APPENDIX A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1 Table Page A.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids 899 A.2 A.3 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solids Thermophysical Properties of Common Materials Structural Building Materials Insulating Materials and Systems Industrial Insulation Other Materials Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluids Saturated Liquids Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atm Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere Henry’s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressure The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids 903 905 905 906 907 909 911 916 916 918 919 921 922 923 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8 A.9 A.10 1 The convention used to present numerical values of the properties is illustrated by this example: T (K) ν ⋅ 107 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) 300 0.349 521 where ν = 0.349 × 10 m /s and k = 521 × 10 = 0.521 W/m ⋅ K at 300 K. −7 2 −3 923 898 Appendix A A.11 A.12 ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of Selected Surfaces Metallic Solids and Their Oxides Nonmetallic Substances Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials References 924 924 925 926 927 8920 5360 1493 1211 8933 8530 1358 Copper Pure 8862 1188 1769 Cobalt 7160 8780 2118 Chromium 8650 1104 594 Cadmium 2500 8800 2573 Boron 9780 1293 545 Bismuth 322 384 380 355 420 385 421 449 231 1107 122 1825 883 2790 1850 875 903 cp (J/kg · K) 2770 2702 (kg/m3) 59.9 23 110 54 52 401 99.2 93.7 96.8 27.0 7.86 200 168 177 237 k (W/m · K) Properties at 300 K 302 482 65 473 100 237 798 163 787 200 240 949 186 925 400 231 1033 186 1042 600 218 1146 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 34.7 6.71 33.9 17 14 117 17 237 232 190 75 482 252 413 356 42 785 41 — 95 360 19 362 96.8 290 43.2 337 393 397 52 460 65 — 137 395 27.3 348 379 417 59 545 74 — 149 425 19.8 357 366 433 17.4 375 352 451 17.4 395 339 480 174 185 — — 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 78.7 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 3227 3519 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 48.4 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 61.9 57.2 49.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 682 779 937 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 49.3 42.5 236 379 450 503 550 628 733 674 68.2 73.0 97.1 α · 106 (m2/s) k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K) Properties at Various Temperatures (K) 2500 ■ Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium 1550 775 933 Alloy 2024-T6 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium Aluminum Pure Composition Melting Point (K) Table a.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solidsa Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 899 2720 1810 Iridium Iron Pure Carbon–silicon (Mn 1%, 0.1% Si 0.6%) Carbon–manganese– silicon (1% Mn 1.65%, 0.1% Si 0.6%) Chromium (low) steels 12 Cr–14 Mo–Si (0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si) 1 Cr–12 Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si) 1 Cr–V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V) Carbon steels Plain carbon (Mn 1%, Si 0.1%) AISI 1010 446 434 444 442 443 8131 7822 7858 7836 434 7832 7817 434 447 7854 7870 447 130 129 cp (J/kg · K) 48.9 42.3 37.7 41.0 51.9 63.9 60.5 72.7 80.2 147 317 k (W/m · K) 14.1 12.2 10.9 11.6 14.9 18.8 17.7 20.7 23.1 50.3 127 α · 10 (m2/s) 6 95.6 215 134 216 327 109 172 90 100 80.6 384 94.0 384 323 124 153 122 200 46.8 492 42.0 492 38.2 492 42.2 487 58.7 487 49.8 501 56.7 487 65.7 490 69.5 490 311 131 144 133 400 42.1 575 39.1 575 36.7 575 39.7 559 48.8 559 44.0 582 48.0 559 53.1 574 54.7 574 298 135 138 138 600 36.3 688 34.5 688 33.3 688 35.0 685 39.2 685 37.4 699 39.2 685 42.2 680 43.3 680 284 140 132 144 800 28.2 969 27.4 969 26.9 969 27.6 1090 31.3 1168 29.3 971 30.0 1169 32.3 975 32.8 975 270 145 126 153 1000 k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K) 28.7 609 28.3 609 255 155 120 161 1200 31.4 654 32.1 654 111 172 1500 2000 2500 ■ 7870 22500 19300 (kg/m3) Properties at 300 K Properties at Various Temperatures (K) Appendix A Armco (99.75% pure) 1336 Gold Composition Melting Point (K) Table a.1 Continued 900 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 8570 2741 1827 2045 Palladium Platinum Pure 21100 3453 2236 1685 1235 3269 2023 505 Rhodium Silicon Silver Tantalum Thorium Tin 7310 227 118 140 235 712 243 136 162 133 244 265 439 420 444 251 1024 129 66.6 54.0 57.5 429 148 150 47.9 47 71.6 71.8 53.7 11.7 12 90.7 138 156 35.3 14.2 13.4 14.9 15.1 40.1 39.1 24.7 174 89.2 49.6 16.7 17.4 25.1 24.5 23.6 3.1 3.4 23.0 53.7 87.6 24.1 3.71 3.48 3.95 3.91 58.9 97 186 147 884 259 444 187 59.2 110 59.8 99 85.2 188 77.5 100 55.2 188 76.5 168 8.7 — 164 232 39.7 118 169 649 179 141 9.2 272 51.0 127 154 220 264 556 430 225 57.5 133 54.6 112 73.3 215 72.6 125 52.6 249 71.6 227 10.3 372 107 383 36.7 125 159 934 143 224 12.6 402 71.8 136 52 — 46.1 139 146 253 98.9 790 425 239 57.8 144 54.5 124 62.2 243 55.2 274 73.6 251 80.2 485 14 480 13.5 473 17.3 512 16.6 515 15.2 504 15.8 513 34.0 132 153 1074 134 261 73.2 141 59 — 44.2 145 136 274 61.9 867 412 250 58.6 146 55.8 134 58.2 283 79.7 261 65.6 592 16 525 17.0 510 75.6 146 65 — 44.1 151 127 293 42.2 913 396 262 59.4 149 56.9 145 61.3 292 86.9 271 67.6 530 21 545 20.5 546 20.0 22.8 559 585 19.8 22.6 557 582 18.3 21.3 550 576 18.9 21.9 559 585 31.4 142 149 146 1170 1267 126 118 275 285 78.7 152 69 — 44.6 156 121 311 31.2 946 379 277 60.2 152 56.9 156 64.4 301 94.2 281 24.0 626 71.8 562 112 295 25.4 