Viral respiratory illnesses
Virus
Common cold
Viral pharyngitis
In uenza
Infectious agents
Picornavirus
Rhinovirus
Ss+RNA
>100
serological
types
Transmission
S&S Complications
Humans+chimpanzees
Upper resp tract
Respiratory droplets
Control
Inc: 2-4 days
No antiviral
Sneezing, nasal discharge,
No vaccine
sore throat, rough, headache
Few systemic symptoms
Duration: 1 week
In uenza, parain uenza,
Coronavirus, rhinovirus,
adenovirus, enterovirus,
RSV, E-B virus, HIV, HSV,
metapneumovirus,
Cytomegalovirus
Sore throat, viral URI
(nasal congestion,
hoarsness, sinus
tenderness, ear pain,
cough) headache,
malaise, +/-fever
RADT for GAS
Throat culture
A, B, C
Host: Humans
Orthomyxovirus’
A- mammals, birds
Enveloped ss-RNS
B- seals
2 glycoproteins:
C- pigs, dogs
-Hemagglutinin
Inc: 2 days
-Neuraminidase
Direct droplet spread
Diagnostics:
Respiratory tract
-Nasopharynx swabs
Rapid-antigen/genome
Serodiagnosis -> titer
ABRUPT onset,
fever, myalgia,
headache, chills,
6-12hr later:
respiratory
Complications: PNE,
bacterial
superinfection,
Reye’s syndrome
Antivirals
Vaccines:
-Killed
-Spray (live, peds)
S&S Complications
Control
Gastrointestinal Illnesses
Virus
Rotavirus
Infectious agents
Reoviridae family
11 segments of
naked ds RNA
6 major stereotypes
Norwalk Virus
Noro virus
Calciviridae family
Make ss+RNA
At least 2 stereotypes
Transmission
Host: humans, animals (calves,
mice, piglets, foals) no inter
species spread, Fecal oral routes
Localize in duodenum and
proximal jejunum, shortening of
vili
Cooler months
Fecal-oral
Contaminated food,
water, uncooked
shell sh
Incubation: 1-3 days
Abrupt onset of vomiting
then copious/watery stools
Low grade fever
Durations: 1-3 days
vomiting, 4-8 days diarrhea
Complications: dehydration
Live, oral
rotavirus
vaccine
Rigorous
hygiene
measures
Incubation: 10-51hrs
Hygiene
Abrupt onset V/D
Duration: 2-3 days
Diagnostics: RT-PCR, Enzyme
immunoassay antigen detection
Hepatitis
A Picornaviridae, naked ss+RNA. Fecal-oral Inc: 15-45, fatigue/anorexia/N/RUQpain/clay stools/dark urine/jaundice
Avoid exposure, Passive/Active immunization
B Hepadnaviridae vertical/parenterally,sexual Inc:30-180 days, S-as above for months, fulminant hepatitis to liver
necrosis & death, hepatitis associated with cirrhosis/liver failure/HCC
D Enveloped ssRNA, Requires hepB surface antigen, Greatest risk IV drug Stimultaneous B&D Liver disease/cirrosis
C Flaviviridae ss+RNA, Parenterally/sexually, Inc: 6-12 weeks, chronic carrier in 50-85%, 20yr to develop hepatitis
ELISA/Con rmed with RT-PCR, No active/passive immunity
E ss+RNA Fecal-oral Humans 40days, often subclinical Jaundice/anorexia/hepatomegaly/N/V/fever for 1–2 weeks
Can be fatal, Serology, No active/passive immunity
Exanthems (rashes)
Virus
Varicella Zoster
Herpes Zoster
Infectious agents
Herpesvirus
dsDNA enveloped
Single stereotype
See varicella
Transmission
S&S Complications
Control
Humans
Inc 14-21 days, fever, malaise,
Resp. Droplets &
papulovesicular rash, pruritis
contact w/ lesions
Complications: varicella PNE,
Mucosa of resp. Tract, encephalitis, Reye’s syndrome
spreads via blood to Teaneck smear, PCR,
uorescent antibody, viral
culture, serology
Antivirals:
acyclovir,
valacyclovir,
foscarnet
Live attenuated
vaccines-2
Immune globulin
Painful vesicles along sensory
nerve of head or trunk
See varicella
See varicella
Comp: Postheraputic neuralgia
Disseminated infections (PNE)
Measles
Roseola
Mumps
Rubella
Paramyxovirus
Ss-RNA
2 envelop spikes:
-Hemagglutinin
-Cell-fusing
Herpesvirus
Ds DNA
Enveloped
Humans, person to
person, resp.
