MODULE 1
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Introduction to Data Management
Data management encompasses a variety of
different techniques that facilitate and ensure
data control and flow from creation to
processing, utilization and deletion. The data
management process includes a combination of
different functions that collectively aim to make
sure that the data in corporate systems is
accurate, available and accessible. Most of the
required work is done by IT and data
management teams, but business users typically
also participate in some parts of the process to
ensure that the data meets their needs and to
get them on board with policies governing its
use.
A significant part of using Excel to its full
potential is knowing the art of data
management. This includes everything from
knowing how to set up your worksheets to
managing data entry to good maintenance
practices. Here are several tips to good data
management that will help you get more out of
your data and manage it well over time.
Lesson 1: When to use Excel
As a spreadsheet program, Excel can store large
amounts of data in workbooks that contain one
or more worksheets. However, instead of serving
as a database management system, such as Excel
is optimized for data analysis and calculation.
You can use this flexible program to build models
for analyzing data, write simple and complex
formulas to perform calculation on that data,
pivot the data any way that you want, and
present data in a variety of professional looking
charts.
Use Excel when you:
• Require a flat or non-relational view of
your data instead of a relational
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•
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•
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database that uses multiple tables, and
when your data is mostly numeric.
Frequently run calculations and
statistical comparisons on your data.
Want to use PivotTable reports to view
hierarchical data in a compact and
flexible layout.
Plan to create charts regularly and want
to use the new charting formats that are
available in Excel.
Want to emphasize your data by using
conditional formatting icons, data bars,
and color scales.
Want to perform sophisticated what-if
analysis operations on your data, such as
statistical, engineering, and regression
analysis.
Want to keep track of items in a simple
list, either for personal use or for limited
collaboration purposes.
Lesson 2: The Excel Application Environment
What Excel Is.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that is
used to record and analyse numerical data. It is
one of the most used software applications of all
time. Hundreds of millions of people around the
world use Microsoft Excel. You can use Excel to
enter all sorts of data and perform financial,
mathematical or statistical calculations.
Spreadsheet Application is the computer
equivalent of a paper ledger sheet. It is consists
of a grid made from columns and rows. It is an
environment that can make number
manipulation easy and somewhat painless.
Spreadsheet is a collection of test and numbers
laid out in a rectangular grid. A spreadsheet
program can be used to perform calculations,
analyze and present data. Spreadsheet programs
include tools for organizing, managing, sorting
and retrieving data and testing "what if "
statements. This let you change one or more
values and assess the effects of those changes on
the calculated values
Capacities of Excel (2007-2016) are as follows
Two typed of Spreadsheet:
o
o
Manual – creating a worksheet on
ledger paper or columnar using
paper, pencil, calculator, and
eraser.
Electronic – a computer-generated
spreadsheet that makes the basic
task much easier.
Lesson 4: Definition and Function of Excel
Window Parts
•
Title Bar – A bar the display the
name of active workbook
o Application Title Bar
o Document Title Bar
Lesson 3: Parts and Functions of Excel Window
Excel Versions
The two versions of Excel are almost identical,
only the Office button is replaced with the File
Tab, take a look of the parts of Excel 2007, you
can click the image to enlarge.
•
Quick Access Toolbar – Collection
of buttons that provide one click
access to commonly used
commands such as Save, Undo or
Redo.
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•
•
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Ribbon – The main set of
commands and controls organized
task in Tabs and groups, you can
also customize the ribbon according
to your preference, we got it
covered in this instruction.
•
vertically through the worksheet
window.
Horizontal Scroll Bar – Scroll bar to
use when you want to scroll
horizontally through the worksheet
window.
Column Headings – The letters that
appear along the top of the
worksheet to identify
the different columns in the
worksheet.
•
Zoom Controls – Used for
magnifying and shrinking of the
active worksheet.
•
View Shortcuts – Buttons used to
change how the worksheet content
is displayed. Normal, Page Layout
or Page Break Preview.
Worksheet Window – A window
that displays an Excel worksheet,
basically this is where you work all
the tasks.
