STS REVIEWER (PRELIMS)
CHAPTER 1: Understanding Science and its Limitations
●
Science, Technology, and Society (STS)- interdisciplinary
approach of science education aiming to teach students & the
public about understanding the progress of human knowledge,
particularly of science and technology. It seeks to analyze its
role in shaping the human society through social, economic, &
environmental aspects.
● General Objective of STS- promote scientific knowledge &
literacy to the public.
OBJECTIVES OF STS:
1. Widen their views & perspectives on the different facets of
science and technology.
2. Nurture ideas & values necessary for analyzing issues pertaining
to the interconnectivities of science, technology, and society.
3. Draw acceptable conclusions and intelligent valuation of its
impact on society and vice-versa.
4. Develop a sense of responsibility & accountability for every
action and decision made as a contributor to vis-a-vis recipient
of its impact.
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Knowledge- encompasses anything from actual objects, events,
occurrences, works, endeavors, information, and the like.
It is generally attained through the involvement of mental &
cognitive processing with experience, perception, & learning.
Science- higher form of concrete ideas.
Modern Science- is a well-defined accumulation and
organization of human knowledge achieved through a
systematic and methodological process called Scientific Method.
Scientific Knowledge- product of the elaborate process of
scientific method.
Non-Science- separate body of knowledge as it cannot be
falsified or reputed by scientific processes.
Scientific Method- identifies scientific knowledge through valid
and reliable tests that will determine ideas or concepts truthfully,
logical, and rationally, describing the actual observations and
occurrences in the universe.
Positivist’s Scientific Method- scientific method we are
familiar with, which is commonly taught in many science
courses at schools.
Empirical Observable- it pertains to gathering of evidence by
utilizing the bodily senses.
Testable or Verifiable- an idea or concept must be able to be
tested/validated, and can be repeated for further verification by
other people.
Falsifiable- an idea or concept can be challenged or
contradicted with an opposite or negative idea or concept, which
can also be tested on the other hand.
Repetitive in a continuous process- scientific knowledge is
repeatedly tested, verified, and undergoes further improvement,
otherwise totally superseded.
Objective- it can be more effectively implemented through
cooperation with the scientific community & learned society
through effective & scholarly communication and scientific
consensus.
Logical Positivism- core philosophy engrained in scientific
method stating that science should be solely based on
knowledge that is observable.
Observation- scientific observation refers to empirical
observation (utilization of the bodily senses) to acquire initial
data & information.
Determining the Problem- deeper inquiry of knowledge
gathered from observation where questions are framed to guide
and direct the flow of the scientific process.
Formulating a hypothesis- the construction and presentation of
rational and logical concepts or ideas that can tentatively answer
the problem that is being studied.
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Good Hypothesis- tentative answer to the research question,
which directs the research process to certainty, simplicity, and
testability of the concepts involved.
○ Testing the hypothesis- crucial at this stage to delve at the
possible existing association, particularly correlation and
causality behind the subjects being studied.
○ Analysis- offers answers to the problems and arrives at
conclusion and generalization of the knowledge involved in the
scientific process.
● Modern Science- covers interdisciplinary fields & disciplines
with an overlapping interest of studies & engagement.
● Basic Sciences- such as life, physical, and social sciences,
employ scientific methods through basic research with the
purpose of constructing new scientific theories and concepts, or
revising, and expanding existing ones.
● Applied Sciences- utilizes scientific knowledge to modify the
observed phenomena with a pursuit to develop technologies and
practical applications.
○ Specific technologies that are products of scientific
research.
● Technology- collective enterprise of discoveries, inventions,
and knowledge of processes and skills, especially relevant to
utility and performance of work.
● Natural Science- scientific knowledge is based on the actual
observation of natural phenomena.
● Social Sciences- classified as part of natural sciences since
human beings are part of nature, & our behavior is considered a
natural phenomenon.
● Formal Science (Systems)- composed of mathematics, logic,
and information and computer science.
○ Knowledge from formal systems is obtained before
the fact or “priori” independent from reality observed
in nature.
MAJOR BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:
1. Life Sciences- study of life, its nature, origin and development,
and how possible for it to exist on earth.
2. Physical Sciences- understand and predict physical events,
processes, and phenomena observed on earth and the universe.