606 25.4 611 24.2 602 24.7 606 82.6 157 73 — 45.7 162 116 327 25.7 967 361 292 61.0 155 58.7 167 67.5 310 102 291 27.6 — 76.2 594 105 308 28.0 640 90 380 51.9 186 112 376 99.4 179 86 459 62.2 64.1 65.6 160 172 189 89.5 165 76 — 47.8 171 110 349 22.7 992 72.1 79.1 324 347 110 307 33.0 — 82.6 616 98 330 31.7 682 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 11700 16600 10500 2330 12450 16630 1800 Alloy 60Pt–40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh) Rhenium 21450 12020 8510 8900 1665 1728 Nickel Pure 10240 8400 2894 Molybdenum 1740 1672 923 Magnesium 11340 480 468 477 480 ■ Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X-750 (73% Ni, 15% Cr, 6.7% Fe) Niobium 601 7978 AISI 347 Lead 8238 AISI 316 7900 AISI 304 1670 8055 Stainless steels AISI 302 Appendix A 901 1406 2192 693 Uranium Vanadium Zinc Adapted from References 1–7. a 6570 7140 6100 19070 19300 278 389 489 116 132 522 cp (J/ kg · K) 22.7 116 30.7 27.6 174 21.9 k (W/m · K) 12.4 41.8 10.3 12.5 68.3 9.32 α · 10 (m2/s) 6 30.5 300 208 87 21.7 94 35.8 258 117 297 33.2 205 100 24.5 465 186 122 25.1 108 31.3 430 118 367 25.2 264 200 20.4 551 159 137 29.6 125 31.3 515 111 402 21.6 300 400 19.4 591 137 142 34.0 146 33.3 540 103 436 20.7 322 600 21.6 342 19.7 633 125 145 38.8 176 35.7 563 800 23.7 362 20.7 675 118 148 43.9 180 38.2 597 1000 k (W/m · K)/cp (J/ kg · K) 26.0 344 22.0 620 113 152 49.0 161 40.8 645 1200 2000 28.8 33.0 344 344 44.6 50.9 714 867 24.5 686 107 100 157 167 1500 95 176 2500 ■ 2125 3660 Tungsten 4500 (kg/m3) Properties at 300 K Properties at Various Temperatures (K) Appendix A Zirconium 1953 Melting Point (K) Continued Titanium Composition Table a.1 902 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 3000 2080 1950 2725 2573 590 1500 Boron Boron fiber epoxy (30% vol) composite k, to fibers k, to fibers cp Carbon Amorphous Diamond, type IIa insulator Graphite, pyrolytic k, to layers k, to layers cp Graphite fiber epoxy (25% vol) composite k, heat flow to fibers k, heat flow to fibers cp Pyroceram, Corning 9606 3970 2323 3500 2210 1400 2600 — 2273 450 1623 935 808 709 509 — 1122 1105 1030 765 765 0.67 — 2.10 0.37 364 190 — 450 — 133 — 0.46 337 5.25 — 0.87 3.98 5.7 4970 16.8 136 10,000 21 1.89 — — 9.99 88.0 11.9 15.1 100 11.1 1950 5.70 2300 1.60 2.29 0.59 27.6 272 36.0 46 α · 106 (m2/s) 32.4 940 26.4 940 196 1350 18.7 1490 400 1540 853 1.89 — 2.19 — 18.9 1110 15.8 1110 111 1690 11.3 1880 600 2.37 — 13.0 1180 10.4 1180 70 1865 8.1 2135 800 1200 1500 2000 2.53 — 2.84 — 3.48 — 10.5 1225 7.85 6.55 5.66 6.00 1225 — — — 47 33 21.5 15 1975 2055 2145 2750 6.3 5.2 2350 2555 1000 13.0 0.68 1.1 642 1216 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 2.87 2.79 — 908 1038 1122 1197 1264 1498 8.7 3230 1390 892 667 534 448 357 262 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 1.34 1.08 0.81 411 992 1406 1650 1793 1890 1974 2043 4000 194 1.18 — 2.23 2.28 0.49 0.60 757 1431 52.5 — 82 — 55 — 200 k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K) Properties at Various Temperatures (K) 2500 ■ 2500 3970 2323 Properties at 300 K Melting Point cp k (K) (kg/m3) (J/ kg · K) (W/m · K) Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solidsa Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Composition Table a.2 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 903 2400 2173 392 3573 2133 Sulfur Thorium dioxide Titanium dioxide, polycrystalline Adapted from References 1, 2, 3 and 6. 4157 9110 710 235 708 691 745 745 8.4 13 0.206 16.0 1.38 10.4 6.21 490 39 20.8 — 0.69 — 16.4 9.5 — 1.14 — 200 — 1050 600 — 1135 800 87 1195 1000 58 1243 1200 6.6 274 5.02 880 11.3 937 30 1310 1500 2000 4.7 285 3.94 910 3.68 295 3.46 930 3.12 303 3.28 945 2.73 315 2.5 330 9.88 8.76 8.00 7.16 6.20 1063 1155 1226 1306 1377 7.6 5.0 4.2 4.70 3.4 3.1 885 1075 1250 1.51 1.75 2.17 2.87 4.00 905 1040 1105 1155 1195 — 880 400 — — 13.9 — 578 778 0.141 0.165 0.185 403 606 6.1 10.2 255 2.8 7.01 805 9.65 0.834 230 100 k (W/m · K)/cp (J/ kg · K) 2500 ■ a 2220 1883 675 α · 10 (m2/s) 6 Properties at Various Temperatures (K) Appendix A 2070 2650 1883 Silicon dioxide, crystalline (quartz) k, to c axis k, to c axis cp Silicon dioxide, polycrystalline (fused silica) Silicon nitride 3160 3100 Silicon carbide Composition Properties at 300 K Melting Point cp k (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg · K) (W/m · K) Table a.2 Continued 904 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Appendix A ■ 905 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materialsa Structural Building Materials Typical Properties at 300 K Description/Composition Building Boards Asbestos–cement board Gypsum or plaster board Plywood Sheathing, regular density Acoustic tile Hardboard, siding Hardboard, high density Particle board, low density Particle board, high density Woods Hardwoods (oak, maple) Softwoods (fir, pine) Masonry Materials Cement mortar Brick, common Brick, face Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep, 10 cm thick 3 cells deep, 30 cm thick Concrete block, 3 oval cores Sand/gravel, 20 cm thick Cinder aggregate, 20 cm thick Concrete block, rectangular core 2 cores, 20 cm thick, 16 kg Same with filled cores Plastering Materials Cement plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster, vermiculite aggregate Density, ρ (kg/m3) Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m ⋅ K) Specific Heat, cp (J/kg ⋅ K) 1920 800 545 290 290 640 1010 590 1000 0.58 0.17 0.12 0.055 0.058 0.094 0.15 0.078 0.170 — — 1215 1300 1340 1170 1380 1300 1300 720 510 0.16 0.12 1255 1380 1860 1920 2083 0.72 0.72 1.3 780 835 — — — 0.52 0.69 — — — — 1.0 0.67 — — — — 1.1 0.60 — — 1860 1680 