Droplets, URT,
epidemics winter and
spring
Mainly saliva
Paramyxovirus
Ss- RNA
2 envelop spikes:
-Hemagglutinin,
neuraminidase
-Cell fusing
Humans, resp.
Droplets, direct
contact or fomites,
URT (spread thru
blood to infect
salivary glands
Togavirus
Ss+RNA
2 envelop
glycoproteins
Humans, resp
droplets, URT (spreads
thru blood to lymphoid
tissue, skin, organs
Transplacental spread
to fetus
Parvovirus
Naked,
ssDNA
Humans,
respiratory route,
direct contact or
fomites, blood or
blood products,
vertical
transmission
Fifth disease
Inc: 7-18days, fever/cough/
coraza/conjunctivitis. 1-3 days
later: Koplik spots for 1-2days. 1
day later, rash lasts 3-4 days.
Comp: Bacterial superinfection,
PNE, enceph
Fever x3 days, then faint
masculopapular rash
from trunk to extremities
Inc: 18-21 days, fever/
malaise/anorexia, tender
salivary gland swelling
for 1 week.
Comp: orchitis,
meningitis
Viral culture, RTPCR, Serology
Live Attenuated
Vaccine,
immune serum
Serology, PCR
Viral Culture, PT-PCR,
Serology
Live attenuated
vaccine
NO passive or
antivirals
Inc: 14-21 days, Low grade fever, Upper
Resp symptoms, lymphadenopathy.
Within 24hrs-macular rash, fain over
head/neck/trunk, petechial lesions over
soft palate for 1-3 days
Comp: arthritis (days-3weeks),
thrombocytopenia purpura, encephalitis,
risk of fetal damage (malformation,
Viral culture,
RT-PCR,
serology
Live
attenuated
vaccine
Inc: 4-12 days, feve/malaise/headache/
NAAT to detect
myalgia/pruritis. Rash- con uente,
DNA, serology
infuriated on face then 1-2 days later,
macular, reticular rash of arms and legs. Immunoglobulin
Lymphadenopathy, spleen omega lymph,
mild leukopenia, anemia, 1-2 weeks
Comp: hepatitis, nephritis, enceph, in
pregnancy profound anemia of fetus
Central Nervous System Diseases
Virus
Enterovirus
Infectious agents
Picornaviridea
Ss+RNA naked
Transmission
Fecal-oral, Infects GI & URT,
spreads to target organs:
CNS, heart, vascular
endothelium, liver, pancreas,
lungs, gonads, skeletal, ects
Arboviruses
3 families:
Togavirus: ss+RNA,
alpha viruses and
rubiviruses
Flavivirus: ss+RNA
Bunyavirus: 3
segments of -RNA
Rabies
Encephalitis
Rhabdoviridae
Ss-RNA
Infected bloodsucking insects
(mosquitoes,
ticks, sand ies)
Primarily in
tropics
Infected secretions- bite
Site of entry: multiplies
in muscle cells, then
travels to CNS to
replicate in brain cells
All animals
S&S Complications
Control
Inc: 2-10days
Poliovirus: abortive poliomyelitis,
aseptic meningitis, paralytic
poliomyelitis
Coxsackievirus: aseptic meningitis,
paresis/paralysis, URIs, pharyngitis,
minor febrile illness
-Group A- herpangina, hand-footmouth disease
-Group B: pleurodynia, myocarditis
Echovirus: aseptic meningitis, URI,
febirile illness, +/- rash, infantile
hepatitis, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Other enteroviruses: 68, 78, 71
Acute febrile
illness,
Encephalitis,
Meningitis
RT-PCR,
viral
culture,
serology
Inactivated
poliovirus
vaccine
Immunizations for
yellow fever,
dengue fever,
Japanese B
encephalitis
Inc: 10days-1year
Fever, headache, malaise, N/V,
dysethesia at inoculation site,
Encephalitis-progressive excess
of motor activity, agitation,
Hallucinations, combativeness,
muscle spasms, seizures, focal
paralysis, Coma, ANS
involvement-increased salivation,
brain stem/CN dysfunctiondiploid, facial palsies,
hydrophobia , resp paralysis
Median survival after
symptomatic- 4 days max 20
days.
Pre-exposure:
inactivated
vaccine
Postexposure:
Human hyper
immune anti
rabies globulin
plus rabies
vaccine