3. Social Sciences- describe and explain human behavior and
consciousness, developments and attributes of social interactions
and institutions, and progress of civilization and humanity.
4. Formal Sciences- utilize numbers, mathematical operations,
logical processes, and formal languages, which can also be
useful to qualify and quantify phenomena in nature.
5. Applied Sciences- develop theoretical knowledge into a
purposive, meaningful, and practical application and
development of technologies needed by human beings.
GENERAL APPROACHES ON STS:
● Historical Approach
● Philosophical Approach
● Social Approach
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CHAPTER 3: Science, Technology, and Society: World History
●
Cultural Diversity- as per Sociologist Dr. Caleb Rosario, it is a
system of beliefs and behaviors that recognizes and respects the
presence of all diverse groups in an organization or society,
acknowledges & values their socio-cultural differences, &
encourages & enables their continued contribution within an
inclusive cultural context which empowers all within the
organization or society.
○ It is all about bringing people together from a diverse set of
backgrounds and cultures then creating an environment that
celebrates diversity.
○ It includes: Race, Ethnicity, Religion, and Language.
SIGNIFICANCE & BENEFITS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY:
1. A more inclusive work environment
2. Opportunities for learning & growth
3. Diverse group bring diverse ideas to the table
● Cultural Universals- patterns or traits that are globally common
to all societies.
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS SHARED BY SOCIETY:
1. Language
2. Mental & Cognitive Faculties
3. Social Interaction
4. Knowledge
5. Technology
6. Values, Customs, and Traditions
7. Spatial and Temporal dimensions of the society
● Language- system of communication which consists of a set of
sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a
particular country or region for talking or writing.
● Mental Faculty- one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual
powers of the mind.
● Cognitive Faculty- specific aspect or domain of mental
function, such as language, object, recognition, or face
perception.
● Social Interaction- process of reciprocal influence exercised by
individuals over one another during social encounters.
● Knowledge- generally attained through the involvement of
mental & cognitive processing with experience, perception, and
learning.
● Technology- application of scientific knowledge to the practical
aims of human life or as it is sometimes phrased, to the change
and manipulation of the human environment.
● Values- individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or
another.
● Customs- tradition that is widely accepted in a particular
culture.
● Traditions- customs & beliefs that are passed down from
generation to generation.
● Spatial- geographical locations and climate variations.
● Temporal- time element dimensions of the society.
● Paradigm- the way or manner we develop ideas & concepts
based on our reasoning & perception of the reality surrounding
us.
○ Is pervasive in the evolution of human endeavors that keeps on
changing to meet the needs of the ever-evolving human
knowledge.
● Paradigm Shifts- lead to revolutionary changes in human
culture & society, whose effects we see as innovations and
breakthroughs.
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3 MAJOR BRANCHES OF MODERN SCIENCE:
1. Natural Sciences- deals with the physical world like physics,
chemistry, geology, and biology.
2. Social Sciences- study individuals & societies like economics,
psychology, & sociology.
3. Formal Sciences- study disciplines concerned with formal
systems like logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer
science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game, system,
and decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.
● Scientific Revolution- most important paradigm shift in history.
It took place in Europe during the 16th-18th century.
It is the result of a big movement to opt out from the conventional
way of thinking and use reason & scientific evidence as logical bases.
● Science- it was called Natural Philosophy during ancient times.
● Aristotle (384-322 BC)- he used Natural Philosophy as a way of
understanding the natural world.
It encompasses the disciplines of what we know now as chemistry,
biology, physiology, meteorology, etc.
● Body of Knowledge- it was said to be controlled by the church
or by people in authority, perhaps a King.
● Claudius Ptolemy (2nd c. AD)- Greco-Egyptian mathematician
and astronomer who believed that the earth was the center of the
universe.
● Heliocentric Model- the most significant change in astronomy
was the acceptance of the view that the sun, not the earth, was
the center of the universe.
● Geocentric Model- the Earth was thought to be stationary
where the moon, sun, and the other planets revolve in a
circular orbit.
● Earth and Water- heavy elements that were pulled down
towards the center of the Earth.
● Air and Fire- lighter elements rising above the planet.
●
Ether- all heavenly bodies that revolve around the Earth, from
east to west, within 24 hours.
○ thought to be eternal, incorruptible, and could not be destroyed.
