt
ha
tf
or
mswhe
na
wi
deme
a
nde
rf
r
omt
hema
i
ns
t
e
mofar
i
ve
ri
sc
utof
f
,c
r
e
a
t
i
nga
f
r
e
e
s
t
a
ndi
ngbodyofwa
t
e
r
.
Thi
sl
a
ndf
or
mi
ss
ona
me
df
ori
t
sdi
s
t
i
nc
t
i
vec
ur
ve
ds
ha
pe
,
r
e
s
e
mbl
i
ngt
hebowpi
nofa
noxbo
w.
De
ve
l
opme
ntofOxbowl
a
ke
s





Oxbowl
a
ke
sf
or
mwhe
na
na
c
ut
eme
a
nde
rl
e
a
ve
sana
r
r
owne
c
k
s
e
pa
r
a
t
i
ngt
het
woe
ndsofame
a
nd
e
r
.
Ac
t
i
vel
a
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
ont
a
ke
spl
a
c
eont
heout
s
i
debe
ndsa
ndbr
e
a
k
t
hr
ought
hi
sne
c
ke
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ydur
i
ngf
l
oods
.
I
nf
l
oodt
hec
ute
ndsa
r
es
e
a
l
e
dof
fbyde
pos
i
t
i
ona
ndt
heme
a
ne
r
be
c
ome
sa
noxbowl
a
ke
.
Theba
nksa
r
es
t
e
a
di
l
yr
a
i
s
e
dbyde
pos
i
t
i
onsr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngt
i
nt
her
i
ve
r
l
yi
nga
bovet
hel
e
ve
loft
hel
a
ke
.
Thel
a
ke
sgr
a
d
ua
l
l
yl
os
ewa
t
e
ra
sve
ge
t
a
t
i
ona
nds
e
di
me
ntf
i
l
lt
he
m
up.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:De
l
t
a
s

Ade
l
t
ai
sage
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ngde
pos
i
t
i
ona
lf
e
a
t
ur
et
ha
ti
sf
ounda
ta
r
i
ve
r
’
smout
hwhe
r
ei
te
mpt
i
e
si
nt
oas
e
aoroc
e
a
nt
ha
te
xt
e
ndst
o
t
hes
ur
f
a
c
ea
ndi
ss
ha
p
e
dl
i
ket
heGr
e
e
kl
e
t
t
e
rde
l
t
a(
Δ)
.





I
ti
si
mpor
t
a
ntt
onot
et
ha
ta
l
t
houghs
omede
l
t
a
sa
r
ei
nde
e
ds
ha
pe
d
l
i
ket
heGr
e
e
kl
e
t
t
e
rde
l
t
as
omede
l
t
a
sa
spoi
nt
e
dbe
l
owha
veot
he
r
s
ha
pe
sa
swe
l
lf
ore
xa
mpl
et
heEs
t
ua
r
yde
l
t
a
.
The
ya
r
el
owl
yi
ngs
wa
mpypl
a
i
nst
ha
tgr
a
dua
l
l
ybe
c
ome
c
ol
oni
s
e
dbyva
r
i
oust
ype
sofpl
a
nt
s
.
Thegr
owt
hofade
l
t
ai
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
swi
t
ht
hef
l
owofar
i
ve
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
n
t
her
i
ve
rs
pl
i
t
t
i
ngupi
n
t
os
e
ve
r
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
snotunl
i
ket
heone
s
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
ombr
a
i
di
ng.
Adi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
yi
sac
ha
nne
lt
ha
ts
pl
i
t
sa
ndr
e
j
oi
nswi
t
hot
he
r
c
ha
nne
l
soft
hes
a
mer
i
ve
r
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heNi
ge
rDe
l
t
ai
nWe
s
tAf
r
i
c
aa
ndt
heNi
l
eDe
l
t
ai
n
Egypt
.
For
ma
t
i
onofde
l
t
a
s





mos
toft
hel
oa
dc
a
r
r
i
e
dbyr
i
ve
r
si
sde
pos
i
t
e
di
nt
ot
heoc
e
a
ns
,s
e
a
s
a
ndl
a
ke
si
nt
owhi
c
ht
her
i
ve
r
se
mpt
y.
Some
t
i
me
st
hel
oa
di
sc
a
r
r
i
e
df
a
ra
wa
yi
nt
ot
hemout
hoft
her
i
ve
r
be
f
or
ei
ts
i
nkst
ot
hebot
t
om.
De
l
t
a
sa
r
ef
or
me
dwhe
nt
hel
oa
di
ns
t
e
a
ds
i
nksa
tt
hebot
t
omoft
he
mout
hoft
her
i
ve
r
.
Whe
nt
hi
sha
ppe
nsl
a
ye
r
sofs
e
di
me
ntc
ol
l
e
c
ta
ndpi
l
eupt
of
or
ma
ge
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ngpl
a
t
f
or
m.
Wi
t
ht
i
met
hep
l
a
t
f
or
me
xt
e
ndst
ot
hes
ur
f
a
c
et
of
or
made
l
t
a
.
Condi
t
i
onsne
c
e
s
s
a
r
yf
ort
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofade
l
t
a
.
1.Ther
i
ve
rmus
tha
veal
a
r
gel
oa
d.
2.Theve
l
oc
i
t
yo
ft
her
i
ve
rmus
tbel
owe
nought
oa
l
l
owi
t
sl
oa
dt
obe
de
pos
i
t
e
di
nt
her
i
ve
r
’
smout
h.
3.Ther
i
ve
r
’
sl
oa
dmus
tbede
pos
i
t
e
df
a
s
t
e
rt
ha
ni
tc
a
nber
e
move
dby
t
hea
c
t
i
onoft
i
de
sa
ndc
ur
r
e
nt
s
.
4.Thec
ha
nc
e
sf
ort
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofade
l
t
aa
r
egr
e
a
t
l
ye
nha
nc
e
dwhe
n
c
l
a
ypa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
epa
r
tofar
i
ve
r
’
sl
o
a
dr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
he
m
c
oa
gul
a
t
i
nga
ndt
hi
c
ke
ni
nga
st
he
ymi
xa
ndr
e
a
c
twi
t
hs
e
a
wa
t
e
r
a
nds
e
t
t
l
ea
tt
hebe
di
napr
oc
e
s
sc
a
l
l
e
df
l
oc
c
ul
a
t
i
on.

TheCongoRi
v
e
rha
sal
a
r
geve
l
oc
i
t
ya
tt
hepoi
nta
twhi
c
hi
tme
e
t
s
t
hes
e
aa
ndt
husha
snode
l
t
aa
smo
s
tofi
t
sl
oa
di
sc
a
r
r
i
e
dof
fi
nt
o
t
hes
e
a
.

TheRi
ve
rNi
ge
rha
sl
owve
l
oc
i
t
ya
ti
t
smout
hr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
he
f
or
ma
t
i
onofa
ne
xt
e
ns
i
vede
l
t
a
.
St
a
ge
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofade
l
t
a
.
St
a
ge1





De
pos
i
t
i
oni
nt
her
i
ve
r
’
smout
hr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
her
i
ve
rf
or
mi
ngs
e
ve
r
a
l
di
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s
.
Thede
l
t
abe
gi
nst
of
or
mwhe
nt
hei
ni
t
i
a
ls
e
di
me
ntc
ol
l
e
c
t
sa
tt
he
bot
t
omne
a
rt
her
i
ve
r
’
smout
h.
Asde
pos
i
t
i
onsc
ont
i
nue
sl
a
ye
rupo
nl
a
ye
ras
l
owpl
a
t
f
or
mr
e
s
ul
t
s
.
De
pos
i
t
i
onont
heba
n
ksoft
hedi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sf
or
msl
e
ve
e
s
.
Thea
r
e
abe
t
we
e
nt
hedi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sma
yr
e
s
ul
ti
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onof
l
a
goons
.
St
a
ge2


Thel
a
goonsbe
gi
nf
i
l
l
i
ngwi
t
hs
e
di
me
ntwhi
c
hc
a
us
e
sf
ur
t
he
r
di
vi
s
i
oni
nt
odi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sa
ndt
ot
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofs
ma
l
l
e
r
di
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s
.
Thede
l
t
as
t
a
r
t
st
ot
a
keamor
es
ol
i
da
ppe
a
r
a
nc
ea
l
t
houghi
tma
y
s
t
i
l
lbes
wa
mpya
ndus
ua
l
l
yc
ove
r
e
dwi
t
hwa
t
e
rl
ovi
ngve
ge
t
a
t
i
on.
St
a
ge3


Fur
t
he
ri
nf
i
l
l
i
ngoft
hel
a
goonspl
u
st
hegr
owt
hofve
ge
t
a
t
i
on
r
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
heol
de
rpa
r
t
soft
hede
l
t
ac
omi
ngt
os
t
a
nda
bovewa
t
e
r
l
e
ve
lf
or
mi
ngdr
yl
a
nd.
Cont
i
nue
dde
ve
l
opme
ntofade
l
t
ac
a
nl
e
a
dt
oi
tme
r
gi
ngwi
t
ht
he
f
l
oodpl
a
i
na
ndf
or
mi
ngde
l
t
a
i
cpl
a
i
ns
Type
sofde
l
t
a
s
The
r
ea
r
ef
ourt
ype
sofde
l
t
a
svi
z
:
Ar
c
ua
t
e
,Bi
r
d’
sf
oot
,Es
t
ua
r
i
nea
ndCus
p
a
t
eDe
l
t
a
s
.
Ar
c
ua
t
e


I
sat
r
i
a
ngul
a
rs
ha
pe
dde
l
t
awi
t
ha
na
r
c
s
ha
pe
ds
hor
e
l
i
ne
.
TheNi
ge
rde
l
t
ai
sa
ne
xa
mpl
eofs
uc
hade
l
t
a
.




The
yha
vec
oa
r
s
ea
ndf
i
nes
e
di
me
nti
nt
hef
or
mofac
one
.
I
ti
sc
r
os
s
e
dbyma
nydi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s
.
I
ti
sus
e
f
ulf
orma
nt
os
e
t
t
l
eona
si
tpr
ovi
de
sa
r
a
bl
ea
ndf
e
r
t
i
l
e
l
a
ndsa
swe
l
la
spa
s
t
ur
e
sf
ora
ni
ma
l
s
.
Howe
ve
rt
hewa
t
e
r
l
ogge
dc
ondi
t
i
o
nst
e
ndt
of
a
vourpe
s
t
sa
nd
di
s
e
a
s
e
s
.
Bi
r
dsf
oot



I
sf
or
me
dwhe
r
et
he
r
ea
r
ewe
a
kt
i
da
lc
ur
r
e
nt
swhi
c
ha
l
l
owt
he
di
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
st
oe
xt
e
ndf
ur
t
he
rs
e
a
wa
r
dsr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
naf
or
mt
ha
t
l
ooksmuc
hl
i
ket
hes
ha
peofabi
r
d’
sf
oot
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heMi
s
s
i
s
s
i
ppiRi
ve
rde
l
t
a
.
I
tc
ons
i
s
t
sofve
r
yf
i
nema
t
e
r
i
a
ll
i
k
es
i
l
ta
nds
e
ve
r
a
ldi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s
bor
de
r
e
dbyl
e
ve
e
sj
ut
t
i
ngoutf
r
omt
hes
hor
e
.
Es
t
ua
r
i
ne




I
sma
deupofas
i
ngl
ec
ha
nne
lwi
t
hbr
a
i
dsf
or
me
df
r
omde
pos
i
t
s
ma
deont
ot
her
i
ve
r
’
sc
ha
nne
la
si
tr
e
a
c
he
st
heoc
e
a
n.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heZa
mbe
z
iRi
ve
rde
l
t
ai
nMoz
a
mbi
que
.
Thede
l
t
ai
sf
or
me
df
r
omma
t
e
r
i
a
lde
pos
i
t
e
di
nt
hes
ubme
r
ge
d
mout
hofar
i
ve
r
.
I
tf
or
mst
hes
ha
peofa
nEs
t
ua
r
y.
Cus
pa
t
ede
l
t
a



Some
t
i
me
sac
us
pa
t
ede
l
t
ama
ybef
or
me
d.
The
s
ede
ve
l
opwhe
r
et
he
r
ei
sl
i
mi
t
e
ddi
s
t
r
i
but
a
r
yde
ve
l
opme
nti
n
c
oa
s
t
st
ha
tha
vemode
r
a
t
ec
ur
r
e
nt
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heMe
dj
e
r
daRi
ve
rde
l
t
ai
nTuni
s
i
a
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Dr
a
i
na
geBa
s
i
n




Thet
e
r
mdr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
nr
e
f
e
r
st
oa
na
r
e
aofl
a
nddr
a
i
ne
dbyar
i
ve
r
a
ndi
t
st
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s(
r
i
ve
rs
ys
t
e
m)
.
I
ti
nc
l
ude
swa
t
e
rf
oundi
nt
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
ea
nds
ur
f
a
c
er
unof
f
.
Thedr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
ni
sa
l
s
oknowna
sc
a
t
c
hme
nta
r
e
aa
monga
n
a
s
s
or
t
me
ntoft
e
r
ms
.
The
r
ei
sa
ni
ma
gi
na
r
yl
i
nes
e
pa
r
a
t
i
ngdr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
nsc
a
l
l
e
da
wa
t
e
r
s
he
d.





Us
ua
l
l
y,t
hewa
t
e
r
s
he
di
sar
i
dgeo
fhi
ghl
a
ndf
ore
xa
mpl
e
mount
a
i
nsf
or
mi
ngabounda
r
ybe
t
we
e
nt
woa
dj
a
c
e
ntdr
a
i
na
ge
ba
s
i
ns
.
Thepoi
ntwhe
r
ear
i
ve
rbe
gi
nsi
sc
a
l
l
e
dt
hes
our
c
e
.I
ti
sus
ua
l
l
yi
n
t
hef
or
mofal
a
keors
pr
i
ng.
Ac
onf
l
ue
nc
ei
st
hepoi
ntwhe
r
et
wor
i
ve
r
sj
oi
n.
At
r
i
but
a
r
yi
sas
t
r
e
a
mors
ma
l
l
e
rr
i
ve
rt
ha
tj
oi
nsal
a
r
ge
rr
i
ve
r
.
Themout
hi
st
hepoi
ntwhe
r
ear
i
v
e
re
nt
e
r
st
hes
e
a
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Thehydr
ol
ogi
c
a
lc
yc
l
e
.



Wa
t
e
rdoe
snotl
e
a
veore
nt
e
rt
hep
l
a
ne
te
a
r
t
h.
I
ti
si
ns
t
e
a
dc
ont
i
nuous
l
yt
r
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
dbe
t
we
e
nt
hea
t
mos
phe
r
ea
nd
t
heoc
e
a
ns
.
Thes
ys
t
e
mofi
nput
s
,s
t
or
a
ge
s
,
f
l
owsa
ndout
put
si
sknowna
st
he
wa
t
e
rorhydr
ol
ogi
c
a
lc
yc
l
e
.
I
nput
s


I
nput
s–r
e
f
e
r
st
owa
t
e
rc
omi
ngi
nt
ot
hes
ys
t
e
m.
Pr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
on–r
e
f
e
r
st
oa
l
lf
or
msofmoi
s
t
ur
et
ha
tr
e
a
c
ht
heEa
r
t
h’
s
s
ur
f
a
c
ee
.
g.r
a
i
n,s
now,s
l
e
e
ta
ndha
i
l
.
St
or
a
ge
s






I
nt
e
r
c
e
pt
i
on–t
hi
si
swhe
npr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
onl
a
ndsonbui
l
di
ngs
,
ve
ge
t
a
t
i
ona
ndc
onc
r
e
t
ebe
f
or
ei
tr
e
a
c
he
st
hes
oi
l
.
I
nt
e
r
c
e
pt
i
ons
t
or
a
gei
sonl
yt
e
mpor
a
r
ya
si
ti
sof
t
e
nqui
c
kl
y
e
va
por
a
t
e
d.
Ve
ge
t
a
t
i
ons
t
or
a
ge–t
hi
si
swa
t
e
rt
a
ke
nupbyve
ge
t
a
t
i
on.I
ti
sa
l
l
t
hemoi
s
t
ur
ei
nve
ge
t
a
t
i
ona
ta
nyonet
i
me
.
Sur
f
a
c
es
t
or
a
ge–t
het
ot
a
lvol
umeofwa
t
e
rhe
l
dont
heEa
r
t
h’
s
s
ur
f
a
c
ei
nl
a
ke
s
,pondsa
ndpuddl
e
s
.
Gr
oundwa
t
e
rs
t
or
a
ge–t
hes
t
or
a
geofwa
t
e
runde
r
gr
oundi
n
pe
r
me
a
bl
er
oc
ks
t
r
a
t
a
.
Cha
nne
ls
t
or
a
get
hewa
t
e
rhe
l
di
nar
i
ve
rors
t
r
e
a
mc
ha
nne
l
.
Fl
ows


Fl
owsa
ndPr
oc
e
s
s
e
s–wa
t
e
rmovi
ngf
r
omonepl
a
c
et
oa
not
he
r
.
Ba
s
e
f
l
ow–wa
t
e
rt
ha
tr
e
a
c
he
st
hec
ha
nne
ll
a
r
ge
l
yt
hr
oughs
l
ow








t
hr
oughf
l
owa
ndf
r
ompe
r
me
a
bl
er
oc
kbe
l
owt
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
e
.
Cha
nne
lf
l
ow–t
hemove
me
ntofwa
t
e
rwi
t
hi
nt
her
i
ve
rc
ha
nne
l
.
Thi
si
sa
l
s
oc
a
l
l
e
dar
i
v
e
r
’
sdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Gr
oundwa
t
e
rf
l
ow–t
hede
e
pe
rmove
me
ntofwa
t
e
rt
hr
ough
unde
r
l
yi
ngpe
r
me
a
bl
er
oc
ks
t
r
a
t
ab
e
l
owt
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
e
.Li
me
s
t
one
i
shi
ghl
ype
r
me
a
bl
ewi
t
hl
ot
sofj
oi
nt
sa
ndc
a
nl
e
a
dt
of
a
s
t
e
r
gr
oundwa
t
e
rf
l
ow.
I
nf
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
on–t
hedownwa
r
dmove
me
ntofwa
t
e
ri
nt
ot
hes
oi
l
s
ur
f
a
c
e
.
I
nt
e
r
f
l
ow–wa
t
e
rf
l
owi
ngdownhi
l
lt
hr
oughpe
r
me
a
bl
er
oc
ka
bove
t
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
e
.
Pe
r
c
ol
a
t
i
on–t
hegr
a
vi
t
yf
l
owofwa
t
e
rwi
t
hi
ns
oi
l
.
St
e
mf
l
ow–wa
t
e
rr
unni
ngdownapl
a
nts
t
e
mort
r
e
et
r
unk.
Sur
f
a
c
eRunof
f–t
hemove
me
ntofwa
t
e
rove
rt
hes
ur
f
a
c
eoft
h
e
l
a
nd,us
ua
l
l
ywhe
nt
hegr
oundi
ss
a
t
ur
a
t
e
dorf
r
oz
e
norwhe
n
pr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
oni
st
ooi
nt
e
ns
ef
r
omi
nf
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
ont
ooc
c
ur
.
Thr
oughf
l
ow–t
hemove
me
ntofwa
t
e
rdowns
l
opewi
t
hi
nt
hes
oi
l
l
a
ye
r
.Thr
oughf
l
owi
sf
a
s
tt
hr
oughpi
pe
s(
c
r
a
c
ksi
nthes
oi
lor
a
ni
ma
lbur
r
ows
)
.
Out
put





Out
put
s–wa
t
e
rl
e
a
vi
ngt
hes
ys
t
e
m.
Eva
por
a
t
i
on–t
het
r
a
ns
f
or
ma
t
i
ono
fwa
t
e
rdr
opl
e
t
si
nt
owa
t
e
r
va
pourbyhe
a
t
i
ng.
Eva
pot
r
a
ns
pi
r
a
t
i
on–t
hel
os
sofwa
t
e
rf
r
omadr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
ni
nt
o
t
hea
t
mos
phe
r
ef
r
omt
hel
e
a
ve
sofpl
a
nt
spl
usl
os
sf
r
om
e
va
por
a
t
i
on.
Tr
a
ns
pi
r
a
t
i
on–e
va
por
a
t
i
onf
r
ompl
a
ntl
e
a
ve
s
.
Ri
ve
rdi
s
c
ha
r
ge–t
hea
mountofwa
t
e
rt
ha
tpa
s
s
e
sagi
ve
npoi
nt
,i
n
agi
ve
na
mountoft
i
me
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Sur
f
a
c
eWa
t
e
rFl
owa
ndt
heOr
i
gi
n
ofr
i
ve
r
s
Sur
f
a
c
ewa
t
e
rf
l
owa
ndor
i
gi
nofr
i
ve
r
s


Ra
i
nf
a
l
l
i
ngdownonl
a
ndf
l
owsdownt
hes
l
opea
ss
he
e
tf
l
ow,
r
i
l
l
f
l
owa
ndgul
l
yf
l
owa
l
lofwhi
c
hc
ont
r
i
but
et
os
t
r
e
a
mdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Unde
r
gr
oundwa
t
e
roo
z
e
sa
tc
e
r
t
a
i
npoi
nt
sc
a
l
l
e
ds
pr
i
ngsa
nda
l
s
o
c
ont
r
i
but
e
ss
t
r
e
a
mdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
She
e
tf
l
ow



I
ti
sat
ypeofove
r
l
a
ndf
l
owordowns
l
opemove
me
ntofwa
t
e
r
whi
c
ht
a
ke
st
hef
or
mofat
hi
n,c
ont
i
nuousf
i
l
move
rr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
s
moot
hs
oi
lorr
oc
ks
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
i
sge
ne
r
a
t
e
dwhe
nr
a
i
nf
a
l
l
i
ngont
ot
hee
a
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
ef
l
owsov
e
r
t
hewhol
es
ur
f
a
c
ea
sat
hi
nl
a
ye
rofwa
t
e
r
.
I
tc
ommonl
yoc
c
ur
sa
tt
hehe
a
doft
hewa
t
e
r
s
he
dwhe
r
et
hes
l
opei
s
ge
nt
l
ea
ndt
hes
ur
f
a
c
ef
l
a
te
.
g.a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
ls
ur
f
a
c
e
s
,r
oc
kse
t
c
.
Ri
l
lf
l
ow


Ri
l
l
sa
r
es
ha
l
l
owc
ha
nne
l
s(
nomor
et
ha
naf
e
wt
e
nsofc
e
nt
i
me
t
r
e
s
de
e
p)c
uti
nt
os
oi
lbyt
hee
r
os
i
vea
c
t
i
onoff
l
owi
ngwa
t
e
r
.
Ast
hes
l
opes
t
e
e
pe
ns
,
t
hea
mountofwa
t
e
ri
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sa
nds
he
e
tf
l
ow
e
nc
ount
e
r
ss
ur
f
a
c
ei
r
r
e
gul
a
r
i
t
i
e
ss
h
e
e
tf
l
owt
ur
nsi
nt
os
ma
l
l
s
ha
l
l
owc
ha
nne
l
sorr
i
vul
e
t
sknowna
sr
i
l
l
s
.
Gul
l
e
yf
l
ow







Ri
l
l
si
nt
ur
nj
oi
nupwi
t
hot
he
rr
i
l
l
sa
ndf
or
mgul
l
i
e
s
.
Agul
l
yi
sal
a
ndf
or
mc
r
e
a
t
e
dbyr
unni
ngwa
t
e
r
,e
r
odi
ngs
ha
r
pl
y
i
nt
os
oi
l
,t
ypi
c
a
l
l
yonahi
l
l
s
i
de
.
Gul
l
i
e
sr
e
s
e
mbl
el
a
r
gedi
t
c
he
sors
ma
l
lva
l
l
e
ys
,buta
r
eme
t
r
e
st
o
t
e
nsofme
t
r
e
si
nde
pt
ha
ndwi
dt
h.
Thepr
oc
e
s
sbywhi
c
hgul
l
i
e
sa
r
ef
or
me
di
sc
a
l
l
e
dgul
l
yi
ng.
Agul
l
yma
ygr
owi
nl
e
ngt
hbyme
a
nsofhe
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
ona
ta
kni
c
kpoi
nt
.
Gul
l
i
e
sa
r
es
ome
t
i
me
sknowna
sdonga
s
.
Gul
l
i
e
se
mpt
yi
nt
os
t
r
e
a
mswhi
c
ha
r
epe
r
e
nni
a
lr
i
ve
r
s
.
Ther
e
s
ul
t
sofwa
t
e
re
r
os
i
on





She
e
tf
l
owr
e
s
ul
t
si
ns
he
e
te
r
os
i
on
Thi
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hewa
s
hi
nga
wa
yoff
e
r
t
i
l
et
ops
oi
l
sa
nds
ha
l
l
ow
s
oi
l
s
.
Roc
ks
ur
f
a
c
e
sa
ndpl
a
ntr
oot
sa
r
ea
l
s
oe
xpos
e
dbys
he
e
twa
s
h.
Ri
l
lf
l
owr
e
s
ul
t
si
nr
i
l
le
r
os
i
on.
Gul
l
yf
l
owr
e
s
ul
t
si
ng
ul
l
i
e
sa
l
s
oknowna
sdonga
s
.