Vertical Scroll Bar – Scroll bar to
use when you want to scroll
Lesson 4: Definition and Function of Excel
Window Parts - 2
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Select All Button – A button that
selects all the cells in the active
worksheet
Sheet Tab Scrolling
Buttons – Buttons to scroll the
sheet tabs in the workbook
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Active Cell – The cell selected in
the active worksheet
Row Headings – The number that
appears on the left of the
worksheet window to identify the
different rows.
•
Name Box – A box that displays
the cell reference of the active cell
•
Sheet Tabs – Tabs the display the
name of the worksheet in the
workbook, by default its name
sheet 1, sheet 2, etc. You can
rename this to any name the best
represent to your sheet.
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A worksheet is a collection of rows and
columns.
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When a row and a column meet,
they form a cell. Cells are used to
record data. Each cell is uniquely
identified using a cell address.
Columns are usually labelled with
letters while rows are usually
numbers.
A workbook is a collection of worksheets.
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Formula Bar – A bar that displays
the value or formula entered in the
active cell
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Office Button/File Tab – It provides
access to workbook level features
and program settings. You will
notice that in Excel 2007 there is
a circle Office button while on the
Excel 2010 it replace with File Tab.
If you click the circle office button
you will see this.
By default, a workbook has three
cells in Excel. You can delete or add
more sheets to suit your
requirements. By default, the sheets
are named Sheet1, Sheet2 and so on
and so forth. You can rename the
sheet names to more meaningful
names i.e. Daily Expenses, Monthly
Budget, etc.
MS Excel is in tabular format consisting of rows
and columns.
o Row runs horizontally while
Column runs vertically.
Lesson 5: Understanding the worksheet
o Each row is identified by row
number, which runs vertically at
the left side of the sheet.
o Each column is identified by
column header, which runs
horizontally at the top of the
sheet.
For MS Excel 2010, Row numbers ranges from 1
to 1048576; in total 1048576 rows, and Columns
ranges from A to XFD; in total 16384 columns.
Navigation with Rows and Columns
How to move to the last row or the last column.
•
o
o
You can go to the last
row by clicking Control
+ Down Navigation
arrow.
Lesson 6: Basic Excel Formulas and
Functions
You can go to the last
column
by
clicking Control + Right
Navigation arrow.
Image
Source: https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/basic
-excel-formulas/
Functions and Formulas
Cell Introduction
The intersection of rows and columns is
called cell.
Cell is identified with Combination of column
header and row number.
For example − A1, A2.
Excel has a variety of formulas and functions. If
we want to insert a formula in Excel, then we
need to get into the edit mode of the cell where
we want to apply and then type equal (“=”) sign.
This process activates all the functions or
formulas of excel. There we can search for
anything we want. We can use any basic
operation here such as Sum, Average, Percentile,
Vlookup, Mean, Etc. Suppose if we want to apply
Sum function, then we need to select all the cells
with the number here. And if you want to
calculate Sum using basic Formulas, then we
need to choose each cell followed by Plus (“+”)
sign to find the Sum.
There are two basic ways to perform calculations
in Excel: Formulas and Functions.
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Lesson 7: Important Excel Shortcuts
Formulas
In Excel, a formula is an expression that operates
on values in a range of cells or a cell. For
example, =A1+A2+A3, which finds the sum of the
range of values from cell A1 to cell A3.
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Functions
Functions are predefined formulas in Excel. They
eliminate laborious manual entry of formulas
while giving them human-friendly names. For
example: =SUM(A1:A3). The function sums all
the values from A1 to A3.
Some Excel functions apply to specific subject
areas, but others are general and apply to all
needs. The following list shows an array of Excel
functions used by one and all. Check here for a
quickie reference to the purpose of each Excel
function.
Image
Source:
https://kinsta.com/blog/wordpress-keyboardshortcuts/
Why use Excel Shortcuts?
An often-overlooked method of increasing
productivity when working in an Excel model is
to use Excel shortcuts, or shortcut keys. These
shortcut keys perform major functions that,
when used instead of clicking in the toolbar,
dramatically increase efficiency and speed.