● Nicolaus Copernicus (1473- 1543)- Polish cleric who
questioned the traditional concept of cosmos.
○ Known as the Father of Modern Astronomy.
○ His book, “On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere”,
published in 1543, proposed that the Sun and not the Earth, was
the center of the universe.
● Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)- German astronomer who
demonstrated the elliptical motion of the planets around the sun.
His book was not fully appreciated for many decades like
Copernicus.
○ Discovered the Laws of Planetary Motion.
○ in Optics and Geometry.
○ Believes tContributes hat Earth & other planets travel around the
sun in elliptical orbits.
● William Harvey (1578-1657)- English Physician who first
recognized the full circulation of blood in the human body.
○ He is the founding father of functional anatomy.
○ “On the Motion of the Heart & Blood in Animals” was
published in 1628.
● Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)- Italian philosopher, astronomer,
and mathematician who had the audacity to support the
superiority of the Copernican model through the evidence he
obtained from his telescope.
○ He made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion,
astronomy, and strength of materials & to the development of
the scientific method.
○ He published his book, “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems-Ptolemaic & Copernican” in 1632.
○ He was able to convince many people to believe in the suncentered theory of the universe, except the church.
● Robert Boyle (1627-1691)- Anglo-Irish natural philosopher,
chemist, physicist, and inventor.
○ He was one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the
pioneers of the modern experimental scientific method.
○ He discovered that the volume of gas decreases with increasing
pressure & vice versa–the famous Boyle’s law.
○ “New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring
of the Air, and its Effects' ' published in 1660.
● Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)- English scientist who has the
greatest achievement of the Scientific Revolution in Physics.
○ He formulated a set of mathematical laws that explain how the
entire physical world operates.
○ His universal law of gravitation is the centerpiece of his
successful book, “Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy” was published in 1687.
● Universal Law of Gravitation- demonstrated that the same
force holding an object to the Earth also holds the planets in
their orbits.
○ This law supports the work of Kepler (planetary motion) and
Galileo (inertia).
● Charles Darwin- his works & contributions to science have
revolutionized the study of biology, genetics, molecular biology,
and systematic taxonomy.
○ In his 1859 book, “On the Origin of Species”, he postulates that
all living organisms on Earth have evolved over time from
common ancestors.
● Natural selection- organisms with high adaptability are
considered fit and surpass this process, otherwise they would be
extinct.
DARWIN’S CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. The concept of the survival of the fittest
2. The fitness or ability of organisms to successfully reproduce
3. Taxonomic & geological survey of living species & fossilized
extinct species.
● Sigmund Freud- his contribution to science has revolutionized
the study of human psyche, mental, and behavior.
3.
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Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud founded this therapeutic
method; he believed that people could be cured by making
conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus
gaining insights.
○ The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed
emotions and experiences, and make the unconscious conscious.
FREUD’S CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. The interpretation of Dreams (1900) mental concepts of
Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious.
2. Characterization of the structure of human psyche as superego
(conscience), ego (conscious self), and id (innate basic human
instincts).
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
● Silk Road- concept coined for the extensive land and water
trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, Middle East,
Africa, and Europe.
○ It greatly influenced the expansion of civilization &
globalization, innovation in trade & commerce, and exchange of
culture. It lasted from the 2nd to the 18th century.
● Silk- It was a highly valued tradable commodity, together with
other goods like textiles, pots, porcelain, ceramics, spices, and
even precious stones and gems.
THE DAWN OF INFORMATION REVOLUTION
● Heinrich Rudolf Hertz- a German physicist who affirmatively
tested the presence of electromagnetic waves emanating from a
source and traveling in space in 1889.
○ It was thought that sounds could be transmitted using
electromagnetic waves until it was finally proven that it was the
radio waves that did the transmission.
● Radio-wave Propagation- it has been used for wireless
communication and technology.
● Submarine Telegraph Company- a company in London who
first received the first transmission of information from Paris on
the Foy-Breguet telegraph instrument in 1851.
● Digitalization- information is transformed into bits that can be
read by computers, turned knowledge into a commodity, which
our society shared & exchanged with.
FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
● First Agricultural Revolution- also known as Neolithic
Revolution, was the major turning point of many human
cultures from having a nomadic lifestyle of hunting-gathering to
having permanently settled societies.