Bot
hRi
l
la
ndg
ul
l
ye
r
os
i
onsr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofdonga
sa
nd
r
a
vi
ne
s
.
Thepr
obl
e
msofdonga
s
.






Ca
nl
e
a
dt
os
omea
r
e
a
sbe
c
omi
ngi
na
c
c
e
s
s
i
bl
ea
st
he
ya
r
edi
f
f
i
c
ul
t
t
oc
r
os
se
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ywhe
ni
tc
ome
st
oc
a
r
t
sa
ndmot
orve
hi
c
l
e
s
.
Di
s
r
upt
sc
ommuni
c
a
t
i
onl
i
ne
ss
uc
ha
sr
oa
ds
.
Re
duc
e
st
hea
r
e
aa
va
i
l
a
bl
ef
orc
r
opspa
s
t
ur
e
sa
nds
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
.
Ca
nl
e
a
dt
ot
heupr
oot
i
ngoft
r
e
e
s
.
Cont
r
i
but
et
os
i
l
t
a
t
i
on.
Huma
nsa
nda
ni
ma
l
sc
a
nf
a
l
li
nt
ot
he
s
er
a
vi
ne
sl
e
a
di
ngt
oi
nj
ur
i
e
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Dr
a
i
na
gePa
t
t
e
r
ns
.



Dr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
ni
sat
e
r
mt
ha
tr
e
f
e
r
st
ot
hewa
yi
nwhi
c
har
i
ve
r
a
ndi
t
st
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sa
r
r
a
nget
he
ms
e
l
ve
si
nt
hedr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
n.
Thedr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
ne
vol
ve
sove
ral
ongpe
r
i
odoft
i
mea
ndi
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
dbys
uc
hf
a
c
t
or
sa
st
heunde
r
l
yi
ngr
oc
k,t
hes
l
opeoft
he
l
a
nd,t
hee
xi
s
t
e
nc
eornone
xi
s
t
e
nc
eoff
a
ul
t
l
i
ne
sa
ndt
e
c
t
oni
c
move
me
nt
s
.
Themos
tc
ommondr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
nsa
r
e
:t
r
e
l
l
i
s
,de
ndr
i
t
i
c
,r
a
di
a
l
,
c
e
nt
r
i
pe
t
a
la
ndpa
r
a
l
l
e
l
.
Tr
e
l
l
i
s










Some
t
i
me
sknowna
sr
e
c
t
a
ngul
a
rd
r
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
n.
I
ti
sf
or
me
dwhe
r
es
t
r
e
a
msj
oi
nt
hema
i
nr
i
ve
ra
tr
i
ghta
ngl
e
s
.
Thet
r
e
l
l
i
spa
t
t
e
r
nde
v
e
l
opsi
na
r
e
a
sofa
l
t
e
r
na
t
eha
r
da
nds
of
tr
oc
ks
.
Thema
i
nr
i
ve
r(
a
l
s
oknowna
st
hec
ons
e
que
nts
t
r
e
a
m)f
ol
l
owst
he
di
poft
her
oc
ksdownt
hes
l
opea
f
t
e
ra
ni
ni
t
i
a
lupl
i
f
t
.
Thet
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s(
a
l
s
ok
nowna
st
hes
ubs
e
que
nts
t
r
e
a
ms
)whi
c
h
de
ve
l
opa
l
ongt
hes
of
tr
oc
kj
oi
nt
hema
i
ns
t
r
e
a
ma
tr
i
ghta
ngl
e
s
.
The
s
et
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sa
r
ea
tt
i
me
sj
oi
ne
dbyt
he
i
rownt
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sa
t
mor
eorl
e
s
sr
i
g
hta
ngl
e
s
.
St
r
e
a
mst
ha
tf
l
owa
ga
i
ns
tt
hedi
poft
her
oc
ks
t
r
a
t
aa
r
ec
a
l
l
e
d
obs
e
que
nts
t
r
e
a
ms
.
I
nZi
mba
bweTr
e
l
l
i
sdr
a
i
na
gei
sf
o
undi
nt
heChi
ma
ni
ma
nimo
unt
s
.
Tr
e
l
l
i
sdr
a
i
na
gea
l
s
ooc
c
ur
sa
l
ongf
a
ul
tl
i
ne
sa
ndr
e
c
t
a
ngul
a
rj
oi
nt
s
.
I
ne
r
ode
df
ol
dmounta
r
e
a
s
.

Duet
ohe
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
onbys
t
r
e
a
ms
.
De
ndr
i
t
i
c






Thewor
dde
ndr
i
t
i
cc
ome
sf
r
omt
heGr
e
e
kde
ndr
onme
a
ni
ngt
r
e
e
.
I
nde
ndr
i
t
i
cdr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
nst
hes
t
r
e
a
msj
oi
nonea
not
he
ri
na
s
ha
pet
ha
tl
ooksl
i
ket
hebr
a
nc
he
sofat
r
e
e
.
The
s
es
t
r
e
a
mse
ve
nt
ua
l
l
ye
ndupa
sonebi
gr
i
ve
r(
t
het
r
unk)
.
Thet
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
sj
oi
ne
a
c
hot
he
ra
ta
c
ut
ea
ngl
e
s
.
I
ti
sc
ommonl
yf
oundi
na
r
e
a
swi
t
hauni
f
or
mr
oc
ks
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nuni
f
or
me
r
os
i
on.
I
ti
sa
l
s
of
oundi
na
r
e
a
swhi
c
hha
vege
nt
l
es
l
ope
s
.
Ra
di
a
l





I
sf
or
me
dwhe
r
es
t
r
e
a
msdr
a
i
nf
r
omac
e
nt
r
a
lhi
ghl
a
ndi
na
l
l
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
.
I
ti
sa
l
s
oknowna
sc
e
nt
r
i
f
uga
la
nddi
ve
r
ge
ntdr
a
i
na
ge
.
I
ti
sc
ommoni
na
r
e
a
swi
t
hc
oni
c
a
lhi
l
l
sa
nd/
ordome
sf
ore
xa
mpl
e
vol
c
a
ni
cc
one
sa
ndot
he
rc
oni
c
a
ll
a
ndf
or
ms
.
St
r
e
a
msr
a
di
a
t
i
ngf
r
omt
he
s
ea
r
e
a
sc
a
nl
a
t
e
re
ndupf
or
mi
ngot
he
r
pa
t
t
e
r
nsa
st
hef
l
owdowns
t
r
e
a
ma
ndme
e
tupwi
t
hot
he
rt
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s
.
I
nZi
mba
bwet
he
s
et
ypeofdr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
ni
sf
oundi
na
r
e
a
st
ha
t
ha
vegr
a
ni
t
edome
ss
t
i
l
lc
ove
r
e
dbys
oi
l
.
Ce
nt
r
i
pe
t
a
lorc
onve
r
ge
ntdr
a
i
na
ge
Conv
e
r
ge
ntDr
a
i
na
g
e



I
sf
oundi
na
r
e
a
swhe
r
er
i
ve
r
sdr
a
i
nt
owa
r
dsac
e
nt
r
a
li
nl
a
ndl
a
ke
,
s
wa
mporde
pr
e
s
s
i
on.
I
ti
si
ne
s
s
e
nc
ea
ni
nl
a
nddr
a
i
na
ges
ys
t
e
me
.
g.a
si
nt
hec
a
s
eoft
he
De
a
dSe
a
.
I
ti
sc
ommoni
ni
nl
a
ndde
pr
e
s
s
i
onss
uc
ha
sf
a
ul
t
e
di
nt
e
r
mont
a
ne
(
be
t
we
e
nmount
a
i
ns
)ba
s
i
ns
,c
a
l
de
r
a
sa
swe
l
la
si
na
r
i
da
nds
e
mi
a
r
i
da
r
e
a
s
.
Pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
.




Ri
ve
r
sa
ndt
r
i
b
ut
a
r
i
e
sf
l
owdownhi
l
lt
oge
t
he
ri
namor
eorl
e
s
s
pa
r
a
l
l
e
lpa
t
t
e
r
n.
I
ti
st
hes
i
mpl
e
s
ta
ndmos
tba
s
i
cdr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
n.
I
toc
c
ur
sonne
wl
yupl
i
f
t
e
dl
a
ndorl
a
ndt
ha
ti
sge
nt
l
ys
l
opi
ng
a
l
l
owi
ngr
i
ve
r
sa
ndt
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
st
of
l
owi
npa
r
a
l
l
e
lc
ha
nne
l
s
.
Exa
mpl
e
si
nc
l
udet
heZa
mbe
z
ia
ndi
t
st
r
i
but
a
r
i
e
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rRe
gi
me








Ar
i
ve
rr
e
gi
mei
st
het
e
r
mus
e
dt
od
e
s
c
r
i
bet
hea
nnua
lva
r
i
a
t
i
onsi
n
as
pe
c
i
f
i
e
dr
i
ve
r
’
sdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Ar
i
ve
r
’
sdi
s
c
ha
r
gei
st
hevol
umeo
fwa
t
e
rf
l
owi
ngt
hr
oughar
i
ve
r
c
ha
nne
l
.
Thi
si
st
het
ot
a
lvol
umeofwa
t
e
rf
l
owi
ngt
hr
oughac
ha
nne
la
ta
ny
gi
ve
npoi
nta
ndi
sme
a
s
ur
e
di
nc
ubi
cme
t
r
e
spe
rs
e
c
ond.
Some
t
i
me
st
he
s
eme
a
s
ur
e
/
uni
ti
sknowna
sc
ume
c
s
.
Ar
i
ve
r
’
sr
e
gi
mei
ss
hownonagr
a
phc
a
l
l
e
dahydr
ogr
a
ph.
Ahydr
ogr
a
phs
howst
hedi
s
c
ha
r
geofar
i
ve
ra
swe
l
la
st
ot
a
l
r
a
i
nf
a
l
li
nt
her
i
ve
r
’
sba
s
i
n/
c
a
t
c
hme
nta
r
e
aove
rape
r
i
odoft
i
me
,
be
f
or
e
,dur
i
nga
nda
f
t
e
rt
hes
t
or
m.
I
ta
l
l
owsf
orar
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
pbe
t
we
e
nt
her
a
i
nf
a
l
lf
a
l
l
i
ngi
nar
i
ve
r
’
s
c
a
t
c
hme
nta
r
e
aa
ndt
her
i
ve
r
’
sdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Suc
hi
nf
or
ma
t
i
onc
a
nbeus
e
dt
o,f
o
re
xa
mpl
e
,pr
e
di
c
tt
her
i
s
kof
f
l
oodi
ngi
nagi
ve
na
r
e
aa
f
t
e
ras
t
or
me
ve
nt
.
Hydr
ogr
a
ph






Asa
l
r
e
a
dys
a
i
dar
i
ve
r
’
sr
e
gi
mei
ss
hownonas
t
or
mhydr
ogr
a
ph.
Dur
i
ngas
t
or
mmos
to
ft
her
a
i
nf
a
l
l
sont
ot
hel
a
ndr
a
t
he
rt
ha
n
di
r
e
c
t
l
yi
nt
ot
her
i
ve
r
.
Thewa
t
e
rt
he
nwi
l
lma
kei
t
swa
yi
nt
ot
her
i
ve
ra
ndyouc
a
nus
ea
hydr
ogr
a
pht
os
e
ehowqui
c
kl
yt
hi
soc
c
ur
s
.
Byl
ooki
nga
tt
hepe
a
kr
a
i
nf
a
l
la
ndc
ompa
r
i
ngi
twi
t
ht
hepe
a
k
di
s
c
ha
r
geyouc
a
nwor
koutt
hel
a
gt
i
me(
t
het
i
mebe
t
we
e
nt
het
wo
pe
a
ks
)
.
Di
f
f
e
r
e
ntc
a
t
c
hme
nta
r
e
a
swi
l
lha
vedi
f
f
e
r
e
ntf
l
oodhydr
ogr
a
ph
s
.
Ar
i
ve
r
’
sr
e
gi
mei
ss
hownona
na
nnua
lhydr
ogr
a
phwi
t
ha
l
lt
he
mont
hsl
i
s
t
e
d.
Cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
sofahydr
ogr
a
ph





Pe
a
kdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
s
howst
hema
xi
mu
ma
mountoff
l
owi
nt
her
i
ve
r
.
Pe
a
kr
a
i
nf
a
l
l
t
hema
xi
muma
moun
tofr
a
i
nf
a
l
la
ndwhe
ni
tf
e
l
l
.
La
gt
i
me
t
hedi
f
f
e
r
e
nc
ebe
t
we
e
nt
h
epe
a
kr
a
i
nf
a
l
la
ndt
hepe
a
k
di
s
c
ha
r
gei
.
et
het
i
mei
tt
a
ke
sf
ort
h
er
a
i
nt
or
e
a
c
ht
her
i
ve
r
.
Ar
i
s
i
ngl
i
mpwhi
c
hs
howsar
i
s
ei
ndi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Af
a
l
l
i
ngl
i
mpwhi
c
hs
howsaf
a
l
li
ndi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Fa
c
t
or
sa
f
f
e
c
t
i
ngar
i
ve
r
’
sr
e
gi
me
.




Se
a
s
ons
-t
he
r
ewi
l
lbear
i
s
ei
ndi
s
c
ha
r
gedur
i
ngs
umme
r
/
r
a
i
n
mont
hsa
ndaf
a
l
li
ndi
s
c
ha
r
gei
nt
h
edr
ymont
hswhe
nt
he
r
ei
sl
i
t
t
l
e
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
.The
r
ewi
l
lbeal
a
gt
i
mea
swa
t
e
rmove
st
hr
ought
he
gr
ounda
ndf
r
oms
t
or
a
ge
si
nt
ot
hes
t
r
e
a
m.
Cl
i
ma
t
e
r
i
ve
r
st
ha
tpa
s
st
hr
oughMe
di
t
e
r
r
a
ne
a
nc
l
i
ma
t
e
st
e
ndt
o
ha
vemor
et
ha
nonepe
a
kpe
r
i
oda
st
he
yha
vea
not
he
rs
ur
gei
n
di
s
c
ha
r
gedur
i
ngt
hewi
nt
e
rmont
hswhe
nt
he
s
er
e
gi
onsr
e
c
e
i
ve
t
he
i
rr
a
i
ns
.Thes
a
mei
sa
l
s
ot
r
ueofr
i
ve
r
st
ha
tpa
s
st
hr
ougha
r
e
a
s
t
ha
te
xpe
r
i
e
nc
es
nowf
ore
xa
mpl
et
heNi
l
e
’
sf
a
me
df
l
oodsa
r
edue
t
os
nowme
l
t
i
ngi
nt
heKi
l
i
ma
nj
a
r
omount
a
i
nsr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
npe
a
k
di
s
c
ha
r
gee
ve
ni
nt
hehotdr
ymont
hsa
swa
t
e
rmove
sf
r
oms
no
w
s
t
or
a
gee
.
g.gl
a
c
i
e
r
si
nt
ot
hes
t
r
e
a
ms
.
Ge
ol
ogyf
ore
xa
mpl
er
i
ve
r
st
ha
tf
l
owt
hr
oughpor
ousa
ndpe
r
vi
ous
r
oc
kst
e
ndt
oha
ves
ma
l
l
e
rpe
a
ks
/
s
ma
l
lc
ha
nge
si
ndi
s
c
ha
r
gea
s
oppos
e
dt
or
i
ve
r
si
ngr
a
ni
t
e(
nonpor
ousa
ndi
mpe
r
vi
ous
)r
oc
k
s
.
Huma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sf
ore
xa
mpl
eur
ba
ni
s
a
t
i
onr
e
s
ul
t
si
nmor
e
i
mpe
r
vi
ouss
ur
f
a
c
e
sa
ndve
r
yhi
ghpe
a
ks
,s
hor
tl
a
gt
i
mea
ndhi
ghe
r
pe
a
ks(
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
sbe
t
we
e
nt
hel
owe
s
ta
ndhi
ghe
s
tdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
)
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rRe
j
uvi
na
t
i
on



Re
j
uve
na
t
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
nt
he
r
ei
sane
ga
t
i
vec
ha
ngei
nar
i
ve
r
’
s
ba
s
el
e
ve
l(
i
.
e
.whe
nt
her
i
ve
r
’
sba
s
el
e
ve
lf
a
l
l
s
)whi
c
hi
nc
r
e
a
s
e
si
t
s
pot
e
nt
i
a
le
ne
r
gya
ndt
huse
na
bl
e
si
tt
or
e
vi
vei
t
se
r
os
i
vee
ne
r
gyi
n
t
hepr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Ar
i
ve
r
’
sba
s
el
e
ve
li
st
hel
owe
s
tp
oi
ntt
owhi
c
har
i
ve
rc
a
ne
r
ode
.
Ane
ga
t
i
vec
ha
ngei
nar
i
ve
r
’
sba
s
el
e
ve
lma
ybebr
oughta
bou
tby
ve
r
t
i
c
a
lupl
i
f
t(
f
ore
xa
mpl
ei
s
os
t
a
t
i
cupl
i
f
t
)orbyaf
a
l
li
nt
hel
e
ve
l
oft
hes
e
af
ore
xa
mpl
eduet
ot
i
de
s
.


Thi
sc
ha
nger
e
ne
wsar
i
ve
r
’
sa
bi
l
i
t
yt
oe
r
odeduet
oa
ni
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
gr
a
di
e
nt
.
Ar
e
j
uve
na
t
e
dr
i
ve
re
r
ode
sve
r
t
i
c
a
l
l
yi
nt
ot
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
nt
opr
o
duc
e
ne
wf
e
a
t
ur
e
st
ha
ta
r
edi
f
f
e
r
e
ntf
r
omt
hos
et
ypi
c
a
l
l
yf
oundi
nt
h
e
f
l
oodpl
a
i
n.
La
ndf
or
msr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
omr
e
j
uve
na
t
i
on

Re
j
uve
na
t
i
onpr
oduc
e
ss
e
ve
r
a
lf
e
a
t
ur
e
si
nc
l
udi
ng:i
nc
i
s
e
d
me
a
nde
r
s
,t
e
r
r
a
c
e
sa
ndwa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
s
/
kni
c
kpoi
nt
s
.
Ri
ve
rt
e
r
r
a
c
e
sa
ndi
nc
i
s
e
dme
a
nde
r
s








Ri
ve
rt
e
r
r
a
c
e
sa
r
er
e
mna
nt
soff
or
me
rf
l
oodpl
a
i
ns
Whi
c
hf
ol
l
owi
ngve
r
t
i
c
a
le
r
os
i
onb
r
oughta
boutbyr
e
j
uve
na
t
i
on
ha
vebe
e
nl
e
f
thi
gha
nddr
ya
bovet
hec
ur
r
e
nta
ndpr
e
s
e
nt
da
y
f
l
oodpl
a
i
n.
I
far
i
ve
rqui
c
kl
ye
r
od
e
sa
ndc
ut
sq
ui
c
kl
yi
nt
ot
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
napa
i
r
oft
e
r
r
a
c
e
sofe
qua
lhe
i
ghtma
ybes
e
e
nf
l
a
nki
ngt
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
n
c
r
e
a
t
i
ngava
l
l
e
yi
nt
oava
l
l
e
yf
e
a
t
u
r
eknowna
spa
i
r
e
dt
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
.
Some
t
i
me
st
her
i
ve
rdoe
squi
c
kl
yc
uti
nt
ot
hef
l
oodpl
a
i
n,a
l
l
owi
ng
i
tt
ome
a
nde
r
,
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nonet
e
r
r
a
c
ebe
i
ngr
e
move
da
st
he
me
a
nde
rmi
gr
a
t
e
sdowns
t
r
e
a
m.
Thi
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofunp
a
i
r
e
dt
e
r
r
a
c
e
s
.
I
fupl
i
f
tc
ont
i
nue
sf
ors
ome
t
i
me
,i
n
c
i
s
e
dme
a
nde
r
sma
yf
or
m.
The
s
ea
r
eme
a
nde
r
st
ha
tha
vebe
e
nc
utde
e
pl
yi
nt
ot
heva
l
l
e
yf
l
oor
.
I
nc
i
s
e
dme
a
nde
r
sa
r
ea
l
s
oknowna
se
nt
r
e
nc
he
dme
a
nde
r
s
.
Kni
c
kpoi
nt
,r
a
pi
dsa
ndwa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
s
.



Some
t
i
me
st
hepoi
ntwhe
r
et
heupl
i
f
toc
c
ur
sc
a
nbevi
s
i
bl
e
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
ywhe
nt
heupl
i
f
torf
a
l
li
nba
s
el
e
ve
li
sr
a
pi
d.
Thepoi
ntwhe
r
et
her
i
ve
rc
r
os
s
e
sf
r
omt
heol
dpl
a
i
ni
nt
ot
hene
w
pl
a
i
ni
sknowna
skni
c
kpoi
nt
.
Ar
i
ve
rma
yha
vet
ode
s
c
e
ntt
hi
skni
c
kpoi
nta
se
i
t
he
rar
a
pi
dor
wa
t
e
r
f
a
l
l
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ri
ve
rc
a
pt
ur
e

Thi
si
sapr
oc
e
s
swhe
r
eoneRi
ve
rc
a
pt
ur
e
st
hehe
a
dwa
t
e
r
sona
ne
a
r
bys
t
r
e
a
m.







Thi
sc
a
noc
c
urduet
os
e
ve
r
a
lr
e
a
s
onsvi
z
:
Te
c
t
oni
ce
a
r
t
hmove
me
nt
s
,whe
r
et
hes
l
opeoft
hel
a
ndc
ha
nge
s
,
a
ndt
hes
t
r
e
a
mi
st
i
ppe
doutofi
t
sf
or
me
rc
our
s
e
.
Na
t
ur
a
lda
mmi
ng,s
uc
ha
sbyal
a
n
ds
l
i
deori
c
es
he
e
t
.
Er
os
i
on,e
i
t
he
r
:
He
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
onofones
t
r
e
a
mva
l
l
e
yupwa
r
dsi
nt
oa
not
he
r
,
La
t
e
r
a
le
r
os
i
onofame
a
nde
rt
hr
ought
hehi
ghe
rgr
ounddi
vi
di
ng
t
hea
dj
a
c
e
nts
t
r
e
a
ms
.
I
na
na
r
e
aofka
r
s
tt
opogr
a
phy,whe
r
es
t
r
e
a
msma
ys
i
nk,orf
l
ow
unde
r
gr
ound(
as
i
nki
ngorl
os
i
ngs
t
r
e
a
m)a
ndt
he
nr
e
a
ppe
a
ri
na
ne
a
r
bys
t
r
e
a
mva
l
l
e
y.
Thepr
oc
e
s
s
.