Imagine simply pressing two or three keys on the
keyboard as opposed to moving your hand to the
mouse, moving the mouse, and clicking several
times.
There are thousands of keyboard Excel shortcuts
that can be used within Excel to increase
productivity. These shortcuts can perform many
functions, from ones as simple as navigation
within the spreadsheet to filling in formulas or
grouping data.
Here are some useful keyboard shortcuts to
speed up your work in Excel.
Excel Error Messages to Get to Know
If you create a formula in Excel that contains an
error or circular reference, Excel lets you know
about it with an error message. A handful of
errors can appear in a cell when a formula or
function in Excel cannot be resolved. Knowing
their meaning helps correct the problem.
Here are several tips to good data management
that will help you get more out of your data and
manage it well over time.
Set up Your Data
Designing your tables, headings and planning
your workbooks before you begin entering or
downloading data will save you time and
headaches in the long run. Here are several
things to think about before committing your
data to Excel:
o Plan your headings. Don’t split up your
Lesson 8: Bad and Best Practices when
working with Microsoft Excel
data just to categorize it. Instead, create a
column for the category and let your
charts and Pivot Tables organize it in
reports.
Best Practices when working with Microsoft
Excel
1. Save workbooks with backward
compatibility in mind. If you are not
using the latest features in higher
versions of Excel, you should save
your files in 2003 *.xls format for
backwards compatibility
2. Use description names for columns
and worksheets in a workbook
3. Avoid working with complex
formulas with many variables. Try
to break them down into small
managed results that you can use to
build on
4. Use built-in functions whenever
you can instead of writing your own
formulas
Lesson 9: Tips for Data Management in
Excel
Becoming an Excel expert is more than learning
functions and fixing together formulas. A
significant part of using Excel to its full potential
is knowing the art of data management. This
includes everything from knowing how to set up
your worksheets to managing data entry to good
maintenance practices.
o Formulas should never contain numbers.
Instead, assign a cell to each variable in
the formula and then reference the cell.
This will make it much easier to find and
make changes to those variables in the
future.
o Resist the urge to format your
spreadsheets with extra headings
subtotals or empty rows and columns to
make the sheets visually pleasing. Keep
your data tight and efficient. Then, use
charts, graphs and PivotTables to share
your analyses.
o Get in the habit of using fixed cell
references for your formulas. This allows
you to more easily copy/paste and re-use
formulas throughout the workbook and
also reduces errors.
o Lock cells with formulas so they are
protected from mis-typing or deleting. In a
very large spreadsheet, finding a single
accidental keystroke can be harder than
the proverbial needle in a haystack. To
lock individual cells (without protecting an
entire sheet, etc.):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In an unprotected worksheet,
type CTRL-A to select the
entire worksheet.
Click the dialog box launcher
in
the Font group
on
the home tab.
Click the Protection tab in
the Format Cells dialog box.
Un-check Locked and
click OK.
Then, select ONLY the cells
you want to protect (those
with formulas). Repeat Steps
2-3.
Re-check Locked only
for
those cells and click OK.
On
the Review tab,
click Protect Sheet.
MODULE 2
Introduction to Microsoft Excel Application
Microsoft Excel is a software program produced
by Microsoft that allows users to organize,
format and calculate data with formulas using a
spreadsheet system. Excel has the same basic
features as all spreadsheet applications, which
use a collection of cells arranged into rows and
columns to organize and manipulate data. They
can also display data as charts, histograms and
line graphs. Excel permits users to arrange data
so as to view various factors from different
perspectives.
Lesson 1: Entering and Inserting Data
You add data to the cells by entering text or a
number in the active cell. The text or number is
often referred to as a value.
INSERTING DATA
To enter data in a cell, the cell must be active. As
you begin entering text, you see the insertion
point indicating where the next character of text
will appear. By default, Excel shows
approximately eight characters in each cell.
When text is too long for the width of a cell, it
spills over into the next cell if the next cell is
empty. If the next cell is not empty, the text that
does not fit into the cell is not displayed, but it is
still contained within the cell. When you enter
more numbers than can fit in the cell, a series of
number signs (####) is displayed in the cell.
