Uploaded by Michelle.vik1989

(3) thermophysical properties

advertisement
APPENDIX
A
Thermophysical
Properties of Matter
1
Table
Page
A.1
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids
899
A.2
A.3
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solids
Thermophysical Properties of Common Materials
Structural Building Materials
Insulating Materials and Systems
Industrial Insulation
Other Materials
Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluids
Saturated Liquids
Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atm
Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water
Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals
Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere
Henry’s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate
Pressure
The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids
903
905
905
906
907
909
911
916
916
918
919
921
922
923
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.8
A.9
A.10
1
The convention used to present numerical values of the properties is illustrated by this example:
T
(K)
ν ⋅ 107
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
300
0.349
521
where ν = 0.349 × 10 m /s and k = 521 × 10 = 0.521 W/m ⋅ K at 300 K.
−7
2
−3
923
898
Appendix A
A.11
A.12
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of
Selected Surfaces
Metallic Solids and Their Oxides
Nonmetallic Substances
Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials
References
924
924
925
926
927
8920
5360
1493
1211
8933
8530
1358
Copper
Pure
8862
1188
1769
Cobalt
7160
8780
2118
Chromium
8650
1104
594
Cadmium
2500
8800
2573
Boron
9780
1293
545
Bismuth
322
384
380
355
420
385
421
449
231
1107
122
1825
883
2790
1850
875
903
cp
(J/kg · K)
2770
2702
(kg/m3)
59.9
23
110
54
52
401
99.2
93.7
96.8
27.0
7.86
200
168
177
237
k
(W/m · K)
Properties at 300 K
302
482
65
473
100
237
798
163
787
200
240
949
186
925
400
231
1033
186
1042
600
218
1146
800
1000
1200
1500
2000
34.7
6.71
33.9
17
14
117
17
237
232
190
75
482
252
413
356
42
785
41
—
95
360
19
362
96.8
290
43.2
337
393
397
52
460
65
—
137
395
27.3
348
379
417
59
545
74
—
149
425
19.8
357
366
433
17.4
375
352
451
17.4
395
339
480
174
185
—
—
59.2 990
301
161
126
106
90.8
78.7
203
1114
2191
2604
2823
3018
3227
3519
6.59 16.5
9.69
7.04
112
120
127
9.76 190
55.5
16.8
10.6
9.60
9.85
128
600
1463
1892
2160
2338
48.4 203
99.3
94.7
198
222
242
29.1 159
111
90.9
80.7
71.3
65.4
61.9
57.2 49.4
192
384
484
542
581
616
682
779
937
26.6 167
122
85.4
67.4
58.2
52.1
49.3
42.5
236
379
450
503
550
628
733
674
68.2
73.0
97.1
α · 106
(m2/s)
k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)
2500
■
Commercial bronze
(90% Cu, 10% Al)
Phosphor gear bronze
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn)
Constantan
(55% Cu, 45% Ni)
Germanium
1550
775
933
Alloy 2024-T6
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast
(4.5% Cu)
Beryllium
Aluminum
Pure
Composition
Melting
Point
(K)
Table a.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solidsa
Appendix A
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
899
2720
1810
Iridium
Iron
Pure
Carbon–silicon
(Mn 1%,
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Carbon–manganese–
silicon
(1% Mn 1.65%,
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels
12 Cr–14 Mo–Si
(0.18% C, 0.65% Cr,
0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si)
1 Cr–12 Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr,
0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si)
1 Cr–V
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V)
Carbon steels
Plain carbon
(Mn 1%,
Si 0.1%)
AISI 1010
446
434
444
442
443
8131
7822
7858
7836
434
7832
7817
434
447
7854
7870
447
130
129
cp
(J/kg · K)
48.9
42.3
37.7
41.0
51.9
63.9
60.5
72.7
80.2
147
317
k
(W/m · K)
14.1
12.2
10.9
11.6
14.9
18.8
17.7
20.7
23.1
50.3
127
α · 10
(m2/s)
6
95.6
215
134
216
327
109
172
90
100
80.6
384
94.0
384
323
124
153
122
200
46.8
492
42.0
492
38.2
492
42.2
487
58.7
487
49.8
501
56.7
487
65.7
490
69.5
490
311
131
144
133
400
42.1
575
39.1
575
36.7
575
39.7
559
48.8
559
44.0
582
48.0
559
53.1
574
54.7
574
298
135
138
138
600
36.3
688
34.5
688
33.3
688
35.0
685
39.2
685
37.4
699
39.2
685
42.2
680
43.3
680
284
140
132
144
800
28.2
969
27.4
969
26.9
969
27.6
1090
31.3
1168
29.3
971
30.0
1169
32.3
975
32.8
975
270
145
126
153
1000
k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)
28.7
609
28.3
609
255
155
120
161
1200
31.4
654
32.1
654
111
172
1500
2000
2500
■
7870
22500
19300
(kg/m3)
Properties at 300 K
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)
Appendix A
Armco
(99.75% pure)
1336
Gold
Composition
Melting
Point
(K)
Table a.1 Continued
900
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
8570
2741
1827
2045
Palladium
Platinum
Pure
21100
3453
2236
1685
1235
3269
2023
505
Rhodium
Silicon
Silver
Tantalum
Thorium
Tin
7310
227
118
140
235
712
243
136
162
133
244
265
439
420
444
251
1024
129
66.6
54.0
57.5
429
148
150
47.9
47
71.6
71.8
53.7
11.7
12
90.7
138
156
35.3
14.2
13.4
14.9
15.1
40.1
39.1
24.7
174
89.2
49.6
16.7
17.4
25.1
24.5
23.6
3.1
3.4
23.0
53.7
87.6
24.1
3.71
3.48
3.95
3.91
58.9
97
186
147
884
259
444
187
59.2
110
59.8
99
85.2
188
77.5
100
55.2
188
76.5
168
8.7
—
164
232
39.7
118
169
649
179
141
9.2
272
51.0
127
154
220
264
556
430
225
57.5
133
54.6
112
73.3
215
72.6
125
52.6
249
71.6
227
10.3
372
107
383
36.7
125
159
934
143
224
12.6
402
71.8
136
52
—
46.1
139
146
253
98.9
790
425
239
57.8
144
54.5
124
62.2
243
55.2
274
73.6
251
80.2
485
14
480
13.5
473
17.3
512
16.6
515
15.2
504
15.8
513
34.0
132
153
1074
134
261
73.2
141
59
—
44.2
145
136
274
61.9
867
412
250
58.6
146
55.8
134
58.2
283
79.7
261
65.6
592
16
525
17.0
510
75.6
146
65
—
44.1
151
127
293
42.2
913
396
262
59.4
149
56.9
145
61.3
292
86.9
271
67.6
530
21
545
20.5
546
20.0
22.8
559
585
19.8
22.6
557
582
18.3
21.3
550
576
18.9
21.9
559
585
31.4
142
149
146
1170
1267
126
118
275
285
78.7
152
69
—
44.6
156
121
311
31.2
946
379
277
60.2
152
56.9
156
64.4
301
94.2
281
24.0
626
71.8
562
112
295
25.4
606
25.4
611
24.2
602
24.7
606
82.6
157
73
—
45.7
162
116
327
25.7
967
361
292
61.0
155
58.7
167
67.5
310
102
291
27.6
—
76.2
594
105
308
28.0
640
90
380
51.9
186
112
376
99.4
179
86
459
62.2 64.1 65.6
160
172 189
89.5
165
76
—
47.8
171
110
349
22.7
992
72.1 79.1
324
347
110
307
33.0
—
82.6
616
98
330
31.7
682
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
11700
16600
10500
2330
12450
16630
1800
Alloy 60Pt–40Rh
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
Rhenium
21450
12020
8510
8900
1665
1728
Nickel
Pure
10240
8400
2894
Molybdenum
1740
1672
923
Magnesium
11340
480
468
477
480
■
Nichrome
(80% Ni, 20% Cr)
Inconel X-750
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe)
Niobium
601
7978
AISI 347
Lead
8238
AISI 316
7900
AISI 304
1670
8055
Stainless steels
AISI 302
Appendix A
901
1406
2192
693
Uranium
Vanadium
Zinc
Adapted from References 1–7.