720 0.72 0.22 0.25 — 1085 — 906 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.3 Continued Insulating Materials and Systems Typical Properties at 300 K Description/Composition Blanket and Batt Glass fiber, paper faced Glass fiber, coated; duct liner Board and Slab Cellular glass Glass fiber, organic bonded Polystyrene, expanded Extruded (R-12) Molded beads Mineral fiberboard; roofing material Wood, shredded/cemented Cork Loose Fill Cork, granulated Diatomaceous silica, coarse Powder Diatomaceous silica, fine powder Glass fiber, poured or blown Vermiculite, flakes Formed/Foamed-in-Place Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic binders, sprayed Polyvinyl acetate cork mastic; sprayed or troweled Urethane, two-part mixture; rigid foam Reflective Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 10–12 layers, evacuated; for cryogenic applications (150 K) Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75–150 layers; evacuated; for cryogenic application (150 K) Typical silica powder, evacuated Density, ρ (kg/m3) Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m ⋅ K) Specific Heat, cp (J/kg ⋅ K) 16 28 40 32 0.046 0.038 0.035 0.038 — — — 835 145 105 0.058 0.036 1000 795 55 16 265 0.027 0.040 0.049 1210 1210 — 350 120 0.087 0.039 1590 1800 160 350 400 200 275 16 80 160 0.045 0.069 0.091 0.052 0.061 0.043 0.068 0.063 — — — — — 835 835 1000 190 0.046 — — 0.100 — 70 0.026 1045 40 0.00016 — 120 0.000017 — 160 0.0017 — Felt, semirigid; organic bonded Felt, laminated; no binder Blocks, Boards, and Pipe Insulations Asbestos paper, laminated and corrugated 4-ply 6-ply 8-ply Magnesia, 85% Calcium silicate 240 120 190 255 300 185 190 480 730 920 420 420 420 590 920 0.027 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.029 0.027 0.026 230 12 16 24 32 48 0.025 215 0.036 0.023 200 0.029 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.038 255 0.035 0.030 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.030 0.040 270 0.036 0.032 0.042 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.043 285 0.078 0.071 0.068 0.038 0.033 0.046 0.042 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.048 300 0.082 0.074 0.071 0.051 0.055 0.039 0.035 0.049 0.046 0.040 0.038 0.035 0.038 0.035 0.052 310 0.098 0.085 0.082 0.055 0.059 0.051 0.051 0.069 0.062 0.053 0.048 0.045 0.046 0.045 0.076 365 0.061 0.063 0.051 0.063 0.079 0.056 0.058 420 0.075 0.065 0.071 0.059 0.052 0.049 0.078 0.088 530 Typical Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m · K), at Various Temperatures (K) 96 –192 40–96 10 Typical Density (kg/m3) 48 64 96 128 50 –125 50 1530 920 815 450 Maximum Service Temperature (K) 0.089 0.087 0.105 0.087 0.076 0.068 645 0.104 0.150 0.125 0.100 0.091 750 ■ Blanket, alumina– silica fiber Blankets Blanket, mineral fiber, metal reinforced Blanket, mineral fiber, glass; fine fiber, organic bonded Description/ Composition Industrial Insulation Table a.3 Continued Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 907 Cellular glass Diatomaceous silica Polystyrene, rigid Extruded (R-12) Extruded (R-12) Molded beads Rubber, rigid foamed Insulating Cement Mineral fiber (rock, slag or glass) With clay binder With hydraulic setting binder Loose Fill Cellulose, wood or paper pulp Perlite, expanded Vermiculite, expanded Description/ Composition 145 345 385 56 35 16 70 430 560 45 105 122 80 350 350 350 340 1255 922 — — — Typical Density (kg/m3) 700 1145 1310 Maximum Service Temperature (K) Industrial Insulation (Continued) Table a.3 Continued 0.056 0.049 0.042 0.022 0.023 0.030 0.046 230 0.058 0.051 0.043 0.023 0.025 0.033 0.048 240 0.061 0.055 0.046 0.023 0.025 0.035 0.051 255 0.063 0.058 0.049 0.029 0.025 0.026 0.036 0.052 270 0.065 0.061 0.038 0.051 0.030 0.026 0.027 0.038 0.055 285 0.068 0.063 0.039 0.053 0.032 0.027 0.029 0.040 0.058 300 0.071 0.066 0.042 0.056 0.108 0.071 0.033 0.029 0.062 310 0.115 0.079 0.069 365 0.123 0.088 0.079 420 0.137 0.105 0.092 0.101 530 0.123 0.098 0.100 645 0.104 0.115 750 ■ 0.039 0.023 0.023 0.029 215 Appendix A 0.036 0.023 0.023 0.026 200 Typical Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m · K), at Various Temperatures (K) 908 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Appendix A ■ 909 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.3 Continued Other Materials Description/ Composition Asphalt Bakelite Brick, refractory Carborundum Chrome brick Diatomaceous silica, fired Fireclay, burnt 1600 K Fireclay, burnt 1725 K Fireclay brick Magnesite Clay Coal, anthracite Concrete (stone mix) Cotton Foodstuffs Banana (75.7% water content) Apple, red (75% water content) Cake, batter Cake, fully baked Chicken meat, white (74.4% water content) Glass Plate (soda lime) Pyrex Temperature (K) Density, ρ (kg/m3) Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m ⋅ K) Specific Heat, cp (J/kg ⋅ K) 300 300 2115 1300 0.062 1.4 920 1465 872 1672 473 823 1173 478 1145 773 1073 1373 773 1073 1373 478 922 1478 478 922 1478 300 300 300 300 — — 3010 300 980 0.481 3350 300 300 300 198 233 253 263 273 283 293 840 720 280 — — 0.513 0.223 0.121 1.60 1.49 1.35 1.20 0.476 0.480 0.489 3600 — — — 300 300 2500 2225 — — 2050 — — 2325 2645 — — 1460 1350 2300 80 18.5 11.0 2.3 2.5 2.0 0.25 0.30 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.8 3.8 2.8 1.9 1.3 0.26 1.4 0.06 1.4 1.4 — — 835 — 960 960 960 1130 880 1260 880 1300 750 835 910 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.3 Continued Other Materials (Continued) Description/ Composition Temperature (K) Density, ρ (kg/m3) Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m ⋅ K) Specific Heat, cp (J/kg ⋅ K) 273 253 300 300 300 920 — 998 930 900 1.88 2.03 0.159 0.180 0.240 2040 1945 — 1340 2890 300 300 300 300 300 2630 2320 2680 2640 2150 2.79 2.15 2.80 5.38 2.90 775 810 830 1105 745 300 300 300 300 273 1100 1190 1515 2050 110 500 2200 0.13 0.16 0.27 0.52 0.049 0.190 0.35 0.45 2010 — 800 1840 — — — — Ice Leather (sole) Paper Paraffin Rock Granite, Barre Limestone, Salem Marble, Halston Quartzite, Sioux Sandstone, Berea Rubber, vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Soil Snow Teflon Tissue, human Skin Fat layer (adipose) Muscle Wood, cross grain Balsa Cypress Fir Oak Yellow pine White pine Wood, radial Oak Fir a Adapted from References 1 and 8–13. 