Using the AutoCorrect and AutoComplete
Features
Obviously, to get accurate results, you must
enter
worksheet
data
accurately.
The AutoCorrect feature in Excel corrects
common mistakes as you enter data. For
example, if you type hte, Excel will automatically
change
the
text
to the.
The AutoComplete feature can save you time
and ensure consistency in the data you enter.
Excel compares the first few characters you
enter in a cell to existing entries in the same
column. If the characters match an existing cell
entry, Excel proposes the existing entry. You can
press Enter to accept the proposed entry, or you
can continue entering new text.
Lesson 2: Formatting Cells
FORMATTING THE CELL CONTENTS
An effective spreadsheet is well-formatted, with
consistent formatting of similar elements.
Formatting the contents of a cell, like formatting
in other Office applications, changes the way it
appears. You can control the font styles, sizes,
and colors, and you can apply attributes such as
bold and italic. Border, color, and fill color
formats are useful for highlighting important
information.
When you use the Cut and Copy commands to
copy and move all the data in a cell, the formats
are also moved or copied. However, when you
delete the contents of a cell using the Delete key
or the Backspace key, the formats for the cell
remain in the cell. Therefore, if you enter new
data in the cell, the existing formats will apply to
the new content. To remove the contents and
the formats, you need to clear the cell. You can
clear the contents and the formats from the cell,
clear only the contents, or clear only the formats.
MERGING CELLS AND CHANGING FONT STYLES
AND SIZES
There will be times when you want text to span
across several columns. To do this, you can
merge cells and combine several cells into a
single cell. You can use merged cells to create a
title or other informational text for your
worksheet.
You learned in previous lessons that a font is the
design of the typeface. Fonts are available in a
variety of styles and sizes, and you can use
multiple fonts in one workbook. The font size is
a measurement in points that determines the
height of the font. When you increase the font
size, Excel automatically changes the row height
to fit the font size, but you can also manually set
the row height. However, Excel does not adjust
the cell width when the font size changes. Bold,
italic, underline, and color formats can also add
emphasis to the contents of a cell. You can use
the Format Painter feature to copy formats.
CHANGING ALIGNMENT AND WRAPPING TEXT
IN CELLS
By default, Excel aligns text at the left of the cell
and numbers at the right side of the cell.
However, you can also center the cell contents.
You can adjust the alignment of the content of a
cell vertically as well. Your choices for vertical
alignment are top, middle, and bottom. You will
find buttons for all of these settings in the
Alignment group on the HOME tab. You will also
find some other interesting options, such as
orientating text at an angle within the cell, and
decreasing the margin between the edge of the
cell and the cell contents. Also, if the text does
not fit on one line, you can enable an option to
allow the text to wrap to new lines within a cell.
When you move or copy all the data in a cell, the
formats are also moved or copied. When you
paste cell content that has been formatted, Live
Preview shows you what the content will look
like after it is pasted. As you preview the results,
you can choose from several options in a menu.
These menu options change based on the
content you are pasting.
FORMATTING NUMBERS AND DATES
Generally, numbers are displayed with no
formatting and are aligned on the right side of a
cell. However, dates are automatically formatted
in the default style (such as 20-Jan-14). You can
easily change the format of the number data.
ADDING FILL COLORS, BORDERS, AND STYLES
A cell style is a set of predefined formats you can
apply to some of the worksheet data, such as a
header row, a cell showing a total, or cells
showing the date and time. To apply a cell style,
you must first select a cell or a range of cells to
be formatted. Excel offers more than 40 styles in
the Cell Styles gallery that enable you to apply
multiple formats quickly and consistently.
A table style is a set of predefined formats that
you can apply to all the worksheet data with a
single click. When you apply a table style, the
selected cells are converted to an Excel table.
When you convert a range of cells to an Excel
table, you can easily and quickly format the table
data. You can choose from 60 table styles in
the Quick Styles gallery. If you do not want to
work with the data in a table format, you can
convert the table to a regular range and the table
style format will remain intact. The cell styles and
table styles may override some or all existing
formats that you have applied. If desired, you
can modify styles after they are applied, and you
can save your own customized styles.