Thedi
a
gr
a
ma
boves
howshowr
i
v
e
rc
a
pt
ur
ec
a
noc
c
ur
.
The
r
ea
r
et
woc
ons
e
que
ntr
i
ve
r
s
:St
r
e
a
mAa
ndBa
ndSt
r
e
a
mB
ha
sat
r
i
but
a
r
y(
s
ubs
e
que
ntA)
St
r
e
a
mBha
shi
ghe
rdi
s
c
ha
r
gea
ndt
hushi
ghe
re
r
os
i
ona
la
c
t
i
vi
t
y
t
ha
ns
t
r
e
a
mA.
St
r
e
a
mBmi
ghta
l
s
oha
veal
owe
rba
s
el
e
ve
la
ndt
husi
nc
r
e
a
s
i
n
gi
t
s
a
bi
l
i
t
yt
oe
r
ode
.
Subs
e
que
ntAmi
gr
a
t
e
sups
t
r
e
a
m(
he
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
on)unt
i
li
t
r
e
a
c
he
sSt
r
e
a
mA’
sc
h
a
nne
l
.
Thr
oughapr
oc
e
s
sknowna
swa
t
e
r
s
he
dmi
gr
a
t
i
onSubs
e
que
ntA
e
nl
a
r
ge
si
t
sowndr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
na
tt
hee
xpe
ns
eofSt
r
e
a
mA.
I
nt
i
mebe
c
a
us
eSubs
e
que
ntAa
ndSt
r
e
a
mBha
veal
owe
rba
s
e
l
e
ve
lt
hehe
a
dwa
t
e
r
sofSt
r
e
a
mAwi
l
lbec
a
pt
ur
e
da
nddi
ve
r
t
e
d
i
nt
oSubs
e
que
n
tA.
Thepoi
nta
twhi
c
ht
hehe
a
dwa
t
e
r
soft
hemi
norr
i
ve
rc
ha
nge
di
r
e
c
t
i
oni
skno
wna
st
hee
l
bowofc
a
pt
ur
e
.
Be
l
owt
hi
spoi
ntawi
n
dga
pma
r
kst
hef
or
me
rc
our
s
eoft
he
nowbe
he
a
de
ds
t
r
e
a
mormi
s
f
i
ts
t
r
e
a
m.
Ami
s
f
i
ts
t
r
e
a
mi
sar
i
ve
rwhos
ehe
a
dwa
t
e
r
swe
r
ec
a
pt
ur
e
d
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
hes
t
r
e
a
mf
l
owi
ngi
nava
l
l
e
yt
ha
ti
st
ool
a
r
get
obe
a
c
c
ount
e
df
orbyt
hel
owdi
s
c
ha
r
ge
.
Akni
c
kpoi
nta
ndwa
t
e
r
f
a
l
lmi
ghtf
or
ma
tt
hee
l
bowofc
a
pt
ur
e
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yi
ft
heba
s
el
e
ve
loft
hec
a
pt
ur
i
ngr
i
ve
ri
sf
a
rl
owe
rt
ha
n
t
ha
toft
hebe
he
a
de
ds
t
r
e
a
m.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:
Cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
sa
ndLoc
a
t
i
onofHot
de
s
e
r
NB:
I
ti
si
mpor
t
a
ntt
onot
et
ha
tt
heOr
di
na
r
yLe
ve
ls
yl
l
a
busc
onf
i
ne
sour
s
t
udyt
ohotde
s
e
r
t
st
ha
ta
r
eot
he
r
wi
s
ekn
owna
st
r
opi
c
a
lde
s
e
r
t
s
.Ot
he
r
de
s
e
r
t
ss
uc
ha
st
hec
ol
dde
s
e
r
t
sofSi
be
r
i
aa
r
ebe
yondt
hes
c
opeoft
h
e
s
yl
l
a
busa
ndt
huswewi
l
ll
i
mi
tournot
e
st
ohotde
s
e
r
t
s
.
Cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
sofhotde
s
e
r
t
s















Ade
s
e
r
ti
sa
na
r
e
at
ha
tr
e
c
e
i
ve
sl
i
t
t
l
epr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
ona
ndi
s
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
e
dbya
r
i
di
t
yors
e
mi
a
r
i
di
t
y.
Mos
thotde
s
e
r
t
sr
a
r
e
l
ye
ve
rr
e
c
e
i
vemor
et
ha
n250mmofr
a
i
nf
a
l
l
pe
ra
nnum.
Suc
hde
s
e
r
t
sa
r
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sa
r
i
dde
s
e
r
t
sf
ore
xa
mpl
es
omep
a
r
t
s
oft
heSa
ha
r
aa
r
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sbe
i
nghype
r
a
r
i
di
.
e
.t
he
yr
e
c
e
i
ve
l
e
s
st
ha
n50mmofr
a
i
nf
a
l
lpe
ra
nnum.
Somehotde
s
e
r
t
sa
r
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sbe
i
ngs
e
mi
a
r
i
dwhi
c
hme
a
ns
t
he
yr
e
c
e
i
vea
tl
e
a
s
t50
0mmofr
a
i
nf
a
l
lpe
ra
nnum.
TheKa
l
a
ha
r
iDe
s
e
r
ti
sa
ne
xa
mpl
eofas
e
mi
a
r
i
dhotde
s
e
r
t
.
Howe
ve
rt
hi
sr
a
i
nf
a
l
lma
yf
a
l
li
nonebi
gs
t
or
mf
ol
l
owe
dby
e
xt
e
nde
ddr
ype
r
i
ods
.
De
s
e
r
t
sa
r
emos
t
l
ydr
yt
hr
oughoutt
heye
a
re
xc
e
ptdur
i
ngf
r
e
a
k
s
t
or
mst
ha
tf
a
l
li
ns
omede
s
e
r
t
se
.
g.t
heNa
mi
dDe
s
e
r
t
.
I
ti
st
hes
hor
t
a
g
eofmoi
s
t
ur
eort
hede
f
i
c
i
ti
nt
hewa
t
e
rba
l
a
nc
eof
de
s
e
r
ta
r
e
a
st
ha
tgi
ve
st
he
mmos
to
ft
he
i
rc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
The
yha
ves
a
ndys
oi
l
s
.
The
yha
vee
xp
e
r
i
e
nc
ehe
a
vywi
ndsf
ore
xa
mpl
eHa
r
ma
t
t
a
nsa
nd
dus
ts
t
or
ms
.
The
yha
ves
c
a
ntve
ge
t
a
t
i
onc
ove
rmos
tofwhi
c
hi
sa
da
pt
i
vef
or
e
xa
mpl
ec
a
c
t
i(
pl
ur
a
lo
fc
a
c
t
us
)ori
sc
onf
i
ne
dt
oorne
a
roa
s
e
s
.
Thes
hor
t
a
geofwi
ndme
a
nst
he
r
ei
sl
i
t
t
l
ec
ove
rt
opr
ot
e
c
tt
hes
oi
l
f
r
omt
hee
f
f
e
c
t
sofwi
nda
ndt
huswi
nde
r
os
i
ont
e
ndst
obe
pr
e
va
l
e
nt
.
The
yha
veve
r
yl
a
r
gedi
ur
na
lt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
er
a
nge
si
.
e
.t
he
ya
r
eve
r
y
hotdur
i
ngt
heda
ywi
t
hs
omepa
r
t
soft
heSa
ha
r
aj
us
ta
ppr
oa
c
hi
ng
50°
Ca
ndve
r
yc
ol
da
tni
ghtwi
t
ht
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sof
t
e
nf
a
l
l
i
ngbe
l
ow
f
r
e
e
z
i
ngpoi
nt
.
Some
t
i
me
st
het
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
er
a
ngei
sa
shi
gha
s20°
Cormor
e
.
Duet
ol
a
c
kofs
ha
dea
ndmi
ni
ma
lc
l
oudc
ove
rde
s
e
r
t
sha
vehi
g
h
e
va
pot
r
a
ns
pi
r
a
t
i
onr
a
t
e
s
.





Asha
sbe
e
na
l
r
e
a
dys
a
i
da
bove
:pr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
oni
nt
hef
or
mofr
a
i
ni
s
i
nf
r
e
que
nta
ndunr
e
l
i
a
bl
ei
nde
s
e
r
t
s
.
The
s
es
por
a
di
cr
a
i
nst
e
ndt
oc
omer
e
s
ul
ti
nf
l
a
s
hf
l
oodsa
ndc
a
nbe
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
t
hs
hor
tpe
r
i
odsofve
ge
t
a
t
i
vegr
owt
h.
Thef
l
a
s
hf
l
oodsma
ya
l
s
oc
r
e
a
t
es
t
e
e
pwa
l
l
e
ds
c
a
r
psa
ndgul
l
e
ys
.
La
ndf
or
mst
e
ndt
oha
vea
ngul
a
rf
e
a
t
ur
e
sbe
c
a
us
et
hel
a
c
kofr
a
i
n
r
e
s
ul
t
si
nmi
ni
ma
lc
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Exa
mpl
e
soft
r
opi
c
a
lde
s
e
r
t
sa
r
et
h
eSa
ha
r
ade
s
e
r
twhi
c
hc
ove
r
s
a
boutaqua
r
t
e
rofAf
r
i
c
a
’
ss
ur
f
a
c
e
,
t
heNa
mi
bDe
s
e
r
ti
nNa
mi
bi
a
,
t
heKa
l
a
ha
r
iDe
s
e
r
t
,t
heGobide
s
e
r
ti
nChi
naa
ndt
heMoj
a
ve
De
s
e
r
ti
nNe
va
da
,USA.
Type
sofDe
s
e
r
t
s




De
s
pi
t
et
hebe
l
i
e
fofma
nype
opl
ede
s
e
r
t
sa
r
enotc
ompos
e
dof
homoge
ne
ouss
a
nddunec
ove
r
e
db
oundl
e
s
spl
a
i
ns
.
The
ydoha
vedi
ve
r
s
el
a
nds
c
a
pe
s
.
De
s
e
r
t
s
/
l
a
nds
c
a
pe
sa
r
ede
s
c
r
i
be
da
c
c
or
di
ngt
ot
hec
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
sof
t
he
i
rl
a
nds
c
a
pe
.
The
r
ea
r
et
hr
e
ec
ommont
ype
sofh
otde
s
e
r
t
s
:
1.St
onyorr
e
gde
s
e
r
t
s
.
2.Roc
kyorHa
ma
dade
s
e
r
t
s
3.Sa
ndyore
r
gde
s
e
r
t
s
.
1Re
gde
s
e
r
t
s





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nds
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e
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t
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t
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ype
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e
s
,s
t
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sa
nd
gr
a
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c
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nnotbebl
owna
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ybyt
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nd.
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el
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nds
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a
p
e
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r
ea
l
s
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e
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nt
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ur
f
a
c
e
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nds
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pe
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r
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ove
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os
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y
pa
c
ke
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z
e
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pe
s
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t
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ma
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e
r
t


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si
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ypeofde
s
e
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pec
ons
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t
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ma
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ove
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t
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t
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ma
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e
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u
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or“
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oc
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gorSa
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e
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s



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ta
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e
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t
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t
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t
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or“
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a
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pe
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ove
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r
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l
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nt
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e
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t
i
on.
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e
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ge
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nt
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gde
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r
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ome
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me
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s
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nds
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e
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a
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dmos
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e
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t
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l
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pe
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e
s
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e
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ti
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r
ta
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e
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ts
omepa
r
t
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ma
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nds
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pe
s
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MSECOLe
ve
lGe
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a
phyNot
e
s
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a
t
i
onofHotDe
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e
r
t
s
.

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r
ge
s
ta
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t
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ude
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t
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or
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toft
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ed
e
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e
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t
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t
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de
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e
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ht
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i
e
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yoc
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urwi
t
hi
nt
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a
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r
et
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ndsa
r
eof
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-




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
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
s
hor
e
.
Of
f
s
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ndsa
r
et
hos
ewi
ndst
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a
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owf
r
omt
hes
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et
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r
ds
t
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e
a
n.
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s
ewi
nds(
Tr
a
dewi
nds
)t
e
ndt
obedr
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f
t
e
rl
oos
i
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i
r
moi
s
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ur
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our
ne
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r
os
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a
s
t
e
r
ns
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nt
s
.
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t
houghwe
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t
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omt
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n
t
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r
e
l
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n
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t
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os
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e
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t
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t
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e
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e
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ta
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ef
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rf
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omoc
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r
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nt
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ef
ur
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e
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t
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t
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et
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ns
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ds
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l
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ot
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l
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t
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e
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e
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t
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a
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rt
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r
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t
ur
e
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l
a
ha
r
ia
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e
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t
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ea
l
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oc
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t
e
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a
i
n
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ormount
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i
ns
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nZi
mba
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e
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t
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t
t
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er
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i
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l
l
,dr
ought
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r
e
f
r
e
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nt
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omede
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e
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t
s
.
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e
r
t
sa
r
el
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t
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nt
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ub
t
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c
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e
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t
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t
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t
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nt
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s
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ns
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e
a
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st
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t
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f
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ur
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ombr
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e
r
t
sa
r
ei
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a
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e
ai
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s
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a
l
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e
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de
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on.

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Huma
na
c
t
i
ons
ome
t
i
me
sc
ont
r
i
but
et
ode
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ons
oi
ns
o
me
wa
ysde
s
e
r
t
sa
r
eama
nma
def
e
a
t
ur
e
.
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i
ma
t
ec
ha
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sa
l
s
or
e
s
ul
t
e
di
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a
lr
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i
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l
l
pa
t
t
e
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t
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n
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r
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a
s
e
di
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de
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ought
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a
c
e
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ke
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l
i
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er
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i
nf
a
l
lmi
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a
l
lf
orye
a
r
sone
nd.
Thi
st
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cwi
l
lbel
ooke
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ts
e
pa
r
a
t
e
l
yl
a
t
e
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.
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MSECOLe
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lGe
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phyNot
e
s
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ndAc
t
i
oni
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e
r
t
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
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ndi
sapr
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e
s
swhe
r
et
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t
a
c
he
ss
oi
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r
t
i
c
l
e
sf
r
omt
he
l
a
nds
ur
f
a
c
ea
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
st
he
mbyi
t
sf
or
c
e
.
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toc
c
ur
swhe
nf
or
c
e
se
xe
r
t
e
dbywi
ndove
r
c
omet
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a
vi
t
a
t
i
o
na
l
a
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ohe
s
i
vef
or
c
e
sofs
oi
lpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sont
hes
ur
f
a
c
eoft
hegr
ound.
I
mpor
t
a
ntnot
i
c
e





Ac
ommonmi
s
c
onc
e
pt
i
oni
st
ha
twi
nde
r
os
i
oni
st
hemos
t
domi
na
ntf
or
mofe
r
os
i
oni
nde
s
e
r
t
s
.
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ti
snott
r
uea
swa
t
e
ra
c
t
i
ona
ndot
he
rf
or
msofde
nuda
t
i
ona
r
e
j
us
ta
si
mpor
t
a
nt
.
Al
t
houghwi
nda
c
t
i
oni
snott
hemos
ti
mpor
t
a
nta
ge
ntofc
ha
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n
de
s
e
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t
s
,i
t
se
f
f
e
c
ta
r
ef
a
rmor
ei
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t
a
nthe
r
et
ha
ni
not
he
ra
r
e
a
s
.
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houl
da
l
s
onot
et
ha
tc
he
mi
c
a
lwe
a
t
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r
i
nga
l
s
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c
ur
si
n
de
s
e
r
t
s
.
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mpor
t
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nc
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t
i
ont
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r
e
f
or
eva
r
i
e
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r
omde
s
e
r
t
l
a
nds
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ode
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e
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tl
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nds
c
a
pea
ndc
a
nnott
husbege
ne
r
a
l
i
s
e
d.
Wi
ndAc
t
i
on


Wi
nda
c
t
i
oni
nde
s
e
r
t
sa
r
ea
l
s
okno
wna
sa
e
ol
i
a
npr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
The
s
epr
oc
e
s
s
e
si
nc
l
udee
r
os
i
on,t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
ona
ndde
pos
i
t
i
on.
Er
os
i
on

Wi
nde
r
os
i
oni
nvol
ve
st
hr
e
ema
i
npr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
:de
f
l
a
t
i
on,a
br
a
s
i
on
a
nda
t
t
r
i
t
i
on.
1.De
f
l
a
t
i
on

Thi
si
st
hepr
ogr
e
s
s
i
ver
e
mova
loff
i
nema
t
e
r
i
a
lbywi
ndl
e
a
vi
ng
r
e
gl
a
nds
c
a
pe
sbe
hi
nd.



Bybl
owi
nga
wa
ys
a
nda
ndot
he
rr
o
c
kwa
s
t
e
,t
hewi
ndl
owe
r
st
he
de
s
e
r
ts
ur
f
a
c
epr
oduc
i
ngde
pr
e
s
s
i
o
nsknowna
sc
l
os
e
dde
pr
e
s
s
i
ons
orde
f
l
a
t
i
onhol
l
ows
.
Be
c
a
us
et
hef
i
ne
rma
t
e
r
i
a
li
sc
ompos
e
dofs
ma
l
l
e
rpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,i
ti
s
l
i
f
t
e
dof
fa
ndc
a
r
r
i
e
da
wa
ybyt
hef
or
c
eoft
hewi
nd.
Thede
f
l
a
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
spr
ovi
de
st
hes
uppl
yofs
a
ndus
e
dt
obui
l
dup
s
a
nddune
si
no
t
he
rpa
r
t
soft
hede
s
e
r
t
.
2.Abr
a
s
i
on






i
st
hes
a
ndbl
a
s
t
i
nga
c
t
i
onpr
oduc
e
dbyma
t
e
r
i
a
l
sdur
i
ngs
a
l
t
a
t
i
ona
s
t
he
ya
r
et
r
a
ns
p
or
t
e
dbywi
nd.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
ss
moot
hs
,
pi
t
s
,pol
i
s
he
sa
ndwe
a
r
sa
wa
yr
oc
kst
ha
ta
r
e
c
l
os
et
ot
hegr
ound.
Si
nc
es
a
ndpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sc
a
nnotbel
i
f
t
e
dupve
r
yhi
ghof
ft
hegr
ound
t
hez
oneofma
xi
mume
r
os
i
ont
e
ndst
obewi
t
hi
na
bout1me
t
e
r
f
r
omt
hede
s
e
r
ts
ur
f
a
c
e
.
Thi
ss
ome
t
i
me
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
nunde
r
c
ut
t
i
ngofe
f
f
e
c
t
sonr
oc
ks
.
La
r
ger
oc
ksa
r
epol
i
s
he
dont
he
i
rwi
ndwa
r
ds
i
de
sa
ndr
oc
kst
h
a
t
a
r
enotuni
f
or
ml
i
kegr
a
ni
t
ea
r
et
ur
ne
di
nt
os
pongy,pi
t
t
e
d,r
ough
s
ur
f
a
c
e
sduet
os
omemi
ne
r
a
l
sbe
i
ngs
of
t
e
rt
ha
not
he
r
s
.
Pe
bbl
e
sa
nds
ma
l
lr
oc
ksa
r
es
ha
pe
di
nt
ove
nt
i
f
a
c
t
swi
t
hpol
i
s
he
d
wi
ndwa
r
ds
i
de
s
.s
e
edi
a
gr
a
ma
bove
.
3At
t
r
i
t
i
on



I
st
hepr
oc
e
s
sbywhi
c
hl
a
r
ger
oc
kpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sr
ol
la
ndr
uba
ga
i
ns
t
e
a
c
hot
he
ra
ndwe
a
ra
wa
y.
Thi
sha
ppe
nsdur
i
ngt
h
ewi
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Thi
spr
oc
e
s
spr
oduc
e
ss
a
ndpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
st
ha
ta
r
er
ounde
di
nt
opa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
a
boutt
hes
i
z
eofmi
l
l
e
ts
e
e
ds
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Wi
ndAc
t
i
oni
nDe
s
e
r
t
s
:Wi
nd
Tr
a
ns
por
t



Wi
ndi
sa
bl
et
ot
r
a
ns
por
t(
move
)s
a
nda
nddus
tpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sde
pe
ndi
ng
oni
t
ss
pe
e
da
ndf
l
ow.
Thee
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
ne
s
sofwi
nde
r
os
i
ona
ndt
r
a
ns
por
tde
pe
ndona
numbe
roff
a
c
t
or
s
:
Ae
ol
i
a
nmove
me
nti
sgr
e
a
t
e
s
twhe
r
et
hewi
ndsa
r
es
t
r
ong(
20km/
hr




ormor
e
)
,t
ur
bul
e
nt
,c
omef
r
omac
ons
t
a
ntdi
r
e
c
t
i
ona
ndbl
ows
s
t
e
a
di
l
yf
oral
e
ngt
hoft
i
me
.
Thee
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
ne
s
sa
ndna
t
ur
eofwi
ndt
r
a
ns
por
ta
l
s
ode
pe
ndsont
he
na
t
ur
eoft
her
e
gol
i
t
h(we
a
t
he
r
e
dma
t
e
r
i
a
l
)
.
I
ti
sa
l
s
omor
ee
f
f
e
c
t
i
vei
na
r
e
a
swh
e
r
et
he
r
ei
sl
e
s
sve
ge
t
a
t
i
on
c
ove
rwhi
c
ht
e
ndt
oa
c
ta
swi
ndbr
e
a
ksbya
bs
or
bi
ngs
omeoft
he
wi
nd’
se
ne
r
gy.
I
ta
l
s
ode
pe
ndsont
hema
t
e
r
i
a
lbe
i
ngt
r
a
ns
por
t
e
df
ore
xa
mpl
ei
ft
he
ma
t
e
r
i
a
li
sdr
ya
ndunc
ons
ol
i
da
t
e
di
tc
a
nbe
t
t
e
rbet
r
a
ns
por
t
e
d.
Opt
i
mumwi
nde
r
os
i
ona
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
onoc
c
ur
si
ns
e
mi
a
r
i
dpa
r
t
s
ofde
s
e
r
t
s
.
Wi
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t



Wi
ndmove
sma
t
e
r
i
a
lbyt
hr
e
epr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
:
Sus
pe
ns
i
on,s
a
l
t
a
t
i
ona
nds
ur
f
a
c
ec
r
e
e
p.
I
ti
si
mpor
t
a
ntt
onot
et
ha
te
a
c
hoft
he
s
eme
t
hodsoft
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on
donotha
ppe
ni
ni
s
ol
a
t
i
onbut
,of
t
e
na
l
lt
hr
e
et
a
kepl
a
c
e
s
i
mul
t
a
ne
ousa
ta
nygi
ve
nt
i
me
.
Sus
pe
ns
i
on





Ha
ppe
nswhe
nma
t
e
r
i
a
l
sa
r
eve
r
yf
i
nei
.
e
.l
e
s
st
ha
n0.
15mmi
n
di
a
me
t
e
r
.
Thi
sme
a
nst
ha
tt
he
yc
a
nbee
a
s
i
l
ypi
c
ke
dupbyt
hewi
nd,
The
ya
r
et
he
nr
a
i
s
e
dt
oc
ons
i
de
r
a
bl
ehe
i
ghta
ndc
a
r
r
i
e
d,i
nt
hea
i
r
,
f
orgr
e
a
tdi
s
t
a
nc
e
s
.
Sa
ndpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sha
vebe
e
nonoc
c
a
s
i
onc
a
r
r
i
e
df
r
omt
heSa
ha
r
a
de
s
e
r
ta
ndde
pos
i
t
e
di
nBr
i
t
a
i
nagr
e
a
tdi
s
t
a
nc
ea
wa
y.
Sus
pe
ns
i
onc
r
e
a
t
e
sdus
ts
t
or
mst
ha
tof
t
e
nr
e
duc
evi
s
i
bi
l
i
t
yi
n
de
s
e
r
t
st
ol
e
s
st
ha
nak
i
l
ome
t
e
r
.
Sa
l
t
a
t
i
on



Whe
nwi
nds
pe
e
dse
xc
e
e
dt
het
hr
e
s
hhol
dve
l
oc
i
t
y(
t
ha
ti
st
hes
pe
e
d
r
e
qui
r
e
dt
omovegr
a
i
npa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
)
,
f
i
nea
ndc
oa
r
s
e
gr
a
i
ne
ds
a
ndpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
el
i
f
t
e
da
ndr
i
s
ea
l
mos
t
ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
l
yf
ors
e
ve
r
a
lc
e
nt
i
me
t
e
r
sbe
f
or
ef
a
l
l
i
nga
ga
i
nt
ot
hegr
ound.
Whe
nt
he
yr
e
t
ur
nt
ot
h
egr
oundt
he
yf
ol
l
owaf
l
a
tt
r
a
j
e
c
t
or
yt
h
a
t
s
e
e
st
he
mf
a
l
las
hor
tdi
s
t
a
nc
ef
r
omwhe
r
et
he
ywe
r
epi
c
ke
dupbut


noti
nt
hes
a
mepl
a
c
e
.
Thepa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
emove
dbyt
hewi
n
di
nal
e
a
pf
r
oggi
nga
nd
bounc
i
ngma
nn
e
r
.
Eve
ni
nt
hemos
ts
e
ve
r
es
t
or
mst
hepa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
er
a
r
e
l
yl
i
f
t
e
dt
o
mor
et
ha
n2me
t
e
r
si
nhe
i
ghtt
husdi
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
t
i
ngt
hi
sme
t
hodof
wi
ndt
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
onf
r
o
ms
us
pe
ns
i
o
n.
Sur
f
a
c
ec
r
e
e
p



Aspa
r
t
i
c
l
e
sa
r
et
r
a
ns
por
t
e
dbys
a
l
t
a
t
i
ona
nds
us
pe
ns
i
ont
he
yma
y
di
s
l
odgea
ndpus
hf
or
wa
r
dl
a
r
ge
rpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s(
i
.
e
.t
hos
et
ha
ta
r
emor
e
t
ha
n0.
25mmi
ndi
a
me
t
e
r
)
.
The
s
ea
r
et
ooh
e
a
vyt
obel
i
f
t
e
df
r
omt
hegr
oundbyt
hewi
nd’
s
e
ne
r
gy.
Howe
ve
rduet
oc
ont
i
nue
dbomba
r
dme
ntbyt
hes
ma
l
l
e
rpa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
be
i
ngt
r
a
ns
por
tbyt
heot
he
rmode
soft
r
a
ns
por
tt
he
yr
ol
la
nd
gr
a
dua
l
l
ymoveove
rt
hes
ur
f
a
c
eoft
hede
s
e
r
t
.
De
pos
i
t
i
on




Duet
ot
heoc
c
ur
r
e
nc
eofobs
t
a
c
l
e
sa
ndi
mpe
di
me
nt
ss
uc
hsa
s
ve
ge
t
a
t
i
on,r
oc
ks
,de
a
da
ni
ma
lc
a
r
c
a
s
e
sa
nds
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
s
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
st
r
a
ns
por
t
e
dbywi
nda
r
ee
ve
nt
ua
l
l
yde
pos
i
t
e
d.
De
pos
i
t
i
onc
a
na
l
s
ooc
c
urduet
oar
e
duc
t
i
oni
nwi
nde
ne
r
gy.
Wi
ndde
pos
i
t
i
onf
or
msl
a
ndf
or
mss
uc
ha
sba
r
c
ha
na
nds
e
i
fdun
e
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:De
f
l
a
t
i
onHol
l
ows






Ar
ea
l
s
oknowna
sc
l
os
e
dhol
l
owsorbl
owout
s
.
The
s
ea
r
ee
nc
l
os
e
dde
pr
e
s
s
i
onsc
a
u
s
e
dbywi
nde
r
os
i
on.
I
nde
s
e
r
t
st
hewi
nde
r
ode
sl
oos
ema
t
e
r
i
a
lf
r
omf
l
a
ta
r
e
a
swhi
c
h
ha
ve
,unc
e
me
nt
e
ds
e
di
me
nt
ss
uc
ha
st
hos
eoc
c
ur
r
i
ngi
nt
r
opi
c
a
l
de
s
e
r
t
s
.
De
f
l
a
t
i
onhol
l
owsde
ve
l
opi
na
r
e
a
swhe
r
et
het
r
a
ns
por
t
e
dma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
i
sde
pos
i
t
e
d.
Asa
l
r
e
a
dyme
nt
i
one
dde
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
nt
hewi
ndme
e
t
swi
t
h
a
ni
mpe
di
me
nt
.
De
f
l
a
t
i
onhol
l
owsa
r
eus
ua
l
l
yf
or
me
dons
ur
f
a
c
e
spa
t
c
he
swhe
r
e
t
hepr
ot
e
c
t
i
veve
ge
t
a
t
i
vec
ove
rha
sbe
e
nl
os
tf
ore
xa
mpl
eduet
o
huma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sorpe
r
i
odsofe
xt
e
nde
ddr
ought
s
.