a
6570
7140
6100
19070
19300
278
389
489
116
132
522
cp
(J/ kg · K)
22.7
116
30.7
27.6
174
21.9
k
(W/m · K)
12.4
41.8
10.3
12.5
68.3
9.32
α · 10
(m2/s)
6
30.5
300
208
87
21.7
94
35.8
258
117
297
33.2
205
100
24.5
465
186
122
25.1
108
31.3
430
118
367
25.2
264
200
20.4
551
159
137
29.6
125
31.3
515
111
402
21.6
300
400
19.4
591
137
142
34.0
146
33.3
540
103
436
20.7
322
600
21.6
342
19.7
633
125
145
38.8
176
35.7
563
800
23.7
362
20.7
675
118
148
43.9
180
38.2
597
1000
k (W/m · K)/cp (J/ kg · K)
26.0
344
22.0
620
113
152
49.0
161
40.8
645
1200
2000
28.8 33.0
344
344
44.6 50.9
714
867
24.5
686
107
100
157
167
1500
95
176
2500
■
2125
3660
Tungsten
4500
(kg/m3)
Properties at 300 K
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)
Appendix A
Zirconium
1953
Melting
Point
(K)
Continued
Titanium
Composition
Table a.1
902
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
3000
2080
1950
2725
2573
590
1500
Boron
Boron fiber epoxy
(30% vol) composite
k, to fibers
k, to fibers
cp
Carbon
Amorphous
Diamond,
type IIa
insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic
k, to layers
k, to layers
cp
Graphite fiber
epoxy (25% vol)
composite
k, heat flow
to fibers
k, heat flow
to fibers
cp
Pyroceram,
Corning 9606
3970
2323
3500
2210
1400
2600
—
2273
450
1623
935
808
709
509
—
1122
1105
1030
765
765
0.67
—
2.10
0.37
364
190
—
450
—
133
—
0.46
337
5.25
—
0.87
3.98
5.7
4970
16.8
136
10,000
21
1.89
—
—
9.99
88.0
11.9
15.1
100
11.1
1950
5.70
2300
1.60
2.29
0.59
27.6
272
36.0
46
α · 106
(m2/s)
32.4
940
26.4
940
196
1350
18.7
1490
400
1540
853
1.89
—
2.19
—
18.9
1110
15.8
1110
111
1690
11.3
1880
600
2.37
—
13.0
1180
10.4
1180
70
1865
8.1
2135
800
1200
1500
2000
2.53
—
2.84
—
3.48
—
10.5
1225
7.85
6.55
5.66
6.00
1225
—
—
—
47
33
21.5
15
1975
2055
2145
2750
6.3
5.2
2350
2555
1000
13.0
0.68
1.1
642
1216
4.78
3.64
3.28
3.08
2.96
2.87
2.79
—
908
1038
1122
1197
1264
1498
8.7
3230
1390
892
667
534
448
357
262
9.23
4.09
2.68
2.01
1.60
1.34
1.08
0.81
411
992
1406
1650
1793
1890
1974
2043
4000
194
1.18
—
2.23
2.28
0.49
0.60
757
1431
52.5
—
82
—
55
—
200
k (W/m · K)/cp (J/kg · K)
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)
2500
■
2500
3970
2323
Properties at 300 K
Melting
Point
cp
k
(K)
(kg/m3) (J/ kg · K) (W/m · K)
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solidsa
Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Beryllium oxide
Composition
Table a.2
Appendix A
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
903
2400
2173
392
3573
2133
Sulfur
Thorium dioxide
Titanium dioxide,
polycrystalline
Adapted from References 1, 2, 3 and 6.
4157
9110
710
235
708
691
745
745
8.4
13
0.206
16.0
1.38
10.4
6.21
490
39
20.8
—
0.69
—
16.4
9.5
—
1.14
—
200
—
1050
600
—
1135
800
87
1195
1000
58
1243
1200
6.6
274
5.02
880
11.3
937
30
1310
1500
2000
4.7
285
3.94
910
3.68
295
3.46
930
3.12
303
3.28
945
2.73
315
2.5
330
9.88
8.76
8.00
7.16
6.20
1063
1155
1226
1306
1377
7.6
5.0
4.2
4.70
3.4
3.1
885
1075
1250
1.51
1.75
2.17
2.87
4.00
905
1040
1105
1155
1195
—
880
400
—
—
13.9
—
578
778
0.141
0.165
0.185
403
606
6.1
10.2
255
2.8
7.01
805
9.65
0.834
230
100
k (W/m · K)/cp (J/ kg · K)
2500
■
a
2220
1883
675
α · 10
(m2/s)
6
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)
Appendix A
2070
2650
1883
Silicon dioxide,
crystalline
(quartz)
k, to c axis
k, to c axis
cp
Silicon dioxide,
polycrystalline
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride
3160
3100
Silicon carbide
Composition
Properties at 300 K
Melting
Point
cp
k
(K)
(kg/m3) (J/kg · K) (W/m · K)
Table a.2 Continued
904
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Appendix A
■
905
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materialsa
Structural Building Materials
Typical Properties at 300 K
Description/Composition
Building Boards
Asbestos–cement board
Gypsum or plaster board
Plywood
Sheathing, regular density
Acoustic tile
Hardboard, siding
Hardboard, high density
Particle board, low density
Particle board, high density
Woods
Hardwoods (oak, maple)
Softwoods (fir, pine)
Masonry Materials
Cement mortar
Brick, common
Brick, face
Clay tile, hollow
1 cell deep, 10 cm thick
3 cells deep, 30 cm thick
Concrete block, 3 oval cores
Sand/gravel, 20 cm thick
Cinder aggregate, 20 cm thick
Concrete block, rectangular core
2 cores, 20 cm thick, 16 kg
Same with filled cores
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster, vermiculite
aggregate
Density,
ρ
(kg/m3)
Thermal
Conductivity, k
(W/m ⋅ K)
Specific
Heat, cp
(J/kg ⋅ K)
1920
800
545
290
290
640
1010
590
1000
0.58
0.17
0.12
0.055
0.058
0.094
0.15
0.078
0.170
—
—
1215
1300
1340
1170
1380
1300
1300
720
510
0.16
0.12
1255
1380
1860
1920
2083
0.72
0.72
1.3
780
835
—
—
—
0.52
0.69
—
—
—
—
1.0
0.67
—
—
—
—
1.1
0.60
—
—
1860
1680
720
0.72
0.22
0.25
—
1085
—
906
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.3 Continued
Insulating Materials and Systems
Typical Properties at 300 K
Description/Composition
Blanket and Batt
Glass fiber, paper faced
Glass fiber, coated; duct liner
Board and Slab
Cellular glass
Glass fiber, organic bonded
Polystyrene, expanded
Extruded (R-12)
Molded beads
Mineral fiberboard; roofing
material
Wood, shredded/cemented
Cork
Loose Fill
Cork, granulated
Diatomaceous silica, coarse
Powder
Diatomaceous silica, fine powder
Glass fiber, poured or blown
Vermiculite, flakes
Formed/Foamed-in-Place
Mineral wool granules with
asbestos/inorganic binders,
sprayed
Polyvinyl acetate cork mastic;
sprayed or troweled
Urethane, two-part mixture;
rigid foam