Lesson 3: Excel Formulas and Functions
Formulas and functions are the bread and butter
of Excel. They drive almost everything
interesting and useful you will ever do in a
spreadsheet. This module introduces the basic
concepts you need to know to be proficient with
formulas in Excel.
For example:
Cell references
In the examples above, values are "hard-coded".
That means results won't change unless you edit
the formula again and change a value manually.
Generally, this is considered bad form, because
it hides information and makes it harder to
maintain a spreadsheet.
Instead, use cell references so values can be
changed at any time. In the screen below, C1
contains the following formula:
The
cell
references
above
are
called relative references. This means the
reference is relative to the cell it lives in. The
formula in D4 above is:
=( C4-B4)/B4
// formula in D4
Relative cell references are basic cell references
that adjust and change when copied or when
using AutoFill.
All formulas return a result
All formulas in Excel return a result, even when
the result is an error. Below a formula is used to
calculate percent change. The formula returns a
correct result in D2 and D3, but returns a #DIV/0!
error in D4, because B4 is empty:
Lesson 4: Relative and Absolute References
All formulas in Excel return a result, even when
the result is an error. Below a formula is used to
calculate percent change. The formula returns a
correct result in D2 and D3, but returns a #DIV/0!
error in D4, because B4 is empty:
Note
that =SUM(B5:B8), changes
to =SUM(C5:C8) when copied across to the next
cell.
Relative references are extremely useful, but
there are times when you don't want a cell
reference to change. A cell reference that won't
change when copied is called an absolute
reference. Absolute Cell References are cell
reference that remain the same when copied or
when using AutoFill. Dollar signs ($) are used to
hold a column and/or row reference constant.
To make a reference absolute, use the dollar
symbol ($):
=A1
=$A$1
// relative reference
// absolute reference
For example, in the screen below, we want to
multiply each value in column D by 10, which is
entered in A1. By using an absolute reference for
A1, we "lock" that reference so it won't change
when the formula is copied to E2 and E3:
Here are the final formulas in E1, E2, and E3:
=D1*$A$1 // formula in E1
=D2*$A$1 // formula in E2
Tip: you can toggle between relative and
absolute syntax with the F4 key.
Lesson 5: How to Enter and Edit a Formula
=D3*$A$1 // formula in E3
Notice the reference to D1 updates when the
formula is copied, but the reference to A1 never
changes. Now we can easily change the value in
A1, and all three formulas recalculate. Below the
value in A1 has changed from 10 to 12:
How to enter a formula
To enter a formula:
1. Select a cell
2. Enter an equals sign (=)
3. Type the formula, and press enter.
Instead of typing cell references, you can point
and click, as seen below. Note references are
color-coded:
This simple example also shows why it doesn't
make sense to hardcode values into a formula.
By storing the value in A1 in one place, and
referring to A1 with an absolute reference, the
value can be changed at any time and all
associated formulas will update instantly.
Figurative example of absolute cell address when
copied.
All formulas in Excel must begin with an equals
sign (=). No equals sign, no formula:
How to change a formula
To edit a formula, you have 3 options:
1. Select the cell, edit in the formula
bar
2. Double-click the cell, edit directly
3. Select the cell, press F2, edit directly
No matter which option you use, press Enter to
confirm changes when done. If you want to
cancel, and leave the formula unchanged, click
the Escape key.
Lesson 6: What is a Function?
Working in Excel, you will hear the words
"formula" and "function" used frequently,
sometimes interchangeably. They are closely
related, but not exactly the same. Technically, a
formula is any expression that begins with an
equals sign (=).
A function, on the other hand, is a formula with
a special name and purpose. In most cases,
functions have names that reflect their intended
use. For example, you probably know the SUM
function already, which returns the sum of given
references:\
=SUM(1,2,3)
// returns 6
=SUM(A1:A3)
// returns A1+A2+A3
The AVERAGE function, as you would expect,
returns the average of given references:
=AVERAGE(1,2,3)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Most popular Functions
Compatibility Functions
Database Functions
Date and Time Functions
Logical Functions
Engineering Functions
Statistical Functions
Math and Trigonometry Functions
Financial Functions
Lookup and References Functions,
etc.