Si
nc
et
ha
tpor
t
i
onbe
c
o
me
sunpr
ot
e
c
t
e
dt
het
hewi
ndde
f
l
a
t
e
sa
nd
s
c
our
sc
ont
i
nuous
l
ya
tr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
yun
c
ons
ol
i
da
t
e
dma
t
e
r
i
a
l
,
Thema
t
e
r
i
a
li
sde
pos
i
t
e
dont
hee
dge
soft
hehol
l
owt
ha
ta
r
es
t
i
l
l
pr
ot
e
c
t
e
dbyve
ge
t
a
t
i
ons
uc
ha
sma
r
r
a
mgr
a
s
s
.
Ther
e
mova
loft
hef
i
nepa
r
t
i
c
l
e
st
hel
owe
r
i
ngoft
hel
a
ndf
or
m
l
e
a
dst
ot
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofade
pr
e
s
s
i
on.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heQa
t
t
a
r
aDe
pr
e
s
s
i
on
Some
t
i
me
swa
t
e
rt
ha
tf
a
l
l
si
nt
he
s
ede
pr
e
s
s
i
onhol
l
owsdur
i
ng
f
r
e
a
ks
t
or
msc
ol
l
e
c
t
st
of
or
mpool
si
nt
hemi
ds
tofde
s
e
r
t
s
pr
ovi
di
nga
ne
s
s
e
nt
i
a
ls
our
c
eofwa
t
e
rf
orl
oc
a
le
c
os
ys
t
e
ms
,
a
ni
ma
l
sa
ndhuma
nsa
ndt
he
i
ra
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
.
I
fa
na
r
e
ai
se
r
ode
ddo
wnt
ot
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
e
,f
ur
t
he
rde
f
l
a
t
i
oni
s
pr
e
ve
nt
e
dunl
e
s
st
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
ei
sa
l
s
ol
owe
r
e
dbye
va
por
a
t
i
on.
Someoa
s
e
si
nt
heSa
h
a
r
awe
r
ef
or
me
di
nt
hi
sma
nne
ra
ndma
ybe
be
l
ows
e
al
e
ve
l
.
Dune
sa
r
ema
def
r
oms
a
ndt
ha
ti
sde
pos
i
t
e
da
tt
hel
e
e
wa
r
ds
i
deof
t
hewi
nd.
Somede
f
l
a
t
i
onhol
l
owsma
ybef
or
me
di
npa
r
tduet
ot
hepr
e
s
e
nc
e
off
a
ul
t
swi
t
hi
nt
her
oc
kswhi
c
ha
r
ee
xpl
oi
t
e
da
ndwi
de
ne
dby
we
a
t
he
r
i
nga
ndt
her
e
gol
i
t
hr
e
move
dbywi
nde
r
os
i
on.
Not
enot
ea
l
loa
s
i
sa
r
ef
or
me
dbyde
f
l
a
t
i
ons
omea
r
ena
t
ur
a
l
l
y
oc
c
ur
r
i
ngs
pr
i
ngsa
nds
omer
e
s
ul
ta
sar
e
s
ul
toff
r
e
a
ks
t
or
msa
nd
t
heunde
r
l
yi
ngge
ol
ogi
c
a
lr
oc
ksl
i
mi
t
i
ngt
hea
mountofi
nf
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
on.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Sa
ndDune
s






Ass
oona
swi
ndve
l
oc
i
t
ydr
opswi
ndde
pos
i
t
i
onoc
c
ur
s
.
Thehe
a
vi
e
s
tma
t
e
r
i
a
li
sde
pos
i
t
e
df
i
r
s
twhi
l
et
hef
i
ne
rma
t
e
r
i
a
la
nd
dus
ti
sc
a
r
r
i
e
df
ur
t
he
rbe
f
or
ebe
i
ngdr
oppe
d.
Asar
e
s
ul
tl
oe
s
s(
whi
c
hc
ons
i
s
t
soff
i
nepa
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
)i
ss
ome
t
i
me
s
de
pos
i
t
e
dt
hous
a
ndso
fki
l
ome
t
e
r
sf
r
omde
s
e
r
t
s
.
La
r
gemoundsofs
a
ndr
e
s
ul
tf
r
oms
a
ndde
pos
i
t
i
onswi
t
hi
nt
he
de
s
e
r
t
.
The
s
er
e
s
ul
ti
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofe
r
gl
a
nds
c
a
pe
ss
uc
ha
st
hos
ef
ound
i
nt
heSa
ha
r
a
.
Thr
e
ema
j
ort
ype
soff
e
a
t
ur
e
sr
e
s
ul
tf
r
omwi
ndde
pos
i
t
i
ona
ndf
or
m
pa
r
toft
hee
r
gl
a
nds
c
a
pe
:

s
a
ndr
i
ppl
e
s
,ba
r
c
ha
ndune
sa
nds
e
i
fdune
s
.
Sa
ndr
i
ppl
e
s



The
s
ea
r
es
ma
l
lwa
ve
l
i
kef
e
a
t
ur
e
swhi
c
hde
ve
l
opons
a
ndwhi
c
h
movee
a
s
i
l
y.
The
yr
a
ngef
r
omaf
e
wc
e
nt
i
me
t
e
r
st
oa
boutame
t
e
ri
nhe
i
ght
The
ya
r
eof
t
e
nt
e
mpor
a
r
ya
nds
uf
f
e
rde
s
t
r
uc
t
i
onwhe
nt
hewi
nd
c
ha
nge
sdi
r
e
c
t
i
on.
Sa
ndDune
s







The
s
ea
r
ehi
l
l
sofs
a
ndwhi
c
ha
r
ef
oundi
nava
r
i
e
t
yofs
ha
pe
,
s
i
z
e
a
nddi
r
e
c
t
i
on.
Dune
sde
ve
l
opwhe
ns
a
ndgr
a
i
nsmove
dbys
a
l
t
a
t
i
ona
nds
ur
f
a
c
e
c
r
e
e
pa
r
ede
pos
i
t
e
d(
r
e
me
mbe
rs
us
pe
ns
i
onma
t
e
r
i
a
lf
or
msl
oe
s
s
whi
c
hi
sde
pos
i
t
e
dout
s
i
dede
s
e
r
t
s
)
.
Somedune
s
,butnota
l
l
,f
or
ma
r
oundobs
t
a
c
l
e
ss
uc
ha
st
r
e
e
s
,
bus
he
s
,r
oc
ks
,as
ma
l
lhi
l
lore
ve
nade
a
da
ni
ma
l
.
Mos
tdune
sf
or
mona
r
e
a
st
ha
ta
r
ef
l
a
ta
nds
a
ndyr
a
t
he
rt
ha
nt
h
os
e
a
r
e
a
st
ha
ta
r
er
oc
kya
ndune
ve
n.
Dune
sva
r
yi
ns
i
z
ef
r
omaf
e
wme
t
e
r
st
oove
ra100me
t
e
r
si
n
he
i
ght
.
Al
t
hought
he
yt
a
kema
nys
ha
pe
s
,t
he
r
ea
r
et
woc
ommont
ype
sof
dune
s
:
Ba
r
c
ha
na
ndSe
i
fdune
s
.
Ba
r
c
ha
nDune
s







Aba
r
c
ha
ndunei
sas
ma
l
lc
r
e
s
c
e
nts
ha
pe
ddune
.
I
tha
sahe
i
ghtc
a
nr
a
ngef
r
omaf
e
wme
t
e
r
st
oa
bout30me
t
e
r
si
n
he
i
ghta
ndi
tc
a
nbe400me
t
e
r
swi
d
e
.
.
The
yl
i
ea
tr
i
ghta
ngl
e
st
ot
hepr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd.
I
tha
si
t
s“
hor
ns
”poi
nt
i
ngdownwi
nd.
The
yus
ua
l
l
yf
or
ma
r
ounda
nobs
t
a
c
l
es
uc
ha
sar
oc
k,pi
e
c
eof
ve
ge
t
a
t
i
onore
ve
nade
a
da
ni
ma
l
.
Ast
hemound,whi
c
hi
swi
ndwa
r
dgr
owsduet
oc
ont
i
nue
ds
a
n
d
de
pos
i
t
i
ons
,
I
t
sl
e
a
di
nge
dge
sa
r
es
l
owl
yc
a
r
r
i
e
df
or
wa
r
di
nadownwi
nd
di
r
e
c
t
i
on.





Thewi
ndwa
r
ds
l
opeoft
hedunei
sge
nt
l
e
.
Thedownwi
nds
i
dei
ss
t
e
e
pa
nds
l
i
ght
l
yc
ur
ve
d.
Thi
si
sc
a
us
e
dbye
ddi
e
st
ha
ta
r
es
e
tupbyt
hepr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd.
Aba
r
c
ha
ndunemove
sa
sgr
a
i
nsofs
a
nda
r
emove
dupt
he
wi
ndwa
r
ds
l
opet
of
a
l
lont
ot
hel
e
e
wa
r
ds
i
de
.
The
yc
a
noc
c
urbot
hs
i
ngl
yori
ngr
oups
.
Si
e
fDune
s










Ar
ea
l
s
oknowna
st
r
a
ns
ve
r
s
edune
s
,l
i
ne
a
rdune
sordr
a
a
.
The
ya
r
er
i
dge
s
ha
pe
dwi
t
hs
t
e
e
ps
i
de
sa
ndl
i
epa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
ot
he
pr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd.
The
ya
r
ea
l
s
of
or
me
da
nda
ppe
a
rpa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
oe
a
c
hot
he
r
.
As
e
i
fduneha
sas
ha
r
pc
r
e
s
twhi
c
hma
ybea100me
t
e
r
si
nhe
i
ght
a
ndt
he
yc
a
ns
t
r
e
t
c
hf
orupt
o150ki
l
ome
t
e
r
si
nl
e
ngt
h.
The
ya
r
es
e
pa
r
a
t
e
dbyf
l
a
tc
or
r
i
dor
swhi
c
ha
r
ebe
t
we
e
n25a
nd400
me
t
e
r
swi
de
.
The
s
ec
or
r
i
dor
sa
r
es
we
ptc
l
e
a
rofs
a
ndbyt
hepr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd
.
Eddi
e
sbl
owupa
ga
i
ns
tt
hes
i
de
sofdune
sa
nddr
opde
pos
i
ts
a
n
d
t
ha
ti
sa
dde
dt
ot
hedune
s
.
The
yus
ua
l
l
yd
e
ve
l
opf
r
oms
ma
l
ls
a
ndr
i
dge
s
.
The
ys
l
owl
ymovef
or
wa
r
di
nt
hedi
r
e
c
t
i
onoft
hepr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd
a
st
he
ymovef
or
wa
r
d.
The
yf
e
a
t
ur
ei
npa
r
t
soft
heNa
mi
bDe
s
e
r
ta
ndt
heSa
ha
r
aDe
s
e
r
t
s
a
swe
l
la
sot
he
rde
s
e
r
t
s
.
Ya
r
da
ngs
,Ze
uge
nsa
ndRoc
kPe
de
s
t
a
l
s
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:HotDe
s
e
r
t
s
:Ya
r
da
ngs
Ze
uge
ns





Pi
c
t
ur
e
di
nt
hedi
a
gr
a
ma
bove
.
Ze
uge
nsa
r
et
her
i
dge
si
n“
r
i
dgea
n
df
ur
r
ow”l
a
nds
c
a
pe
sf
oundi
n
de
s
e
r
t
s
.
The
s
er
i
dgea
n
df
ur
r
owl
a
nds
c
a
pe
ss
c
ul
pt
e
df
oundi
nhotde
s
e
r
t
s
a
r
ear
e
s
ul
tofwi
nde
r
os
i
on.
Wi
nda
br
a
s
i
ont
ur
nsade
s
e
r
ts
ur
f
a
c
ewhi
c
hha
sal
a
ye
rofr
e
s
i
s
t
a
nt
r
oc
kunde
r
l
a
i
nbyal
a
ye
rofwe
a
kr
oc
ki
nt
or
i
dge
sa
ndf
ur
r
ows
.
Thewi
ndus
ua
l
l
yt
a
ke
sa
dva
nt
a
geofj
oi
nt
sa
ndc
r
a
c
ksc
r
e
a
t
e
dby


de
wa
ndf
r
os
ta
spa
r
tofwe
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Ze
uge
nsma
ybea
shi
gha
s30me
t
e
r
si
nhe
i
ght
.
Wi
t
ht
i
met
hef
ur
r
owsa
r
ewi
de
ne
da
ndt
hez
e
uge
nsl
owe
r
e
da
nd
c
ons
e
que
nt
l
yt
he
ya
r
eunde
r
c
uta
ndwor
na
wa
ya
st
hewi
nde
r
os
i
on
a
ndot
he
rde
nuda
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
s
e
sc
ont
i
nuet
oa
c
tont
he
m.
Ya
r
da
ng






Ya
r
da
ngsa
r
er
i
dge
sma
deofr
e
s
i
s
t
a
ntr
oc
kwhi
c
ha
r
ede
ve
l
ope
d
a
ndl
i
epa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
ot
hedi
r
e
c
t
i
onoft
hepr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd.
Whe
nba
ndsofr
e
s
i
s
t
a
nta
ndwe
a
kr
oc
ksl
i
epa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
ot
he
pr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
nd,
Wi
nda
br
a
s
i
onpr
oduc
e
sa
not
he
rf
or
mof“
r
i
dgea
ndf
ur
r
ow”
l
a
nds
c
a
pes
i
nc
et
hewe
a
kba
ndsa
r
er
e
a
di
l
ye
r
ode
dt
ol
e
a
vet
he
mor
er
e
s
i
s
t
a
ntba
ndso
fha
r
dr
oc
kst
os
t
a
nda
sya
r
da
ngs
.
The
s
eya
r
da
ngr
i
dge
sva
r
yi
nhe
i
gh
tf
r
om5t
o15me
t
e
r
sa
ndc
a
n
bea
sl
onga
saki
l
ome
t
e
r
.
The
s
el
a
ndf
or
msa
r
eus
ua
l
l
yunde
r
c
utont
he
i
rwi
ndwa
r
ds
i
de
s
.
Ya
r
da
ngsc
a
nbef
oundi
nAl
ge
r
i
aa
ndEgypt
.
Roc
kPe
de
s
t
a
l
.






The
s
ea
r
emus
hr
oom/
t
owe
r
l
i
kes
ha
pe
df
e
a
t
ur
e
sf
or
me
da
sar
e
s
ul
t
ofwi
nda
br
a
s
i
on.
Si
nc
et
hes
a
ndbl
a
s
t
i
ngofwi
ndi
nde
s
e
r
t
si
smos
t
l
yc
onf
i
ne
dt
oa
me
t
e
ra
ndbe
l
owf
r
omt
hegr
ound,
Roc
ksa
r
eunde
r
c
ut
.
The
s
er
oc
ksa
r
eus
ua
l
l
yma
deupl
a
ye
r
swi
t
hdi
f
f
e
r
i
ngha
r
dne
s
s
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
hes
of
t
e
rpa
r
t
sbe
i
ngwor
na
wa
ya
tamor
er
a
pi
dr
a
t
e
r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofpe
de
s
t
a
l
s
.
Cont
i
nue
de
r
os
i
onl
e
a
dst
ot
hee
ve
nt
ua
lc
ol
l
a
ps
eoft
hepe
de
s
t
a
l
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
sMuka
r
ob(
“
Thef
i
nge
rofGod.
”
)whi
c
hwa
sl
oc
a
t
e
d
i
nt
heNa
mi
bDe
s
e
r
tbe
f
or
ei
t
se
ve
nt
ua
lc
ol
l
a
ps
ei
n1988.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:HotDe
s
e
r
t
s
:I
ns
e
l
be
r
gs


The
s
ea
r
er
oundt
oppe
dmoundsofr
oc
kf
oundi
nde
s
e
r
t
sa
sar
e
s
ul
t
ofpe
r
s
i
s
t
a
ntwi
nde
r
os
i
onove
rl
ongpe
r
i
odsoft
i
me
.
I
ns
omede
s
e
r
t
ss
uc
ha
st
heNa
mi
bde
s
e
r
t
,wi
nde
r
os
i
onha
s
r
e
move
da
l
lt
h
eor
i
gi
na
ls
ur
f
a
c
el
e
a
vi
ngi
s
ol
a
t
e
dpi
e
c
e
sofr
oc
kt
ha
t


s
t
a
ndupa
sr
oundt
oppe
dma
s
s
e
s
.
Someoft
he
s
ei
ns
e
l
be
r
gsma
ybear
e
s
ul
tc
ombi
ne
dwi
nda
ndwa
t
e
r
e
r
os
i
onf
ore
xa
mpl
er
e
ma
i
nsofpl
a
t
e
a
ue
dge
sma
ybec
utba
c
kby
we
a
t
he
r
i
nga
f
t
e
rt
he
ya
r
ee
xpos
e
dbys
he
e
twa
s
h.
Ta
l
us(
s
c
r
e
e
/
l
oos
er
oc
ksr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
omwe
a
t
he
r
i
nga
ndma
s
s
wa
s
t
i
ng)a
c
c
umul
a
t
e
da
tt
heba
s
eo
ft
hes
l
opea
ss
hownont
her
i
ght
ha
ndoft
hepho
t
ogr
a
ph)
Thedi
a
gr
a
msbe
l
ows
howt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofa
ni
ns
e
l
be
r
ga
ndkopj
ei
n
de
s
e
r
tc
ondi
t
i
ons
.
I
ns
e
l
be
r
g











I
nmos
tde
s
e
r
t
snor
a
i
ndoe
snotf
a
l
lf
ors
e
ve
r
a
lye
a
r
s
.
Whe
ni
tdoe
si
tc
ome
si
nt
hef
or
mofune
xpe
c
t
e
da
ndi
nf
r
e
que
nt
downpour
s
.
The
r
e
f
or
ede
s
pi
t
et
hel
owr
a
i
nf
a
l
lt
ot
a
l
s(
a
bout250mmpe
ra
nnum)
,
wa
t
e
ri
ss
t
i
l
ladomi
na
nta
ge
ntofe
r
os
i
ona
ndde
pos
i
t
i
on.
Thi
si
se
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yt
r
uei
ns
e
mi
a
r
i
dde
s
e
r
t
sl
i
ket
heKa
l
a
ha
r
iwhe
r
e
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
smor
ef
r
e
que
nt
l
y.
De
wa
l
s
of
or
msi
nde
s
e
r
t
swhe
r
et
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
s
,duet
or
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
l
i
t
t
l
ec
ove
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sf
a
l
l
i
ngbe
l
owde
wpoi
nt
,i
s
a
l
s
of
oundi
nde
s
e
r
t
swhe
r
ei
tpl
a
ysa
ni
mpor
t
a
ntr
ol
ei
nc
he
mi
c
a
l
we
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Thei
nf
r
e
que
ntbutvi
ol
e
ntt
hunde
r
s
t
or
msr
e
s
ul
ti
nr
us
hi
ngt
or
r
e
nt
s
i
ns
t
e
e
ps
l
ope
sa
ndt
os
he
e
tf
l
oodsonge
nt
l
es
l
ope
s
.
Ther
unof
fi
smor
epr
onounc
e
dduet
ot
her
e
l
a
t
i
vel
a
c
kof
ve
ge
t
a
t
i
oni
nde
s
e
r
tl
a
nds
c
a
pe
s
.
Ther
unof
fons
t
e
e
ps
l
ope
si
sus
ua
l
l
yi
nt
hef
or
mofr
i
l
l
s
/
s
ha
l
l
o
w
gr
oove
swhi
c
hl
i
nkupt
of
or
mgul
l
i
e
s
.
The
s
el
e
a
di
nt
ur
nt
owa
di
s
/
c
he
bka
s
Dur
i
ngt
he
s
es
t
or
mswa
t
e
rma
yf
l
owi
nt
he
s
ewa
di
sa
sf
l
a
s
hf
l
o
ods
a
nda
st
he
ypr
ogr
e
s
sa
ndc
a
r
r
ymor
ea
ndmor
ema
t
e
r
i
a
l
st
he
yma
y
t
ur
ni
nt
omudf
l
ows
.
Themudi
sl
a
t
e
rde
pos
i
t
e
da
ndf
or
msf
e
a
t
ur
e
sknowna
sa
l
l
uvi
a
l
f
a
ns
.
Pa
s
tpl
uvi
a
lpe
r
i
ods




Eve
nt
houghs
omepl
a
c
e
si
nde
s
e
r
t
sdonotr
e
c
e
i
ver
a
i
na
ta
l
lf
or
ye
a
r
sone
nd,
The
r
ei
se
vi
de
nc
ef
ore
xa
mpl
e
,pa
l
e
ol
i
t
hi
cma
r
ksons
omede
s
e
r
t
r
oc
ks
,
Thi
se
vi
de
nc
epr
ove
st
ha
tde
s
e
r
t
sha
dmor
epl
uvi
a
l(
humi
d)
c
ondi
t
i
onst
ha
tc
ur
r
e
nta
r
i
dc
ondi
t
i
onsi
nt
hepa
s
t
.
Somewa
di
s
,dr
yr
i
ve
rc
ha
nne
l
sa
n
dgul
l
i
e
sma
yha
vebe
e
nf
or
me
d
dur
i
ngt
he
s
epl
uvi
a
lpe
r
i
ods
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Wa
di
sa
ndBa
ha
da
s
Wa
di
s
/
Ca
nyons