Reflective
Aluminum foil separating fluffy
glass mats; 10–12 layers, evacuated;
for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper
laminate; 75–150 layers; evacuated;
for cryogenic application (150 K)
Typical silica powder, evacuated
Density,
ρ
(kg/m3)
Thermal
Conductivity, k
(W/m ⋅ K)
Specific
Heat, cp
(J/kg ⋅ K)
16
28
40
32
0.046
0.038
0.035
0.038
—
—
—
835
145
105
0.058
0.036
1000
795
55
16
265
0.027
0.040
0.049
1210
1210
—
350
120
0.087
0.039
1590
1800
160
350
400
200
275
16
80
160
0.045
0.069
0.091
0.052
0.061
0.043
0.068
0.063
—
—
—
—
—
835
835
1000
190
0.046
—
—
0.100
—
70
0.026
1045
40
0.00016
—
120
0.000017
—
160
0.0017
—
Felt, semirigid;
organic bonded
Felt, laminated;
no binder
Blocks, Boards, and
Pipe Insulations
Asbestos paper,
laminated and
corrugated
4-ply
6-ply
8-ply
Magnesia, 85%
Calcium silicate
240
120
190
255
300
185
190
480
730
920
420
420
420
590
920
0.027
0.035
0.033
0.030
0.029
0.027
0.026
230
12
16
24
32
48
0.025
215
0.036
0.023
200
0.029
0.036
0.035
0.032
0.030
0.029
0.038
255
0.035
0.030
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.032
0.030
0.040
270
0.036
0.032
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.032
0.043
285
0.078
0.071
0.068
0.038
0.033
0.046
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.048
300
0.082
0.074
0.071
0.051
0.055
0.039
0.035
0.049
0.046
0.040
0.038
0.035
0.038
0.035
0.052
310
0.098
0.085
0.082
0.055
0.059
0.051
0.051
0.069
0.062
0.053
0.048
0.045
0.046
0.045
0.076
365
0.061
0.063
0.051
0.063
0.079
0.056
0.058
420
0.075
0.065
0.071
0.059
0.052
0.049
0.078
0.088
530
Typical Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m · K), at Various Temperatures (K)
96 –192
40–96
10
Typical
Density
(kg/m3)
48
64
96
128
50 –125
50
1530
920
815
450
Maximum
Service
Temperature (K)
0.089
0.087
0.105
0.087
0.076
0.068
645
0.104
0.150
0.125
0.100
0.091
750
■
Blanket, alumina–
silica fiber
Blankets
Blanket, mineral fiber,
metal reinforced
Blanket, mineral fiber,
glass; fine fiber,
organic bonded
Description/
Composition
Industrial Insulation
Table a.3 Continued
Appendix A
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
907
Cellular glass
Diatomaceous
silica
Polystyrene, rigid
Extruded (R-12)
Extruded (R-12)
Molded beads
Rubber, rigid
foamed
Insulating Cement
Mineral fiber
(rock, slag or glass)
With clay binder
With hydraulic
setting binder
Loose Fill
Cellulose, wood
or paper pulp
Perlite, expanded
Vermiculite,
expanded
Description/
Composition
145
345
385
56
35
16
70
430
560
45
105
122
80
350
350
350
340
1255
922
—
—
—
Typical
Density
(kg/m3)
700
1145
1310
Maximum
Service
Temperature (K)
Industrial Insulation (Continued)
Table a.3 Continued
0.056
0.049
0.042
0.022
0.023
0.030
0.046
230
0.058
0.051
0.043
0.023
0.025
0.033
0.048
240
0.061
0.055
0.046
0.023
0.025
0.035
0.051
255
0.063
0.058
0.049
0.029
0.025
0.026
0.036
0.052
270
0.065
0.061
0.038
0.051
0.030
0.026
0.027
0.038
0.055
285
0.068
0.063
0.039
0.053
0.032
0.027
0.029
0.040
0.058
300
0.071
0.066
0.042
0.056
0.108
0.071
0.033
0.029
0.062
310
0.115
0.079
0.069
365
0.123
0.088
0.079
420
0.137
0.105
0.092
0.101
530
0.123
0.098
0.100
645
0.104
0.115
750
■
0.039
0.023
0.023
0.029
215
Appendix A
0.036
0.023
0.023
0.026
200
Typical Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m · K), at Various Temperatures (K)
908
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Appendix A
■
909
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.3 Continued
Other Materials
Description/
Composition
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Carborundum
Chrome brick
Diatomaceous
silica, fired
Fireclay, burnt 1600 K
Fireclay, burnt 1725 K
Fireclay brick
Magnesite
Clay
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone mix)
Cotton
Foodstuffs
Banana (75.7%
water content)
Apple, red (75%
water content)
Cake, batter
Cake, fully baked
Chicken meat, white
(74.4% water content)
Glass
Plate (soda lime)
Pyrex
Temperature
(K)
Density,
ρ
(kg/m3)
Thermal
Conductivity, k
(W/m ⋅ K)
Specific
Heat, cp
(J/kg ⋅ K)
300
300
2115
1300
0.062
1.4
920
1465
872
1672
473
823
1173
478
1145
773
1073
1373
773
1073
1373
478
922
1478
478
922
1478
300
300
300
300
—
—
3010
300
980
0.481
3350
300
300
300
198
233
253
263
273
283
293
840
720
280
—
—
0.513
0.223
0.121
1.60
1.49
1.35
1.20
0.476
0.480
0.489
3600
—
—
—
300
300
2500
2225
—
—
2050
—
—
2325
2645
—
—
1460
1350
2300
80
18.5
11.0
2.3
2.5
2.0
0.25
0.30
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.8
3.8
2.8
1.9
1.3
0.26
1.4
0.06
1.4
1.4
—
—
835
—
960
960
960
1130
880
1260
880
1300
750
835
910
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.3 Continued
Other Materials (Continued)
Description/
Composition
Temperature
(K)
Density,
ρ
(kg/m3)
Thermal
Conductivity, k
(W/m ⋅ K)
Specific
Heat, cp
(J/kg ⋅ K)
273
253
300
300
300
920
—
998
930
900
1.88
2.03
0.159
0.180
0.240
2040
1945
—
1340
2890
300
300
300
300
300
2630
2320
2680
2640
2150
2.79
2.15
2.80
5.38
2.90
775
810
830
1105
745
300
300
300
300
273
1100
1190
1515
2050
110
500
2200
0.13
0.16
0.27
0.52
0.049
0.190
0.35
0.45
2010
—
800
1840
—
—
—
—
Ice
Leather (sole)
Paper
Paraffin
Rock
Granite, Barre
Limestone, Salem
Marble, Halston
Quartzite, Sioux
Sandstone, Berea
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Soil
Snow
Teflon
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer (adipose)
Muscle
Wood, cross grain
Balsa
Cypress
Fir
Oak
Yellow pine
White pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
a
Adapted from References 1 and 8–13.