Lesson 7: Function Arguments
Most functions require inputs to return a result.
These inputs are called "arguments". A
function's arguments appear after the function
name, inside parentheses, separated by
commas.
All
functions
require
a
matching opening and closing parentheses ().
The pattern looks like this:
=FUNCTIONNAME(argument1,argument2,argu
ment3)
For example, the COUNTIF function counts cells
that
meet
criteria,
and
takes
two arguments, range and criteria:
=COUNTIF(range,criteria)
// two arguments
In the screen below, range is A1:A5 and criteria
is "red". The formula in C1 is:
// returns 2
And the MIN and MAX functions return
minimum and maximum values, respectively:
=MIN(1,2,3)
// returns 1
=MAX(1,2,3)
// returns 3
Excel functions (by category)
Excel contains hundreds of specific functions.
These may be categorized accordingly such as:
How to enter a function
If you know the name of the function, just start
typing. Here are the steps:
1. Enter equals sign (=) and start
typing. Excel will list of matching
functions based as you type:
Types of operators
The different types of calculation operators that
can be used in formulas include:
1. Arithmetic
2. Relational
3. Logical Functions
Arithmetic or Math Operators
When you see the function you want in the list,
use the arrow keys to select (or just keep typing).
2. Type the Tab key to accept a
function. Excel will complete the
function:
3. Fill in required arguments:
An arithmetic operator is a mathematical
function that takes two operands and performs
a calculation on them. They are used in common
arithmetic and most computer languages
contain a set of such operators that can be used
within equations to perform a number of types
of sequential calculation. Basic arithmetic
operators include:
o
o
o
o
Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (×)
Division (÷)
Computers
use
different
symbols
in
programming to represent multiplication (*) and
division (/). More complex operators such as
square root (√) also act as arithmetic operators
but the basic plus, minus, multiply and divide are
the fundamental operators.
4. Press Enter to confirm formula:
The table below shows the standard math
operators available in Excel:
Lesson 8: Operators Used in Excel
Operators are symbols used in a formula to
define the relationship between two or more cell
references, or between two or more values. They
cause Excel to perform some action.
Relational or Logical Operators
Relational operators are symbols used to specify
a certain relationship between two numbers or
numeric values and number-like elements in an
equation. The result of a calculation using them
is either a ‘true’ or a ‘false’ value.
Logical operators
Sr
No.
4
Logical
Operator
Excel
Symbol
Operator
Name
Description
>=
Greater
Than or
Equal To
Tests whether the value
is greater than or equal
to a certain value or
not
<=
Less
Than or
Equal To
Tests whether the value
is less than or equal to a
certain value or not
<>
Not
Equal To
Tests
whether
a
particular value is not
equal to a certain value
or not
Logical operators provide support for
comparisons such as "greater than", "less than",
etc. The logical operators available in Excel are
shown in the table below:
Logical operators in excel are also known as the
comparison operators and they are used to
compare two or more values, the return output
given by these operators are either true or false,
we get true value when the conditions match the
criteria and false as a result when the conditions
do not match the criteria.
Sr
No.
Logical
Operator
Excel
Symbol
Operator
Name
1
=
Equal to
2
>
Greater
Than
3
<
Less
Than
Description
5
6
Lesson 9: Using Logical Functions in Excel:
AND, OR, and NOT
Excel provides 4 logical functions to work with
Compares One Value the
to logical values. The functions are AND, OR,
and NOT. You use these functions when you
Other Value
want to carry out more than one comparison in
your formula or test multiple conditions instead
of just one. As well as logical operators, Excel
Tests whether the value
logical functions return either TRUE or FALSE
is greater than a certain
when their arguments are evaluated.
value or not
The following table provides a short summary of
what each logical function does to help you
choose the right formula for a specific task.