● Domestication- the idea of the suitability of certain areas where
they could grow their sources of sustenance.
○ Corn (Zea Mays)- staple food, and it comprised the largest
serving of an average diet of a group of people.
○ Rice (Oryza Sativa)
○ Common Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)
○ Potato (Solanum Tuberosum)
○ Plow & Hoe- simple machine for harvesting.
○ “Beast of burden” like cattle, donkey, or buffalo.
○ Animals were also part of the domestication–like the dog (Canis
lupus familiaris), first to be domesticated starting around
13,500-12,500 BCE. It originated from its closest relative, the
wolf species of today’s gray wolf (Canis lupus).
FOUR KEY AREAS OF MATERIALS:
1. Polymer- includes plastic. It is widely used in almost all pieces
of equipment or machines we have today.
a. Natural Polymer- composed of amber, wool, silk, natural
rubber, and cellulose, which are the main components of paper,
clothing, plasticware, etc.
b. Synthetic Polymer- include nylon, synthetic rubber, PVC,
silicon, and many more.
2. Ceramic- can be in the form of glass or clay.
a. Clay- used to produce our kitchenware.
b. Glass- has been used for thousands of years for various
purposes, from the lenses used by the early Romans in decoding
microscopic messages on stones to the recent window glass
panels.
Metal- has been used since the early times. Metals have good
thermal and electrical properties.
a.
Ferrous- the main constituent of ferrous metals is iron, which
consists of steel and cast iron.
b. Non-ferrous- consist of aluminum, copper, zinc, titanium, and
nickel.
4. Composites
● Metallurgy- ancient art and science of extracting and
manipulating metals and its mixtures (called alloy), producing
tools made from it.
● Metals of Antiquity- earliest metals used by humans since
prehistoric times. These are copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury,
silver, tin, and arsenic.
○ Very old object made of metal is the copper-made pin ornament
found in Eastern Europe during the Chalcolithic period or
Copper agae, c. 5000 BCE.
○ Bronze Age (4000 BCE)- humans employed a mixture of
metals, which produced much more strength.
○ Precious metals, like silver and gold, were used for ornament
and trading values.
○ The Sphinx-lion bronze statue of Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose
III was erected around 1480-1420 BCE.
○ The iron pillar from Qutb complex in Delhi, India, quite an
advanced structure during that time (around 3rd to 4th CE)
exhibited iron’s very high resistance against oxidation.
● Cradles of Civilization- six places around the world–Ancient
Peru, Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia,
Ancient India, and Ancient China, which were generally
accepted as the starting point of human civilization.
MESOPOTAMIA & THE MIDDLE EAST SOCIETIES:
● Civilization originated near the banks of Tigris-Euphrates River
in the Middle East (then, Mesopotamia today’s Iraq) around
12,000-10,000 BCE. It was the first place where a complex
urban center grew.
HISTORICAL BREAKTHROUGHS & CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SOCIETY:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Invention of Agriculture and Irrigation
5.
6.
Engineering and architectural marvels.
Invention of Wheel
Use of metal-made tools, metallurgy
Development of religion, rise of the three great Abraham
religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Development a form of city planning and urbanity.
7. Astronomical observation of stars & planets, mapping
constellations and astrology.
8. Time-keeping (usage of sundial clocks and calendars)
9. Cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems with clay and stone
tablets and stylus as means of writing.
10. Development of mathematics such as algebra, geometry,
trigonometry, and calculus.
11. Development of medicines, alchemy prior to chemistry.
12. Reconstruction of the Ziggurat at the ancient Sumerian city of Ur.
13. Model of Herod’s Temple in Jerusalem.
14. The Golden Age of Islam (800-1400 CE).
EGYPT & AFRICAN SOCIETIES:
● Civilization originated near the banks of Nile River and the
fertile plains of Nile Delta in Africa, around 11,000-10,000
BCE.
HISTORICAL BREAKTHROUGHS & CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SOCIETY:
1. Invention of agriculture, dams, and irrigation channels to water
farms.
2. Writing system hieroglyphs use of papyrus plant to create
papyrus paper & creation of ink.
3. Development of mathematics, particularly geometry of
rectangles, & rectilinear curves applied in architecture.