Asa
l
r
e
a
dypoi
nt
e
doutf
r
e
a
ks
t
or
msoc
c
uri
nde
s
e
r
t
sc
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
e
d
bye
xc
e
s
s
i
vepr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
onove
rs
ho
r
tpe
r
i
odsoft
i
me
.
Duet
oi
nf
i
l
t
r
a
t
i
one
xc
e
s
sf
l
owa
nde
ve
ns
a
t
ur
a
t
i
one
xc
e
s
sf
l
ow
t
he
r
ei
ss
i
gni
f
i
c
a
ntr
unof
fi
nt
hef
or
mofs
he
e
tf
l
oods
,
Thi
sf
l
owoc
c
u
r
si
nt
hef
or
mofr
i
l
l
swhi
c
hl
a
t
e
rj
oi
nt
of
or
mgul
l
i
e
s
whi
c
hi
nt
ur
nf
or
mi
nt
owa
di
s
,
The
s
ea
r
ede
e
pc
a
nyonsr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
oms
us
t
a
i
ne
de
r
os
i
on,t
heha
ve
s
t
e
e
pba
nksa
ndf
l
a
tf
l
oor
s
.
Att
i
me
st
hef
l
oorma
yha
vema
t
e
r
i
a
lde
pos
i
t
e
dbys
t
r
e
a
mf
l
oo
ds
.
Wa
di
sma
ya
l
s
obef
or
me
dbys
t
r
e
a
mf
l
oodswhi
c
he
r
odeva
l
l
e
y
s
i
de
sa
l
t
houghs
omewa
di
sc
a
nbedr
ya
ndonl
yha
vewa
t
e
rdur
i
ng
a
ndi
nt
hei
mme
di
a
t
ea
f
t
e
r
ma
t
hoft
he
s
es
t
or
ms
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heGr
a
ndCa
nyoni
nt
heUni
t
e
dSt
a
t
e
s
.
Al
l
uvi
a
lf
a
ns
/
Ba
ha
da
s
/
Ba
j
a
da
s




Dur
i
ngt
hes
ud
de
nr
a
i
ns
t
or
ms
Fl
a
s
hf
l
oodsr
us
hdownt
hewa
di
s
,
The
yc
a
r
r
yl
a
r
gea
mount
sofma
t
e
r
i
a
l
si
nc
l
udi
ngal
otofs
i
l
t(
a
l
l
t
hi
sma
t
e
r
i
a
li
sr
e
f
e
r
r
e
da
l
l
uvi
um)f
or
mi
ngamudf
l
ow
Ast
hewa
t
e
rdi
s
s
i
pa
t
e
sa
f
t
e
rt
hee
n
doft
hes
t
or
ma
ndwhe
ni
t
s
l
oos
e
si
t
se
ne
r
gyuponr
e
a
c
hi
ngl
e
s
ss
t
e
e
ps
l
ope
st
hea
l
l
uvi
umi
s
de
pos
i
t
e
dt
of
o
r
mf
a
ns
ha
pe
df
e
a
t
u
r
e
sa
tt
heba
s
eoft
hepi
e
dmont
z
one
.
De
s
e
r
tpi
e
dmontz
one

I
sma
deupofwa
t
e
rl
a
ndf
or
msf
or
me
dbye
r
os
i
on,t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on

a
ndde
pos
i
t
i
on.
Thel
a
ndf
or
msf
oundont
hepi
e
dmontz
onei
nc
l
ude
:mount
a
i
n
f
r
ont
,ba
ha
da
,pe
r
ipe
d
i
me
nt
,pl
a
yaa
ndr
oc
kpe
di
me
nt
.
Fe
a
t
ur
e
sofapi
e
dmontz
one
.
Mount
a
i
nFr
ont


I
ti
sf
or
me
da
sar
e
s
ul
tofe
r
os
i
ona
l
ongas
t
e
e
ps
l
opea
nd
s
ome
t
i
me
sa
sar
e
s
ul
tofhe
a
dwa
r
de
r
os
i
on.
I
tma
ya
l
s
obeama
deupofl
a
r
ger
oc
kboul
de
r
sr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngf
r
om
we
a
t
he
r
i
ng.
Ba
ha
da

Ade
pos
i
t
i
ona
lf
e
a
t
ur
es
e
ea
bove
.
Kni
c
kpoi
nt

As
ha
r
pc
ha
ng
ei
npr
of
i
l
et
ha
tma
r
kst
het
r
a
ns
i
t
i
onf
r
omt
he
mount
a
i
nf
r
onti
nt
oape
di
me
nt
.
Roc
kpe
di
me
nt


I
ti
st
hege
nt
l
es
l
opet
ha
ts
t
a
r
t
sa
tt
hekni
c
kpoi
nta
tt
hef
ootoft
he
mount
a
i
n.
Thi
sma
ybema
deoutofba
r
er
oc
kori
tc
a
nbec
ove
r
e
di
na
l
l
uvi
um
de
pos
i
t
e
ddur
i
n
gf
l
ood
s
.
Pe
r
i
pe
di
me
nt


I
ti
sma
deupo
fde
pos
i
t
e
dma
t
e
r
i
a
lwa
s
he
da
c
r
os
st
hepe
di
me
nt
.
Thepe
r
ipe
di
me
nti
sade
pos
i
t
i
ona
lf
e
a
t
ur
et
ha
ti
sf
or
me
di
nt
h
e
s
a
mewa
ya
sba
j
a
da
sb
uti
ti
sl
a
r
ge
r
.
Pl
a
ya
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Me
s
aa
ndBut
t
e


Me
s
a
sa
ndbut
t
e
sa
r
ef
l
a
tt
oppe
dupl
a
ndswi
t
hs
t
e
e
ps
i
de
sa
ndof
t
e
n
c
a
ppe
dbyha
r
dr
e
s
i
s
t
a
ntr
oc
ks
.
Me
s
a
sa
ndbut
t
e
sa
r
ede
s
e
r
tf
e
a
t
ur
e
sc
r
e
a
t
e
dpr
i
ma
r
i
l
ybyr
i
ve
r






e
r
os
i
oni
nde
s
e
r
t
sbutc
a
r
ve
da
wa
yf
ur
t
he
rbyde
s
e
r
twe
a
t
he
r
i
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
sa
swe
l
la
swi
nd(
a
e
ol
i
a
n)pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
The
ya
r
ef
or
me
df
r
omwha
ta
r
eor
i
gi
na
l
l
ypl
a
t
e
a
ust
ha
ta
r
ec
uti
nt
o
t
wobyr
i
ve
r
s
.
The
s
ef
e
a
t
ur
e
sc
a
nbequi
c
kl
yf
or
me
dbe
c
a
us
ede
s
e
r
tr
i
ve
r
sha
vea
l
otofe
r
os
i
vepowe
rowi
ngt
ot
hel
a
c
kofve
ge
t
a
t
i
on,t
hes
udde
n
a
ndhe
a
vys
t
or
mst
ha
tr
e
s
ul
ti
nvi
o
l
e
ntdownpour
sa
ndf
e
r
oc
i
ou
s
r
unof
fa
ndt
hea
br
a
s
i
v
ema
t
e
r
i
a
lt
ha
ti
sr
e
a
di
l
ya
va
i
l
a
bl
ei
nde
s
e
r
t
s
.
Me
s
s
a
sha
veabr
oa
de
rt
opc
ompa
r
e
dt
obut
t
e
s
.
The
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
ydi
s
s
e
c
t
e
dbywa
di
s
.
We
a
t
he
r
i
ngpr
oc
e
s
s
e
spi
l
eups
c
r
e
e
/
t
a
l
usa
tt
he
i
rba
s
e
s
.
But
t
e
sc
a
nbef
or
me
dbyme
s
a
st
ha
tha
vebe
e
nc
a
r
ve
dbye
r
os
i
on.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Pl
a
ya
s











The
s
ea
r
es
ome
t
i
me
sknowna
si
nl
a
nddr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
ns
.
Duet
ot
hef
a
c
tt
ha
tt
he
r
ea
r
enope
r
ma
ne
ntdr
a
i
na
gepa
t
t
e
r
nsi
n
de
s
e
r
t
sa
nyr
a
i
nt
ha
tf
a
l
l
se
i
t
he
re
va
por
a
t
e
sori
nf
i
l
t
r
a
t
e
si
nt
ot
he
s
oi
lorr
unsof
fa
nddr
a
i
nsi
nt
oba
s
i
ns
.
Ba
s
i
nsa
r
ede
pr
e
s
s
i
ons
.
Whe
nr
a
i
nf
a
l
l
st
e
mpor
a
r
yr
i
ve
r
st
ha
tf
l
owi
nc
a
nyons
/
ba
ha
da
sa
r
e
f
or
me
da
ndt
he
s
ema
ye
ve
nt
ua
l
l
ydr
a
i
ni
naba
s
i
n/
de
pr
e
s
s
i
on.
The
s
er
i
ve
sf
or
ml
a
ke
si
nt
he
s
ede
p
r
e
s
s
i
ons
.
Whe
nt
he
s
el
a
ke
sdr
yupduet
oe
va
por
a
t
i
ont
he
ya
r
et
ur
ne
di
nt
o
s
a
l
tf
l
a
t
s
.
The
s
et
e
mpor
a
r
yl
a
ke
sa
nds
a
l
tf
l
a
t
sa
r
eknowna
spl
a
ya
sor
s
e
bkha
s
.
Exa
mpl
e
soft
he
s
ec
a
nbef
oundi
nt
heSa
ha
r
ade
s
e
r
t
.
Whe
na
l
l
uvi
umi
sde
pos
i
t
e
da
tt
hee
dgea
ndove
r
l
i
e
st
hee
dgeof
t
hepe
di
me
nta
r
oundt
h
epl
a
yai
ti
sknowna
sape
r
i
pe
di
me
nt
.
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tde
s
e
r
t
sa
r
ec
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
e
dbyi
nl
a
nddr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
nsa
sf
e
w
r
i
ve
r
se
.
g.t
heNi
l
eha
vee
noughwa
t
e
rs
uppl
yt
of
l
owa
ndpe
r
s
i
s
t
t
hr
ought
hede
s
e
r
t
s
.
Mos
tf
or
mi
nl
a
nddr
a
i
na
geba
s
i
ns
/
l
a
ke
s
/
pl
a
ya
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Huma
nAc
t
i
vi
t
i
e
si
nDe
s
e
r
t
s

I
ns
pi
t
eoft
he
i
rhos
t
i
l
ee
nvi
r
ome
nt
sbr
oughta
boutbya
r
i
di
t
y
l
e
a
di
ngt
os
hor
t
a
geofwa
t
e
r
,pa
s
t
ur
e
,woodf
ue
la
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he
rwood
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
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e
mot
e
ne
s
s
,i
nf
e
r
t
i
l
ea
nds
a
l
t
ys
oi
l
s
,di
s
r
upt
i
vedus
t

s
t
or
msa
ndt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ee
xt
r
e
me
smos
tpe
opl
es
t
i
l
lc
hoos
et
os
e
t
t
l
e
t
he
r
ea
nde
nga
gei
nva
r
i
ouse
c
onomi
ca
nda
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
la
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
.
The
s
ea
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
si
nc
l
udenoma
di
cpa
s
t
or
a
l
i
s
ma
ndot
he
rf
or
msof
a
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
e
,oi
ldr
i
l
l
i
nga
ndot
he
rf
or
msofmi
ne
r
a
le
xpl
oi
t
a
t
i
on.
Huma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s











Huma
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sa
ta
qui
f
e
r
sa
ndoa
s
i
s
.
Ana
qui
f
e
ri
sapl
a
c
ewhe
r
et
hewa
t
e
rt
a
bl
ei
shi
ghe
ra
ndi
nt
e
r
s
e
c
t
s
wi
t
ht
hes
ur
f
a
c
et
husa
l
l
owi
ngpe
op
l
et
out
i
l
i
s
et
hewa
t
e
ri
nt
he
f
or
mofi
r
r
i
ga
t
i
on,dome
s
t
i
ca
ndi
n
dus
t
r
i
a
lus
e
.
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tde
s
e
r
ts
e
t
t
l
e
me
nta
r
eus
ua
l
l
yne
a
rwa
t
e
rs
our
c
e
s
.
Ac
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sus
ua
l
l
yi
nvol
vet
hegr
owi
ngofpa
l
mt
r
e
e
sorpa
s
t
or
a
l
i
s
m
f
ore
xa
mpl
et
hepe
opl
eofSa
he
la
n
dt
heBe
j
ape
opl
eoft
heSa
h
a
r
a
de
s
e
r
t
.
The
r
ea
r
ea
l
s
os
omep
e
r
e
nni
a
lr
i
ve
r
st
ha
tt
r
a
ns
ve
r
s
ede
s
e
r
t
sa
n
d
pe
opl
et
e
ndt
os
e
t
t
l
ea
l
ongt
he
i
rba
nksa
st
her
i
ve
r
sa
c
t
sa
sal
i
f
e
l
i
ne
.
Ane
xa
mpl
ei
st
heNi
l
eRi
ve
ra
r
oundwhi
c
hc
i
vi
l
i
s
a
t
i
onsha
ve
e
xi
s
t
e
df
ormi
l
l
e
nni
awi
t
ha
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
ss
uc
ha
si
r
r
i
ga
t
i
onus
i
ngt
he
s
ha
dufa
nda
r
c
hi
me
de
ss
c
r
e
wha
vebe
e
npr
a
c
t
i
c
e
df
orc
e
nt
ur
i
e
sa
nd
c
ont
i
nuee
ve
nt
oda
y.
Cot
t
oni
sgr
owni
nt
hes
e
mi
a
r
i
da
n
di
nhos
pi
t
a
bl
eAwa
s
hva
l
l
e
yi
n
Et
hi
opi
as
ome
t
hi
ngma
depos
s
i
bl
ebyi
r
r
i
ga
t
i
ons
c
he
me
s
.
Da
msc
a
na
l
s
obec
ons
t
r
uc
t
e
dt
oe
a
s
ewa
t
e
rs
hor
t
a
ge
s
,pr
ovi
de
Hydr
oe
l
e
c
t
i
cpowe
ra
ndc
ont
r
olf
l
oodi
nga
ne
xa
mpl
ei
st
heAs
wa
n
Da
mi
nEgypt
.
Va
r
i
ousr
oa
dsa
ndr
a
i
l
wa
yl
i
ne
sha
vebe
e
nc
ons
t
r
uc
t
e
da
c
r
os
s
de
s
e
r
t
sa
l
l
owi
ngf
ort
h
ef
a
s
tt
r
a
ns
p
or
t
a
t
i
onofgoodsa
c
r
os
sde
s
e
r
t
s
wi
t
houtr
e
l
yi
ngonc
a
me
l
s
.Ahi
ghwa
yl
i
nksEt
hi
opi
a
nr
e
gi
onswi
t
h
Egypta
ndi
sus
e
dt
ot
r
a
ns
por
tc
ot
t
o
nf
r
omt
heEt
hi
opi
a
nf
i
e
l
dst
o
Egypt
i
a
nma
r
ke
t
s
.
Thede
ve
l
opme
ntofs
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
et
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
ss
uc
ha
l
l
owspe
opl
ei
n
r
e
mot
epa
r
t
soft
hede
s
e
r
t
se
.
g.Oi
lf
i
e
dst
ous
et
he
s
ede
vi
c
e
st
o
c
ommuni
c
a
t
ewi
t
hot
he
rpa
r
t
soft
h
ewor
l
dt
husr
e
duc
i
ngt
he
r
e
mot
e
ne
s
soft
her
e
gi
ona
ndi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hef
l
owofi
nf
or
ma
t
i
on.
Agoodpor
t
i
onoft
hewor
l
d’
soi
lf
i
e
l
dsa
r
ea
l
s
of
oundi
nde
s
e
r
t
r
e
gi
onsa
ndc
ount
r
i
e
sl
i
keSa
udiAr
a
bi
a
,Li
byaa
ndt
heUni
t
e
d
Ar
a
bEmi
r
a
t
e
sc
a
nma
keal
i
vi
nga
ndha
vee
ve
nt
hr
i
ve
da
sar
e
s
ul
t
oft
heOi
lbooml
e
a
di
ngs
omet
or
e
f
e
rt
oOi
la
st
hebl
a
c
kgol
d.












La
r
gea
mount
sofi
nc
omede
r
i
ve
df
r
ommi
ne
r
a
l
sa
r
eus
e
dt
o
de
ve
l
opt
he
s
ena
t
i
ons
’i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sha
vea
l
s
of
or
me
da
r
oundl
a
r
geoi
lf
i
e
l
dswi
t
hs
ome
e
ve
ne
vol
vi
ngi
nt
ope
r
ma
ne
ntt
ownsa
ndc
i
t
i
e
s
.
Ot
he
rmi
ne
r
a
l
ss
uc
ha
sopa
l
sc
a
na
l
s
obef
oundi
nde
s
e
r
t
sa
ndc
a
n
l
e
a
dt
os
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sf
ore
xa
mpl
eCoobe
rPe
dyi
nAus
t
r
a
l
i
a
.
Townsa
ndc
i
t
i
e
st
ha
tor
i
gi
na
t
ef
r
omt
hei
nf
l
uxofpe
opl
ea
sar
e
s
ul
t
ofmi
ne
r
a
ldi
s
c
ove
r
ya
r
eknowna
sBoomt
owns
.
Se
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sof
t
e
ni
nc
l
u
des
pe
c
i
a
l
i
s
e
dhous
e
ss
uc
ha
st
hos
ema
de
f
r
ommudwhi
c
hma
ke
sc
ool
e
ra
ndmor
ehos
pi
t
a
bl
et
ha
nt
he
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
lde
s
i
gnsf
ou
ndi
not
he
rp
a
r
t
soft
hewor
l
d.
De
s
e
r
t
sa
l
s
oof
f
e
rc
l
e
a
rs
ki
e
st
ha
tc
a
nbei
de
a
lf
orf
i
l
mi
ng,mi
l
i
t
a
r
y
e
xe
r
c
i
s
e
sa
ndwe
a
ponst
e
s
t
i
ng,s
ol
a
rpowe
rge
ne
r
a
t
i
ona
ndwi
n
d
powe
rge
ne
r
a
t
i
on.
Mot
ors
por
t
i
nga
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sa
r
ea
l
s
oh
e
l
di
nde
s
e
r
t
s
.
Pl
a
c
e
sl
i
ket
heVa
l
l
e
yofKi
ngsa
r
epopul
a
rt
our
i
s
ts
por
t
s
.
Ar
c
he
ol
ogi
c
a
ls
i
t
e
sa
l
s
oa
boundi
nde
s
e
r
t
s
.
Us
i
ngmone
yf
r
omOi
lr
e
c
r
e
a
t
i
ona
lf
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,mode
r
nr
oa
ds
,
r
a
i
l
wa
yl
i
ne
s
,c
i
t
i
e
sa
ndot
he
ri
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
eha
sbe
e
nbui
l
ti
nt
he
mi
ds
tofde
s
e
r
t
sf
ore
xa
mpl
eDuba
ii
nt
heUni
t
e
dAr
a
bEmi
r
a
t
e
s
.
TheBe
doui
nn
oma
dsa
l
s
oe
nga
gei
nc
r
os
sde
s
e
r
tt
r
a
di
nga
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
wi
t
hva
r
i
oust
r
i
ba
lgr
oups
.
De
s
a
l
i
na
t
i
onpl
a
nt
sha
vea
l
s
obe
e
ns
e
tupt
opur
i
f
ywa
t
e
rf
r
omt
he
s
e
aa
ndma
kef
i
tf
ori
ndus
t
r
i
a
la
nddome
s
t
i
cus
e
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:De
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
Theme
a
ni
ngofde
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on





De
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
onl
i
t
e
r
a
r
yme
a
nst
hema
ki
ngofde
s
e
r
t
sa
nds
e
ve
r
a
l
de
f
i
ni
t
i
onsha
v
ebe
e
nof
f
e
r
e
df
ort
h
et
e
r
ma
l
le
xpr
e
s
s
i
ngt
hi
si
d
e
a
.
De
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
onr
e
f
e
r
st
ot
hes
pr
e
a
dofde
s
e
r
tc
ondi
t
i
onsf
or
e
xa
mpl
er
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
na
r
i
di
t
yors
e
mi
a
r
i
dc
ondi
t
i
onsa
nds
c
a
nt
ve
ge
t
a
t
i
onc
ove
ri
nt
hee
nc
r
oa
c
he
da
r
e
a
.
De
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
oni
st
he
r
e
f
or
et
hes
pr
e
a
dofde
s
e
r
t
sa
swe
l
la
sa
r
e
duc
t
i
oni
nt
hebi
ol
ogi
c
a
lpr
oduc
t
i
vi
t
yofagi
ve
npi
e
c
eofl
a
nd.
I
ti
sa
l
s
oa
t
t
r
i
but
e
dt
oapr
oc
e
s
sbywhi
c
hpr
e
vi
ous
l
ypr
oduc
t
i
v
e
l
a
ndt
ur
nsi
nt
oade
s
e
r
tl
i
kel
a
nda
n
di
t
sa
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
lpr
oduc
t
i
ve
ne
s
s
dr
opsbyt
e
npe
r
c
e
ntormor
eduet
ona
t
ur
a
la
ndhuma
nf
a
c
t
or
s
.
Amor
ec
ompr
e
he
ns
i
vede
f
i
ni
t
i
onmi
ghtde
f
i
nede
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ona
s
a
ne
nvi
r
ome
nt
a
lde
gr
a
da
t
i
onpr
oc
e
s
sbr
oughta
boutbybot
hna
t
ur
a
l
c
a
us
e
s(
e
.
g.c
h
r
oni
cdr
ought
s
)a
nde
xc
e
s
s
i
vehuma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s(
s
uc
h
a
sc
l
i
ma
t
ec
ha
ngea
ndde
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
on)r
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nt
hef
a
l
li
n
pr
oduc
t
i
vi
t
yofagi
ve
npi
e
c
eofl
a
nda
ndt
hes
pr
e
a
dofde
s
e
r
tl
i
ke
c
ondi
t
i
onst
ot
hea
f
f
e
c
t
e
dpi
e
c
eofl
a
nd.
Na
t
ur
a
lf
a
c
t
or
st
ha
tl
e
a
dt
ode
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on





Cl
i
ma
t
ec
ha
ngef
ore
x
a
mpl
ear
e
duc
t
i
oni
nt
hea
mountofr
a
i
nf
a
l
l
r
e
c
e
i
ve
da
tagi
ve
na
r
e
aori
nc
r
e
a
s
e
si
ne
va
pot
r
a
ns
pi
r
a
t
i
onr
a
t
e
sc
a
n
l
e
a
dt
ode
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on.
TheElNi
noe
f
f
e
c
tr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
ndr
ought
s
.
Ac
i
dr
a
i
nl
e
a
dst
ot
her
e
duc
t
i
onofl
a
ndpr
oduc
t
i
vi
t
y.
Al
a
nd’
sdi
s
t
a
nc
ef
r
omt
hes
e
a
.
Cont
i
ne
nt
a
ldr
i
f
tf
ore
x
a
mpl
emos
toft
heSa
ha
r
ade
s
e
r
te
nj
oye
d
pl
uvi
a
lpe
r
i
odsdur
i
ngt
hes
oc
a
l
l
e
dQua
t
e
r
na
r
ye
r
awhe
nt
he
Af
r
i
c
a
npl
a
t
ewa
sf
ur
t
he
rs
out
ht
ha
ti
tc
ur
r
e
nt
l
yi
sa
ndt
heSa
ha
r
a
r
e
gi
onoc
c
upi
e
dt
hel
a
t
i
t
ude
sc
ur
r
e
nt
l
yoc
c
upi
e
dbyt
hepr
e
s
e
ntda
y
Sa
va
nna
hr
e
gi
ons
.
Huma
nf
a
c
t
or
s







De
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
ona
spe
opl
ec
utdownt
r
e
e
sf
orus
ea
sf
i
r
e
wood,
t
ha
t
c
hi
ng,ma
ki
ngf
ur
ni
t
ur
ea
ndot
he
ri
ndus
t
r
i
a
la
nddome
s
t
i
cus
e
s
.
Thec
l
e
a
r
i
ngofl
a
ndf
ora
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
lus
e
.
Ove
r
gr
a
z
i
ngf
o
re
xa
mpl
ei
nt
heSa
he
lr
e
gi
on.
Ove
r
popul
a
t
i
ona
smor
epopul
a
t
i
oni
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sa
r
enotma
t
c
he
dwi
t
h
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
si
nr
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
Expa
ns
i
onofhuma
ns
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
ss
u
c
ha
st
ownsa
ndl
a
ndi
sc
l
e
a
r
e
d
f
ori
ndus
t
r
i
a
la
ndr
e
s
i
de
nt
i
a
lus
e
.
Mi
ni
nga
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sf
ore
xa
mpl
eope
nc
a
s
tmi
ni
nga
ndoi
lmi
ni
ng
whi
c
hl
e
a
dst
ooi
ls
pi
l
l
sa
ndde
s
t
r
uc
t
i
onofve
ge
t
a
t
i
on.
Sa
l
i
ni
s
a
t
i
onwhi
c
hma
ke
ss
oi
l
sl
e
s
sf
e
r
t
i
l
ea
ndma
ke
sve
ge
t
a
t
i
on
gr
owt
hi
mpos
s
i
bl
e
.
NBHuma
nf
a
c
t
or
sa
ndNa
t
ur
a
l(
Phys
i
c
a
lf
a
c
t
or
s
)of
t
e
nc
ombi
net
o
pr
oduc
ede
s
s
e
r
t
sdur
i
ngt
hede
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
npr
oc
e
s
s
.
Ef
f
e
c
t
sofde
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on

Ar
e
duc
t
i
oni
nve
ge
t
a
t
i
vec
ove
rdu
et
ode
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
ona
nddr
ought
.