Tests whether the value
is less than a certain
Using the AND function in Excel
value or not
The AND function is the most popular member of
the logic functions family. It comes in handy
when you have to test several conditions and
make sure that all of them are met. Technically,
the AND function tests the conditions you specify
and returns TRUE if all of the conditions evaluate
to TRUE, FALSE otherwise.
The syntax for the Excel AND function is as
follows:
=AND(logical1, [logical2], …)
Where logical is the condition you want to test
that can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE. The
first condition (logical1) is required, subsequent
conditions are optional.
Using the NOT function in Excel
And now, let's look at some formula examples
that demonstrate how to use the AND functions
in Excel formulas.
=NOT(logical)
The NOT function is one of the simplest Excel
functions in terms of syntax:
You use the NOT function in Excel to reverse a
value of its argument. In other words, if logical
evaluates to FALSE, the NOT function returns
TRUE and vice versa. For example, both of the
below formulas return FALSE:
=NOT(TRUE)
=NOT(2*2=4)
Using the OR function in Excel
As well as AND, the Excel OR function is a basic
logical function that is used to compare two
values or statements. The difference is that the
OR function returns TRUE if at least one if the
arguments evaluates to TRUE, and returns FALSE
if all arguments are FALSE. The OR function is
available in all versions of Excel 2016 - 2000.
The syntax of the Excel OR function is very similar
to AND:
=OR(logical1, [logical2], …)
Where logical is something you want to test that
can be either TRUE or FALSE. The first logical is
required, additional conditions (up to 255 in
modern Excel versions) are optional.
And now, let's write down a few formulas for you
to get a feel how the OR function in Excel works.
Why would one want to get such ridiculous
results? In some cases, you might be more
interested to know when a certain condition isn't
met than when it is. For example, when
reviewing a list of attire, you may want to
exclude some color that does not suit you. I'm
not particularly fond of black, so I go ahead with
this formula:
=NOT(C2="black")
As usual, in Microsoft Excel there is more than
one way to do something, and you can achieve
the same result by using the Not equal
to operator: =C2<>"black".
If you want to test several conditions in a single
formula, you can use NOT in conjunctions with
the AND or OR function. For example, if you
wanted to exclude black and white colors, the
formula would go like:
=NOT(OR(C2="black", C2="white"))
And if you'd rather not have a black coat, while a
black jacket or a back fur coat may be
considered, you should use NOT in combination
with the Excel AND function:
Lesson 10: Creating Chart in Excel
In Microsoft Excel, a chart is often called a graph.
It is a visual representation of data from a
worksheet that can bring more understanding to
the data than just looking at the numbers.
A chart is a powerful tool that allows you to
visually display data in a variety of different chart
formats such as Bar, Column, Pie, Line, Area,
Doughnut, Scatter, Surface, or Radar charts.
With Excel, it is easy to create a chart.
Main Parts of a Chart
=NOT(AND(C2="black", B2="coat"))
Another common use of the NOT function in
Excel is to reverse the behavior of some other
function. For instance, you can combine NOT
and ISBLANK functions to create the
ISNOTBLANK formula that Microsoft Excel lacks.
As you know, the formula =ISBLANK(A2) returns
TRUE of if the cell A2 is blank. The NOT function
can
reverse
this
result
to
FALSE:
=NOT(ISBLANK(A2))
Order of operations
When solving a formula, Excel follows a
sequence called "order of operations". First, any
expressions in parentheses are evaluated. Next
Excel will solve for any exponents. After
exponents, Excel will perform multiplication and
division, then addition and subtraction. If the
formula involves concatenation, this will happen
after standard math operations. Finally, Excel
will evaluate logical operators, if present.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Parentheses
Exponents
Multiplication and Division
Addition and Subtraction
Concatenation
Logical operators
• Chart area:
o
Everything inside the chart
window, including all parts of
the chart (labels, axes, data
markers, tick marks, and other
elements listed here).
• Data marker:
o
A symbol on the chart that
represents a single value in the
worksheet. A data marker (or
data point) may be a bar in a bar
chart, a pie in a pie chart, or a
line on a line chart. Data markers
with the same shape or pattern
represent a single data series in
the chart.