4. Engineering & architectural marvels, such as the Pyramids,
monuments, temples, palace, paved roads, artificial water
channels, & fortified walls.
5. Use of metal-made tools, metallurgy
6. Lotions, creams, balms, cosmetics, and cosmetology
7. Development in medicine, like surgery.
8. Development of calendar
8.
INDIA & SOUTH ASIA SOCIETIES:
● Civilization originated near the banks of Indus River, around
7,600 BCE.
HISTORICAL BREAKTHROUGHS & CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SOCIETY:
1. Invention of agriculture
2. Use of metal-made tools, metallurgy, particularly the discovery
of highly rust-resistant iron metallurgy
3. Development of the two-great world religions–Hinduism and
Buddhism
4. Development of Hindu-Arabic decimal system
5. Engineering and architectural marvels, such as buildings,
monuments, temples, paved roads, artificial water channels
6. Development of a form of city planning and urbanity.
CHINA & EAST ASIA SOCIETIES:
● Civilization originated near the banks of Huang He or Yellow
River of Northern China, around 7,000 BCE.
HISTORICAL BREAKTHROUGHS & CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SOCIETY:
1. Invention of agriculture
2. Development of writing system calligraphy
3. Paper-making and printing technology
4. Gun-powder and fireworks
5. Silk harvesting from silk worms
6. Astronomical observation of stars and planets and development
of lunar calendar
7. Engineering & architectural marvels (like the Great Wall of
China)
8. Advancement in pottery, like porcelain
9. Invention of compass
10. Birth to the world of Confucianism, Taoism, and some other
oriental religions, artificial water channels.
11. Development of a form of city planning and urbanity
CENTRAL ANDES & SOUTH AMERICA SOCIETIES:
● Civilization originated in the Central Andes Mountain region in
South America, around 5,000 BCE.
HISTORICAL BREAKTHROUGHS & CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SOCIETY:
1. Invention of agriculture. The Inca civilization cultivated
potatoes.
2. Engineering & architectural marvels (paved roads, suspension
bridges, monuments, temples, palaces, land terraces to support
farming and fortified walls of great strength and quality which
reflected quite elaborate urban design and planning like the
Machu Pichu)
3. Incas also mapped the constellations prior to astronomy, &
developed a calendar for farming season, religious, and civil
activities.
4. Created clothing made up of cotton and Llama’s fur.
5. Well-planned centralized economy and social-safety nets by
establishing food storage facilities
6. Developed quite elaborate recording & accounting systems
using knotted threads called quipu.
MESOAMERICA & CENTRAL AMERICA SOCIETIES:
● Civilization originated in the Central America around 5,000 to
3,400 BCE.
HISTORICAL BREAKTHROUGHS & CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SOCIETY:
1. Invention of agriculture. The Mayan civilization cultivated
maize or corn
2. Engineering and architectural marvels
3. Mayans also had complex numerical system and developed a
365-day calendar.
4. Astronomical observations, mapped the constellations, and were
able to predict solar eclipses
5. Mayans, together with Aztenc, were the first known to use
rubber balls.
6. The Aztec cultivated cacao, the source of chocolate.
7. Aztec developed technological innovation in farming called
chinampa where farm lands where rectangular with a water
canal surrounding.
Aztecs also mapped the constellations prior to astronomy, &
developed a calendar for farming season, religious, and civil
activities.
9. Aztecs developed a quite comprehensive plan, which obliged all
the children to study and learn, one of the earliest forms of
universal education.
10. Developed quite elaborate recording & accounting systems
using knotted threads called quipu.
CHAPTER 4: Science and Technology and The Philippine
Nation-Building
●
Economic Growth- refers to an increase in the production of
goods and services overtime.
● Pre-Spanish Period- Science and Technology started in this
period.
● Malay- members of an ethnic group that are believed to have
originated in coastal Borneo. This ethnic group had a trading
and seafaring way of life.
○ Around 2,300 years ago, Malay people from the Asian mainland
(Indonesia) arrived in the Philippines.
○ Introduced formal farming, various building techniques, iron
melting, pottery, and an incredible rice field system.
○ They were believed to have carved out the spectacular rice
terraces of North Luzon 2,000 years ago.
● Aetas (Atis)- first people who came to the Philippines. They
came across land bridges from mainland Asia about 25,000
years ago.