300
400
300
300
300
—
—
—
0.37
0.2
0.5
—
—
—
300
300
300
300
300
300
140
465
415
545
640
435
0.055
0.097
0.11
0.17
0.15
0.11
—
—
2720
2385
2805
—
300
300
545
420
0.19
0.14
2385
2720
Appendix A
■
911
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.4 Thermophysical Properties
of Gases at Atmospheric Pressurea
T
(K)
ρ
(kg /m3)
cp
(k J/kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 107
(N ⋅ s/m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
Pr
Air, ℳ = 28.97 kg/kmol
100
150
200
250
300
3.5562
2.3364
1.7458
1.3947
1.1614
1.032
1.012
1.007
1.006
1.007
71.1
103.4
132.5
159.6
184.6
2.00
4.426
7.590
11.44
15.89
9.34
13.8
18.1
22.3
26.3
2.54
5.84
10.3
15.9
22.5
0.786
0.758
0.737
0.720
0.707
350
400
450
500
550
0.9950
0.8711
0.7740
0.6964
0.6329
1.009
1.014
1.021
1.030
1.040
208.2
230.1
250.7
270.1
288.4
20.92
26.41
32.39
38.79
45.57
30.0
33.8
37.3
40.7
43.9
29.9
38.3
47.2
56.7
66.7
0.700
0.690
0.686
0.684
0.683
600
650
700
750
800
0.5804
0.5356
0.4975
0.4643
0.4354
1.051
1.063
1.075
1.087
1.099
305.8
322.5
338.8
354.6
369.8
52.69
60.21
68.10
76.37
84.93
46.9
49.7
52.4
54.9
57.3
76.9
87.3
98.0
109
120
0.685
0.690
0.695
0.702
0.709
850
900
950
1000
1100
0.4097
0.3868
0.3666
0.3482
0.3166
1.110
1.121
1.131
1.141
1.159
384.3
398.1
411.3
424.4
449.0
93.80
102.9
112.2
121.9
141.8
59.6
62.0
64.3
66.7
71.5
131
143
155
168
195
0.716
0.720
0.723
0.726
0.728
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
0.2902
0.2679
0.2488
0.2322
0.2177
1.175
1.189
1.207
1.230
1.248
473.0
496.0
530
557
584
162.9
185.1
213
240
268
76.3
82
91
100
106
224
257
303
350
390
0.728
0.719
0.703
0.685
0.688
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
0.2049
0.1935
0.1833
0.1741
0.1658
1.267
1.286
1.307
1.337
1.372
611
637
663
689
715
298
329
362
396
431
113
120
128
137
147
435
482
534
589
646
0.685
0.683
0.677
0.672
0.667
2200
2300
2400
2500
3000
0.1582
0.1513
0.1448
0.1389
0.1135
1.417
1.478
1.558
1.665
2.726
740
766
792
818
955
468
506
547
589
841
160
175
196
222
486
714
783
869
960
1570
0.655
0.647
0.630
0.613
0.536
Ammonia (NH3), ℳ = 17.03 kg/kmol
300
320
340
360
380
0.6894
0.6448
0.6059
0.5716
0.5410
2.158
2.170
2.192
2.221
2.254
101.5
109
116.5
124
131
14.7
16.9
19.2
21.7
24.2
24.7
27.2
29.3
31.6
34.0
16.6
19.4
22.1
24.9
27.9
0.887
0.870
0.872
0.872
0.869
912
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.4 Continued
T
(K)
ρ
(kg /m3)
cp
(k J/kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 107
(N ⋅ s/m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
Pr
Ammonia (NH3) (continued)
400
420
440
460
480
0.5136
0.4888
0.4664
0.4460
0.4273
2.287
2.322
2.357
2.393
2.430
138
145
152.5
159
166.5
26.9
29.7
32.7
35.7
39.0
37.0
40.4
43.5
46.3
49.2
31.5
35.6
39.6
43.4
47.4
0.853
0.833
0.826
0.822
0.822
500
520
540
560
580
0.4101
0.3942
0.3795
0.3708
0.3533
2.467
2.504
2.540
2.577
2.613
173
180
186.5
193
199.5
42.2
45.7
49.1
52.0
56.5
52.5
54.5
57.5
60.6
63.8
51.9
55.2
59.7
63.4
69.1
0.813
0.827
0.824
0.827
0.817
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), ℳ = 44.01 kg/kmol
280
300
320
340
360
1.9022
1.7730
1.6609
1.5618
1.4743
0.830
0.851
0.872
0.891
0.908
140
149
156
165
173
7.36
8.40
9.39
10.6
11.7
15.20
16.55
18.05
19.70
21.2
9.63
11.0
12.5
14.2
15.8
0.765
0.766
0.754
0.746
0.741
380
400
450
500
550
1.3961
1.3257
1.1782
1.0594
0.9625
0.926
0.942
0.981
1.02
1.05
181
190
210
231
251
13.0
14.3
17.8
21.8
26.1
22.75
24.3
28.3
32.5
36.6
17.6
19.5
24.5
30.1
36.2
0.737
0.737
0.728
0.725
0.721
600
650
700
750
800
0.8826
0.8143
0.7564
0.7057
0.6614
1.08
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.17
270
288
305
321
337
30.6
35.4
40.3
45.5
51.0
40.7
44.5
48.1
51.7
55.1
42.7
49.7
56.3
63.7
71.2
0.717
0.712
0.717
0.714
0.716
Carbon Monoxide (CO), ℳ = 28.01 kg/kmol
200
220
240
260
280
1.6888
1.5341
1.4055
1.2967
1.2038
1.045
1.044
1.043
1.043
1.042
127
137
147
157
166
7.52
8.93
10.5
12.1
13.8
17.0
19.0
20.6
22.1
23.6
9.63
11.9
14.1
16.3
18.8
0.781
0.753
0.744
0.741
0.733
300
320
340
360
380
1.1233
1.0529
0.9909
0.9357
0.8864
1.043
1.043
1.044
1.045
1.047
175
184
193
202
210
15.6
17.5
19.5
21.6
23.7
25.0
26.3
27.8
29.1
30.5
21.3
23.9
26.9
29.8
32.9
0.730
0.730
0.725
0.725
0.729
400
450
500
550
600
0.8421
0.7483
0.67352
0.61226
0.56126
1.049
1.055
1.065
1.076
1.088
218
237
254
271
286
25.9
31.7
37.7
44.3
51.0
31.8
35.0
38.1
41.1
44.0
36.0
44.3
53.1
62.4
72.1
0.719
0.714
0.710
0.710
0.707
Appendix A
■
913
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.4 Continued
T
(K)
ρ
(kg /m3)
cp
(k J/kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 107
(N ⋅ s/m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
Pr
301
315
329
343
58.1
65.5
73.3
81.5
47.0
50.0
52.8
55.5
82.4
93.3
104
116
0.705
0.702
0.702
0.705
28.9
38.8
50.2
—
76.2
0.686
0.679
0.676
—
0.673
Carbon Monoxide (CO) (continued)
650
700
750
800
0.51806
0.48102
0.44899