Ba
r
r
e
ns
a
ndys
oi
l
sa
nds
ome
t
i
me
ss
oi
lha
r
de
ni
ng.
I
nc
r
e
a
s
e
ds
ur
f
a
c
er
unof
fduet
or
e
d
uc
e
dve
ge
t
a
t
i
vec
ove
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ng
i
nt
hef
or
ma
t
i
onofgul
l
i
e
sa
nddonga
s
.
Re
duc
e
ds
oi
lf
e
r
t
i
l
i
t
y.
Re
duc
e
dpr
oduc
t
i
vec
a
pa
c
i
t
yofa
gr
i
c
ul
t
ur
a
ll
a
nd.
Re
duc
e
dl
a
ndc
a
r
r
yi
ngc
a
pa
c
i
t
y.
De
a
t
hofl
i
ve
s
t
oc
ka
sar
e
s
ul
tofwa
t
e
ra
ndpa
s
t
ur
es
hor
t
a
ge
.
Wa
t
e
ra
ndpa
s
t
ur
es
hor
t
a
ge
s
.
Fa
mi
nea
nds
t
a
r
va
t
i
on.
Re
duc
t
i
oni
na
nnua
lr
a
i
nf
a
l
la
ndpe
r
s
i
s
t
e
ntdr
ought
s
.
Exa
mpl
eofde
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on(
Sa
he
lRe
gi
on)












TheSa
he
li
st
h
es
e
mi
a
r
i
dt
r
a
ns
i
t
i
onr
e
gi
onbe
t
we
e
nt
heSa
ha
r
a
de
s
e
r
tt
ot
henor
t
ha
ndwe
t
t
e
rr
e
gi
onsofe
qua
t
or
i
a
lAf
r
i
c
at
ot
he
s
out
h.
I
te
xt
e
ndsf
r
omt
heAt
l
a
nt
i
ci
nt
hewe
s
tt
ot
heI
ndi
a
noc
e
a
ni
nt
he
e
a
s
t
.
I
t
sa
nnua
lr
a
i
nf
a
l
lva
r
i
e
swi
de
l
yf
r
omye
a
rt
oye
a
r
,a
ndt
hel
a
nd
c
ons
i
s
t
sofs
t
a
bi
l
i
z
e
da
nc
i
e
nts
a
nds
e
a
si
soneoft
hepoor
e
s
ta
nd
mos
te
nvi
r
onme
nt
a
l
l
yde
gr
a
de
da
r
e
a
soft
hewor
l
d.
I
tf
or
msabounda
r
ybe
t
we
e
nt
heSa
ha
r
aa
ndt
hemor
ewe
t
t
e
rpa
r
t
s
ofAf
r
i
c
a
.
TheSa
ha
r
ade
s
e
r
ti
ss
l
owl
ye
nc
r
oa
c
hi
ngonSa
he
ll
a
ndduet
o
ove
r
popul
a
t
i
ona
ndove
r
gr
a
z
i
ng,pe
r
s
i
s
t
e
ntdr
ought
s
,e
r
r
a
t
i
c
r
a
i
nf
a
l
la
ndc
l
i
ma
t
ec
ha
nge
.
Thea
r
e
aha
sbe
e
npl
a
g
ue
dbype
r
s
i
s
t
e
ntdr
ought
s
.
Thedr
oughtwa
spa
r
t
l
yc
a
us
e
dbyna
t
ur
a
lc
a
us
e
si
nt
hef
or
mof
c
l
i
ma
t
ec
ha
nge
.
Theha
r
ma
t
t
a
nwi
ndst
ha
ta
f
f
e
c
tt
hea
r
e
aa
r
edr
ybe
c
a
us
et
he
yc
ome
f
r
omt
heAt
l
a
smount
a
i
ns
.
Huma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sha
vea
l
s
oc
ont
r
i
but
e
dt
ot
hede
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
oni
nt
he
a
r
e
a
.
Thepe
opl
eoft
her
e
gi
onpr
a
c
t
i
c
eNoma
di
cpa
s
t
or
a
l
i
s
m,movi
ng
f
r
ompl
a
c
et
opl
a
c
el
oo
ki
ngf
orf
r
e
s
hpa
s
t
ur
e
s
.
Thi
smove
me
n
tha
sc
a
us
e
dde
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
ona
ndove
r
gr
a
z
i
nga
smor
e
a
ndmor
ea
ni
ma
l
sgr
a
z
e
dr
e
pe
a
dl
e
yont
hes
a
mepi
e
c
eofl
a
nd.
Thi
sr
e
s
ul
t
e
di
nt
hede
gr
a
da
t
i
onoft
hel
a
ndwhos
epr
oduc
t
i
vi
t
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d.

Thi
sme
a
ntt
ha
tl
e
s
spr
oduc
t
i
vel
a
ndwoul
dbea
va
i
l
a
bl
ewhi
l
et
he
numbe
rofa
ni
ma
l
ske
e
pta
ndke
e
psi
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ngwor
s
e
ni
ngt
he
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on.
Ef
f
e
c
t
sofde
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
oni
nt
heSa
he
l





Dr
yi
ngupofwe
l
l
sa
nds
pr
i
ngs
De
s
t
r
uc
t
i
onofpa
s
t
ur
e
s
.
Los
sofl
i
f
eduet
odr
ought
sa
ndf
a
mi
ne
.Aqua
r
t
e
roft
hepe
op
l
ei
n
t
her
e
gi
ondi
e
di
nt
hed
r
ought
soft
he1970s
.
Ama
s
s
i
vei
nf
l
uxofr
e
f
uge
e
si
nt
ot
hea
dj
a
c
e
ntc
ount
r
i
e
sofMa
l
i
a
ndNi
ge
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
ns
e
mi
pe
r
ma
ne
ntc
a
mpswhi
c
hus
ua
l
l
yha
ve
uns
a
ni
t
a
r
yl
i
vi
ngc
ond
i
t
i
ons
.
Los
sofl
i
ve
l
i
hooda
sa
ni
ma
l
sdi
e
d.
Re
a
c
t
i
on




UNESCOhe
l
dame
e
t
i
ngi
nNa
i
r
ob
iKe
nyat
oa
l
e
r
tt
hewor
l
da
bout
t
hedi
s
a
s
t
e
r
.
The
ya
l
s
opr
ov
i
de
df
ooda
ndwa
t
e
rt
ot
hea
f
f
e
c
t
e
dpe
opl
e
.
Ot
he
ri
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
lr
e
l
i
e
fa
ge
nc
i
e
ss
uc
ha
sUNI
CEFa
ndt
heRe
d
Cr
os
swe
r
ei
nvol
ve
d.
Conc
e
r
t
e
de
f
f
or
t
sha
vea
l
s
obe
e
nma
det
oe
duc
a
t
et
hepe
opl
eof
Sa
he
lont
hee
f
f
e
c
t
s
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Me
t
hodsofpr
e
ve
nt
i
ng
de
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on.
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngme
t
hodsc
a
nbeus
e
dt
opr
e
ve
nta
nds
l
owdownt
her
a
t
eof
de
s
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on:






Af
f
or
e
s
t
a
t
i
ont
ha
ti
spl
a
nt
i
ngt
r
e
e
swhe
r
enonepr
e
vi
ous
l
ye
xi
s
t
e
d.
Fa
l
l
owi
nga
l
l
owi
ngf
i
e
l
dst
of
a
l
l
owi
ns
t
e
a
dofgr
owi
ngc
r
opson
t
he
mc
ont
i
nuous
l
y.
Le
gi
s
l
a
t
i
onpa
s
s
i
ngl
a
wst
ha
tf
a
vourc
ons
e
r
va
t
i
vef
a
r
mi
ngme
t
hods
a
ndpr
a
c
t
i
c
e
sa
ndpe
na
l
i
s
e
st
hos
ewhodonotf
ol
l
owt
hepr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
.
Educ
a
t
i
ngpe
opl
ea
boutt
hei
mpa
c
tofpoorf
a
r
mi
ngme
t
hodsa
nd
s
c
hool
i
ngt
he
mont
hebe
s
tf
a
r
mi
ngme
t
hodsa
va
i
l
a
bl
et
ot
he
m.
Pl
a
nt
i
ngt
r
e
e
sl
i
ne
sf
ore
xa
mpl
egumt
r
e
e
st
oa
c
ta
swi
ndbr
e
a
ks
a
ndl
e
s
s
e
nt
hei
mpa
c
tofwi
nde
r
os
i
on.
Da
mc
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
onf
orus
ei
ni
r
r
i
ga
t
i
ons
c
he
me
sa
ndt
opr
ovi
de










a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
vehydr
oe
l
e
c
t
r
i
ce
ne
r
gyi
n
s
t
e
a
dofr
e
l
yi
ngonf
i
r
e
wood.
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
ei
r
r
i
ga
t
i
onf
ore
xa
mpl
eus
i
n
goa
s
e
sa
ndr
i
ve
r
ss
uc
ha
st
he
Ni
l
eRi
ve
r
.
Li
mi
ts
e
t
t
l
e
me
nt
sne
a
rwa
t
e
rs
our
c
e
ss
uc
ha
soa
s
e
s
.
Cons
t
r
uc
tc
ont
our
st
oc
ons
e
r
vel
a
nda
ndl
e
s
s
e
nt
hee
f
f
e
c
t
sof
e
r
os
i
on.
Te
r
r
a
c
i
ngt
ol
e
s
s
e
nt
hei
mpa
c
tofe
r
os
i
on.
Pa
ddoc
ki
ngt
oi
mpl
e
me
ntc
ont
r
ol
l
e
dgr
a
z
i
nga
ndpr
e
ve
nt
ove
r
gr
a
z
i
ng.
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
ec
r
opr
ot
a
t
i
on.
Cr
e
a
t
es
a
nde
mba
nkme
nt
s
.
Fe
nc
i
ngt
opr
ot
e
c
tf
or
e
s
t
s
.
Gr
owdr
oughtr
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
tc
r
opss
uc
ha
ss
or
ghumorpr
a
c
t
i
c
ea
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
s
uc
ha
se
xt
e
ns
i
vec
a
t
t
l
er
a
nc
hi
ngt
ha
tputl
e
s
spr
e
s
s
ur
eonpa
s
t
ur
e
s
.
Us
ea
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ves
our
c
e
soff
ue
li
ns
t
e
a
doff
i
r
e
woodf
ore
xa
mpl
eLP
Ga
s
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:I
nt
r
oduc
t
i
ont
oWe
a
t
he
ra
nd
Cl
i
ma
t
e
We
a
t
he
r
t
hes
t
a
t
eoft
hea
t
mos
phe
r
ea
tapa
r
t
i
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ef
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mome
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.
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por
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c
t
i
c
sa
ndPol
a
r
r
e
gi
ons
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:St
e
ve
ns
onSc
r
e
e
n
ASt
e
ve
ns
ons
c
r
e
e
ni
sapr
omi
ne
ntf
e
a
t
u
r
eonmos
twe
a
t
he
rs
t
a
t
i
ons
.




I
ti
sus
e
dt
oho
us
ewe
a
t
he
ri
ns
t
r
ume
nt
s
,f
ore
xa
mpl
et
hes
i
x’
s
t
he
r
mome
t
e
ra
ndhydr
ome
t
e
r
.
I
ti
spa
i
nt
e
dwh
i
t
ei
nor
de
rt
or
e
f
l
e
c
te
xc
e
s
s
i
vehe
a
t
.
I
ti
s1.
2me
t
e
r
sa
bovet
hegr
oundt
oa
voi
dgr
oundwe
a
t
he
r
c
ondi
t
i
onsf
r
oma
f
f
e
c
t
i
ngt
her
e
a
di
ngsyi
e
l
de
dbyt
hehous
e
d
i
ns
t
r
ume
nt
s
.
I
tha
sl
ouve
r
e
ds
i
de
st
oa
l
l
owf
orf
r
e
ec
i
r
c
ul
a
t
i
onofa
i
r
.



I
tha
sadoubl
er
ooft
or
e
duc
ee
xc
e
s
s
i
vehe
a
tf
r
oms
ol
a
ri
r
r
a
di
a
t
i
on.
I
ti
sma
deofwoodt
or
e
duc
ee
xc
e
s
s
i
vehe
a
t
.
I
tha
sme
t
a
ll
e
gst
oa
vo
i
da
t
t
a
c
ksb
yt
e
r
mi
t
e
s
.Some
t
i
me
st
hel
e
gs
a
r
ema
deoft
r
e
a
t
e
dwo
odf
ort
hes
a
mer
e
a
s
on.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Te
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e





Theda
i
l
yma
x
i
muma
ndmi
ni
mumt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sa
r
eme
a
s
ur
e
d
us
i
ngSi
x’
st
he
r
mome
t
e
r(
pi
c
t
ur
e
da
bove
)
.
I
twa
si
nve
nt
e
dbyJ
a
me
sSi
xaBr
i
t
i
s
hs
c
i
e
nt
i
s
the
nc
et
hena
me
Si
x’
st
he
r
mome
t
e
r
.
I
ti
sa
l
s
oknowna
st
heMa
xi
muma
ndMi
ni
mumt
he
r
mome
t
e
r
.
I
ti
shous
e
di
naSt
e
ve
ns
on’
ss
c
r
e
e
n
.
Di
ur
na
lr
a
ngei
st
hedi
f
f
e
r
e
nc
ebe
t
we
e
nt
hema
xi
muma
nd
mi
ni
mumt
e
mp
e
r
a
t
ur
e
s
.
Howi
twor
ks




Whe
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
er
i
s
e
si
tpus
he
st
hea
l
c
oholi
nt
hel
e
f
tha
ndl
i
mp
downa
ndf
or
c
e
sme
r
c
ur
yi
nt
her
i
ghtha
ndl
i
mpup.
Thea
l
c
oholhe
a
t
supa
ndpa
r
tofi
ti
sva
por
i
z
e
dt
ooc
c
upyt
he
c
oni
c
a
lbul
b.
Ther
e
a
di
ngi
st
a
ke
nont
her
i
ghtha
ndl
i
mpwhi
c
hi
si
nt
hel
e
f
t
ha
ndl
i
mpc
ont
r
a
c
t
sa
nds
omeoft
h
ea
l
c
oholi
nt
hec
oni
c
a
lbul
b
l
i
que
f
i
e
ss
ot
ha
tt
heme
r
c
ur
yf
l
owsi
nt
heoppos
i
t
edi
r
e
c
t
i
on.
Themi
ni
mumt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ei
sr
e
a
dj
us
ta
bovet
heme
t
a
li
nde
xon
t
her
i
ghtha
ndl
i
mp.
Commonpr
obl
e
mse
nc
ount
e
r
e
dwhe
nus
i
ngt
hei
ns
t
r
ume
nt



Fa
i
l
i
ngt
oi
de
nt
i
f
yme
r
c
ur
yora
l
c
o
hol
.
Fa
i
l
ur
et
oi
de
nt
i
f
yt
hema
xi
muma
ndmi
ni
mumt
he
r
mome
t
e
r
.
Re
a
di
nge
r
r
or
sf
ore
xa
mpl
et
a
ki
ngt
heme
a
s
ur
e
me
ntoft
he
ma
xi
mumt
he
r
mome
t
e
ra
bovet
heme
t
a
li
nde
xa
ndt
ha
toft
he
mi
ni
mumt
he
r
mome
t
e
rbe
l
owt
hei
nde
x.
Di
gi
t
a
lt
he
r
mome
t
e
r
sa
r
ebe
c
omi
ngmor
ea
ndmor
ec
ommon.The
ya
r
e
notne
c
e
s
s
a
r
i
l
ymor
ea
c
c
ur
a
t
et
ha
nt
het
r
a
di
t
i
ona
lme
r
c
ur
ya
nda
l
c
ohol
t
he
r
mome
t
e
r
sbutt
he
ya
r
ee
a
s
i
e
rt
or
e
a
d.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Humi
di
t
y
aqua
nt
i
t
yr
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
i
ngt
hea
mountofwa
t
e
rva
pori
nt
hea
t
mos
phe
r
e
.












I
ti
sme
a
s
ur
e
dus
i
ngahydr
ome
t
e
r
.
Thewe
ta
nddr
ybul
bt
he
r
mome
t
e
ri
sa
l
s
oknowna
sa
ps
yc
hr
ome
t
e
r
.
We
a
t
he
rs
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
sc
a
na
l
s
ome
a
s
ur
et
hea
mountofhumi
di
t
yi
nt
he
a
t
mos
phe
r
e
.
Ahygr
ome
t
e
rme
a
s
ur
e
st
hehumi
di
t
yi
nt
hea
t
mos
phe
r
eus
i
ngt
wo
t
he
r
mome
t
e
r
s
:dr
ya
ndwe
tbul
bt
h
e
r
mome
t
e
r
s
.
Thewe
tbul
bt
he
r
mome
t
e
ri
swr
a
p
pe
di
nt
hi
nmus
l
i
na
nddi
ppe
di
n
ac
ont
a
i
ne
rofwa
t
e
rt
oke
e
pt
hemus
l
i
nc
l
ot
hwe
t
.
I
ft
hea
i
ri
sdr
ywa
t
e
re
va
por
a
t
e
sf
r
omt
hemus
l
i
na
ndc
ool
ss
uc
h
t
ha
tt
heme
r
c
ur
yc
ont
r
a
c
t
s
.
Thedr
ybul
bi
snota
f
f
e
c
t
e
dhe
nc
et
het
wos
howdi
f
f
e
r
e
ntr
e
a
di
ngs
.
Thewe
tbul
bs
howsal
owr
e
a
di
ngwhi
l
s
tt
hedr
ybul
bs
howsa
hi
ghe
rr
e
a
di
ng.
De
pr
e
s
s
i
on/
Di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
=t
her
e
a
di
ngoft
hedr
ybul
bl
e
s
st
her
e
a
di
ng
oft
hewe
tbul
bt
he
r
mome
t
e
r
.
Thehumi
di
t
yi
st
he
nf
oundbyr
e
a
di
nghumi
di
t
yt
a
bl
e
s
.For
e
xa
mpl
ei
ft
he
r
ei
snodi
f
f
e
r
e
nc
ebe
t
we
e
nt
het
wor
e
a
di
ngst
he
humi
di
t
yi
s100%
El
e
c
t
r
oni
chygr
ome
t
e
r
sa
r
ea
l
s
ous
e
d.The
s
ea
r
ee
a
s
i
e
rt
or
e
a
d.
Re
l
a
t
i
vehumi
di
t
yi
sme
a
s
ur
e
di
npe
r
c
e
nt
a
get
e
r
ms
.
Type
sofhumi
di
t
y
The
r
ea
r
es
e
ve
r
a
lwa
yst
ome
a
s
ur
ea
nde
xpr
e
s
shumi
di
t
y:
1.Abs
ol
ut
eHumi
di
t
yt
h
et
ot
a
lma
s
sofwa
t
e
rva
porpr
e
s
e
nti
nagi
ve
n
vol
umeofa
i
r
.
2.Re
l
a
t
i
veHumi
di
t
yt
hea
mountofwa
t
e
rva
pori
nagi
ve
nvol
umeof
a
i
ra
tagi
ve
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
.
3.Spe
c
i
f
i
cHumi
di
t
yt
her
a
t
i
onoft
hema
s
sofwa
t
e
rva
port
ot
he
ma
s
soft
hepa
r
c
e
lofa
i
r
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Pr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
i
st
hepr
e
s
s
ur
ee
xe
r
t
e
dbyt
hewe
i
ghtofa
i
ri
nt
hea
t
mos
phe
r
eofEa
r
t
h.
I
ti
sme
a
s
ur
e
di
nmi
l
l
i
ba
r
s
.I
ti
sme
a
s
ur
e
dus
i
nga
ni
ns
t
r
ume
ntknowna
s
aba
r
ome
t
e
r
.The
r
ea
r
et
wodi
f
f
e
r
e
ntt
ype
sofba
r
ome
t
e
r
s
:t
heme
r
c
ur
y
a
nda
ne
r
oi
dba
r
ome
t
e
r
s
.
Me
r
c
ur
yba
r
ome
t
e
r






I
ti
sve
r
yl
a
r
ge
,t
hegl
a
s
st
ubei
st
ypi
c
a
l
l
ya
l
mos
t1mi
nhe
i
ght
.
I
tgi
ve
sve
r
ya
c
c
ur
a
t
er
e
a
di
ngs
.
I
tha
sabul
bt
h
a
ti
sdi
ppe
di
nac
on
t
a
i
ne
rofme
r
c
ur
y.
Whe
nt
hea
t
mos
phe
r
i
cpr
e
s
s
ur
er
i
s
e
s
,i
te
xe
r
t
sf
or
c
ei
t
sf
or
c
eont
he
me
r
c
ur
ywhi
c
hbe
c
ome
sc
ompr
e
s
s
e
d.
Theme
r
c
ur
yi
spus
he
dupt
hebul
bt
oahe
i
ghtof760mm.
Whe
npr
e
s
s
ur
ede
c
r
e
a
s
e
st
heme
r
c
ur
yc
ont
r
a
c
t
sa
ndmove
sdo
wn
t
het
he
r
mome
t
e
r
.
Adva
nt
a
ge
s


I
tgi
ve
sa
c
c
ur
a
t
er
e
a
di
ngs
.
I
ti
ss
i
mpl
et
oc
ons
t
r
uc
ta
ndma
i
nt
a
i
n.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s





I
ti
sve
r
yl
a
r
gea
ndc
umbe
r
s
ome
.
Me
r
c
ur
ymus
tbea
tl
e
a
s
tame
t
e
rl
ong.
The
ybr
e
a
ke
a
s
i
l
y.
The
yc
a
nnotpr
oduc
eac
ont
i
nuousr
e
a
di
ng,s
or
e
a
di
ngsha
vet
obe
t
a
ke
nr
e
gul
a
r
l
y.
Me
r
c
ur
yi
sada
nge
r
ouspoi
s
on.
Ane
r
oi
dBa
r
ome
t
e
r







The
s
ea
r
epor
t
a
bl
ea
ndc
a
nbes
a
f
e
l
yus
e
da
thome
sa
nds
c
hool
sa
s
t
he
ydonotc
on
t
a
i
nme
r
c
ur
y.
The
ya
r
ema
deupofa
na
i
r
t
i
ghtme
t
a
lbox.
I
fpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
nc
r
e
a
s
e
st
heboxi
ss
qua
s
he
di
nwa
r
ds
.
Conve
r
s
e
l
yi
fpr
e
s
s
ur
ede
c
r
e
a
s
e
st
h
eboxe
xpa
ndsout
wa
r
ds
.
Ac
ompl
e
xs
e
r
i
e
sofs
pr
i
ngsi
sa
t
t
a
c
he
dt
ot
hebox.
Theot
he
re
ndoft
hes
pr
i
ngi
sc
onne
c
t
e
dt
oapoi
ntwhi
c
hha
sa
c
a
l
i
br
a
t
e
ddi
a
lont
heot
he
re
ndt
or
e
c
or
dt
heva
r
i
ouspr
e
s
s
ur
e
r
e
a
di
ngs
.
Thes
pr
i
nga
mpl
i
f
i
e
st
hee
xpa
ns
i
on
sa
ndc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
onsoft
heboxi
n
a
c
c
or
da
nc
et
oa
t
mos
phe
r
i
cpr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
Adva
nt
a
ge
s





I
ti
spor
t
a
bl
e
.
I
tc
a
nbes
a
f
e
l
yus
e
di
nt
hehomeora
ts
c
hools
i
nc
ei
tdoe
snotr
e
l
y
onme
r
c
ur
ywhi
c
hi
spoi
s
onous
.
I
ti
se
a
s
i
e
rt
or
e
a
ds
i
nc
ei
tc
ome
swi
t
hac
a
l
i
br
a
t
e
ddi
a
l
.
Ca
nma
kec
ont
i
nuousr
e
a
di
ngs
.
Ca
nbea
t
t
a
c
he
dt
oac
omput
e
rt
oma
kea
ut
oma
t
e
dc
ont
i
nuous
r
e
a
di
ngs
.
Di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s