● Indonesians- considered the first immigrants to the Philippines.
They arrived by the sea from South Asia 5,000 years ago. They
were more advanced than Aetas in terms of their way of life.
● Wave Migration Theory- phenomenon of migration from the
mainland Asia to the Philippines.
○ It was believed that Malays arrived in 3 ethnically diverse
waves.
○ FIRST WAVE- laid the foundation of Bontoc and other tribes of
North Luzon
○ SECOND WAVE- established the indigenous groups of
Bicolano, Bisayan, and Tagalog
○ THIRD WAVE- gave rise to the Muslim Malays.
SKILLS & TOOLS THAT EMERGED DURING THE EARLY
FILIPINO TIMES:
1. Sowing and polishing stone
2. Production of adzes ornament made of seashells
3. Pottery
4. Production of plant extract as medicine
5. Alphabet
6. Counting methods
7. Measurement system
8. Calendar system based on the motion of the moon
EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE 16TH CENTURY:
1. Colegio de San Ildefonso (Cebu, 1595)
2. Colegio de San Ignacio (Manila, 1595)
3. Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (Manila, 1597)
4. Colegio de San Jose (Manila, 1601)
5. University of Santo Tomas-built in the 19th century. In
1871, school of medicine and pharmacy was opened.
● San Juan Lazaro Hospital- 1578 in the Far East.
● Governador Jose Basco y Vargas- founder of the “Real
Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais del Filipinas” in
1780-- emergence of formal research in agriculture and industry
which promoted the cultivation of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and
silk.
● Jesuits- promoted meteorological studies, founding Manila
observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.
● Suez Canal- it was built to give access to the Filipino people to
visit European countries.
● Treaty of Paris- in 1898, the United States of America declared
war on Spain that gave rise to this treaty.
● Thomasites- Americans introduced the idea of free education,
and the teachers serving under this.
●
July 1, 1901- the Bureau of Government Laboratories was
established by the Philippine Commission. It served the purpose
of studying tropical diseases in the country.
● 1905- Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the
Bureau of Science. It became the primary research center of the
country.
● December 8, 1933- National Research Council of the
Philippines was established.
● 1946- The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of
Science.
● 1950- Science and technology of the Philippines was reported to
have lack of basic information, minimal budget, and low
compensation.
● 1958- “Science Act of 1958” was enacted by the Philippine
Congress with the goal to establish the National Science
Development Board.
● Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- total value of goods produced
and services provided in a country during one year.
● Pres. Ferdinand Marcos- he believed that the advancement of
science and technology is instrumental in the national
development.
○ In 1986, he established the Philippine Science High Schools in
Visayas and Mindanao.
SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES:
1. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
2. Manila Science High School
3. Central Visayan Institute Foundation
4. Quezon City Regional Science High School
● Manila Science High School (MSHS)- first science high school
in the Philippines established on October 1, 1963.
● Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical & Astronomical
Services Administration (PAG-ASA)- established during the
Marcos era.
○ Philippine national institution dedicated to provide flood and
typhoon warnings, public weather forecasts, and advisories.
● National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)established in 1976.
○ National institution supporting and promoting the endeavors of
Filipino scientists in the fields of microbiology, botany,
chemistry, physics, etc.
● National Science and Technology Authority- this was
replaced by the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST).
DOST Eight-Point Agenda:
1. Putting in place 5 comprehensive priority research and
development programs
a. Biotechnology
b. ICT
c. Environment
d. Pharmaceuticals
e. Basic Research
2. Expanded implementation of existing SETUP (Small Enterprise
Technology Upgrading Program), TECHNICOM- Technology
innovation for commercialization and Techno Gabay Program
3. Implementation of high-impact programs in each region
4. Better ways of helping inventors
5. Launching of innovation promotion program
a. Business plan competition
b. Success stories of Filipino technology entrepreneurs
c. Networking with Filipino Science and technology
experts
d. Conducive financial and legal framework for business
start-up
6. Innovation human resources development programs
7. Upgrading of facilities
8. Policy development and advocacy
a. Groundwork for comprehensive technology transfer
legislation
b. Revisit Science and Technology parks program
c. Evaluation of DOST programs
d. DOST Rationalization program
e. International cooperation
●
●
Scientific Publication- refers to the reporting of a new scientific
knowledge derived from intense research.