300 400 300 300 300 — — — 0.37 0.2 0.5 — — — 300 300 300 300 300 300 140 465 415 545 640 435 0.055 0.097 0.11 0.17 0.15 0.11 — — 2720 2385 2805 — 300 300 545 420 0.19 0.14 2385 2720 Appendix A ■ 911 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.4 Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressurea T (K) ρ (kg /m3) cp (k J/kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 107 (N ⋅ s/m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 106 (m2/s) Pr Air, ℳ = 28.97 kg/kmol 100 150 200 250 300 3.5562 2.3364 1.7458 1.3947 1.1614 1.032 1.012 1.007 1.006 1.007 71.1 103.4 132.5 159.6 184.6 2.00 4.426 7.590 11.44 15.89 9.34 13.8 18.1 22.3 26.3 2.54 5.84 10.3 15.9 22.5 0.786 0.758 0.737 0.720 0.707 350 400 450 500 550 0.9950 0.8711 0.7740 0.6964 0.6329 1.009 1.014 1.021 1.030 1.040 208.2 230.1 250.7 270.1 288.4 20.92 26.41 32.39 38.79 45.57 30.0 33.8 37.3 40.7 43.9 29.9 38.3 47.2 56.7 66.7 0.700 0.690 0.686 0.684 0.683 600 650 700 750 800 0.5804 0.5356 0.4975 0.4643 0.4354 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 305.8 322.5 338.8 354.6 369.8 52.69 60.21 68.10 76.37 84.93 46.9 49.7 52.4 54.9 57.3 76.9 87.3 98.0 109 120 0.685 0.690 0.695 0.702 0.709 850 900 950 1000 1100 0.4097 0.3868 0.3666 0.3482 0.3166 1.110 1.121 1.131 1.141 1.159 384.3 398.1 411.3 424.4 449.0 93.80 102.9 112.2 121.9 141.8 59.6 62.0 64.3 66.7 71.5 131 143 155 168 195 0.716 0.720 0.723 0.726 0.728 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 0.2902 0.2679 0.2488 0.2322 0.2177 1.175 1.189 1.207 1.230 1.248 473.0 496.0 530 557 584 162.9 185.1 213 240 268 76.3 82 91 100 106 224 257 303 350 390 0.728 0.719 0.703 0.685 0.688 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 0.2049 0.1935 0.1833 0.1741 0.1658 1.267 1.286 1.307 1.337 1.372 611 637 663 689 715 298 329 362 396 431 113 120 128 137 147 435 482 534 589 646 0.685 0.683 0.677 0.672 0.667 2200 2300 2400 2500 3000 0.1582 0.1513 0.1448 0.1389 0.1135 1.417 1.478 1.558 1.665 2.726 740 766 792 818 955 468 506 547 589 841 160 175 196 222 486 714 783 869 960 1570 0.655 0.647 0.630 0.613 0.536 Ammonia (NH3), ℳ = 17.03 kg/kmol 300 320 340 360 380 0.6894 0.6448 0.6059 0.5716 0.5410 2.158 2.170 2.192 2.221 2.254 101.5 109 116.5 124 131 14.7 16.9 19.2 21.7 24.2 24.7 27.2 29.3 31.6 34.0 16.6 19.4 22.1 24.9 27.9 0.887 0.870 0.872 0.872 0.869 912 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.4 Continued T (K) ρ (kg /m3) cp (k J/kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 107 (N ⋅ s/m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 106 (m2/s) Pr Ammonia (NH3) (continued) 400 420 440 460 480 0.5136 0.4888 0.4664 0.4460 0.4273 2.287 2.322 2.357 2.393 2.430 138 145 152.5 159 166.5 26.9 29.7 32.7 35.7 39.0 37.0 40.4 43.5 46.3 49.2 31.5 35.6 39.6 43.4 47.4 0.853 0.833 0.826 0.822 0.822 500 520 540 560 580 0.4101 0.3942 0.3795 0.3708 0.3533 2.467 2.504 2.540 2.577 2.613 173 180 186.5 193 199.5 42.2 45.7 49.1 52.0 56.5 52.5 54.5 57.5 60.6 63.8 51.9 55.2 59.7 63.4 69.1 0.813 0.827 0.824 0.827 0.817 Carbon Dioxide (CO2), ℳ = 44.01 kg/kmol 280 300 320 340 360 1.9022 1.7730 1.6609 1.5618 1.4743 0.830 0.851 0.872 0.891 0.908 140 149 156 165 173 7.36 8.40 9.39 10.6 11.7 15.20 16.55 18.05 19.70 21.2 9.63 11.0 12.5 14.2 15.8 0.765 0.766 0.754 0.746 0.741 380 400 450 500 550 1.3961 1.3257 1.1782 1.0594 0.9625 0.926 0.942 0.981 1.02 1.05 181 190 210 231 251 13.0 14.3 17.8 21.8 26.1 22.75 24.3 28.3 32.5 36.6 17.6 19.5 24.5 30.1 36.2 0.737 0.737 0.728 0.725 0.721 600 650 700 750 800 0.8826 0.8143 0.7564 0.7057 0.6614 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.17 270 288 305 321 337 30.6 35.4 40.3 45.5 51.0 40.7 44.5 48.1 51.7 55.1 42.7 49.7 56.3 63.7 71.2 0.717 0.712 0.717 0.714 0.716 Carbon Monoxide (CO), ℳ = 28.01 kg/kmol 200 220 240 260 280 1.6888 1.5341 1.4055 1.2967 1.2038 1.045 1.044 1.043 1.043 1.042 127 137 147 157 166 7.52 8.93 10.5 12.1 13.8 17.0 19.0 20.6 22.1 23.6 9.63 11.9 14.1 16.3 18.8 0.781 0.753 0.744 0.741 0.733 300 320 340 360 380 1.1233 1.0529 0.9909 0.9357 0.8864 1.043 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.047 175 184 193 202 210 15.6 17.5 19.5 21.6 23.7 25.0 26.3 27.8 29.1 30.5 21.3 23.9 26.9 29.8 32.9 0.730 0.730 0.725 0.725 0.729 400 450 500 550 600 0.8421 0.7483 0.67352 0.61226 0.56126 1.049 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.088 218 237 254 271 286 25.9 31.7 37.7 44.3 51.0 31.8 35.0 38.1 41.1 44.0 36.0 44.3 53.1 62.4 72.1 0.719 0.714 0.710 0.710 0.707 Appendix A ■ 913 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.4 Continued T (K) ρ (kg /m3) cp (k J/kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 107 (N ⋅ s/m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 106 (m2/s) Pr 301 315 329 343 58.1 65.5 73.3 81.5 47.0 50.0 52.8 55.5 82.4 93.3 104 116 0.705 0.702 0.702 0.705 28.9 38.8 50.2 — 76.2 0.686 0.679 0.676 — 0.673 Carbon Monoxide (CO) (continued) 650 700 750 800 0.51806 0.48102 0.44899 0.42095 1.101 1.114 1.127 1.140 Helium (He), ℳ = 4.003 kg/kmol 100 120 140 160 180 0.4871 0.4060 0.3481 — 0.2708 