I
ti
sl
e
s
sa
c
c
ur
a
t
e
.
Re
qui
r
e
sgr
e
a
ts
ki
l
la
nde
xpe
r
t
i
s
et
oma
ke
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Wi
nddi
r
e
c
t
i
ona
nds
pe
e
d.
Wi
ndi
st
hemove
me
ntofa
i
ra
c
r
os
st
hee
a
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
eduet
odi
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
i
npr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
t
we
e
nt
wor
e
g
i
ons
.Ai
rmo
ve
sf
r
omhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
gi
ons
t
ol
owpr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
gi
ons
.Thedi
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
si
npr
e
s
s
ur
ec
a
nbec
a
us
e
dby
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
lhe
a
t
i
ngo
ft
hee
a
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
eorbye
a
r
t
ha
nds
e
abr
e
e
z
e
s
.
Twoa
s
pe
c
t
sofwi
nda
r
eme
a
s
ur
e
da
twe
a
t
he
rs
t
a
t
i
ons
:
1.Wi
nddi
r
e
c
t
i
on
-t
hi
si
sdoneus
i
ngawi
ndwa
ne
t
her
e
dt
a
i
l
e
d
i
ns
t
r
ume
nti
nt
hepi
c
t
ur
ea
ndt
hei
n
f
or
ma
t
i
oni
spl
ot
t
e
dgi
ve
ni
n
t
e
r
msoft
hec
a
r
di
na
lpoi
nt
sofac
o
mpa
s
s
.
2.Wi
nds
pe
e
d-t
hi
si
sdo
neus
i
nga
nc
upa
ne
mome
t
e
ra
ndt
hes
pe
e
di
s
gi
ve
ni
nknot
sora
si
si
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ngl
ybe
c
omi
ngt
hec
a
s
ei
nkm/
hr
.
Poi
nt
sofac
ompa
s
s




Thef
ourpoi
nt
sN,
S,
Ea
ndW a
r
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
st
hec
a
r
di
na
lpoi
nt
s
.
Thea
ddi
t
i
ona
lf
ourpoi
nt
sSW,
SE,
NEa
ndNW a
r
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
s
t
hei
nt
e
r
c
a
r
di
na
loror
di
na
lpoi
nt
s
.
Thea
ddi
t
i
ona
lpoi
nt
se
.
g.SSW a
r
ec
a
l
l
e
dt
hes
e
c
onda
r
yi
nt
e
r
c
a
r
di
na
lpoi
nt
s
.
Wi
nddi
r
e
c
t
i
oni
st
ypi
c
a
l
l
ygi
ve
ni
nus
i
nge
i
t
he
rt
hec
a
r
di
na
lpoi
nt
s
ors
ome
t
i
me
si
nt
e
r
msoft
heor
di
n
a
lpoi
nt
s
.
Knot
s



Anot
ei
sas
pe
e
de
qua
lt
o1.
852Km/
hr
.
I
tus
e
dt
obet
h
emos
tpopul
a
runi
tt
ome
a
s
ur
ea
i
rs
pe
e
da
nd
ZI
MSECe
xa
mi
na
t
i
onsa
ndt
e
xt
boo
kss
t
i
l
lus
ei
t
.
I
tha
sl
a
r
ge
l
ybe
e
ns
upe
r
s
e
de
di
nmos
tr
e
por
t
sbyt
hemor
ef
a
mi
l
i
a
r
me
t
r
i
cuni
tkm/
hr
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Cl
ouds
Re
f
e
r
st
ot
hef
r
a
c
t
i
onoft
hes
kyobs
c
ur
e
dbyc
l
oudswhe
nobs
e
r
ve
df
r
om
apa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
rl
oc
a
t
i
on.Okt
ai
st
heus
ua
lun
i
tofme
a
s
ur
e
me
ntoft
hec
l
oud
c
ove
r
.Skyc
ondi
t
i
onsa
r
ee
s
t
i
ma
t
e
di
nt
e
r
msofhowma
nye
i
ght
hsoft
he
s
kya
r
ec
ove
r
e
di
nc
l
oud,r
a
ngi
ngf
r
om0okt
a
s(
c
ompl
e
t
e
l
yc
l
e
a
rs
ky
)
t
hr
ought
o8okt
a
s(
c
ompl
e
t
e
l
yove
r
c
a
s
t
)
.
Cl
oudc
ove
rs
ymbol
sa
ndme
a
s
ur
e
me
nt
s
.
Thedi
a
gr
a
ma
boves
howshowc
l
oudc
ove
rc
a
nbee
s
t
i
ma
t
e
d.Ane
y
e
obs
e
r
ve
rma
ke
st
hene
c
e
s
s
a
r
ye
s
t
i
ma
t
e
sa
tagi
ve
npoi
ntofme
a
s
ur
e
me
nt
.
3Dc
a
me
r
a
sa
ndc
omput
i
ngs
of
t
wa
r
ec
a
na
l
s
obeus
e
dt
oma
kemor
e
a
c
c
ur
a
t
ee
s
t
i
ma
t
e
sofc
l
oudc
ove
rnowa
d
a
ys
.
Cl
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
onofc
l
ouds
.
Cl
oud
sa
r
ec
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
da
c
c
or
di
ngt
ohe
i
ghta
ndf
or
mofa
ppe
a
r
a
nc
e
.The
r
e
a
r
ehi
ghl
e
ve
l
,mi
ddl
el
e
ve
la
ndl
owl
e
ve
lc
l
ouds
.Va
r
i
ousa
dj
e
c
t
i
ve
sa
r
e
us
e
dt
ode
not
ehe
i
ghta
ndf
o
r
m(
s
ha
pe
)
.
Hi
ghLe
ve
lc
l
ouds




Ci
r
r
oi
sl
a
t
i
nf
orhi
gh/
c
r
e
s
t
.
Thea
dj
e
c
t
i
ve
sa
r
eus
e
dt
ode
s
c
r
i
behi
ghl
e
ve
lc
l
ouds
.
I
ti
sus
e
df
orc
l
oudsf
oundbe
t
we
e
n6000mt
o12000m.
Exa
mpl
e
si
nc
l
udec
i
r
r
us
,c
i
r
r
os
t
a
t
usa
ndc
i
r
r
oc
umul
ousc
l
ouds
.
Mi
ddl
eLe
ve
lCl
ouds
.



Al
t
ome
a
nsmi
ddl
e
.
The
s
er
a
ngebe
t
we
e
n2100ma
nd6000m.
Exa
mpl
e
si
nc
l
udea
l
t
oc
umul
us
,a
l
t
os
t
r
a
t
usa
nds
t
r
a
t
oc
umul
ous
.
Lowl
e
ve
lc
l
ouds



Ni
mbusme
a
nswa
t
e
rbe
a
r
i
ng.
The
s
ea
r
ebe
l
ow2100
m.
Exa
mpl
e
si
nc
l
udec
umul
oni
mbus
,c
umul
ous
,ni
mbos
t
r
a
t
usa
nd
s
t
r
a
t
usc
l
ouds
.
NB.Somec
l
oudst
r
a
ns
ve
r
s
ea
l
lhe
i
ght
s
.The
s
ea
r
er
e
f
e
r
e
dt
oa
sc
l
ou
dsof
gr
e
a
t
ve
r
t
i
c
a
le
xt
e
ntf
ore
xa
mpl
ec
umul
oni
mbusc
l
ouds
.
Adj
e
c
t
i
ve
sus
e
dt
ode
s
c
r
i
bef
or
m.



Cumul
usme
a
nshe
a
pe
d.
St
r
a
t
usme
a
nsl
a
ye
r
e
d.
Ci
r
r
usme
a
nsc
ur
l
y.
Commont
ype
sofc
l
ouds
.
Common/
i
mpor
t
a
ntc
l
oudt
ype
s
.
Ci
r
r
us
.
Ci
r
r
usc
l
ouds
.





Wi
s
pywhi
t
ec
l
oudswi
t
haf
e
a
t
he
r
ya
ndpa
t
c
hyc
ove
r
.
Ha
veas
i
l
kys
he
e
na
ppe
a
r
a
nc
e
.
Ar
ec
ompos
e
dofi
c
ec
r
ys
t
a
l
s
.
The
yha
r
dl
ybl
oc
ks
un
l
i
ght
.
The
ygi
vet
hes
unar
e
dorye
l
l
owc
ol
ordur
i
ngs
uns
e
ta
nds
unr
i
s
e
.
Cumu
l
oni
mbus
Cumu
l
oni
mbusc
l
ou
ds




The
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
ya
nvi
ls
ha
pe
da
tt
het
op.
Ext
e
ndofgr
e
a
tve
r
t
i
c
a
ldi
s
t
a
nc
e
.
The
ya
r
ebl
a
c
korwhi
t
e
,he
a
pe
d.
Ar
ea
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
t
ht
or
r
e
nt
i
a
lr
a
i
nf
a
l
la
ndt
hunde
r
s
t
or
ms
.
Ni
mbos
t
r
a
t
usc
l
ouds
Ni
mbos
t
r
a
t
usc
l
ouds



The
ya
r
eda
r
kgr
e
y.
De
ns
e
,s
ha
pe
l
e
s
s
.
Ar
ea
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
t
hr
a
i
n.
Al
t
oc
umul
us
Al
t
oc
umul
usc
l
ouds
.



Whi
t
eorgr
e
ya
ndpa
t
c
he
d.
Ar
ema
deupofl
a
mi
na
e(
pl
a
t
e
s
)
Whe
nt
hes
unp
a
s
s
e
sove
rt
he
mt
he
yf
or
mac
or
ona
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Suns
hi
ne







I
tha
sagl
a
s
ss
phe
r
es
ur
r
ounde
dbyame
t
a
lf
r
a
me
.
Ont
hef
r
a
mei
sa
t
t
a
c
he
das
e
ns
i
t
i
vec
a
r
d.
Thes
phe
r
ef
oc
us
e
st
hes
un’
sr
a
ysont
ot
hec
a
r
d.
Ast
hes
unmove
sa
c
r
os
st
hes
kyi
tbur
nsat
r
a
c
eont
hec
a
r
d.
Att
hee
ndoft
heda
yt
hec
a
r
di
st
a
ke
nouta
ndt
hel
e
ngt
hi
s
me
a
s
ur
e
di
nhour
sa
ndmi
nut
e
s
.
The
r
ea
r
edi
gi
t
a
lve
r
s
i
onst
ha
tc
ont
i
nua
l
l
yr
e
c
or
dt
hea
mountof
s
unl
i
ght
.
Suns
hi
nei
si
mpor
t
a
ntf
orva
r
i
ousa
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
sf
ore
xa
mpl
es
ol
a
r
dr
yi
ngofc
r
opsors
ol
a
re
ne
r
gyge
n
e
r
a
t
i
on.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
s
Ai
rMa
s
s
e
s





Ana
i
rma
s
si
sal
a
r
gebodyofa
i
r
,
whos
epr
ope
r
t
i
e
s–t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
,
humi
di
t
y(
a
i
rmoi
s
t
ur
e
)a
ndl
a
ps
er
a
t
e–a
r
el
a
r
ge
l
yuni
f
or
m(
t
h
e
s
a
me
)ove
ra
na
r
e
as
e
ve
r
a
lhundr
e
dki
l
ome
t
e
r
sa
c
r
os
s
.
Ther
e
gi
onswhe
r
ea
i
rma
s
s
e
sf
or
ma
r
er
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sa
i
rma
s
s
s
our
c
er
e
gi
ons
.
Ana
i
rma
s
sa
c
qui
r
e
si
t
sdi
s
t
i
nc
t
i
vec
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
si
nas
our
c
e
r
e
gi
onwhe
r
et
he
r
ei
sal
a
r
gea
ndf
a
i
r
l
yuni
f
or
ms
ur
f
a
c
e
,e
i
t
he
r
wa
t
e
rorl
a
nd,ove
rwhi
c
ha
i
rr
e
ma
i
nsf
a
i
r
l
ys
t
a
gna
ntf
orape
r
i
odof
a
tl
e
a
s
taf
e
wda
ys
.
I
fa
i
rr
e
ma
i
nso
ve
ras
our
c
er
e
gi
onl
onge
nough,i
twi
l
la
c
qui
r
et
he
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
soft
hes
ur
f
a
c
ebe
l
owi
t
.
Exa
mpl
e
sofi
de
a
ls
our
c
er
e
gi
onsf
ora
i
rma
s
s
e
si
nc
l
udeSi
be
r
i
a
,













Oc
e
a
nsl
i
ket
heI
ndi
a
nOc
e
a
na
ndl
a
r
gede
s
e
r
t
sl
i
keSa
ha
r
a
.
Thea
i
rs
t
a
gna
t
e
st
of
or
mahi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
es
ys
t
e
m(
r
e
gi
on)
.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
sa
r
ec
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
da
c
c
or
di
ngt
ot
he
i
rt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ea
nd
moi
s
t
ur
ec
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
Thepr
ope
r
t
i
e
sofa
na
i
rma
s
st
ha
ti
ta
c
qui
r
e
sf
r
omt
hes
our
c
e
r
e
gi
onde
pe
ndonanumbe
roff
a
c
t
or
sf
ore
xa
mpl
et
het
i
meoft
he
ye
a
r(
s
umme
r
,wi
nt
e
r
,a
ut
umn)
,t
hena
t
ur
eoft
heunde
r
l
yi
ng
s
ur
f
a
c
e(
oc
e
a
n,l
a
ndo
rde
s
e
r
t
)
,a
ndt
hel
e
ngt
hoft
i
met
hea
i
rma
s
s
r
e
ma
i
nsove
ri
t
ss
our
c
er
e
gi
on.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
sa
r
egr
oupe
di
nt
of
ourc
a
t
e
gor
i
e
sba
s
e
dont
he
i
rs
our
c
e
r
e
gi
on.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
st
ha
tor
i
gi
n
a
t
ei
nt
hec
ol
d,pol
a
rr
e
gi
onsa
r
ede
s
i
gna
t
e
d
wi
t
hac
a
pi
t
a
l“
P”f
orpol
a
r
.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
st
ha
tor
i
gi
n
a
t
ei
nt
hewa
r
m,t
r
opi
c
a
lr
e
gi
onsa
r
e
de
s
i
gna
t
e
dwi
t
hac
a
pi
t
a
l“
T”f
ort
r
opi
c
a
l
.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
st
ha
tor
i
gi
n
a
t
eove
rl
a
ndwi
l
lbedr
ya
nda
r
ede
s
i
gna
t
e
d
wi
t
hal
owe
r
c
a
s
e“
c
”f
orc
ont
i
ne
nt
a
l
.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
st
ha
tor
i
gi
n
a
t
eove
rwa
t
e
rwi
l
lbemoi
s
ta
nda
r
e
de
s
i
gna
t
e
dwi
t
hal
owe
r
c
a
s
e“
m”f
o
rma
r
i
t
i
me
The
s
el
e
t
t
e
r
sa
r
ec
ombi
ne
dt
oi
ndi
c
a
t
et
het
ypeofa
i
rma
s
sf
or
e
xa
mpl
eTr
opi
c
a
lMa
r
i
t
i
me
,Tr
opi
c
a
lCont
i
ne
nt
a
le
t
c
.
I
nmovi
nga
wa
yf
r
omt
he
i
rs
our
c
er
e
gi
ons
,a
i
rma
s
s
e
swi
l
lbe
modi
f
i
e
dbyt
hes
ur
f
a
c
eove
rwhi
c
ht
he
ypa
s
sa
ndt
hust
he
i
rl
a
t
e
r
pr
ope
r
t
i
e
swi
l
lde
pe
ndnotonl
yont
he
i
rs
our
c
er
e
gi
onbuta
l
s
oon
t
hena
t
ur
eoft
hes
ur
f
a
c
et
he
ypa
s
sove
ra
ndt
he
i
ra
ges
i
nc
ebe
i
ng
f
or
me
d.
Thes
out
he
r
np
ol
ei
sc
ompl
e
t
e
l
ys
u
r
r
ounde
dbyt
heAnt
a
r
c
t
i
ca
nd
t
he
r
e
f
or
et
het
wo(
pol
ea
ndAnt
a
r
c
t
i
c
)a
r
et
r
e
a
t
e
da
soneor
i
gi
n.
Twoma
j
ora
i
rma
s
s
e
sr
e
a
c
hZi
mba
bwei
.
epol
a
rma
r
i
t
i
mea
nd
t
r
opi
c
a
lma
r
i
t
i
me
.
Thet
r
opi
c
a
lc
o
nt
i
ne
nt
a
la
i
rma
s
si
sr
e
s
i
de
ntt
oZi
mba
bwe
.
Type
sofa
i
rma
s
s
e
s
Af
r
i
cai
saf
f
ect
edal
mostexcl
usi
vel
ybyt
r
opi
calandequat
or
i
alai
r
masses,
wi
t
ht
r
opi
calcont
i
nent
al
(
cT)ai
rmassesdomi
nanti
nt
he
nor
t
her
nt
hi
r
doft
hecont
i
nentandi
not
hersmal
l
erpat
ches,
t
r
opi
calmar
i
t
i
me(
mT)andequat
or
i
al(
E)ai
rmassesmost
i
nf
l
uent
i
ali
ncoast
alandequat
or
i
alAf
r
i
ca
1)Tr
opi
c
a
lc
ont
i
ne
nt
a
l



Or
i
gi
na
t
eove
rNor
t
hAf
r
i
c
aa
ndt
h
eSa
ha
r
ade
s
e
r
t
.
Cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
yhota
ndve
r
ydr
y.
Ve
r
yuns
t
a
bl
e
,ye
tc
l
e
a
rc
ondi
t
i
onspr
e
domi
na
t
eduet
oal
a
c
ko
f
wa
t
e
rva
por
.
2.Tr
opi
c
a
lMa
r
i
t
i
me


For
move
rl
owl
a
t
i
t
udeoc
e
a
nsa
nda
ss
uc
ha
r
eve
r
ywa
r
m,humi
d,
a
nduns
t
a
bl
e
.
Thet
r
opi
c
a
lma
r
i
t
i
mea
i
rma
s
st
ha
tr
e
a
c
he
sZi
mba
bwei
st
heNE
t
r
a
de
sor
i
gi
na
t
i
ngf
r
omt
henor
t
he
r
nhe
mi
s
phe
r
es
ubt
r
opi
c
a
l
a
nt
i
c
yc
l
oneus
ua
l
l
yc
e
nt
e
r
e
dove
rc
e
nt
r
a
lI
ndi
a
noc
e
a
n(
ove
rt
he
e
qua
t
or
)
.
3.Pol
a
rma
r
i
t
i
me




TheSEt
r
a
de
sor
i
gi
na
t
i
ngf
r
omt
hes
out
he
r
nhe
mi
s
phe
r
e
s
ubt
r
opi
c
a
la
nt
i
c
yc
l
oni
cc
e
l
l
sa
ndwhos
ef
e
t
c
hbe
gi
nsf
r
om
Ant
a
r
c
t
i
c
,c
ons
t
i
t
ut
et
hepol
a
rma
r
i
t
i
mea
i
rma
s
s
.
TheSout
hEa
s
t
e
r
l
yt
r
a
dewi
ndsa
r
eawi
nt
e
rf
e
a
t
ur
ei
nZi
mba
b
we
.
The
ya
r
ec
ool
e
ra
ndmoi
s
t
e
rt
ha
nt
h
er
e
s
i
de
ntt
r
opi
c
a
lc
ont
i
ne
nt
a
l
a
i
rdur
i
ngwi
nt
e
r
.
Whe
nt
he
ypr
e
va
i
love
rt
hec
ount
r
ydur
i
ngt
hes
umme
rs
e
a
s
on
,
t
he
ys
t
i
l
lr
e
ma
i
nc
ool
e
rbuta
r
edr
i
e
rt
ha
nt
hel
oc
a
la
i
r
.
Ai
rma
s
s
e
sa
f
f
e
c
t
i
ngZi
mba
bwe
1.Sout
hEa
s
tTr
a
deWi
nds




a
r
ec
oolmoi
s
tpr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
ndswhi
c
hbl
owt
hr
oughoutt
heye
a
r
.
The
ya
r
eus
ua
l
l
ya
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
t
hc
ont
i
nuousl
i
ghts
howe
r
sa
nd
dr
i
z
z
l
ee
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yonwi
ndwa
r
ds
l
ope
s
.
The
yof
t
e
ngi
ver
i
s
et
ogut
ic
ondi
t
i
onsi
mme
di
a
t
e
l
ya
f
t
e
rt
her
a
i
ny
s
e
a
s
on.
Whe
nt
he
ybl
ows
t
r
ongl
yf
r
omt
hes
out
he
a
s
tt
he
yof
t
e
ngi
vec
l
e
a
r
we
a
t
he
ri
ns
umme
ra
ndc
l
oudywe
a
t
he
ri
nwi
nt
e
r
.
2.Za
i
r
eAi
r(Nor
t
hWe
s
tMons
oons
)



The
s
eonl
ybl
o
wi
ns
u
mme
r
.
The
ya
r
ea
c
t
ua
l
l
yt
her
e
c
ur
ve
dSo
ut
hEa
s
tt
r
a
de
swhi
c
hupon
a
ppr
oa
c
hi
ngAngol
age
tdr
a
wni
nt
oZi
mba
bwevi
aDRCbyt
he
i
nt
e
ns
el
owpr
e
s
s
ur
eoft
heI
TCZ.
The
ybr
i
ngal
otr
a
i
nt
oZi
mba
bwea
ndCe
nt
r
a
lAf
r
i
c
aa
st
he
y
c
ol
l
e
c
tmoi
s
t
ur
ef
r
ombott
heAt
l
a
nt
i
cOc
e
a
na
ndt
heCongor
a
i
n
f
or
e
s
t
.
3.Nor
t
hEa
s
tMons
oons


Onl
ybl
owi
nt
hes
umme
ra
ndc
a
us
er
a
i
nt
of
a
l
li
nt
heNor
t
he
r
n
pa
r
t
sofZi
mba
bwee
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
yi
nl
a
t
eDe
c
e
mbe
rt
oe
a
r
l
yJ
a
nua
r
y.
The
ya
r
enota
smoi
s
ta
st
heNor
t
hWe
s
tMons
oons
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Pr
e
s
s
ur
e
Pr
e
s
s
ur
e



Ai
rha
swe
i
ghta
ndt
he
r
e
f
or
ee
xe
r
t
spr
e
s
s
ur
e
,c
a
l
l
e
da
t
mos
phe
r
i
c
pr
e
s
s
ur
eont
ot
hee
a
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
e
.
Thepr
e
s
s
ur
ei
snott
hes
a
mef
ora
l
lr
e
gi
onsnori
si
tt
hes
a
mef
or
a
nyoner
e
gi
ona
l
lt
het
i
met
ha
ti
sp
r
e
s
s
ur
ei
shi
ghe
rf
oronepa
r
tof
t
heye
a
rt
ha
not
he
rt
i
me
soft
heye
a
r
.
At
mos
phe
r
i
cpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
sa
f
f
e
c
t
e
dby:a
l
t
i
t
ude
,t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ea
ndt
he
e
a
r
t
h’
sr
ot
a
t
i
on.
Al
t
i
t
ude







Al
t
i
t
uder
e
f
e
r
st
ohe
i
g
hta
boves
e
al
e
ve
l
.
Ai
rpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
shi
ghe
ra
ts
e
al
e
ve
lt
ha
ni
ti
sa
tt
het
opofamou
nt
a
i
n.
Thi
si
sbe
c
a
us
ea
ts
e
al
e
ve
la
i
rha
st
os
uppor
tgr
e
a
t
e
rwe
i
ghtofa
i
r
t
ha
na
i
ra
tt
het
opoft
hemount
a
i
n.
Themol
e
c
ul
e
sofa
i
ra
ts
e
al
e
ve
lpus
hout
wa
r
dswi
t
haf
or
c
ee
q
ua
l
t
ot
ha
te
xe
r
t
e
dbyt
hea
i
ra
bovei
twhe
r
e
a
sa
i
ra
tt
het
opofa
mount
a
i
npus
h
e
sout
wa
r
dswi
t
hmuc
hl
e
s
sf
or
c
ebe
c
a
us
et
he
we
i
ghtoft
hea
i
rbovei
ti
sl
e
s
s
.
Thi
se
xpl
a
i
nswhya
i
rpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
nc
r
e
a
s
e
swhe
na
i
rde
s
c
e
nds
.
Whe
na
i
rde
s
c
e
ndsi
t
svol
umede
c
r
e
a
s
e
sbutt
henumbe
rof
mol
e
c
ul
e
sr
e
ma
i
nt
hes
a
mei
nnumbe
rr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nmor
emol
e
c
ul
e
s
oc
c
upyi
ngas
ma
l
l
e
rv
ol
ume
.
Conve
r
s
e
l
ywhe
na
i
rr
i
s
e
si
t
svol
umei
nc
r
e
a
s
e
sa
ndi
t
sout
wa
r
d
f
or
c
ei
ss
pr
e
a
dove
ral
a
r
ge
ra
r
e
at
h
usi
t
spr
e
s
s
ur
ede
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
Te
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e






Thet
e
mpe
r
a
t
u
r
eofa
i
rr
i
s
e
swhe
ni
t
spr
e
s
s
ur
er
i
s
e
s
.
Thet
e
mpe
r
a
t
u
r
eofa
i
rf
a
l
l
swhe
ni
t
spr
e
s
s
ur
ef
a
l
l
s
.
Thepr
e
s
s
ur
eofa
i
rf
a
l
l
swhe
ni
t
st
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
er
i
s
e
s
.
Thepr
e
s
s
ur
eofa
i
rr
i
s
e
swhe
ni
t
st
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ef
a
l
l
s
.
I
fonl
yt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ea
f
f
e
c
t
e
dpr
e
s
s
ur
et
he
r
ewoul
dbeabe
l
tofl
ow
pr
e
s
s
ur
ea
r
oundt
hee
a
r
t
ha
tt
hee
qu
a
t
or
,t
wobe
l
t
sofhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
e
oneove
rbot
ht
heNor
t
ha
ndSout
hPol
e
s
.
Be
c
a
us
ea
l
lbe
c
a
us
ea
l
t
i
t
udea
ndt
h
ee
a
r
t
h’
sr
ot
a
t
i
ona
l
s
oa
f
f
e
c
t
pr
e
s
s
ur
et
her
e
s
ul
t
i
ngpa
t
t
e
r
ni
snota
ss
i
mpl
ea
st
hi
s
.
Thei
nf
l
ue
nc
eoft
hee
a
r
t
h’
sr
ot
a
t
i
ononp
r
e
s
s
ur
e
.