Patents granted- exclusive legal right of the owner of a new
invention to prevent others from using, reproducing, retailing,
and smuggling the new technical solution to a common problem.
FAMOUS FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
1. Alfredo C. Santos- Filipino chemist who obtained a BS degree
in Pharmacy at the University of the Philippines. His great
contribution was his discovery of paheantharine, an effective
medicine for high blood pressure.
a. Outstanding pharmacist researcher of the Philippines in 1953.
b. Distinguished service star in 1954
c. PhilAAS Outstanding Scientist in 1973.
2. Angel C. Alcala- Filipino biologist behind the invention of
artificial coral reefs & sanctuaries that promote aquatic
biodiversity in the Philippines and in the other parts of Southeast
Asia.
a. National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014
b. Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1992 for pioneering scientific
leadership in restoring and conserving the coral reefs in the
country.
3. Arturo P. Alcaraz- alumnus of Mapua Institute of Technology
(BS, 1937). He is a Filipino volcanologist who is known for
specializing in geothermal energy development.
a. Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 1982.
4. Benjamin G. Almeda, Sr.- known as the “Father of Filipino
Investors”. He invented and designed several food-processing
machines, including rice grinder, meat grinder, coconut grater,
ice shaver, etc.
a. Awarded a gold medal by the World Intellectual Property
Organization of the United States.
5. Eduardo Quisumbing y Arguelles- Filipino biologist and a
noted expert in the medicinal plants of the Philippines. He was
an author of taxonomic and morphological papers regarding
orchids and many other medicinal plants.
a. Saccolabium Quisumbingii- fleshy-leaved small growing orchid,
has been named in his honor.
6. Fe Villanueva del Mundo- Filipino pediatrician who founded
the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
a. Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in 1977
b. National Scientist of the Philippines in 2010.
7. Felix D. Maramba, Sr.- engineer and an inventor who built a
coconut oil-fuelled power generator & developed one of the
world’s most profitable biogas systems.
8. Francisco O. Santos- studied the nutritional problems
associated with the Filipino diet. He was conferred the National
Scientist Award in 1983.
9. Josefino C. Comiso- Filipino physicist who generated the first
detailed maps of surface temperatures in the Polar Regions as
derived from thermal infrared satellite data. He got a Balik
Scientist Award in 2010.
10. Pedro B. Escuro- best known for his significant contributions
on rice breeding & isolation of nine rice varieties.
● 1565-1898- Philippines was colonized by Spain.
● 1898-1946- Philippines was colonized by the United States of
America.
● 1941-1945- Philippines was colonized by Japan.
● July 4, 1946- Philippines gained independence from the US and
it has yearned for economic independence.
● September 21, 1972- Marcos declared Martial Law as he faced
continuing problems of dissidence, corruption, and poverty.
● February 22-25, 1986- EDSA Revolution
CONDITIONS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AS A DRIVING
FORCE:
1. Progressive scientific knowledge aids in the production of a
healthy society through developments in the medical &
pharmaceutical sectors.
2. A world-class quality of technologies improves the goods &
services that drive the economy through roads, clean water,
suitable devices, and equipment that reinforce the production of
goods.
3.
4.
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Technological innovations enhance communication, trading,
international relations, education, and so on.
Good governance and many more.
Article XIV Section 10- Science and technology are essential
for national development and progress.
Article XIV Section 11- The Congress may provide incentives,
including tax deductions, to encourage private participation in
programs of basic and applied scientific research.
Article XIV Section 12- The state shall regulate the transfer and
promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the
national benefit.
Article XIV Section 13- The state shall protect & secure the
exclusive rights of scientists, investors, artists, and other gifted
citizens to their intellectual property and creations.
Department of Science & Technology (DOST)- Primary
science & technology body in the Philippines. It provides central
direction toward an effective leadership & coordination of all
scientific & technological activities in the country.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)- responsible for
implementing policies that are focused on the efficient trading,
commerce, and industrial activities in the country.
Commission on Higher Education (CHED)- promote quality
education through formulation of evidence-based policies, plans,
and programs for the development of higher education in the
country.
National Economic & Development Authority (NEDA)government agency responsible for formulating socioeconomic
development plans, macroeconomic forecasting, policy analysis,
and economic research.