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 96.3 107 118 129 139 19.8 26.4 33.9 — 51.3 73.0 81.9 90.7 99.2 107.2 200 220 240 260 280 — 0.2216 — 0.1875 — 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 150 160 170 180 190 — 72.2 — 96.0 — 115.1 123.1 130 137 145 — 107 — 141 — — 0.675 — 0.682 — 300 350 400 450 500 0.1625 — 0.1219 — 0.09754 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 199 221 243 263 283 122 — 199 — 290 152 170 187 204 220 180 — 295 — 434 0.680 — 0.675 — 0.668 550 600 650 700 750 — — — 0.06969 — 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 5.193 — 320 332 350 364 — — — 502 — — 252 264 278 291 — — — 768 — — — — 0.654 — 800 900 1000 — — 0.04879 5.193 5.193 5.193 382 414 446 — — 914 304 330 354 — — 1400 — — 0.654 17.4 34.7 56.2 81.4 111 67.0 101 131 157 183 24.6 49.6 79.9 115 158 0.707 0.699 0.704 0.707 0.701 143 179 218 261 305 204 226 247 266 285 204 258 316 378 445 0.700 0.695 0.689 0.691 0.685 Hydrogen (H2 ), ℳ = 2.016 kg/kmol 100 150 200 250 300 0.24255 0.16156 0.12115 0.09693 0.08078 11.23 12.60 13.54 14.06 14.31 42.1 56.0 68.1 78.9 89.6 350 400 450 500 550 0.06924 0.06059 0.05386 0.04848 0.04407 14.43 14.48 14.50 14.52 14.53 98.8 108.2 117.2 126.4 134.3 914 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.4 Continued T (K) ρ (kg /m3) cp (k J/kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 107 (N ⋅ s/m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 106 (m2/s) Pr Hydrogen (H2 ) (continued) 600 700 800 900 1000 0.04040 0.03463 0.03030 0.02694 0.02424 14.55 14.61 14.70 14.83 14.99 142.4 157.8 172.4 186.5 201.3 352 456 569 692 830 305 342 378 412 448 519 676 849 1030 1230 0.678 0.675 0.670 0.671 0.673 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 0.02204 0.02020 0.01865 0.01732 0.01616 15.17 15.37 15.59 15.81 16.02 213.0 226.2 238.5 250.7 262.7 966 1120 1279 1447 1626 488 528 568 610 655 1460 1700 1955 2230 2530 0.662 0.659 0.655 0.650 0.643 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 0.0152 0.0143 0.0135 0.0128 0.0121 16.28 16.58 16.96 17.49 18.25 273.7 284.9 296.1 307.2 318.2 1801 1992 2193 2400 2630 697 742 786 835 878 2815 3130 3435 3730 3975 0.639 0.637 0.639 0.643 0.661 Nitrogen (N2 ), ℳ = 28.01 kg/kmol 100 150 200 250 300 3.4388 2.2594 1.6883 1.3488 1.1233 1.070 1.050 1.043 1.042 1.041 68.8 100.6 129.2 154.9 178.2 2.00 4.45 7.65 11.48 15.86 9.58 13.9 18.3 22.2 25.9 2.60 5.86 10.4 15.8 22.1 0.768 0.759 0.736 0.727 0.716 350 400 450 500 550 0.9625 0.8425 0.7485 0.6739 0.6124 1.042 1.045 1.050 1.056 1.065 200.0 220.4 239.6 257.7 274.7 20.78 26.16 32.01 38.24 44.86 29.3 32.7 35.8 38.9 41.7 29.2 37.1 45.6 54.7 63.9 0.711 0.704 0.703 0.700 0.702 600 700 800 900 1000 0.5615 0.4812 0.4211 0.3743 0.3368 1.075 1.098 1.122 1.146 1.167 290.8 321.0 349.1 375.3 399.9 51.79 66.71 82.90 100.3 118.7 44.6 49.9 54.8 59.7 64.7 73.9 94.4 116 139 165 0.701 0.706 0.715 0.721 0.721 1100 1200 1300 0.3062 0.2807 0.2591 1.187 1.204 1.219 423.2 445.3 466.2 138.2 158.6 179.9 70.0 75.8 81.0 193 224 256 0.718 0.707 0.701 Oxygen (O2 ), ℳ = 32.00 kg/kmol 100 150 200 250 300 3.945 2.585 1.930 1.542 1.284 0.962 0.921 0.915 0.915 0.920 76.4 114.8 147.5 178.6 207.2 1.94 4.44 7.64 11.58 16.14 9.25 13.8 18.3 22.6 26.8 2.44 5.80 10.4 16.0 22.7 0.796 0.766 0.737 0.723 0.711 Appendix A ■ 915 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.4 Continued T (K) ρ (kg /m3) cp (k J/kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 107 (N ⋅ s/m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 106 (m2/s) Pr Oxygen (O2 ) (continued) 350 400 450 500 550 1.100 0.9620 0.8554 0.7698 0.6998 0.929 0.942 0.956 0.972 0.988 233.5 258.2 281.4 303.3 324.0 21.23 26.84 32.90 39.40 46.30 29.6 33.0 36.3 41.2 44.1 29.0 36.4 44.4 55.1 63.8 0.733 0.737 0.741 0.716 0.726 600 700 800 900 1000 0.6414 0.5498 0.4810 0.4275 0.3848 1.003 1.031 1.054 1.074 1.090 343.7 380.8 415.2 447.2 477.0 53.59 69.26 86.32 104.6 124.0 47.3 52.8 58.9 64.9 71.0 73.5 93.1 116 141 169 0.729 0.744 0.743 0.740 0.733 1100 1200 1300 0.3498 0.3206 0.2960 1.103 1.115 1.125 505.5 532.5 588.4 144.5 166.1 188.6 75.8 81.9 87.1 196 229 262 0.736 0.725 0.721 Water Vapor (Steam), ℳ = 18.02 kg/kmol a 380 400 450 500 550 0.5863 0.5542 0.4902 0.4405 0.4005 2.060 2.014 1.980 1.985 1.997 127.1 134.4 152.5 170.4 188.4 21.68 24.25 31.11 38.68 47.04 24.6 26.1 29.9 33.9 37.9 20.4 23.4 30.8 38.8 47.4 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.998 0.993 600 650 700 750 800 850 0.3652 0.3380 0.3140 0.2931 0.2739 0.2579 2.026 2.056 2.085 2.119 2.152 2.186 206.7 224.7 242.6 260.4 278.6 296.9 56.60 66.48 77.26 88.84 101.7 115.1 42.2 46.4 50.5 54.9 59.2 63.7 57.0 66.8 77.1 88.4 100 113 0.993 0.996 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 Adapted from References 8, 14, and 15. 916 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.5 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluidsa Saturated Liquids T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (kJ/ kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 102 (N ⋅ s /m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 107 (m2/s) Pr β ⋅ 103 (K−1) Engine Oil (Unused) 273 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 899.1 895.3 890.0 884.1 877.9 871.8 865.8 859.9 1.796 1.827 1.868 1.909 1.951 1.993 2.035 2.076 385 217 99.9 48.6 25.3 14.1 8.36 5.31 4280 2430 1120 550 288 161 96.6 61.7 147 144 145 145 145 143 141 139 0.910 0.880 0.872 0.859 0.847 0.823 0.800 0.779 47,000 27,500 12,900 6400 3400 1965 1205 793 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 350 360 370 380 390 853.9 847.8 841.8 836.0 830.6 2.118 2.161 2.206 2.250 2.294 3.56 2.52 1.86 1.41 1.10 41.7 29.7 22.0 16.9 