0.42095
1.101
1.114
1.127
1.140
Helium (He), ℳ = 4.003 kg/kmol
100
120
140
160
180
0.4871
0.4060
0.3481
—
0.2708
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
96.3
107
118
129
139
19.8
26.4
33.9
—
51.3
73.0
81.9
90.7
99.2
107.2
200
220
240
260
280
—
0.2216
—
0.1875
—
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
150
160
170
180
190
—
72.2
—
96.0
—
115.1
123.1
130
137
145
—
107
—
141
—
—
0.675
—
0.682
—
300
350
400
450
500
0.1625
—
0.1219
—
0.09754
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
199
221
243
263
283
122
—
199
—
290
152
170
187
204
220
180
—
295
—
434
0.680
—
0.675
—
0.668
550
600
650
700
750
—
—
—
0.06969
—
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
5.193
—
320
332
350
364
—
—
—
502
—
—
252
264
278
291
—
—
—
768
—
—
—
—
0.654
—
800
900
1000
—
—
0.04879
5.193
5.193
5.193
382
414
446
—
—
914
304
330
354
—
—
1400
—
—
0.654
17.4
34.7
56.2
81.4
111
67.0
101
131
157
183
24.6
49.6
79.9
115
158
0.707
0.699
0.704
0.707
0.701
143
179
218
261
305
204
226
247
266
285
204
258
316
378
445
0.700
0.695
0.689
0.691
0.685
Hydrogen (H2 ), ℳ = 2.016 kg/kmol
100
150
200
250
300
0.24255
0.16156
0.12115
0.09693
0.08078
11.23
12.60
13.54
14.06
14.31
42.1
56.0
68.1
78.9
89.6
350
400
450
500
550
0.06924
0.06059
0.05386
0.04848
0.04407
14.43
14.48
14.50
14.52
14.53
98.8
108.2
117.2
126.4
134.3
914
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.4 Continued
T
(K)
ρ
(kg /m3)
cp
(k J/kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 107
(N ⋅ s/m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
Pr
Hydrogen (H2 ) (continued)
600
700
800
900
1000
0.04040
0.03463
0.03030
0.02694
0.02424
14.55
14.61
14.70
14.83
14.99
142.4
157.8
172.4
186.5
201.3
352
456
569
692
830
305
342
378
412
448
519
676
849
1030
1230
0.678
0.675
0.670
0.671
0.673
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
0.02204
0.02020
0.01865
0.01732
0.01616
15.17
15.37
15.59
15.81
16.02
213.0
226.2
238.5
250.7
262.7
966
1120
1279
1447
1626
488
528
568
610
655
1460
1700
1955
2230
2530
0.662
0.659
0.655
0.650
0.643
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
0.0152
0.0143
0.0135
0.0128
0.0121
16.28
16.58
16.96
17.49
18.25
273.7
284.9
296.1
307.2
318.2
1801
1992
2193
2400
2630
697
742
786
835
878
2815
3130
3435
3730
3975
0.639
0.637
0.639
0.643
0.661
Nitrogen (N2 ), ℳ = 28.01 kg/kmol
100
150
200
250
300
3.4388
2.2594
1.6883
1.3488
1.1233
1.070
1.050
1.043
1.042
1.041
68.8
100.6
129.2
154.9
178.2
2.00
4.45
7.65
11.48
15.86
9.58
13.9
18.3
22.2
25.9
2.60
5.86
10.4
15.8
22.1
0.768
0.759
0.736
0.727
0.716
350
400
450
500
550
0.9625
0.8425
0.7485
0.6739
0.6124
1.042
1.045
1.050
1.056
1.065
200.0
220.4
239.6
257.7
274.7
20.78
26.16
32.01
38.24
44.86
29.3
32.7
35.8
38.9
41.7
29.2
37.1
45.6
54.7
63.9
0.711
0.704
0.703
0.700
0.702
600
700
800
900
1000
0.5615
0.4812
0.4211
0.3743
0.3368
1.075
1.098
1.122
1.146
1.167
290.8
321.0
349.1
375.3
399.9
51.79
66.71
82.90
100.3
118.7
44.6
49.9
54.8
59.7
64.7
73.9
94.4
116
139
165
0.701
0.706
0.715
0.721
0.721
1100
1200
1300
0.3062
0.2807
0.2591
1.187
1.204
1.219
423.2
445.3
466.2
138.2
158.6
179.9
70.0
75.8
81.0
193
224
256
0.718
0.707
0.701
Oxygen (O2 ), ℳ = 32.00 kg/kmol
100
150
200
250
300
3.945
2.585
1.930
1.542
1.284
0.962
0.921
0.915
0.915
0.920
76.4
114.8
147.5
178.6
207.2
1.94
4.44
7.64
11.58
16.14
9.25
13.8
18.3
22.6
26.8
2.44
5.80
10.4
16.0
22.7
0.796
0.766
0.737
0.723
0.711
Appendix A
■
915
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.4 Continued
T
(K)
ρ
(kg /m3)
cp
(k J/kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 107
(N ⋅ s/m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
Pr
Oxygen (O2 ) (continued)
350
400
450
500
550
1.100
0.9620
0.8554
0.7698
0.6998
0.929
0.942
0.956
0.972
0.988
233.5
258.2
281.4
303.3
324.0
21.23
26.84
32.90
39.40
46.30
29.6
33.0
36.3
41.2
44.1
29.0
36.4
44.4
55.1
63.8
0.733
0.737
0.741
0.716
0.726
600
700
800
900
1000
0.6414
0.5498
0.4810
0.4275
0.3848
1.003
1.031
1.054
1.074
1.090
343.7
380.8
415.2
447.2
477.0
53.59
69.26
86.32
104.6
124.0
47.3
52.8
58.9
64.9
71.0
73.5
93.1
116
141
169
0.729
0.744
0.743
0.740
0.733
1100
1200
1300
0.3498
0.3206
0.2960
1.103
1.115
1.125
505.5
532.5
588.4
144.5
166.1
188.6
75.8
81.9
87.1
196
229
262
0.736
0.725
0.721
Water Vapor (Steam), ℳ = 18.02 kg/kmol
a
380
400
450
500
550
0.5863
0.5542
0.4902
0.4405
0.4005
2.060
2.014
1.980
1.985
1.997
127.1
134.4
152.5
170.4
188.4
21.68
24.25
31.11
38.68
47.04
24.6
26.1
29.9
33.9
37.9
20.4
23.4
30.8
38.8
47.4
1.06
1.04
1.01
0.998
0.993
600
650
700
750
800
850
0.3652
0.3380
0.3140
0.2931
0.2739
0.2579
2.026
2.056
2.085
2.119
2.152
2.186
206.7
224.7
242.6
260.4
278.6
296.9
56.60
66.48
77.26
88.84
101.7
115.1
42.2
46.4
50.5
54.9
59.2
63.7
57.0
66.8
77.1
88.4
100
113
0.993
0.996
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.02
Adapted from References 8, 14, and 15.
