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City Beautiful: American architecture must
borrow and build on the achievements of the
neoclassical monuments of Europe.
(Greco-Roman)
Garden City: Combination of both city and rural
attractive qualities of life w/out suffering
negative consequences of either one. (Reflecting
19th cent. British community planning).
Broadacre City: “Ultimate Suburb” Integration
of city into the countryside & development of a
decentralized city that stressed agrarian living.
Cities w/out Streets: the centers of cities must be
decongested by increasing their density. Building
high skyscrapers over a small part of the total
ground area. They would be surrounded by green
open space linked to 1 another by underground &
elevated transpo system.
Futurama: Scale model of the U.S in the future
(1960). Highways, over a million tress and shrubs
18 species, rivers, streams, lakes & mountains;
bridges; industrial centers; college & resort
towns; great towering cities; 50,00 models of
vehicles.
Private Space: Area of social life that is removed
from the public institution of the community, the
economy, and the state. Intimates-family &
friends.
Parochial Space: Residential community and its
local institutions. Local (stores, schools,
churches, and voluntary associations).
Public Space: Broader city & society to its
formal, bureaucratic agencies. (Downtown, street,
sidewalks, parks & public transpo).
*Private-Parochial-Public.
Rational Planner: Speaking truth 2 power
through ensuring distribution of power &
resources 2 the poor from the elites.
Advocacy Planner: seeking 2 represent the
interests of various groups within the society.
Urban Planning: process concerned w/ the
development & use of land, planning permission,
protection & use of the environment.
Keno Capitalism: Decision making processes
influencing land use patterns in post modern
cities like L.A. resembling a gambling game.
Edge Cities: Cluster of commercial, residential,
& retail activity anchored by a regional mall
located @ the intersection of an urban beltway, a
hub and spoke lateral road, & often a major
interstate.
Magnets of Town, Country, Town Country:
Active & energetic town life/ beauty & delight of
the country may be secured in a perfect combo.
The spontaneous movement of the ppl from our
crowded cities 2 the bosom of mother earth @
once the source of life.
Concentric Zone Theory: 5 concentric zones;
each larger than the 1 b4. 1st: Central Business
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district, land values are high (offices,
skyscrapers, stores banks) extracts profits aka the
Loop. Loop; high mobility of pop. With people
commuting in and out. 2nd: “Zone in Transition”:
natural area that developed direct consequence if
economic speculation (has the oldest structures),
those who live there have no other option. 3rd:
“Zone of Workingmen’s Homes”: settlements of
the children of immigrants, better housing than
that in the transition zone, but falls short of the
residential districts of the middle classes. 4th:
“Residential Zone”: Middle class area of nice
apartments & private dwellings w/ yards &
gardens. Populating this area are small business
owners, managerial groups, & white-collar
employees. 5th: “Commuters Zone” economically
dependent upon the city, & many of its
inhabitants’ commute to the city to work. In
political boundaries of the city.
Sector Model: (Hoyt)- modification to
concentric zone, but this allows for more outward
progression of growth. Focused attention on the
importance on the residential patterns of the
upper class.
Megalopolis: A # of cities interlinked 2 one
another often w/ a dominant city center.
Chicago School: developed a new sociological
theory and research methodology in a conscious
effort to create a science of society using the city
of Chicago as a social laboratory. Distinct
contrast between urban and rural life. (Urban
ecology)
Weber: culture determines what tract we go
down. This theorist also asserted culture
functions /as a toggle switch. Something comes
in and put the culture on a different tract for the
future (value,etc.) Another example (protestant
ethic) this ethic emerged and spurred capitalism.
It set the economic system on an entirely
different tract. Ideas that more and more cultural
change is resulting from toggle switch.
Durkheim’s Anomie: Lonely City.
Tonnie’s Model of rural & urban life: Rural.
Gesellschaft: rational will, our minds begin to
dominate natural will i.e. gemeinschaft. Urban.
Ex: gender. people just assumed gender was a
binary, and now people are changing their
perceptions.
Simmel’s Metropolis & the Mental life: City is
impersonal, faceless bureaucracy, rational market
processes, superficiality, human is cog in
enormous organization, money as standard of
evaluation, complex division of labor, density,
heterogeneity, rationality, and size. Concerned
with mental effects of the city. Stimulus overload.
Segmental participation: not viewing others as a
whole person. Brain is more important than heart.
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Blasé: Unimpressed, Nonchalant, self-protected
device to shield an individual from urban life
reinforced by money and economy
Marx’s economic view of the city: Impetus of
social change is technology, all about the
economics. all institutions based around
economic institutions.
David Harvey’s Baltimore: Baltimore’s constant
physical transformation is a reflection of the
desire for profit & future capital accumulation &
the means by which ppl of economic power had
the wherewithal 2 build & rebuild the physical
environment.
Sharon Zukin: Symbolic economy in cities
impacts on “social inclusion or exclusion,
depending on your pov”. Symbolic economy
becomes dependent on the creation of attractions.
Urban Ecology: The study of the development
and form of community structure in a city in
different environmental contexts.
3rd Place: interrupts the regular cycle of urban
life. “A stop at Starbucks”.
Macro & Micro Sociology: Macrosociology
allows observation of large-scale patterns and
trends but runs the risk of seeing these trends as
abstract entities that exist outside of the
individuals who enact them on the ground.
Microsociology allows for this on-the-ground
analysis but can fail to consider the larger forces
that influence individual behavior.
Shock City in America: (Chicago) fastest
growing city in the U.S/ rapidity of growth.
(diversified population).
Shock City in England: often when the city has
job opportunities that draw people in.
Suburb: An area beyond the city boundaries.
Exurb: An area between the rural & suburb area.
Interdictory Zone: application of modern
society technology 2 a variety of suppression &
surveillance techniques used for the entire city.
Fortified City: Gated Residential developments
& shopping malls are fortified & high tech
policing methods are employed for the sake of
security.
Global cities: cities that are strategic sites in
the global economy b/c of their
concentration of command functions &
high-level producer service firms oriented to
world market.
Zone of Transition: businesses and light
manufacturing poverty, degradation +
disease, immigrant housing, factory zone.
Gans Construction of social organization
in the city: size, density, and heterogeneity
have a negative impact on some, not all,
people. Only affects deprived and
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trapped/downwardly mobile. Puts City
dwellers into 5 types. 1. Cosmopolites, 2.
Unmarried or childless, 3, Ethnic villagers,
4. Deprived, 5. Trapped/downwardly
mobile.
Claude Fischer (Subcultural theory):
Urbanization, rather than destroying groups,
provides a critical mass of persons to allow
subcultures to emerge Urbanization
strengthens & intensifies subcultural groups.
Place matters, but it is the opposite of Wirth,
in that people make friends among interest
groups, work groups.
Privatopia: Walled & gated. Private
housing developments governed by a
common interest association or
homeowner’s association.
Heteropolis: Socioeconomic polarization,
racism, inequality, homelessness, & social
unrest.
Homogeneity: people who share similar
regional, class, racial backgrounds.
3 Realms of the City (Hunter & Lofland):
Private, Parochial & the Public Realm *see
6,7 & 8th bullet points*.
Park & Burgess: Concentric Zone theory.
View city as a human eco-system,
functioning similar to other biological
eco-systems. cities grow in concentric
circles that have different zones -a model of
internal structure of cities in which social
groups are arranged.
Urban growth machine: Cities can be seen
as machines for urban growth, machines that
are developed & shaped by a select group of
people representing institutions that can best
profit from that growth.