13.3 138 138 137 136 135 0.763 0.753 0.738 0.723 0.709 546 395 300 233 187 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 400 410 420 430 825.1 818.9 812.1 806.5 2.337 2.381 2.427 2.471 0.874 0.698 0.564 0.470 10.6 8.52 6.94 5.83 134 133 133 132 0.695 0.682 0.675 0.662 152 125 103 88 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 Ethylene Glycol [C 2H4(OH)2] 273 280 290 1130.8 1125.8 1118.8 2.294 2.323 2.368 6.51 4.20 2.47 57.6 37.3 22.1 242 244 248 0.933 0.933 0.936 617 400 236 0.65 0.65 0.65 300 310 320 330 340 1114.4 1103.7 1096.2 1089.5 1083.8 2.415 2.460 2.505 2.549 2.592 1.57 1.07 0.757 0.561 0.431 14.1 9.65 6.91 5.15 3.98 252 255 258 260 261 0.939 0.939 0.940 0.936 0.929 151 103 73.5 55.0 42.8 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 350 360 370 373 1079.0 1074.0 1066.7 1058.5 2.637 2.682 2.728 2.742 0.342 0.278 0.228 0.215 3.17 2.59 2.14 2.03 261 261 262 263 0.917 0.906 0.900 0.906 34.6 28.6 23.7 22.4 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 282 284 286 286 286 287 0.977 0.972 0.955 0.935 0.916 0.897 Glycerin [C3H5(OH)3] 273 280 290 300 310 320 1276.0 1271.9 1265.8 1259.9 1253.9 1247.2 2.261 2.298 2.367 2.427 2.490 2.564 1060 534 185 79.9 35.2 21.0 8310 4200 1460 634 281 168 85,000 43,200 15,300 6780 3060 1870 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 Appendix A ■ 917 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.5 Continued Saturated Liquids (Continued) T (K) ρ (kg/m3) cp (kJ/ kg ⋅ K) µ ⋅ 102 (N ⋅ s/m2) ν ⋅ 106 (m2/s) k ⋅ 103 (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 107 (m2/s) Pr β ⋅ 103 (K−1) Refrigerant-134a (C2H2F4) 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 1426.8 1397.7 1367.9 1337.1 1305.1 1271.8 1236.8 1199.7 1159.9 1116.8 1069.1 1015.0 951.3 870.1 740.3 1.249 1.267 1.287 1.308 1.333 1.361 1.393 1.432 1.481 1.543 1.627 1.751 1.961 2.437 5.105 0.04912 0.04202 0.03633 0.03166 0.02775 0.02443 0.02156 0.01905 0.01680 0.01478 0.01292 0.01118 0.00951 0.00781 0.00580 0.3443 0.3006 0.2656 0.2368 0.2127 0.1921 0.1744 0.1588 0.1449 0.1323 0.1209 0.1102 0.1000 0.0898 0.0783 112.1 107.3 102.5 97.9 93.4 89.0 84.6 80.3 76.1 71.8 67.5 63.1 58.6 54.1 51.8 0.629 0.606 0.583 0.560 0.537 0.514 0.491 0.468 0.443 0.417 0.388 0.355 0.314 0.255 0.137 5.5 5.0 4.6 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.5 5.7 2.02 2.11 2.23 2.36 2.53 2.73 2.98 3.30 3.73 4.33 5.19 6.57 9.10 15.39 55.24 1.087 1.100 1.117 1.137 1.161 1.189 1.223 1.265 1.319 1.391 1.495 1.665 1.997 3.001 0.03558 0.03145 0.02796 0.02497 0.02235 0.02005 0.01798 0.01610 0.01438 0.01278 0.01127 0.00980 0.00831 0.00668 0.2513 0.2268 0.2062 0.1884 0.1730 0.1594 0.1472 0.1361 0.1259 0.1165 0.1075 0.0989 0.0904 0.0811 114.5 109.8 105.2 100.7 96.2 91.7 87.2 82.6 78.1 73.4 68.6 63.6 58.3 53.1 0.744 0.720 0.695 0.668 0.641 0.613 0.583 0.552 0.518 0.481 0.438 0.386 0.317 0.215 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.8 2.05 2.16 2.29 2.45 2.63 2.86 3.15 3.51 4.00 4.69 5.75 7.56 11.35 23.88 0.1404 0.1393 0.1377 0.1365 0.1357 0.1353 0.1352 0.1355 0.1688 0.1523 0.1309 0.1171 0.1075 0.1007 0.0953 0.0911 0.1240 0.1125 0.0976 0.0882 0.0816 0.0771 0.0737 0.0711 Refrigerant-22 (CHClF2) 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 1416.0 1386.6 1356.3 1324.9 1292.1 1257.9 1221.7 1183.4 1142.2 1097.4 1047.5 990.1 920.1 823.4 Mercury (Hg) 273 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 13,595 13,529 13,407 13,287 13,167 13,048 12,929 12,809 8180 8540 9180 9800 10,400 10,950 11,450 11,950 42.85 45.30 49.75 54.05 58.10 61.90 65.55 68.80 0.0290 0.0248 0.0196 0.0163 0.0140 0.0125 0.0112 0.0103 0.181 0.181 0.181 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.184 0.187 918 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.5 Continued Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atmb Fluid Tsat (K) hƒg (k J/kg) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerin Mercury Refrigerant R-134a Refrigerant R-22 351 470 563 630 247 232 846 812 974 301 217 234 a Adapted from References 15–19. Adapted from References 8, 20, and 21. c Property value corresponding to 300 K. b ρƒ (kg/m3) 757 1111c 1260c 12,740 1377 1409 ρg (kg/m3) σ ⋅ 103 (N/m) 1.44 — — 3.90 5.26 4.70 17.7 32.7 63.0c 417 15.4 18.1 0.00611 0.00697 0.00990 0.01387 0.01917 0.02617 0.03531 0.04712 0.06221 0.08132 0.1053 0.1351 0.1719 0.2167 0.2713 0.3372 0.4163 0.5100 0.6209 0.7514 0.9040 1.0133 1.0815 1.2869 1.5233 1.794 2.455 3.302 4.370 5.699 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 373.15 375 380 385 390 400 410 420 430 Pressure, p (bar) b 273.15 275 280 285 290 Temperature, T (K) 0.980 0.731 0.553 0.425 0.331 1.861 1.679 1.574 1.337 1.142 4.683 3.846 3.180 2.645 2.212 13.98 11.06 8.82 7.09 5.74 2212 2183 2153 2123 2091 2265 2257 2252 2239 2225 2329 2317 2304 2291 2278 2390 2378 2366 2354 2342 2449 2438 2426 2414 2402 2502 2497 2485 2473 2461 4.239 4.256 4.278 4.302 4.331 4.214 4.217 4.220 4.226 4.232 4.191 4.195 4.199 4.203 4.209 4.180 4.182 4.184 4.186 4.188 4.181 4.179 4.178 4.178 4.179 4.217 4.211 4.198 4.189 4.184 cp,ƒ 2.104 2.158 2.221 2.291 2.369 2.017 2.029 2.036 2.057 2.080 1.941 1.954 1.968 1.983 1.999 1.895 1.903 1.911 1.920 1.930 1.868 1.872 1.877 1.882 1.888 1.854 1.855 1.858 1.861 1.864 cp, g Specific Heat (kJ/kg · K) 237 217 200 185 173 289 279 274 260 248 389 365 343 324 306 577 528 489 453 420 959 855 769 695 631 1750 1652 1422 1225 1080 𝞵 ƒ · 106 12.69 13.05 13.42 13.79 14.14 11.89 12.02 12.09 12.29 12.49 10.89 11.09 11.29 11.49 11.69 9.89 10.09 10.29 10.49 10.69 8.89 9.09 9.29 9.49 9.69 8.02 8.09 8.29 8.49 8.69 𝞵 g · 106 Viscosity (N · s/m2) 686 688 688 688 685 679 680 681 683 685 664 668 671 