Ther
ot
a
t
i
onoft
hee
a
r
t
hc
a
us
e
st
hea
i
ra
tt
hepol
e
st
obe“
t
hr
own”
a
wa
yt
owa
r
dst
hee
qua
t
or
.
I
nt
he
or
yt
hi
swoul
dr
e
s
ul
ti
na
i
rpi
l
i
nga
tt
hee
qua
t
orc
r
e
a
t
i
nga
r
e
gi
onofHi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
tt
hee
qua
t
or
.
Ther
e
a
l
i
t
yi
smuc
hmor
ec
ompl
i
c
a
t
e
da
sot
he
rf
a
c
t
or
sl
i
ke
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ea
l
s
oa
f
f
e
c
tpr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
Pr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
s








Lowt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sa
tt
hepol
e
sc
a
us
et
hea
i
rt
oc
ont
r
a
c
ta
ndhi
g
h
pr
e
s
s
ur
ede
ve
l
opsa
sar
e
s
ul
t
.
Hi
ght
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sa
l
ongt
hee
qua
t
orc
a
us
et
hea
i
rt
oe
xpa
nda
nd
l
owpr
e
s
s
ur
e
,c
a
l
l
e
dt
hedol
dr
uml
owpr
e
s
s
ur
e(
t
heI
TCZ)
,
de
ve
l
ops
.
Ai
rbl
owi
nga
wa
yf
r
omt
hepol
e
sc
r
os
s
e
spa
r
a
l
l
e
l
sa
ndc
r
e
a
t
e
sl
ow
pr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
sa
l
ong60°
Na
nd60°
S.
Asa
i
rmove
si
nf
r
omt
hepol
e
smor
ea
i
rmove
si
nf
r
omhi
ghe
r
l
e
ve
l
st
ot
a
kei
t
spl
a
c
e
.
Someoft
hi
sc
ome
sf
r
omt
her
i
s
i
ngl
owpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
i
ra
l
ong60°
S
a
nd60°
N.
Ai
rr
i
s
i
nga
tt
hee
qua
t
ors
pr
e
a
dsou
ta
ndmove
st
owa
r
dst
hep
ol
e
s
.
Asi
tdoe
ss
oi
tc
r
os
s
e
spa
r
a
l
l
e
l
st
ha
ta
r
ege
t
t
i
ngs
hor
t
e
ra
ndha
st
o
oc
c
upyl
e
s
ss
pa
c
er
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
na
ni
n
c
r
e
a
s
ei
npr
e
s
s
ur
ea
si
tc
on
t
r
a
c
t
s
.
Thi
sha
ppe
nsne
a
r30°
Na
nd30°
Sa
ndt
hea
i
rbe
gi
nst
os
i
nkwhe
r
e
i
tbui
l
dsups
ubt
r
opi
c
a
lhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
sc
a
l
l
e
dhor
s
el
a
t
i
t
ude
s
.








Someoft
heHi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
i
ri
nl
a
t
i
t
ude
s30°
Na
nd30°
Smove
s
ove
rt
hes
ur
f
a
c
et
owa
r
dst
hee
qua
t
ora
nds
omeofi
tt
owa
r
dst
h
e
pol
e
s
.
Thea
i
rt
ha
tmove
st
owa
r
dst
hee
qu
a
t
orr
e
pl
a
c
e
st
hea
i
rt
ha
tr
i
s
e
s
t
he
r
e
.
Thea
i
rmovi
ngt
owa
r
dst
hepol
e
sr
e
a
c
he
sl
a
t
i
t
ude
s60°
Na
nd60°
S
whe
r
ei
tr
e
pl
a
c
e
st
hea
i
rt
ha
tr
i
s
e
st
he
r
e
.
Wi
ndsbl
owove
rt
hes
ur
f
a
c
ebl
owf
r
omhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
et
ol
ow
pr
e
s
s
ur
ea
r
e
a
s
.
Athi
ghl
e
ve
l
sbl
owf
r
oml
owpr
e
s
s
ur
es
ys
t
e
mst
ohi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
e
s
ys
t
e
ms
.
I
ne
a
c
hhe
mi
s
phe
r
et
he
r
ea
r
et
hr
e
epr
e
s
s
ur
es
ys
t
e
ms
:Pol
a
rHi
gh
Pr
e
s
s
ur
e
,Te
mpe
r
a
t
eLowpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
ndSubTr
opi
c
a
lHi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
e
a
ndi
nt
hemi
ds
tofbot
hpol
e
si
st
h
eEqua
t
or
i
a
lLowpr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
Thi
si
sa
l
la
s
s
umi
ngt
hee
a
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
ewa
sf
l
a
ta
nduni
f
or
mi
.
e
.i
f
t
hee
a
r
t
hwa
sa
ni
s
ot
r
opi
cpl
a
ne
.
Se
et
hedi
a
gr
a
mbe
l
owf
oras
i
mpl
i
f
i
e
dvi
e
woft
hee
a
r
t
h’
sma
j
or
pr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
s
.
Ac
t
ua
lpr
e
s
s
ur
es
ys
t
e
ms


Thee
a
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
e
si
snotuni
f
or
m:t
he
r
ea
r
ewa
t
e
ra
ndl
a
nd
ma
s
s
e
sofdi
f
f
e
r
e
nts
ha
pe
sa
nds
i
z
e
s
.
Thee
a
r
t
h’
si
sa
l
s
ot
i
l
t
e
da
ta
nof66.
5de
gr
e
e
sa
ndt
hee
a
r
t
ha
nd
l
a
ndma
s
s
e
sa
r
ehe
a
t
e
da
ndc
oola
tdi
f
f
e
r
e
ntr
a
t
e
s
.
Pr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
sa
ndwi
nds







Thee
a
r
t
h’
s(
pl
a
ne
t
a
r
y)wi
nds
ys
t
e
msa
r
ec
a
us
e
da
ndc
ont
r
ol
l
e
dby
t
hema
j
orpr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
sout
l
i
ne
da
b
ove
.
Thepr
e
s
s
ur
epa
t
t
e
r
nsa
ndwi
ndsa
r
es
howni
nt
het
wodi
a
gr
a
ms
be
l
ow.
The
s
epa
t
t
e
r
nsi
npr
e
s
s
ur
ea
ndwi
ndsc
ha
nges
e
a
s
ona
l
l
ya
c
c
or
di
ng
t
oc
ha
nge
si
nt
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
.
Duet
ot
her
ot
a
t
i
onoft
hee
a
r
t
hwi
ndsa
r
ede
f
l
e
c
t
e
dt
ot
her
i
ghti
n
t
henor
t
he
r
nhe
mi
s
phe
r
ea
ndt
ot
hel
e
f
ti
nt
hes
out
he
r
nhe
mi
s
phe
r
e
.
Pl
a
ne
t
a
r
ywi
ndsa
r
es
ome
t
i
me
sknowna
spr
e
va
i
l
i
ngwi
ndsbe
c
a
us
e
t
he
ybl
owmor
ef
r
e
que
nt
l
yt
ha
nmos
twi
nds
.
Wi
ndsa
r
ena
me
da
f
t
e
rt
hedi
r
e
c
t
i
onwhi
c
ht
he
ybl
ow.
The
r
ea
r
e3ma
j
orwi
nds
ys
t
e
msi
ne
a
c
hhe
mi
s
phe
r
e
:

I
nt
heNor
t
he
r
nHe
mi
s
phe
r
e
:
1.Nor
t
hEa
s
tPol
a
rwi
nd
s
:bl
owf
r
omt
hepol
a
rhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
et
owa
r
ds
t
het
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
el
owpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
nl
a
t
i
t
ude60°
N(
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
el
ow)
.
2.Sout
hWe
s
tWi
nds
:bl
owf
r
omt
hes
ubt
r
opi
c
a
lhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
e
r
e
gi
onsi
nl
a
t
i
t
ude30°
Nt
owa
r
dst
h
et
e
mpe
r
a
t
el
owpr
e
s
s
ur
ez
o
ne
.
3.Nor
t
hEa
s
tTr
a
deWi
nds
:bl
owf
r
omt
hes
ubt
r
opi
c
a
lhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
e
t
owa
r
dst
hedol
dr
umsa
l
ongt
hee
qua
t
or
.

I
nt
heSout
he
r
nHe
mi
s
phe
r
e
:
1.Sout
hEa
s
tPol
a
rwi
nds
:bl
owf
r
omt
hepol
a
rhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
et
owa
r
ds
t
hel
owt
e
mpe
r
a
t
epr
e
s
s
ur
er
e
gi
onsi
nl
a
t
i
t
ude60°
S.
2.Nor
t
hEa
s
tWi
nds
:bl
owf
r
omt
hes
ubt
r
opi
c
a
lhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
ei
n
l
a
t
i
t
ude30°
St
o
wa
r
dst
het
e
mpe
r
a
t
el
owpr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
3.Sout
hEa
s
tTr
a
deWi
nds
:bl
owf
r
omt
hes
ubt
r
opi
c
a
lhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
e
r
e
gi
onst
owa
r
dst
hedol
dr
ums
.
Pr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
si
ndi
a
gr
a
ms
Pr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
sa
nda
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
ndpa
t
t
e
r
nsi
fwi
t
hout
’
st
hee
a
r
t
h’
s
r
ot
a
t
i
ona
lde
f
l
e
c
t
i
on.
Thee
a
r
t
h’
spr
e
s
s
ur
ebe
l
t
sa
nda
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
dwi
ndpa
t
t
e
r
nswhe
nt
hee
a
r
t
h’
s
r
ot
a
t
i
ona
lde
f
l
e
c
t
i
oni
st
a
ke
ni
nt
oa
c
c
ount
.
Condi
t
i
ons
Nove
mbe
rt
oMa
r
c
h






Hi
ght
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
soc
c
urove
rc
e
nt
r
a
la
nds
out
he
r
nAf
r
i
c
a
.
Thi
sr
e
s
ul
t
si
nl
owpr
e
s
s
ur
ede
ve
l
opi
ngove
rt
hi
spa
r
toft
he
c
ont
i
ne
nt
.
Att
hes
a
met
i
met
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sa
r
el
owe
rove
rt
heSout
hAt
l
a
nt
i
c
a
ndI
ndi
a
nOc
e
a
nsa
ndpr
e
s
s
ur
eove
rt
he
s
eoc
e
a
nsi
sr
e
l
a
t
i
ve
l
yhi
gh.
Nor
t
hAf
r
i
c
ai
smuc
hc
ool
e
rt
ha
nt
her
e
s
tofAf
r
i
c
aa
ndhi
gh
pr
e
s
s
ur
et
he
r
e
f
or
ede
v
e
l
ops
.
Wi
ndsbl
owoutf
r
omt
het
r
opi
c
a
lc
ont
i
ne
nt
a
lhi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
r
r
ma
s
sove
rnor
t
he
r
nAf
r
i
c
a
.
Someoft
he
s
ewi
ndsbl
owt
owa
r
dst
hel
owpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
r
e
at
ot
he
s
out
h.







Thewi
ndsbl
owf
r
omt
henor
t
he
a
s
tove
rWe
s
tAf
r
i
c
a
.
Be
c
a
us
et
he
yor
i
gi
na
t
ef
r
omt
hede
s
e
r
tt
hewi
ndsa
r
edr
ya
nddus
t
y.
The
ya
r
ec
a
l
l
e
dha
r
ma
t
t
a
nwi
nds
.
The
ya
r
epr
e
ve
nt
e
df
r
omgoi
ngf
ur
t
he
rs
out
hbywi
ndsbl
owi
ng
f
or
mt
heSout
hAt
l
a
nt
i
cOc
e
a
n.
TheNor
t
hEa
s
tTr
a
deWi
ndsa
f
f
e
c
tt
hee
a
s
tc
os
tofAf
r
i
c
a,whi
l
e
t
heSout
hEa
s
tt
r
a
dewi
ndsope
r
a
t
ea
l
ongt
heSout
hEa
s
tc
oa
s
t
.
Bot
hwi
ndsma
kef
ort
hel
owpr
e
s
s
ur
eove
rCe
nt
r
a
lAf
r
i
c
a
.
Dur
i
ngt
hi
spe
r
i
od,s
out
hwe
s
twi
ndsbl
owa
c
r
os
st
hes
out
hwe
s
t
t
i
poft
hec
ont
i
ne
nt
.
Condi
t
i
onsf
r
omMa
yt
oSe
pt
e
mbe
r
.







Hi
ght
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e
sove
rnor
t
he
r
nAf
r
i
c
agi
ver
i
s
et
ot
he
de
ve
l
opme
ntofal
owpr
e
s
s
ur
es
ys
t
e
m.
Hi
ghpr
e
s
s
ur
el
i
e
sove
rs
out
he
r
nAf
r
i
c
aa
ndove
rt
heI
ndi
a
nOc
e
a
n
t
ot
hee
a
s
t
.
Wi
ndsbl
owf
r
omt
het
r
opi
c
a
lma
r
i
t
i
mea
i
rma
s
sove
rt
heSout
h
At
l
a
nt
i
cOc
e
a
n,t
owa
r
dst
hec
ont
i
n
e
nt
a
ll
owpr
e
s
s
ur
ea
i
rma
s
sove
r
t
heSa
ha
r
a
.
The
s
ewi
ndss
t
a
r
ta
sSout
hEa
s
tt
r
a
dewi
ndsbuta
st
he
ymove
nor
t
hoft
hee
qua
t
ort
he
ya
r
edr
a
wna
c
r
os
st
hec
oa
s
tofWe
s
tAf
r
i
c
a
t
owa
r
dst
heSa
ha
r
al
owpr
e
s
s
ur
e
.
The
ynowbl
owf
r
omt
hes
out
hwe
s
ta
ndbe
c
omet
hes
out
hwe
s
t
mons
oona
lwi
nds
.
The
ya
r
ewa
r
ma
ndmoi
s
t
.
Dur
i
ngt
hi
spe
r
i
oda
r
e
a
sSout
hoft
heSa
ha
r
aa
r
ewa
r
ma
nddr
y.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Ra
i
nf
a
l
l
.







Ra
i
nf
a
l
li
sj
us
tonef
or
mofpr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
on.
Pr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
onoc
c
ur
swhe
nwa
r
mmoi
s
ta
i
rr
i
s
e
sori
sf
or
c
e
dt
or
i
s
e
.
Wa
t
e
rva
pori
nt
hea
i
rpa
r
c
e
lc
ool
sa
ndc
onde
ns
e
st
of
or
mc
l
ouds
.
Thi
si
sbe
c
a
us
et
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
ef
a
l
l
swi
t
hi
nc
r
e
a
s
ei
na
l
t
i
t
ude
.
Whe
nc
onde
ns
a
t
i
onoc
c
ur
si
tpr
oduc
e
smi
nut
edr
opl
e
t
sofl
e
s
st
ha
n
0.
05mmi
ndi
a
me
t
e
r
.
Whe
nt
he
s
edr
opl
e
t
sj
oi
nt
oge
t
he
ra
ndgr
owt
of
a
l
loft
he
i
rown
we
i
ghti
ti
sc
a
l
l
e
dr
a
i
n.
The
r
ea
r
eot
he
rf
or
msofpr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
onbe
s
i
de
sr
a
i
ns
uc
ha
ss
l
e
e
t
,
ha
i
l
,de
w,hoa
rf
r
os
t
,f
oga
ndr
i
mea
nds
now.
Type
sofr
a
i
n

The
r
ea
r
eva
r
i
oust
ype
sofr
a
i
nde
pe
di
ngonhowt
hea
i
rr
i
s
e
s
/i
s
f
or
c
e
dt
or
i
s
et
he
s
ea
r
e
:
Fr
ont
a
l
/
Cyc
l
oni
c
Oc
c
ur
sa
l
ongf
r
ont
swhe
na
i
re
.
gS.
We
s
t
e
r
nCa
pei
nSout
hAf
r
i
c
a
.
Re
l
i
e
f
/
Or
ogr
a
phi
c
Oc
c
ur
swhe
nwa
r
ma
i
ri
sf
or
c
e
dt
or
i
s
ebymount
a
i
ns
.
Conve
c
t
i
ona
l
Oc
c
ur
swhe
nt
hea
i
ra
dj
a
c
e
ntt
oa
ne
xc
e
s
s
i
ve
l
yhe
a
t
e
dgr
oundr
i
s
e
s
.
Conve
r
ge
nc
e
Oc
c
ur
sa
l
ongt
heI
TCZ.
Ot
he
rt
ype
sofpr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
on
1.Sl
e
e
t


Ami
xt
ur
eofs
nowa
ndr
a
i
n.
Us
ua
l
l
yf
or
me
dbys
nowme
l
t
i
nga
si
tf
a
l
l
s
.
2.Ha
i
l



As
ol
i
df
or
mofpr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
on.
I
tc
ons
i
s
t
sofba
l
l
sofi
r
r
e
gul
a
rl
umpsofi
c
ef
a
l
l
i
ngf
r
omt
hes
k
y
e
a
c
hofwhi
c
hi
sc
a
l
l
e
daha
i
l
s
t
one
.
Whe
nl
a
r
gec
hunksofi
c
ef
a
l
l
i
ngf
r
omt
hes
kyi
ti
sr
e
f
e
r
r
e
dt
oa
sa
ha
i
l
s
t
or
m.
3.De
w



De
wi
st
hes
ma
l
ldr
opl
e
t
sofwa
t
e
rt
ha
ta
ppe
a
ronobj
e
c
t
ss
uc
ha
s
l
e
a
ve
sorgr
a
s
si
nt
hemor
ni
ngore
ve
ni
ngduet
opr
oc
e
s
s
e
sof
c
onde
ns
a
t
i
on.
De
wf
or
mswh
e
nt
het
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
eofas
ur
f
a
c
ec
ool
sdownt
oa
t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
et
h
a
ti
sc
ool
e
rt
ha
nt
hede
wpoi
ntoft
hea
i
rne
xtt
oi
t
.
Thet
e
mpe
r
a
t
u
r
ea
twhi
c
hdr
opl
e
t
sf
or
mi
sc
a
l
l
e
dt
hede
wpoi
nt
.
4.Hoa
rFr
os
t


Fr
os
ti
st
hec
oa
t
i
ngorde
pos
i
tofi
c
et
ha
tma
yf
or
mi
nhumi
da
i
ri
n
c
ol
dc
ondi
t
i
ons
,us
ua
l
l
yove
r
ni
ght
.
I
sc
ommoni
npl
a
c
e
sl
i
keNya
nga
,
Ma
r
onde
r
aa
nds
omepa
r
t
so
f
Ha
r
a
r
ei
nwi
nt
e
r
.
5.Fog/
Mi
s
t



I
ti
savi
s
i
bl
ema
s
sc
ons
i
s
t
i
ngofc
l
oudwa
t
e
rdr
opl
e
t
sori
c
ec
r
ys
t
a
l
s
s
us
pe
nde
di
nt
hea
i
ra
torne
a
rt
heEa
r
t
h’
ss
ur
f
a
c
e
.
Fogc
a
nbec
ons
i
de
r
e
dat
ypeofl
owl
yi
ngc
l
oud,a
ndi
she
a
vi
l
y
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
dbyne
a
r
bybodi
e
sofwa
t
e
r
,t
opogr
a
phy,wi
ndc
ondi
t
i
ons
,
a
nde
ve
nhuma
na
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
.
Fogr
e
duc
e
svi
s
i
bi
l
i
t
yt
ol
e
s
st
ha
n1kmwhi
l
ei
nami
s
tvi
s
i
bi
l
i
t
yi
s
r
e
duc
e
dt
obe
t
we
e
n1a
nd2km.
6.Ri
me


i
sawhi
t
ei
c
et
ha
tf
or
mswhe
nt
hewa
t
e
rdr
opl
e
t
si
nf
ogf
r
e
e
z
et
o
t
heout
e
rs
ur
f
a
c
e
sofobj
e
c
t
s
.
Of
t
e
ns
e
e
nont
r
e
e
s
.
7.Snow


i
spr
e
c
i
pi
t
a
t
i
oni
nt
hef
or
moff
l
a
ke
sofi
c
epa
r
t
i
c
l
e
st
ha
tf
a
l
lf
r
om
t
hec
l
ouds
.
Snowdoe
snotoc
c
uri
nZi
mba
bwea
l
t
houghi
ti
sc
ommoni
n
c
ount
r
i
e
sl
i
ket
heUKdur
i
ngwi
nt
e
r
.
8.Dr
i
z
z
l
e


Ve
r
yf
i
ner
a
i
n.
Us
ua
l
l
yf
a
l
l
sf
r
oml
a
ye
r
sofc
l
oudt
ha
tha
veve
r
yl
i
mi
t
e
dve
r
t
i
c
a
l
de
ve
l
opme
nte
.
gs
t
r
a
t
usc
l
ouds
.
ZI
MSECOLe
ve
lGe
ogr
a
phyNot
e
s
:Re
l
i
e
fr
a
i
nf
a
l
l

Re
s
ul
t
swhe
nne
a
rs
a
t
ur
a
t
e
d,wa
r
mma
r
i
t
i
mea
i
ri
sf
or
c
e
dt
or
i
s
eby
ac
oa
s
t
a
lmount
a
i
nba
r
r
i
e
r
.
Mount
a
i
nsr
e
duc
et
hewa
t
e
rhol
di
ngc
a
pa
c
i
t
yoft
her
i
s
i
nga
i
rb
y
e
nf
or
c
e
dc
ool
i
ng.
I
nZi
mba
bwei
tmos
t
l
yoc
c
ur
si
nt
heEa
s
t
e
r
nHi
ghl
a
ndsi
na
r
e
a
s
l
i
keChi
ma
ni
ma
ni
,Ho
ndeVa
l
l
e
ya
ndNya
nga
.
Wa
r
mSout
hEa
s
tTr
a
de
spi
c
kupmoi
s
tf
r
omt
heI
ndi
a
nOc
e
a
n.
The
ye
nc
ount
e
raba
r
r
i
e
rmount
a
i
nt
ha
ti
spa
r
a
l
l
e
lt
ot
hec
oa
s
t
l
i
ne
f
ore
xa
mpl
eMtI
nya
nga
nia
ndt
heChi
ma
ni
ma
niMount
a
i
ns
.
TheSETr
a
de
sa
r
ef
or
c
e
dt
or
i
s
ebyt
hemount
a
i
n,c
oola
nd
c
onde
ns
ea
ndr
a
i
noc
c
ur
sont
heSout
hEa
s
t
e
r
ns
l
ope
sort
he
wi
ndwa
r
ds
l
ope
soft
hemount
a
i
n.
Ont
hel
e
e
wa
r
ds
i
deoft
hemount
a
i
ni
ti
sdr
y.
Thede
s
c
e
ndi
ngSEt
r
a
de
sa
r
edr
ya
ndwa
r
mr
e
s
ul
t
i
ngi
nl
i
t
t
l
et
ono
r
a
i
nf
a
l
l
.
Thel
e
e
wa
r
ds
i
dei
ss
ome
t
i
me
sknowna
sar
a
i
ns
ha
dowa
r
e
a
.
Exa
mpl
e
si
nc
l
udeSa
veva
l
l
e
ya
ndMa
r
a
ngea
r
e
a
.
Re
l
i
e
fr
a
i
nf
a
l
loc
c
ur
si
na
l
la
l
t
i
t
ude
s

Mos
toft
her
a
i
noc
c
ur
sont
heEa
s
ts
i
deoft
hes
l
ope
.