916
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.5 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluidsa
Saturated Liquids
T
(K)
ρ
(kg/m3)
cp
(kJ/ kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 102
(N ⋅ s /m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 107
(m2/s)
Pr
β ⋅ 103
(K−1)
Engine Oil (Unused)
273
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
899.1
895.3
890.0
884.1
877.9
871.8
865.8
859.9
1.796
1.827
1.868
1.909
1.951
1.993
2.035
2.076
385
217
99.9
48.6
25.3
14.1
8.36
5.31
4280
2430
1120
550
288
161
96.6
61.7
147
144
145
145
145
143
141
139
0.910
0.880
0.872
0.859
0.847
0.823
0.800
0.779
47,000
27,500
12,900
6400
3400
1965
1205
793
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
350
360
370
380
390
853.9
847.8
841.8
836.0
830.6
2.118
2.161
2.206
2.250
2.294
3.56
2.52
1.86
1.41
1.10
41.7
29.7
22.0
16.9
13.3
138
138
137
136
135
0.763
0.753
0.738
0.723
0.709
546
395
300
233
187
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
400
410
420
430
825.1
818.9
812.1
806.5
2.337
2.381
2.427
2.471
0.874
0.698
0.564
0.470
10.6
8.52
6.94
5.83
134
133
133
132
0.695
0.682
0.675
0.662
152
125
103
88
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
Ethylene Glycol [C 2H4(OH)2]
273
280
290
1130.8
1125.8
1118.8
2.294
2.323
2.368
6.51
4.20
2.47
57.6
37.3
22.1
242
244
248
0.933
0.933
0.936
617
400
236
0.65
0.65
0.65
300
310
320
330
340
1114.4
1103.7
1096.2
1089.5
1083.8
2.415
2.460
2.505
2.549
2.592
1.57
1.07
0.757
0.561
0.431
14.1
9.65
6.91
5.15
3.98
252
255
258
260
261
0.939
0.939
0.940
0.936
0.929
151
103
73.5
55.0
42.8
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
350
360
370
373
1079.0
1074.0
1066.7
1058.5
2.637
2.682
2.728
2.742
0.342
0.278
0.228
0.215
3.17
2.59
2.14
2.03
261
261
262
263
0.917
0.906
0.900
0.906
34.6
28.6
23.7
22.4
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
282
284
286
286
286
287
0.977
0.972
0.955
0.935
0.916
0.897
Glycerin [C3H5(OH)3]
273
280
290
300
310
320
1276.0
1271.9
1265.8
1259.9
1253.9
1247.2
2.261
2.298
2.367
2.427
2.490
2.564
1060
534
185
79.9
35.2
21.0
8310
4200
1460
634
281
168
85,000
43,200
15,300
6780
3060
1870
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.50
Appendix A
■
917
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.5 Continued
Saturated Liquids (Continued)
T
(K)
ρ
(kg/m3)
cp
(kJ/ kg ⋅ K)
µ ⋅ 102
(N ⋅ s/m2)
ν ⋅ 106
(m2/s)
k ⋅ 103
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 107
(m2/s)
Pr
β ⋅ 103
(K−1)
Refrigerant-134a (C2H2F4)
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
1426.8
1397.7
1367.9
1337.1
1305.1
1271.8
1236.8
1199.7
1159.9
1116.8
1069.1
1015.0
951.3
870.1
740.3
1.249
1.267
1.287
1.308
1.333
1.361
1.393
1.432
1.481
1.543
1.627
1.751
1.961
2.437
5.105
0.04912
0.04202
0.03633
0.03166
0.02775
0.02443
0.02156
0.01905
0.01680
0.01478
0.01292
0.01118
0.00951
0.00781
0.00580
0.3443
0.3006
0.2656
0.2368
0.2127
0.1921
0.1744
0.1588
0.1449
0.1323
0.1209
0.1102
0.1000
0.0898
0.0783
112.1
107.3
102.5
97.9
93.4
89.0
84.6
80.3
76.1
71.8
67.5
63.1
58.6
54.1
51.8
0.629
0.606
0.583
0.560
0.537
0.514
0.491
0.468
0.443
0.417
0.388
0.355
0.314
0.255
0.137
5.5
5.0
4.6
4.2
4.0
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
5.7
2.02
2.11
2.23
2.36
2.53
2.73
2.98
3.30
3.73
4.33
5.19
6.57
9.10
15.39
55.24
1.087
1.100
1.117
1.137
1.161
1.189
1.223
1.265
1.319
1.391
1.495
1.665
1.997
3.001
0.03558
0.03145
0.02796
0.02497
0.02235
0.02005
0.01798
0.01610
0.01438
0.01278
0.01127
0.00980
0.00831
0.00668
0.2513
0.2268
0.2062
0.1884
0.1730
0.1594
0.1472
0.1361
0.1259
0.1165
0.1075
0.0989
0.0904
0.0811
114.5
109.8
105.2
100.7
96.2
91.7
87.2
82.6
78.1
73.4
68.6
63.6
58.3
53.1
0.744
0.720
0.695
0.668
0.641
0.613
0.583
0.552
0.518
0.481
0.438
0.386
0.317
0.215
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.8
2.05
2.16
2.29
2.45
2.63
2.86
3.15
3.51
4.00
4.69
5.75
7.56
11.35
23.88
0.1404
0.1393
0.1377
0.1365
0.1357
0.1353
0.1352
0.1355
0.1688
0.1523
0.1309
0.1171
0.1075
0.1007
0.0953
0.0911
0.1240
0.1125
0.0976
0.0882
0.0816
0.0771
0.0737
0.0711
Refrigerant-22 (CHClF2)
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
1416.0
1386.6
1356.3
1324.9
1292.1
1257.9
1221.7
1183.4
1142.2
1097.4
1047.5
990.1
920.1
823.4
Mercury (Hg)
273
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
13,595
13,529
13,407
13,287
13,167
13,048
12,929
12,809
8180
8540
9180
9800
10,400
10,950
11,450
11,950
42.85
45.30
49.75
54.05
58.10
61.90
65.55
68.80
0.0290
0.0248
0.0196
0.0163
0.0140
0.0125
0.0112
0.0103
0.181
0.181
0.181
0.181
0.181
0.182
0.184
0.187
918
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.5 Continued
Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atmb
Fluid
Tsat
(K)
hƒg
(k J/kg)
Ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerin
Mercury
Refrigerant R-134a
Refrigerant R-22
351
470
563
630
247
232
846
812
974
301
217
234
a
Adapted from References 15–19.
Adapted from References 8, 20, and 21.
c
Property value corresponding to 300 K.
b
ρƒ
(kg/m3)
757
1111c
1260c
12,740
1377
1409
ρg
(kg/m3)
σ ⋅ 103
(N/m)
1.44
—
—
3.90
5.26
4.70
17.7
32.7
63.0c
417
15.4
18.1
0.00611
0.00697
0.00990
0.01387
0.01917
0.02617
0.03531
0.04712
0.06221
0.08132
0.1053
0.1351
0.1719
0.2167
0.2713
0.3372
0.4163
0.5100
0.6209
0.7514
0.9040
1.0133
1.0815
1.2869
1.5233
1.794
2.455
3.302
4.370
5.699
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
373.15
375
380
385
390
400
410
420
430
Pressure,
p (bar) b
273.15
275
280
285