674 677 640 645 650 656 660 606 613 620 628 634 569 574 582 590 598 kƒ · 103 26.3 27.2 28.2 29.8 30.4 24.5 24.8 24.9 25.4 25.8 22.6 23.0 23.3 23.7 24.1 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.3 19.5 19.6 20.1 20.4 20.7 18.2 18.3 18.6 18.9 19.3 kg · 103 Thermal Conductivity (W/m · K) 1.47 1.34 1.24 1.16 1.09 1.80 1.76 1.70 1.61 1.53 2.45 2.29 2.14 2.02 1.91 3.77 3.42 3.15 2.88 2.66 6.62 5.83 5.20 4.62 4.16 12.99 12.22 10.26 8.81 7.56 Prƒ 1.013 1.033 1.054 1.075 1.10 0.978 0.984 0.987 0.999 1.004 0.933 0.942 0.951 0.960 0.969 0.894 0.901 0.908 0.916 0.925 0.849 0.857 0.865 0.873 0.883 0.815 0.817 0.825 0.833 0.841 Prg Prandtl Number 55.6 53.6 51.5 49.4 47.2 59.5 58.9 58.6 57.6 56.6 64.1 63.2 62.3 61.4 60.5 68.3 67.5 66.6 65.8 64.9 72.7 71.7 70.9 70.0 69.2 75.5 75.3 74.8 74.3 73.7 Surface Tension, σ ƒ · 103 (N/m) 841 896 952 1010 728.7 750.1 761 788 814 595.4 624.2 652.3 697.9 707.1 436.7 471.2 504.0 535.5 566.0 227.5 276.1 320.6 361.9 400.4 68.05 32.74 46.04 114.1 174.0 Expansion Coefficient, 𝜷 ƒ · 106 (K1) 390 400 410 420 430 370 373.15 375 380 385 345 350 355 360 365 320 325 330 335 340 295 300 305 310 315 273.15 275 280 285 290 Temperature, T (K) Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1.058 1.067 1.077 1.088 1.099 1.041 1.044 1.045 1.049 1.053 1.024 1.027 1.030 1.034 1.038 1.011 1.013 1.016 1.018 1.021 51.94 39.13 29.74 22.93 17.82 206.3 181.7 130.4 99.4 69.7 vg Heat of Vaporization, hƒg (kJ/kg) ■ 1.002 1.003 1.005 1.007 1.009 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 vƒ · 10 3 Specific Volume (m3/kg) Table a.6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Watera Appendix A 919 7.333 9.319 11.71 14.55 17.90 21.83 26.40 31.66 37.70 44.58 52.38 61.19 71.08 82.16 94.51 108.3 123.5 137.3 159.1 169.1 179.7 190.9 202.7 215.2 221.2 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 625 630 635 640 645 647.3c Adapted from Reference 22. 1 bar = 105 N/m2. c Critical temperature. b 1.856 1.935 2.075 2.351 3.170 1.482 1.541 1.612 1.705 1.778 1.294 1.323 1.355 1.392 1.433 0.0075 0.0066 0.0057 0.0045 0.0032 0.0163 0.0137 0.0115 0.0094 0.0085 0.0375 0.0317 0.0269 0.0228 0.0193 0.0922 0.0766 0.0631 0.0525 0.0445 0.261 0.208 0.167 0.136 0.111 vg 781 683 560 361 0 1274 1176 1068 941 858 1622 1564 1499 1429 1353 1870 1825 1779 1730 1679 2059 2024 1989 1951 1912 12.6 16.4 26 90 ∞ 6.41 7.00 7.85 9.35 10.6 5.08 5.24 5.43 5.68 6.00 4.59 4.66 4.74 4.84 4.95 4.36 4.40 4.44 4.48 4.53 cp,ƒ 22.1 27.6 42 — ∞ 7.35 8.75 11.1 15.4 18.3 4.27 4.64 5.09 5.67 6.40 3.10 3.27 3.47 3.70 3.96 2.46 2.56 2.68 2.79 2.94 cp, g Specific Heat (kJ/kg · K) 67 64 59 54 45 84 81 77 72 70 101 97 94 91 88 124 118 113 108 104 162 152 143 136 129 𝞵 ƒ · 106 28.0 30.0 32.0 37.0 45.0 21.5 22.7 24.1 25.9 27.0 18.1 18.6 19.1 19.7 20.4 16.23 16.59 16.95 17.33 17.72 14.50 14.85 15.19 15.54 15.88 𝞵 g · 106 Viscosity (N · s/m2) 412 392 367 331 238 513 497 467 444 430 594 580 563 548 528 651 642 631 621 608 682 678 673 667 660 kƒ · 103 130 141 155 178 238 84.1 92.9 103 114 121 54.0 58.3 63.7 76.7 76.7 40.1 42.3 44.7 47.5 50.6 31.7 33.1 34.6 36.3 38.1 kg · 103 Thermal Conductivity (W/m · K) 1.84 2.15 2.60 3.46 4.20 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.59 1.68 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 Prg 2.0 4.8 2.7 6.0 4.2 9.6 12 26 ∞ ∞ 1.05 1.14 1.30 1.52 1.65 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.99 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.85 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.92 0.89 Prƒ Prandtl Number 2.6 1.5 0.8 0.1 0.0 10.5 8.4 6.3 4.5 3.5 22.1 19.7 17.3 15.0 12.8 33.9 31.6 29.3 26.9 24.5 45.1 42.9 40.7 38.5 36.2 Surface Tension, σƒ · 103 (N/m) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Expansion Coefficient, 𝜷 ƒ · 106 (K1) 630 635 640 645 647.3c 590 600 610 620 625 540 550 560 570 580 490 500 510 520 530 440 450 460 470 480 Temperature, T (K) ■ 1.184 1.203 1.222 1.244 1.268 1.110 1.123 1.137 1.152 1.167 vƒ · 103 Heat of Vaporization, hƒg (kJ/kg) Appendix A a Pressure, p (bar) b Temperature, T (K) Specific Volume (m3/ kg) Table a.6 Continued 920 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Appendix A ■ 921 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metalsa Composition Melting Point (K) Bismuth 544 Lead 600 Potassium 337 Sodium 371 NaK, (56%/44%) 292 NaK, (22%/78%) 262 PbBi, (44.5%/55.5%) 398 Mercury 234 a Adapted from Reference 23. T (K) ρ (kg/m3) 589 811 1033 644 755 977 422 700 977 373 644 977 366 644 977 366 672 1033 422 644 922 10,010 9738 9454 10,540 10,412 10,140 807.3 741.7 674.4 928.0 860.2 778.5 887.4 821.7 740.1 849.0 775.3 690.4 10,524 10,236 9835 cp (kJ/kg ⋅ K) 0.1444 0.1545 0.1645 0.159 0.155 — 0.80 0.75 0.75 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.130 1.055 1.043 0.946 0.879 0.883 0.147 0.147 — See Table A.5 ν ⋅ 107 (m2/s) k (W/m ⋅ K) α ⋅ 105 (m2/s) Pr 1.617 1.133 0.8343 2.276 1.849 1.347 4.608 2.397 1.905 7.532 3.270 2.285 6.522 2.871 2.174 5.797 2.666 2.118 — 1.496 1.171 16.4 15.6 15.6 16.1 15.6 14.9 45.0 39.5 33.1 86.0 72.3 59.7 25.6 27.5 28.9 24.4 26.7 — 9.05 11.86 — 1.138 1.035 1.001 1.084 1.223 — 6.99 7.07 6.55 6.69 6.48 6.12 2.552 3.17 3.74 3.05 3.92 — 0.586 0.790 — 0.0142 0.0110 0.0083 0.024 0.017 — 0.0066 0.0034 0.0029 0.011 0.0051 0.0037 0.026 0.0091 0.0058 0.019 0.0068 — — 0.189 — 922 Appendix A ■ Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmospherea,b Substance A Substance B T (K) DAB (m2/s) Gases NH3 H 2O CO2 H2 O2 Acetone Benzene Naphthalene Ar H2 H2 H2 CO2 CO2 O2 Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air N2 O2 N2 CO2 N2 O2 N2 298 298 298 298 298 273 298 300 293 273 273 273 293 273 273 0.28 × 10−4 