• Data series:
o
A group of related values, such
as all the values in a single row in
the chart. A chart can have just
one data series (shown in a
single bar or line), but it usually
has several.
view
the
data
values
represented by the tick marks.
• Chart text:
o
• Axis:
o
A line that serves as a major
reference for plotting data in a
chart. In two-dimensional charts
there are two axes — the x-axis
(horizontal/category) and the yaxis (vertical/value). In most
two-dimensional charts (except
bar
charts),
Excel
plots
categories (labels) along the xaxis and values (numbers) along
the y-axis. Bar charts reverse the
scheme, plotting values along
the x-axis. Pie charts have no
axes. Three-dimensional charts
have an x-axis, a y-axis, and a zaxis. The x- and y-axes delineate
the horizontal surface of the
chart. The z-axis is the vertical
axis, showing the depth of the
third dimension in the chart.
• Tick mark:
o
A small line intersecting an axis.
A tick mark indicates a category,
scale, or chart data series. A tick
mark can have a label attached.
• Plot area:
o
The area where Excel plots your
data, including the axes and all
markers that represent data
points.
• Gridlines:
o
Optional lines extending from
the tick marks across the plot
area, thus making it easier to
A label or title that you add to
the chart. Attached text is a title
or label linked to an axis such as
the Chart Title, Vertical Axis
Title, and Horizontal Axis Title
that
you
can’t
move
independently
of
the
chart. Unattached text is text
that you add with the Text Box
command button on the Insert
tab of the Ribbon.
• Legend:
o
A key that identifies patterns,
colors, or symbols associated
with the markers of a chart data
series. The legend shows the
data series name corresponding
to each data marker (such as the
name of the blue columns in a
column chart).
Lesson 11: Types of Chart
Chart is a visual representation of numeric
values. Charts (also known as graphs) have been
an integral part of spreadsheets. Charts
generated by early spreadsheet products were
quite crude, but they have improved significantly
over the years. Excel provides you with the tools
to create a wide variety of highly customizable
charts. Displaying data in a well-conceived chart
can make your numbers more understandable.
Because a chart presents a picture, charts are
particularly useful for summarizing a series of
numbers and their interrelationships.
•
Column –
o
•
Bar –
o
Types of Charts According to Purpose
•
•
o
•
Chart Sheet –
is suitable for presentation and
training purposes, such as
overhead slides and handouts,
or for enhancing printed
materials.
o
There are various chart types available in MS
Excel, visit the following link for more detail:
•
An xy (scatter) chart shows the
relationships
among
the
numeric values in several data
series, or plots two groups of
numbers as one series of xy
coordinates.
Stock –
o
Main Types of Charts
An area chart emphasizes the
magnitude of change over time.
X Y Scatter –
o
•
A line chart shows trends in
data at equal intervals.
Area –
o
•
A pie chart shows the size of
items that make up a data
series, proportional to the sum
of the items. It always shows
only one data series and is
useful when you want to
emphasize a significant element
in the data.
Line –
o
•
A
bar
chart
illustrates
comparisons among individual
items.
Pie –
Embedded Chart –
o is ideal for report or other
documents in which you want to
show a chart within the context
of the worksheet data.
•
Column chart shows data
changes over a period of time or
illustrates comparisons among
items.
This chart type is most often
used for stock price data, but
can also be used for scientific
data (for example, to indicate
temperature changes).
Surface –
o
A surface chart is useful when
you want to find the optimum
combinations between two sets
of data. As in a topographic
map, colors and patterns
indicate areas that are in the
same range of values.
•
Doughnut –
o
•
Bubble –
o
•
Like a pie chart, a doughnut
chart shows the relationship of
parts to a whole; however, it
can contain more than one data
series.
Data that is arranged in
columns on a worksheet, so
that x values are listed in the
first column and corresponding
y values and bubble size values
are listed in adjacent columns,
can be plotted in a bubble chart.
Radar –
o
A radar chart compares the
aggregate values of a number of
data series.
Most Popular Chart
The four most popular chart types in Excel are
described below, along with the best use of each
chart type.