290
Temperature, T
(K)
0.980
0.731
0.553
0.425
0.331
1.861
1.679
1.574
1.337
1.142
4.683
3.846
3.180
2.645
2.212
13.98
11.06
8.82
7.09
5.74
2212
2183
2153
2123
2091
2265
2257
2252
2239
2225
2329
2317
2304
2291
2278
2390
2378
2366
2354
2342
2449
2438
2426
2414
2402
2502
2497
2485
2473
2461
4.239
4.256
4.278
4.302
4.331
4.214
4.217
4.220
4.226
4.232
4.191
4.195
4.199
4.203
4.209
4.180
4.182
4.184
4.186
4.188
4.181
4.179
4.178
4.178
4.179
4.217
4.211
4.198
4.189
4.184
cp,ƒ
2.104
2.158
2.221
2.291
2.369
2.017
2.029
2.036
2.057
2.080
1.941
1.954
1.968
1.983
1.999
1.895
1.903
1.911
1.920
1.930
1.868
1.872
1.877
1.882
1.888
1.854
1.855
1.858
1.861
1.864
cp, g
Specific
Heat
(kJ/kg · K)
237
217
200
185
173
289
279
274
260
248
389
365
343
324
306
577
528
489
453
420
959
855
769
695
631
1750
1652
1422
1225
1080
𝞵 ƒ · 106
12.69
13.05
13.42
13.79
14.14
11.89
12.02
12.09
12.29
12.49
10.89
11.09
11.29
11.49
11.69
9.89
10.09
10.29
10.49
10.69
8.89
9.09
9.29
9.49
9.69
8.02
8.09
8.29
8.49
8.69
𝞵 g · 106
Viscosity
(N · s/m2)
686
688
688
688
685
679
680
681
683
685
664
668
671
674
677
640
645
650
656
660
606
613
620
628
634
569
574
582
590
598
kƒ · 103
26.3
27.2
28.2
29.8
30.4
24.5
24.8
24.9
25.4
25.8
22.6
23.0
23.3
23.7
24.1
21.0
21.3
21.7
22.0
22.3
19.5
19.6
20.1
20.4
20.7
18.2
18.3
18.6
18.9
19.3
kg · 103
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m · K)
1.47
1.34
1.24
1.16
1.09
1.80
1.76
1.70
1.61
1.53
2.45
2.29
2.14
2.02
1.91
3.77
3.42
3.15
2.88
2.66
6.62
5.83
5.20
4.62
4.16
12.99
12.22
10.26
8.81
7.56
Prƒ
1.013
1.033
1.054
1.075
1.10
0.978
0.984
0.987
0.999
1.004
0.933
0.942
0.951
0.960
0.969
0.894
0.901
0.908
0.916
0.925
0.849
0.857
0.865
0.873
0.883
0.815
0.817
0.825
0.833
0.841
Prg
Prandtl
Number
55.6
53.6
51.5
49.4
47.2
59.5
58.9
58.6
57.6
56.6
64.1
63.2
62.3
61.4
60.5
68.3
67.5
66.6
65.8
64.9
72.7
71.7
70.9
70.0
69.2
75.5
75.3
74.8
74.3
73.7
Surface
Tension,
σ ƒ · 103
(N/m)
841
896
952
1010
728.7
750.1
761
788
814
595.4
624.2
652.3
697.9
707.1
436.7
471.2
504.0
535.5
566.0
227.5
276.1
320.6
361.9
400.4
68.05
32.74
46.04
114.1
174.0
Expansion
Coefficient,
𝜷 ƒ · 106
(K1)
390
400
410
420
430
370
373.15
375
380
385
345
350
355
360
365
320
325
330
335
340
295
300
305
310
315
273.15
275
280
285
290
Temperature,
T (K)
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
1.058
1.067
1.077
1.088
1.099
1.041
1.044
1.045
1.049
1.053
1.024
1.027
1.030
1.034
1.038
1.011
1.013
1.016
1.018
1.021
51.94
39.13
29.74
22.93
17.82
206.3
181.7
130.4
99.4
69.7
vg
Heat of
Vaporization,
hƒg
(kJ/kg)
■
1.002
1.003
1.005
1.007
1.009
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
vƒ · 10 3
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Table a.6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Watera
Appendix A
919
7.333
9.319
11.71
14.55
17.90
21.83
26.40
31.66
37.70
44.58
52.38
61.19
71.08
82.16
94.51
108.3
123.5
137.3
159.1
169.1
179.7
190.9
202.7
215.2
221.2
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
625
630
635
640
645
647.3c
Adapted from Reference 22.
1 bar = 105 N/m2.
c
Critical temperature.
b
1.856
1.935
2.075
2.351
3.170
1.482
1.541
1.612
1.705
1.778
1.294
1.323
1.355
1.392
1.433
0.0075
0.0066
0.0057
0.0045
0.0032
0.0163
0.0137
0.0115
0.0094
0.0085
0.0375
0.0317
0.0269
0.0228
0.0193
0.0922
0.0766
0.0631
0.0525
0.0445
0.261
0.208
0.167
0.136
0.111
vg
781
683
560
361
0
1274
1176
1068
941
858
1622
1564
1499
1429
1353
1870
1825
1779
1730
1679
2059
2024
1989
1951
1912
12.6
16.4
26
90
∞
6.41
7.00
7.85
9.35
10.6
5.08
5.24
5.43
5.68
6.00
4.59
4.66
4.74
4.84
4.95
4.36
4.40
4.44
4.48
4.53
cp,ƒ
22.1
27.6
42
—
∞
7.35
8.75
11.1
15.4
18.3
4.27
4.64
5.09
5.67
6.40
3.10
3.27
3.47
3.70
3.96
2.46
2.56
2.68
2.79
2.94
cp, g
Specific
Heat
(kJ/kg · K)
67
64
59
54
45
84
81
77
72
70
101
97
94
91
88
124
118
113
108
104
162
152
143
136
129
𝞵 ƒ · 106
28.0
30.0
32.0
37.0
45.0
21.5
22.7
24.1
25.9
27.0
18.1
18.6
19.1
19.7
20.4
16.23
16.59
16.95
17.33
17.72
14.50
14.85
15.19
15.54
15.88
𝞵 g · 106
Viscosity
(N · s/m2)
412
392
367
331
238
513
497
467
444
430
594
580
563
548
528
651
642
631
621
608
682
678
673
667
660
kƒ · 103
130
141
155
178
238
84.1
92.9
103
114
121
54.0
58.3
63.7
76.7
76.7
40.1
42.3
44.7
47.5
50.6
31.7
33.1
34.6
36.3
38.1
kg · 103
Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m · K)
1.84
2.15
2.60
3.46
4.20
1.43
1.47
1.52
1.59
1.68
1.25
1.28
1.31
1.35
1.39
1.12
1.14
1.17
1.20
1.23
Prg
2.0
4.8
2.7
6.0
4.2
9.6
12
26
∞
∞
1.05
1.14
1.30
1.52
1.65
0.86
0.87
0.90
0.94
0.99
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
0.85
1.04
0.99
0.95
0.92
0.89
Prƒ
Prandtl
Number
2.6
1.5
0.8
0.1
0.0
10.5
8.4
6.3
4.5
3.5
22.1
19.7
17.3
15.0
12.8
33.9
31.6
29.3
26.9
24.5
45.1
42.9
40.7
38.5
36.2
Surface
Tension,
σƒ · 103
(N/m)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Expansion
Coefficient,
𝜷 ƒ · 106
(K1)
630
635
640
645
647.3c
590
600
610
620
625
540
550
560
570
580
490
500
510
520
530
440
450
460
470
480
Temperature,
T (K)
■
1.184
1.203
1.222
1.244
1.268
1.110
1.123
1.137
1.152
1.167
vƒ · 103
Heat of
Vaporization,
hƒg
(kJ/kg)
Appendix A
a
Pressure,
p (bar) b
Temperature, T
(K)
Specific
Volume
(m3/ kg)
Table a.6 Continued
920
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Appendix A
■
921
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metalsa
Composition
Melting
Point
(K)
Bismuth
544
Lead
600
Potassium
337
Sodium
371
NaK,
(56%/44%)
292
NaK,
(22%/78%)
262
PbBi,
(44.5%/55.5%)
398
Mercury
234
a
Adapted from Reference 23.