0.26 × 10−4 0.16 × 10−4 0.41 × 10−4 0.21 × 10−4 0.11 × 10−4 0.88 × 10−5 0.62 × 10−5 0.19 × 10−4 0.70 × 10−4 0.68 × 10−4 0.55 × 10−4 0.16 × 10−4 0.14 × 10−4 0.18 × 10−4 Dilute Solutions Caffeine Ethanol Glucose Glycerol Acetone CO2 O2 H2 N2 H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 0.63 × 10−9 0.12 × 10−8 0.69 × 10−9 0.94 × 10−9 0.13 × 10−8 0.20 × 10−8 0.24 × 10−8 0.63 × 10−8 0.26 × 10−8 Solids O2 N2 CO2 He H2 Cd Al Rubber Rubber Rubber SiO2 Fe Cu Cu 298 298 298 293 293 293 293 0.21 × 10−9 0.15 × 10−9 0.11 × 10−9 0.4 × 10−13 0.26 × 10−12 0.27 × 10−18 0.13 × 10−33 a Adapted with permission from References 24, 25, and 26. Assuming ideal gas behavior, the pressure and temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient for a binary mixture of gases may be estimated from the relation b DAB ∝ p −1T 3/2 Appendix A ■ 923 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Table a.9 Henry’s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressurea H = pA,i /xA,i (bar) T (K) NH3 Cl2 H2S SO2 CO2 CH4 O2 H2 273 280 290 300 310 320 323 21 23 26 30 — — — 265 365 480 615 755 860 890 260 335 450 570 700 835 870 165 210 315 440 600 800 850 710 960 1300 1730 2175 2650 2870 22,880 27,800 35,200 42,800 50,000 56,300 58,000 25,500 30,500 37,600 45,700 52,500 56,800 58,000 58,000 61,500 66,500 71,600 76,000 78,600 79,000 a Adapted with permission from Reference 27. Table a.10 The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solidsa Gas Solid T (K) S = CA,i /pA,i (kmol/m3 ⋅ bar) O2 N2 CO2 He H2 Rubber Rubber Rubber SiO2 Ni 298 298 298 293 358 3.12 × 10−3 1.56 × 10−3 40.15 × 10−3 0.45 × 10−3 9.01 × 10−3 a Data from Reference 26. Aluminum Highly polished, film Foil, bright Anodized Chromium Polished or plated Copper Highly polished Stably oxidized Gold Highly polished or film Foil, bright Molybdenum Polished Shot-blasted, rough Stably oxidized Nickel Polished Stably oxidized Platinum Polished Silver Polished Stainless steels Typical, polished Typical, cleaned Typical, lightly oxidized Typical, highly oxidized AISI 347, stably oxidized Tantalum Polished Tungsten Polished Description/Composition 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.70 0.89 0.76 0.90 0.10 0.13 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.67 0.88 (h) 0.87 0.19 0.24 0.08 0.11 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.22 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.12 0.35 1200 (h) 0.02 0.02 (h) 0.03 0.13 0.10 (h) 0.14 0.57 0.11 0.49 0.09 0.40 (h) (h) 0.10 0.31 0.08 0.28 0.82 0.06 0.04 0.80 1000 0.06 0.25 0.80 0.04 0.58 800 (h) (h) (h) 0.04 0.50 0.14 0.06 600 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.76 0.05 400 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.10 (h) (h) 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.82 300 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.42 1500 0.25 0.23 0.21 2000 0.29 0.28 0.26 2500 ■ 0.03 0.05 (n) 0.03 0.06 200 Appendix A (h) (h) 0.02 0.06 (h) (h) (h) 100 Emissivity, εn or εh , at Various Temperatures (K) Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of Selected Surfaces Metallic Solids and Their Oxidesa Table a.11 924 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Appendix A ■ Table a.11 925 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Continued Nonmetallic Substancesb Description /Composition Temperature (K) Emissivity ε 0.69 0.55 0.41 0.85–0.93 Aluminum oxide (n) Asphalt pavement Building materials Asbestos sheet Brick, red Gypsum or plaster board Wood Cloth Concrete Glass, window Ice Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Paper, white Pyrex (h) 600 1000 1500 300 (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 273 0.93–0.96 0.93–0.96 0.90–0.92 0.82–0.92 0.75–0.90 0.88–0.93 0.90–0.95 0.95–0.98 (h) (h) (h) (h) (n) Pyroceram (n) 300 300 300 300 300 600 1000 1200 300 600 1000 1500 0.98 0.90 0.92 0.92–0.97 0.82 0.80 0.71 0.62 0.85 0.78 0.69 0.57 Refractories (furnace liners) Alumina brick (n) 800 1000 1400 1600 800 1000 1400 1600 800 1200 1400 1600 300 600 1000 1500 300 273 0.40 0.33 0.28 0.33 0.45 0.36 0.31 0.40 0.70 0.57 0.47 0.53 0.90 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.95 0.82–0.90 Magnesia brick (n) Kaolin insulating brick (n) Sand Silicon carbide (h) (n) Skin Snow (h) (h) 926 Appendix A ■ Table a.11 Thermophysical Properties of Matter Continued Nonmetallic Substancesb Description /Composition Soil Rocks Teflon (h) (h) (h) Vegetation Water (h) (h) Temperature (K) Emissivity ε 300 300 300 400 500 300 300 0.93–0.96 0.88–0.95 0.85 0.87 0.92 0.92–0.96 0.96 a Data from Reference 1. Data from References 1, 9, 28, and 29. b Table a.12 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materialsa Description /Composition Aluminum Polished Anodized Quartz overcoated Foil Brick, red (Purdue) Concrete Galvanized sheet metal Clean, new Oxidized, weathered Glass, 3.2-mm thickness Float or tempered Low iron oxide type Metal, plated Black sulfide Black cobalt oxide Black nickel oxide Black chrome Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness Snow Fine particles, fresh Ice granules Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness a αS εb α S/ε 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.63 0.60 0.03 0.84 0.37 0.05 0.93 0.88 3.0 0.17 0.30 3.0 0.68 0.68 0.65 0.80 0.13 0.28 5.0 2.9 0.79 0.88 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.87 0.10 0.30 0.08 0.09 9.2 3.1 11 9.7 0.87 0.98 0.26 0.16 0.98 0.90 0.93 1.0 0.29 0.17 0.90 0.13 0.33 0.82 0.89 0.16 0.37 Based on tables from Reference 29. The emissivity values in this table correspond to a surface temperature of approximately 300 K. b τS 0.92 0.92