T
(K)
ρ
(kg/m3)
589
811
1033
644
755
977
422
700
977
373
644
977
366
644
977
366
672
1033
422
644
922
10,010
9738
9454
10,540
10,412
10,140
807.3
741.7
674.4
928.0
860.2
778.5
887.4
821.7
740.1
849.0
775.3
690.4
10,524
10,236
9835
cp
(kJ/kg ⋅ K)
0.1444
0.1545
0.1645
0.159
0.155
—
0.80
0.75
0.75
1.38
1.30
1.26
1.130
1.055
1.043
0.946
0.879
0.883
0.147
0.147
—
See Table A.5
ν ⋅ 107
(m2/s)
k
(W/m ⋅ K)
α ⋅ 105
(m2/s)
Pr
1.617
1.133
0.8343
2.276
1.849
1.347
4.608
2.397
1.905
7.532
3.270
2.285
6.522
2.871
2.174
5.797
2.666
2.118
—
1.496
1.171
16.4
15.6
15.6
16.1
15.6
14.9
45.0
39.5
33.1
86.0
72.3
59.7
25.6
27.5
28.9
24.4
26.7
—
9.05
11.86
—
1.138
1.035
1.001
1.084
1.223
—
6.99
7.07
6.55
6.69
6.48
6.12
2.552
3.17
3.74
3.05
3.92
—
0.586
0.790
—
0.0142
0.0110
0.0083
0.024
0.017
—
0.0066
0.0034
0.0029
0.011
0.0051
0.0037
0.026
0.0091
0.0058
0.019
0.0068
—
—
0.189
—
922
Appendix A
■
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmospherea,b
Substance A
Substance B
T
(K)
DAB
(m2/s)
Gases
NH3
H 2O
CO2
H2
O2
Acetone
Benzene
Naphthalene
Ar
H2
H2
H2
CO2
CO2
O2
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
N2
O2
N2
CO2
N2
O2
N2
298
298
298
298
298
273
298
300
293
273
273
273
293
273
273
0.28 × 10−4
0.26 × 10−4
0.16 × 10−4
0.41 × 10−4
0.21 × 10−4
0.11 × 10−4
0.88 × 10−5
0.62 × 10−5
0.19 × 10−4
0.70 × 10−4
0.68 × 10−4
0.55 × 10−4
0.16 × 10−4
0.14 × 10−4
0.18 × 10−4
Dilute Solutions
Caffeine
Ethanol
Glucose
Glycerol
Acetone
CO2
O2
H2
N2
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
298
298
298
298
298
298
298
298
298
0.63 × 10−9
0.12 × 10−8
0.69 × 10−9
0.94 × 10−9
0.13 × 10−8
0.20 × 10−8
0.24 × 10−8
0.63 × 10−8
0.26 × 10−8
Solids
O2
N2
CO2
He
H2
Cd
Al
Rubber
Rubber
Rubber
SiO2
Fe
Cu
Cu
298
298
298
293
293
293
293
0.21 × 10−9
0.15 × 10−9
0.11 × 10−9
0.4 × 10−13
0.26 × 10−12
0.27 × 10−18
0.13 × 10−33
a
Adapted with permission from References 24, 25, and 26.
Assuming ideal gas behavior, the pressure and temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient for a
binary mixture of gases may be estimated from the relation
b
DAB ∝ p −1T 3/2
Appendix A
■
923
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Table a.9 Henry’s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressurea
H = pA,i /xA,i (bar)
T
(K)
NH3
Cl2
H2S
SO2
CO2
CH4
O2
H2
273
280
290
300
310
320
323
21
23
26
30
—
—
—
265
365
480
615
755
860
890
260
335
450
570
700
835
870
165
210
315
440
600
800
850
710
960
1300
1730
2175
2650
2870
22,880
27,800
35,200
42,800
50,000
56,300
58,000
25,500
30,500
37,600
45,700
52,500
56,800
58,000
58,000
61,500
66,500
71,600
76,000
78,600
79,000
a
Adapted with permission from Reference 27.
Table a.10 The Solubility of
Selected Gases and Solidsa
Gas
Solid
T
(K)
S = CA,i /pA,i
(kmol/m3 ⋅ bar)
O2
N2
CO2
He
H2
Rubber
Rubber
Rubber
SiO2
Ni
298
298
298
293
358
3.12 × 10−3
1.56 × 10−3
40.15 × 10−3
0.45 × 10−3
9.01 × 10−3
a
Data from Reference 26.
Aluminum
Highly polished, film
Foil, bright
Anodized
Chromium
Polished or plated
Copper
Highly polished
Stably oxidized
Gold
Highly polished or film
Foil, bright
Molybdenum
Polished
Shot-blasted, rough
Stably oxidized
Nickel
Polished
Stably oxidized
Platinum
Polished
Silver
Polished
Stainless steels
Typical, polished
Typical, cleaned
Typical, lightly oxidized
Typical, highly oxidized
AISI 347, stably oxidized
Tantalum
Polished
Tungsten
Polished
Description/Composition
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.70
0.89
0.76
0.90
0.10
0.13
0.23
0.28
0.33
0.67
0.88
(h)
0.87
0.19
0.24
0.08
0.11
0.17
0.22
0.17
0.22
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n)
0.05
0.15
0.17
0.12
0.35
1200
(h)
0.02
0.02
(h)
0.03
0.13
0.10
(h)
0.14
0.57
0.11
0.49
0.09
0.40
(h)
(h)
0.10
0.31
0.08
0.28
0.82
0.06
0.04
0.80
1000
0.06
0.25
0.80
0.04
0.58
800
(h)
(h)
(h)
0.04
0.50
0.14
0.06
600
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.76
0.05
400
0.04
0.02
0.07
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.06
0.10
(h)
(h)
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.82
300
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.15
0.42
1500
0.25
0.23
0.21
2000
0.29
0.28
0.26
2500
■
0.03
0.05
(n)
0.03
0.06
200
Appendix A
(h)
(h)
0.02
0.06
(h)
(h)
(h)
100
Emissivity, εn or εh , at Various Temperatures (K)
Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of Selected Surfaces
Metallic Solids and Their Oxidesa
Table a.11
924
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Appendix A
■
Table a.11
925
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Continued
Nonmetallic Substancesb
Description /Composition
Temperature
(K)
Emissivity
ε
0.69
0.55
0.41
0.85–0.93
Aluminum oxide
(n)
Asphalt pavement
Building materials
Asbestos sheet
Brick, red
Gypsum or plaster board
Wood
Cloth
Concrete
Glass, window
Ice
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Paper, white
Pyrex
(h)
600
1000
1500
300
(h)
(h)
(h)
(h)
(h)
(h)
(h)
(h)
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
273
0.93–0.96
0.93–0.96
0.90–0.92
0.82–0.92
0.75–0.90
0.88–0.93
0.90–0.95
0.95–0.98
(h)
(h)
(h)
(h)
(n)
Pyroceram
(n)
300
300
300
300
300
600
1000
1200
300
600
1000
1500
0.98
0.90
0.92
0.92–0.97
0.82
0.80
0.71
0.62
0.85
0.78
0.69
0.57
Refractories (furnace liners)
Alumina brick
(n)
800
1000
1400
1600
800
1000
1400
1600
800
1200
1400
1600
300
600
1000
1500
300
273
0.40
0.33
0.28
0.33
0.45
0.36
0.31
0.40
0.70
0.57
0.47
0.53
0.90
0.87
0.87
0.85
0.95
0.82–0.90
Magnesia brick
(n)
Kaolin insulating brick
(n)
Sand
Silicon carbide
(h)
(n)
Skin
Snow
(h)
(h)
926
Appendix A
■
Table a.11
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Continued
Nonmetallic Substancesb
Description /Composition
Soil
Rocks
Teflon
(h)
(h)
(h)
Vegetation
Water
(h)
(h)
Temperature
(K)
Emissivity
ε
300
300
300
400
500
300
300
0.93–0.96
0.88–0.95
0.85
0.87
0.92
0.92–0.96
0.96
a
Data from Reference 1.
Data from References 1, 9, 28, and 29.
b
Table a.12
Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materialsa
Description /Composition
Aluminum
Polished
Anodized
Quartz overcoated
Foil
Brick, red (Purdue)
Concrete
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new
Oxidized, weathered
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered
Low iron oxide type
Metal, plated
Black sulfide
Black cobalt oxide
Black nickel oxide
Black chrome
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness
Snow
Fine particles, fresh
Ice granules
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness
a
αS
εb
α S/ε
0.09
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.63
0.60
0.03
0.84
0.37
0.05
0.93
0.88
3.0
0.17
0.30
3.0
0.68
0.68
0.65
0.80
0.13
0.28
5.0
2.9
0.79
0.88
0.92
0.93
0.92
0.87
0.10
0.30
0.08
0.09
9.2
3.1
11
9.7
0.87
0.98
0.26
0.16
0.98
0.90
0.93
1.0
0.29
0.17
0.90
0.13
0.33
0.82
0.89
0.16
0.37
Based on tables from Reference 29.
The emissivity values in this table correspond to a surface temperature of approximately 300 K.
b
τS
0.92
0.92
Download